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Sprague |image = File:Frank J. Sprague - NYSPPM 3 126.jpg |image_size = 250px |caption = Frank J. Sprague, "father of electric traction" |birth_date = {{Birth date|1857|07|25}} |birth_place = [[Milford, Connecticut]], US |death_date = {{death date and age|1934|10|25|1857|07|25}}<ref name=IEEE-bio>{{cite web | date= January 25, 2016 | title = Frank J. Sprague |website=[[Engineering and Technology History Wiki]] | url = http://ethw.org/Frank_J._Sprague | access-date=January 31, 2017}}{{rs|date=September 2023}}</ref> |death_place = |ethnicity = |fields = [[Electrical engineering]] |workplaces = |alma_mater = [[United States Naval Academy]] |doctoral_advisor = |academic_advisors = |doctoral_students = |notable_students = |known_for = [[Electrical Engineering]] |influences = |influenced = |awards = [[Elliott Cresson Medal]] {{small|(1903)}}<br />[[IEEE Edison Medal]] {{small|(1910)}}<br />[[Franklin Medal]] {{small|(1921)}}<br />[[John Fritz Medal]] {{small|(Posthumous, 1935)}} |signature = |footnotes = }} '''Frank Julian Sprague''' (July 25, 1857 – October 25, 1934) was an American inventor who contributed to the development of the [[electric motor]], [[railway electrification system|electric railways]], and [[elevator|electric elevators]]. His contributions were especially important in promoting [[urbanization|urban]] development by increasing the size cities could reasonably attain (through better transportation) and by allowing greater concentration of business in commercial sections (through use of electric elevators in [[skyscraper]]s).<ref name=IEEE-bio/> He became known as the "father of electric traction". Demonstrating an aptitude for science and mathematics, Sprague secured an appointment to the U.S. Naval Academy in 1874 and, after graduation in 1878 and 2 years at sea, resigned to pursue his career in electrical engineering.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |entry-url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/science-and-technology/electrical-engineering-biographies/frank-j-sprague|entry=Frank J. Sprague |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia.com |access-date=25 June 2023}}</ref> ==Early life and education== Sprague was born in [[Milford, Connecticut]], in 1857 to David Cummings Sprague and Frances Julia King Sprague, a school teacher<ref name="Most">{{cite book| author=Most, Doug| title=The Race Underground: Boston, New York, and the Incredible Rivalry that Built America's First Subway| publisher=[[St Martin's Griffin]]| location=[[New York, New York]]| year=2014| isbn=978-0-312-59132-8| url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780312591328}}</ref>{{rp|79}} His mother died when he was ten, and was sent by his father to live with an aunt in New York. He attended [[Drury High School]] in [[North Adams, Massachusetts]], and excelled in mathematics. After graduating high school, Sprague went to [[Springfield, Massachusetts]], to take an entrance exam for [[West Point]], but somehow unexpectedly was taking the four day entrance exam for the [[United States Naval Academy]] in [[Annapolis, Maryland]].<ref name="hwd">{{cite book | author=Demoro, Harre W.| title=California's Electric Railways| publisher=[[Interurban Press]]|location=[[Glendale, California]]| year=1986| page=11| isbn=0-916374-74-2}}</ref> He got the highest score (twelve others took the exam), and to go to the school he needed to borrow money. A local contractor and a bank loaned him four thousand dollars, and he travelled to Maryland.<ref name="Most"/>{{page needed|date=May 2019}} There, he graduated seventh (out of thirty-six) in the class of 1878.<ref name=EKirby>{{cite web|last=Kirby|first=Ed|title=Inventor Frank Sprague|url=http://www.sharonhist.org/inventor-frank-sprague.pdf|work=Seldom Told Tales of Sharon (Book 3)|publisher=The Sharon Historical Society|access-date=8 May 2014|location=Sharon, Connecticut|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219020028/http://www.sharonhist.org/inventor-frank-sprague.pdf|archive-date=19 December 2013}}</ref> ==Career== ===United States Navy, inventor=== [[File:Notes on seamanship, with drawings of sail boat parts, and electrical equipment.jpg|alt=Frank J. Sprague, notes on seamanship, with drawings of sailboat parts, and electrical equipment, 1878-1880|thumb|Notes on seamanship, with drawings of sailboat parts, and electrical equipment, by Frank J. Sprague, 1878-1880]] He was commissioned as an [[ensign (rank)|ensign]] in the [[United States Navy]]. During his ensuing naval service, he first served on the [[USS Richmond (1860)|USS ''Richmond'']], then the [[USS Minnesota (1855)|USS ''Minnesota'']].<ref name="robbins">{{cite journal |last1=Robbins |first1=Michael |title=The Early Years of Electric Traction |journal=The Journal of Transport History |date=26 October 2012 |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=92–101 |doi=10.7227/TJTH.21.1.6|s2cid=109210400 }}</ref>{{rp|95}} While in Asia, Sprague wrote stories he filed for the [[Boston Herald]].<ref name="Most"/>{{page needed|date=May 2019}} While his ship was in [[Newport, Rhode Island]], in 1881, Sprague invented the inverted type of [[dynamo]]. After he was transferred to the [[USS Lancaster (1858)|USS ''Lancaster'']], the flagship of the European Squadron, he installed the first electric call-bell system on a United States Navy ship. Sprague took leave to attend the [[International Exposition of Electricity]] of 1881 in Paris and the [[The Crystal Palace|Crystal Palace]] Exhibition in [[Sydenham, London|Sydenham]], England, in 1882, where he was on the jury of awards for gas engines, [[dynamo]]s and lamps. ===Engineer for Edison=== In 1883, [[Edward Hibberd Johnson|Edward H. Johnson]], a business associate of [[Thomas Edison]], persuaded Sprague to resign his naval commission to work for Edison.<ref name="Most"/>{{rp|81}} Sprague, who began at a salary of $2,500, was neither happy with his salary nor his assignments. Sprague wanted to focus on motors, while motors bored Edison, who was consumed in making his incandescent lighting work. Edison sent Sprague to run the construction departments where Edison had built central power stations for his lighting systems in [[Sunbury, Pennsylvania]], and [[Brockton, Massachusetts]].<ref name="Most"/>{{rp|85}} Sprague did important work for Edison, including correcting Edison's system of mains and feeders for central station distribution. In 1884, he decided his interests in the exploitation of electricity lay elsewhere, and he left Edison to found the Sprague Electric Railway & Motor Company.<ref name="robbins" />{{rp|96}} ===Electrical pioneer=== By 1886, Sprague's company had introduced two important inventions: a constant-speed, non-sparking motor with fixed brushes, and [[Regenerative brake|regenerative braking]],<ref name="robbins" />{{rp|96}} a method of braking that uses the drive motor to return power to the main supply system. His motor was the first to maintain constant speed under varying load. It was immediately popular and was endorsed by Edison as the only practical electric motor available. His regenerative braking system was important in the development of the electric train and the electric elevator. ===Electric streetcars=== [[File:Theatrical District, Richmond, Virginia, 1923.jpg|300px|right|thumb|Postcard of electric trolley-powered streetcars of the [[Richmond Union Passenger Railway]] in [[Richmond, Virginia]], in 1923, two generations after Frank J. Sprague successfully demonstrated his new system on the hills in 1888. The intersection shown is at 8th & Broad Streets.]] Sprague's inventions included several improvements to designs for systems of electric [[Tram|streetcars]] collecting electricity from [[overhead line]]s.<ref name="middleton">[[William D. Middleton|Middleton, William D.]] (1966). ''The Time of the Trolley'', pp. 63–73. Milwaukee: [[Kalmbach Publishing]]. {{ISBN|0-89024-013-2}}.</ref> He improved designs for a spring-loaded [[trolley pole]] that had been developed in 1885 by [[Charles Joseph Van Depoele|Charles Van Depoele]], devised a greatly improved mounting for streetcar [[traction motor|motors]] and better gear designs,<ref name="middleton"/> and proved that regenerative braking was practical. After testing his trolley system in late 1887 and early 1888, Sprague installed the first successful large electric street railway system&nbsp;– the [[Richmond Union Passenger Railway]] in [[Richmond, Virginia]], which began passenger operation on February 2, 1888.<ref name="hwd"/> Long a transportation obstacle, the hills of Richmond included [[Grade (slope)|grades]] of over 10%, and were an excellent proving ground for acceptance of his new technology in other cities, in contrast to the [[San Francisco cable car system|cable cars]] which climbed the steepest grades of [[Nob Hill, San Francisco|Nob Hill]] in [[San Francisco]] at the time. By the summer of 1888, [[Henry Melville Whitney|Henry M. Whitney]] of the [[West End Street Railway]] in Boston had witnessed the simultaneous startup of multiple streetcars on a single power source and had signed up for conversion.<ref name=Cudahy>{{cite book |last=Cudahy |first=Brian J. |title=Change at Park Street Under; The Story of Boston's Subways |date=1972 |publisher=S. Greene Press |location=Brattleboro, Vt. |isbn=0-8289-0173-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/changeatparkstre00cuda }}</ref>{{rp|10}} By January 1889, Boston had its first electric streetcars – which would be the first in the Americas to go underground, some eight years later, as the [[Tremont Street Subway]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ethw.org/Milestones:Power_System_of_Boston%27s_Rapid_Transit,_1889 |title=Milestones:Power System of Boston's Rapid Transit, 1889 |author= |date=November 10, 2004 |website=ethw.org |publisher=IEEE Boston Section |access-date=March 17, 2017 |quote=Electrical engineers all across the country were aware of what was going on in Boston, including AlEE members. The AlEE Handbook of 1900 reported that the 1890 General Meeting held in Boston included a tour of the West End 's facilities. The Secretary at that time wrote: "This was the most extensive system of electric railway work then proposed and every facility being granted for its thorough inspection, the occasion proved one of the great interests." Surprisingly, the project progressed very rapidly, without hesitation or false starts. Each company line was rebuilt, electrified, then placed into service. The last horse was finally retired sometime in 1897.}}</ref> – and which had become so popular and noteworthy that poet [[Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.|Oliver Wendell Holmes]] composed a verse about the new trolley pole technology, and the sparking contact shoe at its apex:<ref name="Cudahy"/>{{rp|10}} <blockquote> :Since then on many a car you'll see :A broomstick as plain as plain can be; :On every stick there's a witch astride— :The string you see to her leg is tied. </blockquote> Within a year, electric power had started to replace more costly [[horsecar]]s in many cities. By 1889, 110 electric railways incorporating Sprague's equipment had been begun or planned on several continents. In 1890, Edison, who manufactured most of Sprague's equipment, [[buyout|bought him out]], and Sprague turned his attention to electric elevators. However, he continued to be interested in the use of electricity for urban transportation and proposed a major expansion of [[London Underground|London's Underground]] in 1901.<ref>{{cite journal|first= Frank J. |last= Sprague| title=The Rapid Transit Problem in London| journal=The Engineering Magazine| volume=XXIII| issue=1|date=October 1901}}The article was reprinted at the time as a booklet, now scarce</ref> Sprague's system of electric supply was a great advantage in relation to the first bipolar U-tube overhead lines, in everyday use since 1883 on the [[Mödling and Hinterbrühl Tram]]. ===Electric elevators=== While electrifying the streetcars of Richmond, the increased passenger capacity and speed gave Sprague the notion that similar results could be achieved in vertical transportation&nbsp;— electric [[elevator]]s. He saw that increasing the capacity of elevator shafts would not only save passengers' time but would also increase the earnings of tall buildings, with height limited by the total floor space taken up in the shaftways by slow hydraulic-powered elevators. In 1892, Sprague founded the Sprague Electric Elevator Company.{{sfnp|Greller|2014|p=5}} Working with [[Charles R. Pratt]] he developed the Sprague-Pratt Electric Elevator, the first of which was installed in the [[Postal Telegraph Building]] in 1894.<ref name="Bryce 2020">{{cite magazine | last=Bryce | first=Robert | title=How Electric Elevators Transformed the Modern City | magazine=Time | date=2020-03-10 | url=https://time.com/5799872/electric-elevator-history/ | access-date=2020-08-23}}</ref> The company developed floor control, automatic elevators, acceleration control of car safeties, and a number of freight elevators. The Sprague-Pratt [[elevator]] ran faster and with larger loads than hydraulic or steam elevators, and 584 elevators had been installed worldwide. Sprague sold his company to the [[Otis Elevator Company]] in 1895. [[File:Sprague Electric Company, 1898.jpg|thumb|Sprague Electric Company, 1898]] ===Multiple unit train controls=== Sprague's experience with electric elevators lead him to devise a [[multiple-unit train control|multiple unit]] system of electric railway operation, which accelerated the development of [[railway electric traction|electric traction]]. In the multiple-unit system, each car of the train carries electric traction motors. By means of relays energized by train-line wires, the [[Railroad engineer|engineer]] (or [[Motorman (locomotive)|motorman]]) commands all of the traction motors in the train to act together. For lighter trains there is no need for [[locomotive]]s, so every car in the train can generate revenue. Where locomotives are used, one person can control all of them. Sprague's first multiple unit order was from the [[South Side Elevated Railroad]] (the first of several elevated railways locally known as the [[Chicago "L"|"L"]]) in [[Chicago, Illinois]]. This success was quickly followed by substantial multiple-unit contracts in [[Brooklyn, New York]], and [[Boston, Massachusetts]]. ===New York: Grand Central, elevators in skyscrapers=== From 1896 to 1900 Sprague served on the Commission for Terminal Electrification of the [[New York Central Railroad]], including the [[Grand Central Station]] in [[New York, New York|New York City]], where he designed a system of automatic train control to ensure compliance with trackside signals. He founded the Sprague Safety Control & Signal Corporation to develop and build this system. Along with [[William J. Wilgus]], he designed the Wilgus-Sprague bottom contact [[third rail]] system used by the railroads leading into Grand Central Terminal.<ref>{{Cudahy-Subways|page=202}}</ref> During [[World War I]], Sprague served on the Naval Consulting Board. Then, in the 1920s, he devised a method for safely running two independent elevators, local and express, in a single shaft, to conserve floor space. He sold this system, along with systems for activating elevator car safety systems when acceleration or speed became too great, to the [[Westinghouse Electric (1886)|Westinghouse Company]]. ==Legacy== Sprague's developments in electric traction let cities grow larger, while his development of the elevator permitted greater concentration in their commercial sections and increased the profitability of commercial buildings. Sprague's inventions made modern [[light rail]] and [[rapid transit]] systems possible, which today still function on the same principles. The iconic [[Sprague-Thomson]] [[rolling stock]] of the [[Paris Métro]], in service from 1908 to 1983, are still referred to as {{lang|fr|les rames Sprague}} ("Sprague [[trainset]]s") today. Sprague's engines were used as far afield as [[Sydney Harbour]] in Australia. A five-horsepower Lundell electric motor used at the [[Cockatoo Island Dockyard]] between 1900 and 1980 is now in the collection of the [[National Museum of Australia]] in [[Canberra]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nma.gov.au/collections-search/display?irn=126079 |title=Five-horsepower Lundell electric motor with Sprague Electric plates. |website=www.nma.gov.au |publisher=[[National Museum of Australia]] |access-date=August 14, 2015}} Five-horsepower Lundell electric motor with "Sprague Electric Co. USA Lundell motor, pat. dates: Aug 30, 1892, Sept. 26, 1893, Aug 3 1897. No. 180 96 H Edge and Edge Sydney" on bronze plates</ref> ==Awards and recognition== [[File:Presentation of the first Franklin Medal in Philadelphia in 1915. Thomas Edison and Mina Edison with (standing), D.R.B. Owens, J (2287c3af58e542258439dd02790c0303).jpg|thumb|Presentation of the first Franklin Medal in Philadelphia in 1915; Sprague stands immediately behind Thomas Edison]] Sprague was awarded the gold medal In Paris at the [[International Exposition of Electricity]] in 1889,<ref name=ElectricalWorld/> the grand prize at the [[Louisiana Purchase Exposition]] in 1904,<ref name=ElectricalWorld/> the [[Elliott Cresson Medal]] in 1904,<ref name=ElectricalWorld/> and the [[IEEE Edison Medal|Edison Medal]] of the [[American Institute of Electrical Engineers]] (now [[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]]), for "meritorious achievement in electrical science, engineering and arts as exemplified in his contributions thereto" in 1910.<ref name=IEEE-bio/> In addition, he received the [[Franklin Medal]] in 1921 and was posthumously awarded the [[John Fritz Gold Medal]] in 1935.<ref name=ElectricalWorld>''Electrical World'', [http://ethw.org/w/images/d/df/Sprague_-_obituaries_for_sprague.pdf Obituary], November 10, 1934</ref> ==Personal life== [[File:Sprague Frank J Arlington National Cemetery B.jpg|thumb|Grave at Arlington National Cemetery]] Sprague was twice married, first to a Mary Keatinge,{{clarify|date=February 2017|reason=}} and thereafter to Harriet Chapman Jones.<ref name=IEEE-bio/> Frank and Mary had one son, Frank Desmond.{{who|date=February 2017}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:2W3Z-GJ5|title=FamilySearch.org|website=[[FamilySearch]] |access-date=25 June 2023}}</ref> Frank and Harriet had two sons and a daughter: [[Robert C. Sprague]] (also an inventor), Julian K. and Frances A.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:M5ZN-B38|title=FamilySearch.org|website=[[FamilySearch]] |access-date=25 June 2023}}</ref>{{citation needed|date=February 2017}} Remembering his father, Robert wrote in 1935:{{blockquote|All through his life and up to his last day, Frank Sprague had a prodigious capacity for work&nbsp;... And once having made up his mind on a new invention or a new line of work, he was tireless and always striving for improvement. He had a brilliantly alert mind and was impatient of any half-way compromise. His interest in his work never ceased; only a few hours before the end, he asked to have a newly designed model of his latest invention brought to his bedside.{{cite quote|date=February 2017}}}} Sprague died on October 25, 1934.<ref name=IEEE-bio/> He was buried with full U.S. Navy honors at [[Arlington National Cemetery]] in Virginia.<ref name=IEEE-bio/>{{sfnp|Greller|2014|p=7}} His wife Harriet was interred with him after her death in 1969. After Sprague's death, Harriet turned over a substantial amount of material from his collection to the [[New York Public Library]], where it remains today accessible to the public via the rare books division.<ref>New York Public Library, [http://archives.nypl.org/mss/2850 Frank J. Sprague papers], Retrieved February 3, 2017</ref> Other papers, including six volumes of congratulatory letters and photographs presented to Sprague on the occasion of his 75th birthday, are held at the Chapin Library, [[Williams College]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://librarysearch.williams.edu/01WIL:everything_scope:01WIL_ALMA21147664270002786|title=Frank J. Sprague seventy-fifth birthday albums Frank J. Sprague, (Frank Julian), 1857-1934|access-date=May 2, 2018}}</ref> In 1959, Harriet Sprague donated funds for the Sprague Building at the [[Shore Line Trolley Museum]] at [[East Haven, Connecticut]], not far from Sprague's boyhood home in Milford. The museum is the oldest operating trolley museum in the United States and has one of the largest collections of trolley artifacts in the United States. Frank's son [[Robert C. Sprague]] would go on to found and lead the [[Sprague Electric Company]] as its president (1926–1953) and [[CEO]] (1953–1987). At its peak, Sprague Electric employed 12,000 people worldwide with plants in Scotland, France, Italy, and Japan, in addition to multiple locations in the United States, to become a leading manufacturer of capacitors and other electronic components. Sprague Electric was eventually acquired by [[General Cable]] in 1979 and then [[Vishay Intertechnology]] in 1992.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibselectronics.biz/passive/vishay-sprague.htm|title=Vishay Sprague &#124; Vishay Brands &#124; capacitors distributor|website=www.ibselectronics.biz|access-date=25 June 2023}}</ref> Frank and Harriet's grandson Peter Sprague, an entrepreneur, would become CEO of [[National Semiconductor]] (1965–1995). ==Tributes== {{expand section | further information on scholarly and public remembrance, including biographies, documentaries, appearance in public spaces and art, etc | small=no|date=February 2017}} In 1999, grandsons, John L. Sprague and Peter Sprague cut the ribbon and started an 1884 Sprague motor at a new exhibit at the [[Shore Line Trolley Museum]], where a permanent exhibit, "Frank J. Sprague: Inventor, Scientist, Engineer", tells the story of the role of the "father of electric traction" and the role of electricity in the growth of cities. In 2012, the [[Pennsylvania Trolley Museum]] adopted a stray cat, naming it after Sprague: Frank the Trolley Cat.<ref>{{cite news|last=Miller |first=Barbara S. |title=Feline Frank top cat at trolley museum |newspaper=[[Observer–Reporter]] |date=September 24, 2012 |url=http://www.observer-reporter.com/or/story11/frank-trolley-cat |access-date=September 25, 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120926012407/http://www.observer-reporter.com/or/story11/frank-trolley-cat |archive-date=September 26, 2012 }}</ref> ==In popular culture== In 2017, Sprague was the subject of an episode on season 29 of ''[[American Experience]]'', a documentary series that was broadcast on [[PBS]] television stations. Titled ''The Race Underground'', it partly chronicled [[Green Line (MBTA)#History|the beginnings of the Boston-area MBTA's streetcar network]], and described Sprague as "The Forgotten Hero of the American Subway".<ref>Doug Most, [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/general-article/race-underground-forgotten-hero-american-subway/ "The Forgotten Hero of the American Subway"], [[PBS]]</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} ===Further reading=== * {{cite journal |last=Brittain |first=J.E. |title=Frank J. Sprague and the electrification of urban transportation |journal=[[Proceedings of the IEEE]] |volume=85 |issue=7; July |year =1997 |pages=1183–1184 |doi=10.1109/jproc.1997.611124|s2cid=44994978 }} * {{cite book |last=Dalzell |first=Frederick |title=Engineering Invention: Frank J. Sprague and the U.S. Electrical Industry, 1880-1900 |publisher=[[MIT Press]] |date=2009 |isbn=978-0-262-04256-7}} * {{cite book |last=Greller |first=James Clifford |title=The Men who Pioneered Electric Transportation |date=2014 |location=West Orange, NJ |publisher=Xplorer Press Inc. |isbn=978-0-9853551-0-4 |oclc=918986909 }} * {{cite book |last1=Middleton |first1=William D. |last2=Middleton III |first2=William D. |author-link=William D. Middleton|title=Frank Julian Sprague: Electrical Inventor and Engineer |publisher=Indiana University Press |date=2009 |isbn=978-0-253-35383-2}} * {{cite book |last1=Most |first1=Doug |author-link=Doug Most |title=The Race Underground: Boston, New York, and the Incredible Rivalry That Built America's First Subway |publisher=St. Martin's Griffin |date=2014 |isbn=978-0-312-59132-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780312591328 }} * {{cite book |last=Passer |first=Harold Clarence |title=Frank Julian Sprague, father of electric traction, 1857-1934. |publisher=Harvard University Press |date=1952 |asin=B0007E04CS}} * {{cite book |first=Harriet Chapman Jones |last=Sprague |title=Frank J. Sprague and the Edison myth |location= New York |publisher=William-Frederick Press |date=1947 |asin=B0006ARGTC}} ==External links== {{Commons category}} {{Portal|Biography}} * [https://digital.lib.ecu.edu/special/ead/findingaids/0628 Frank J. Sprague Papers (#628)], East Carolina Manuscript Collection, J. Y. Joyner Library, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA. * [http://www.theelevatormuseum.org/e/e-1.htm Another page about Frank J. Sprague] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516214858/http://www.theelevatormuseum.org/e/e-1.htm |date=2011-05-16 }} * [http://www.bera.org/articles/sprague.html Shore Line Trolley Museum - new permanent exhibit: "Frank J. Sprague: Inventor, Scientist, Engineer"] * [http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Frank_J._Sprague IEEE Biography of Sprague] * [http://www.vishay.com/company/history/ Vishay Electronics Company History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304032457/http://www.vishay.com/company/history/ |date=2016-03-04 }} * [https://edisontechcenter.org/FrankSprague.html The accomplishments and life of F.J. Sprague] * [http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/fjsprague.htm arlingtoncemetery.net] {{IEEE Edison Medal Laureates 1909–1925}} {{John Fritz Medal|state=collapsed}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sprague, Frank}} [[Category:1857 births]] [[Category:1934 deaths]] [[Category:Edison Pioneers]] [[Category:American inventors]] [[Category:American electrical engineers]] [[Category:United States Naval Academy alumni]] [[Category:IEEE Edison Medal recipients]] [[Category:American railroad mechanical engineers]] [[Category:People from North Adams, Massachusetts]] [[Category:Military personnel from Connecticut]] [[Category:American railroad pioneers]] [[Category:Burials at Arlington National Cemetery]] [[Category:People from Milford, Connecticut]] [[Category:Naval Consulting Board]] [[Category:Engineers from Connecticut]] [[Category:John Fritz Medal recipients]] [[Category:United States Navy officers]] [[Category:Sprague family]] [[Category:Recipients of Franklin Medal]] </textarea><div 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