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class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Atari:Hezkuntza/Ikusgela"><span>Ikusgela</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Txokoa" title="Proiektuaren inguruan, zer egin dezakezu, non aurkitu nahi duzuna"><span>Txokoa</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:AzkenAldaketak" title="Wikiko azken aldaketen zerrenda. 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ez da ezinbestekoa, ordea." class=""><span>Sortu kontua</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:SaioaHasi&returnto=Fosil" title="Izen ematera gonbidatzen zaitugu. 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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Hasi saioa</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Izena eman gabeko erabiltzaileentzako orrialdeak <a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Sarrera" aria-label="Artikuluak aldatzeari buruz gehiago ikasi"><span>gehiago ikasi</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:NireEkarpenak" title="IP helbide honetatik egindako aldaketen zerrenda [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Ekarpenak</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:NireEztabaida" title="Zure IParen eztabaida [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Eztabaida</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Gunea"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Edukiak" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Edukiak</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">⇑ Gora</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etimologia_eta_terminoaren_bilakaera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etimologia_eta_terminoaren_bilakaera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etimologia eta terminoaren bilakaera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etimologia_eta_terminoaren_bilakaera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sortze_prozesua" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sortze_prozesua"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Sortze prozesua</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sortze_prozesua-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Sortze prozesua azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sortze_prozesua-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fosilizazio-faktoreak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fosilizazio-faktoreak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Fosilizazio-faktoreak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fosilizazio-faktoreak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Azterketa_eta_erabilera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Azterketa_eta_erabilera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Azterketa eta erabilera</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Azterketa_eta_erabilera-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Azterketa eta erabilera azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Azterketa_eta_erabilera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tafonomia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tafonomia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Tafonomia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tafonomia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paleobiologia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paleobiologia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Paleobiologia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paleobiologia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paleoekologia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paleoekologia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Paleoekologia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paleoekologia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bioestratigrafia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bioestratigrafia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Bioestratigrafia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bioestratigrafia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paleobiogeografika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paleobiogeografika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Paleobiogeografika</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paleobiogeografika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Museistikoa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museistikoa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Museistikoa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museistikoa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aztarnategiak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aztarnategiak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Aztarnategiak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aztarnategiak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erreferentziak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erreferentziak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Erreferentziak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erreferentziak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ikus,_gainera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ikus,_gainera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Ikus, gainera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ikus,_gainera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kanpo_estekak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kanpo_estekak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Kanpo estekak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kanpo_estekak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Edukiak" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Fosil</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Joan beste hizkuntza batean idatzitako artikulu batera. 110 hizkuntzatan eskuragarri." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-110" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">110 hizkuntza</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossiel" title="Fossiel – afrikaansa" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Fossiel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaansa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil – Suitzako alemana" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Fossil" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Suitzako alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holac" title="Holac – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Holac" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%A9" title="مستحاثة – arabiera" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مستحاثة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu nabarmenduak"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B3sil" title="Fósil – asturiera" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Fósil" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosil" title="Fosil – azerbaijanera" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fosil" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijanera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%84" title="فوسیل – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فوسیل" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%96" title="Акамянеласці – bielorrusiera" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Акамянеласці" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorrusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Вкаменелост – bulgariera" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Вкаменелост" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2" title="फॉसिल – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="फॉसिल" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE" title="জীবাশ্ম – bengalera" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জীবাশ্ম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karrekaenn" title="Karrekaenn – bretoiera" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Karrekaenn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosili" title="Fosili – bosniera" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Fosili" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B2ssil" title="Fòssil – katalana" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fòssil" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu%C3%A1-si%C5%8Fh" title="Huá-siŏh – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Huá-siŏh" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%84" title="فۆسیل – erdialdeko kurduera" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فۆسیل" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="erdialdeko kurduera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosilie" title="Fosilie – txekiera" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Fosilie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txekiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Фоссилисем – txuvaxera" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Фоссилисем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="txuvaxera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ffosil" title="Ffosil – galesa" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ffosil" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil – daniera" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fossil" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil – alemana" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fossil" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B8%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Απολίθωμα – greziera" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Απολίθωμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil – ingelesa" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Fossil" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ingelesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosilio" title="Fosilio – esperantoa" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fosilio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperantoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu nabarmenduak"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B3sil" title="Fósil – gaztelania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fósil" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="gaztelania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kivistis" title="Kivistis – estoniera" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kivistis" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B3sil" title="Fósil – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Fósil" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%84" title="فسیل – persiera" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فسیل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossiili" title="Fossiili – finlandiera" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Fossiili" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossile" title="Fossile – frantsesa" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fossile" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="frantsesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossyl" title="Fossyl – mendebaldeko frisiera" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Fossyl" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="mendebaldeko frisiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iontaise" title="Iontaise – irlandera" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Iontaise" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B3sil" title="Fósil – galiziera" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Fósil" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%95%D7%91%D7%9F" title="מאובן – hebreera" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מאובן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="जीवाश्म – hindia" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जीवाश्म" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosil" title="Fosil – kroaziera" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Fosil" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosil" title="Fosil – Haitiko kreolera" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Fosil" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitiko kreolera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossz%C3%ADlia" title="Fosszília – hungariera" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fosszília" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hungariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%B8_%D5%AF%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Բրածո կենդանիներ – armeniera" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բրածո կենդանիներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosil" title="Fosil – indonesiera" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Fosil" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosilo" title="Fosilo – idoa" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Fosilo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="idoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steingervingur" title="Steingervingur – islandiera" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Steingervingur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossile" title="Fossile – italiera" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fossile" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E7%9F%B3" title="化石 – japoniera" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="化石" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosil" title="Fosil – javera" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Fosil" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ნამარხი ნაშთები – georgiera" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნამარხი ნაშთები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosil" title="Fosil – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Fosil" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Қазындылар – kazakhera" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қазындылар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakhera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A0%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9B" title="ហ្វូស៊ីល – khemerera" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ហ្វូស៊ីល" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="khemerera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B3%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%86" title="ಪಳೆಯುಳಿಕೆ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪಳೆಯುಳಿಕೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%99%94%EC%84%9D" title="화석 – koreera" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="화석" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossile" title="Fossile – latina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Fossile" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil – luxenburgera" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Fossil" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxenburgera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossiel" title="Fossiel – limburgera" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Fossiel" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%B6%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%B3%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%99" title="ຊາກດຶກດຳບັນ – laosera" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຊາກດຶກດຳບັນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laosera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosilija" title="Fosilija – lituaniera" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Fosilija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosilijas" title="Fosilijas – letoniera" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Fosilijas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosil" title="Fosil – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Fosil" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B4sily" title="Fôsily – malgaxea" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fôsily" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaxea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Фосил – mazedoniera" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Фосил" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="mazedoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%82" title="ജീവാശ്മം – malabarera" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജീവാശ്മം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malabarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%87%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC" title="ဇမြ – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="ဇမြ" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="जीवाश्म – marathera" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जीवाश्म" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosil" title="Fosil – malaysiera" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Fosil" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaysiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%96%E1%80%BC%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AF%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%BD%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ကျောက်ဖြစ်ရုပ်ကြွင်း – birmaniera" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကျောက်ဖြစ်ရုပ်ကြွင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil – behe-alemana" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Fossil" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="behe-alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7" title="जीवावशेष – nepalera" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जीवावशेष" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossiel" title="Fossiel – nederlandera" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Fossiel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil – nynorsk (norvegiera)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Fossil" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorsk (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil – bokmål (norvegiera)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fossil" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="bokmål (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil – okzitaniera" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Fossil" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="okzitaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%80%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AE" title="ଜୀବାଶ୍ମ – oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଜୀବାଶ୍ମ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="oriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%A5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9F" title="ਪਥਰਾਟ – punjabera" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪਥਰਾਟ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossiel" title="Fossiel – papiamentoa" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Fossiel" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiamentoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skamienia%C5%82o%C5%9Bci" title="Skamieniałości – poloniera" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Skamieniałości" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="پتھری جاندار – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پتھری جاندار" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B3ssil" title="Fóssil – portugesa" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fóssil" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumiyasqa" title="Rumiyasqa – kitxua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Rumiyasqa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="kitxua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosil%C4%83" title="Fosilă – errumaniera" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Fosilă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="errumaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Фоссилии – errusiera" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фоссилии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="errusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84" title="فاسل – sindhia" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="فاسل" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosil" title="Fosil – serbokroaziera" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Fosil" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%9C%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BD" title="පොසිල – sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පොසිල" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Fossil" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fos%C3%ADlia" title="Fosília – eslovakiera" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Fosília" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovakiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosil" title="Fosil – esloveniera" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Fosil" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosilet" title="Fosilet – albaniera" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Fosilet" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Фосил – serbiera" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Фосил" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosil" title="Fosil – sundanera" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Fosil" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil – suediera" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fossil" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suediera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisukuku" title="Kisukuku – swahilia" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kisukuku" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="தொல்லுயிர் எச்சம் – tamilera" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தொல்லுயிர் எச்சம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" title="శిలాజము – telugua" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="శిలాజము" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%8C" title="ซากดึกดำบรรพ์ – thailandiera" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ซากดึกดำบรรพ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galyndy_yazgy" title="Galyndy yazgy – turkmenera" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Galyndy yazgy" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turkmenera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posil" title="Posil – tagaloa" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Posil" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagaloa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosil" title="Fosil – turkiera" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Fosil" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%27%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96" title="Скам'янілості – ukrainera" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Скам'янілості" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="رکاز – urdua" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="رکاز" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B3a_th%E1%BA%A1ch" title="Hóa thạch – vietnamera" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hóa thạch" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossiel" title="Fossiel – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Fossiel" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6sil" title="Fösil – volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Fösil" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posil" title="Posil – warayera" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Posil" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="warayera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E7%9F%B3" title="化石 – wu txinera" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="化石" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9C" title="פאסיל – yiddisha" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פאסיל" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddisha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E7%9F%B3" title="化石 – txinera" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="化石" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E7%9F%B3" title="化石 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="化石" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B2a-chio%CC%8Dh" title="Hòa-chio̍h – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hòa-chio̍h" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E7%9F%B3" title="化石 – kantonera" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="化石" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intshicwa" title="Intshicwa – zuluera" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Intshicwa" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zuluera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q40614#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Aldatu hizkuntzen arteko loturak" class="wbc-editpage">Aldatu loturak</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Izen-tarteak"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Fosil" title="Eduki orrialdea ikusi [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikulua</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eztabaida:Fosil&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Artikuluari buruzko eztabaida (sortu gabe) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Eztabaida</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Aldatu hizkuntza aldaera" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">euskara</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Ikusketak"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Fosil"><span>Irakurri</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fosil&veaction=edit" title="Orri hau aldatu [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Aldatu</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fosil&action=edit" title="Idatzi orri honen iturburu kodea [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fosil&action=history" title="Artikulu honen aurreko bertsioak. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Ikusi historia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tresnak" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tresnak</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tresnak</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ekintzak </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Fosil"><span>Irakurri</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fosil&veaction=edit" title="Orri hau aldatu [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Aldatu</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fosil&action=edit" title="Idatzi orri honen iturburu kodea [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fosil&action=history"><span>Ikusi historia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Orokorra </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:ZerkLotzenDuHona/Fosil" title="Orri honetaranzko esteka duten wiki orri guztien zerrenda [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Honanzko esteka duten orriak</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:RecentChangesLinked/Fosil" rel="nofollow" title="Orri honetatik esteka duten orrietako azken aldaketak [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Lotutako orrietako aldaketak</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=eu" title="Irudiak edo media fitxategiak igo [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Fitxategia igo</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:OrrialdeBereziak" title="Orri berezi guztien zerrenda [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Orri bereziak</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fosil&oldid=9206649" title="Orriaren bertsio honetaranzko esteka iraunkorra"><span>Lotura iraunkorra</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fosil&action=info" title="Orrialde honi buruzko informazio gehiago"><span>Orri honen datuak</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:CiteThisPage&page=Fosil&id=9206649&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Orri honen aipua egiteko moduari buruzko informazioa"><span>Artikulu hau aipatu</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Feu.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFosil"><span>URL laburra lortu</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Feu.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFosil"><span>QR kodea jaitsi</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Inprimatu/esportatu </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Fosil"><span>Liburu bat sortu</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:DownloadAsPdf&page=Fosil&action=show-download-screen"><span>Deskargatu PDF formatuan</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fosil&printable=yes" title="Orrialde honen bertsio inprimagarria [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Inprimatzeko bertsioa</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Beste proiektuetan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fossil" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q40614" title="Datuen biltegi elementu batera lotuta [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata itema</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Itxura"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Itxura</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-2-HezkuntzaPrograma" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Atari:Hezkuntza" title="Artikulu hau "Kalitatezko 2.000 artikulu 12-16 urteko ikasleentzat" proiektuaren parte da"><img alt="Artikulu hau "Kalitatezko 2.000 artikulu 12-16 urteko ikasleentzat" proiektuaren parte da" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Hezkuntza_Programa_12-16_ikonoa.png/19px-Hezkuntza_Programa_12-16_ikonoa.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Hezkuntza_Programa_12-16_ikonoa.png/28px-Hezkuntza_Programa_12-16_ikonoa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Hezkuntza_Programa_12-16_ikonoa.png/38px-Hezkuntza_Programa_12-16_ikonoa.png 2x" data-file-width="747" data-file-height="794" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Wikipedia, Entziklopedia askea</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="eu" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Amonite_Cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Amonite_Cropped.jpg/200px-Amonite_Cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Amonite_Cropped.jpg/300px-Amonite_Cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Amonite_Cropped.jpg/400px-Amonite_Cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Hiru <a href="/wiki/Ammonoidea" title="Ammonoidea">ammonite</a> fosil, bakoitza 1,5 cm luze.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Fosilak</b> (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">latinezko</a> <i>fossile</i>-tik, lurretik ateratzen dena) aintzinako izaki bizidunen gorputzen edo ekintzen aztarnak dira. Arroka sedimentarioetan daude eta beraien osaketaren transmorfazioak jasan ditzakete (diagenesi bidez) edota deformazioak (metamorfismo dinamikoaren bidez). Fosilak aztertzen dituen zientzia <a href="/wiki/Paleontologia" title="Paleontologia">paleontologia</a> da. Hala ere, oso lotua dago <a href="/wiki/Tafonomia" title="Tafonomia">tafonomia</a> zientziarekin, <a href="/wiki/Bizi" title="Bizi">izaki bizidunak</a> hiltzean jasaten dituzten prozesuak ikertzen dituen zientziarekin. </p><p>Fosilik ohikoenak <a href="/wiki/Animalia" title="Animalia">animalien</a> <a href="/wiki/Hezurdura" title="Hezurdura">hezurdurak</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Oskol" class="mw-disambig" title="Oskol">oskolak</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Landare" title="Landare">landareen</a> aztarnak dira, baina fosilen barnean urratsak eta animalien aktibitatearen ondorioak ere sartzen dira. Badaude <a href="/wiki/Mikrofosil" title="Mikrofosil">mikrofosilak</a> ere, begi hutsez ikusi ezin direnak, <a href="/wiki/Zelula" title="Zelula">zelulen</a> aztarnak hain zuzen ere. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etimologia_eta_terminoaren_bilakaera">Etimologia eta terminoaren bilakaera</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fosil&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Etimologia eta terminoaren bilakaera»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fosil&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Etimologia eta terminoaren bilakaera"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fosil hitza <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">latinezko</a> <i>fodere</i> (induskatu) aditzetik dator, <i>fossile</i> izenaren bitartez. <a href="/wiki/Historia" title="Historia">Historia</a> osoan zehar eta lehenago <a href="/wiki/Historiaurrea" title="Historiaurrea">historiaurrean</a>, gizakiak fosilak aurkitu izan ditu, harremanetan zeuden mineralek harri bihurtutako <a href="/wiki/Organismo" title="Organismo">izaki bizidunen</a> hondakinak. <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">Mineral</a> horiek dira kanpoko forma ordezkatu edo zaindu zutenak. </p><p>Gizaki primitiboak esanahi magikoa ematen zien. <a href="/wiki/Antzinate_klasikoa" title="Antzinate klasikoa">Antzinate klasikoaren</a> egileek behatu, eta, oro har, zuzen interpretatu zituzten. Fosil hitza <a href="/wiki/Plinio_Zaharra" title="Plinio Zaharra">Pliniok</a> erabiltzen zuen <a href="/wiki/I._mendea" title="I. mendea"> I. mendean</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, eta bere erabilera <a href="/wiki/Georgius_Agricola" title="Georgius Agricola">Agricolak</a> berreskuratu zuen <a href="/wiki/XVI._mendea" title="XVI. mendea">XVI. mendean</a>, bere gorputz lurperatuaren izaera aipatuz (<i>fossa</i>tik eratorria bezala), eta <a href="/wiki/Lurrazal" title="Lurrazal">lurrazaleko</a> materialetan integratutako hondakin organikoak zein gorputz mineralak barne hartzen zituen. Egoera hori joan den mendearen hasierara arte mantendu zen, baina egia da benetako fosilak antolatutako fosil gisa bereizten zirela. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lyell" title="Charles Lyell">Lyell</a> <a href="/wiki/Geologo" title="Geologo">geologo</a> britainiarrak fosilak definitu zituen beste garai batzuetan bizi izan ziren eta gaur egun <a href="/wiki/Arroka_sedimentario" title="Arroka sedimentario">harri sedimentarioen</a> baitan integratuta dauden organismoen hondakin gisa. Definizio horrek bere baliozkotasunari eusten dio, nahiz eta gaur egun terminoak zabaltasun handiagoa duen, organismoen jardueraren adierazpenak sartzen baitira bertan, hala nola gorotzak (<a href="/wiki/Koprolito" title="Koprolito">koprolitoak</a>), eraikuntza organikoen hondakinak, oinatzen aztarnak, gorputzeko atalen inpresioak, hortzordeak (<a href="/wiki/Iknofosil" title="Iknofosil">iknofosilak</a>), etab. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sortze_prozesua">Sortze prozesua</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fosil&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Sortze prozesua»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fosil&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Sortze prozesua"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Fossilization_process.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Fossilization_process.jpg/220px-Fossilization_process.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Fossilization_process.jpg/330px-Fossilization_process.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Fossilization_process.jpg/440px-Fossilization_process.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="639" /></a><figcaption>Animalia hil, lurpean geratu, fosildu eta paleontologoek aztarnategian haren fosila aurkitu eta aztertu arteko bidea</figcaption></figure> <p>Organismo baten hondakinen kontserbazioa edota haren jardueraren aztarnak irautea ohi ez diren gertakariak dira, eta harrigarria bada ere, eskala handiari dagokionez, aski maiz jazotzen dira era horretakoak. Fosilizazioa izeneko prozesu fisiko-kimiko baten bidez sortzen dira fosilak. Prozesu horrek denbora bitarte jakin bat behar du; ikerlari gehienek onartzen dutenaren arabera, duela 13.000 urte inguruko hondarrak dira fosil berrienak; geroagoko hondarrei <i>azpifosil</i> izena ematen zaie. Hil ondoren, izaki organikoak aski laster desegiten dira, baldin eta hil eta handik gutxira <a href="/wiki/Lurraren_atmosfera" title="Lurraren atmosfera">eguratsaren</a>, gainerako <a href="/wiki/Animalia" title="Animalia">animalien</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Mikrobio" title="Mikrobio">mikroorganismoen</a> eraginetik babesten dituen materialen baten azpian ehortzirik geratzen ez badira. Guztiarekin ere, <a href="/wiki/Hezurdura" title="Hezurdura">eskeleto</a> zati gogorrenak eta aurretik gai <a href="/wiki/Mea" title="Mea">mineralez</a> hornituak direnak fosilizatzen dira soilik. </p><p>Aztarnak fosil bihurtzeko, fosilizazio deritzon prozesu fisiko-kimikoa jasan behar du denbora batez (Würm glaziazioko aztarnek, gutxienez, 13.000 urtez). Fosilizazioan, izakiek utzitako aztarnetatik, errazago fosilduko dira <a href="/wiki/Oskol" class="mw-disambig" title="Oskol">oskolak</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Hezur" title="Hezur">hezurrak</a> eta horiek bezala <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">mineralizatuta</a> daudenak. Gorputzeko atal bigunak, lurperatu aurretik edo ondoren, usteldu eta desegin egingo direnez, zailagoa izango da atal horien fosilak eratzea. Hori dela eta, aurki daitezkeen fosil gehienak jatorriz mineralizatuta zeuden aztarnak dira. Kontuan izan behar dugu, Lurraren historian horrelako aztarna ugari egon diren arren, gutxi batzuk bakarrik lurperatu zirela desegin aurretik eta horietako batzuk soilik kontserbatu direla fosil gisa, lurperatu ondoren pairatu zuten prozesu fisiko-kimikoaren ostean. Aztarna mineralizatuak dituzten izakien erregistro fosila murriztuta jasotzen dugu, baina are galera handiagoa da gorputz-atal gogorrik ez duten izakiena. Adibidez, gaur egungo <a href="/wiki/Ekosistema" title="Ekosistema">ekosistemetan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intsektu" title="Intsektu">intsektuak</a> oso ugariak dira, eta, segur aski, iragan geologikoan ere ugariak izango ziren, baina haien erregistro fosilak oso urriak dira. Beraz, edozein ekosistematan bizi diren izakiek sor ditzaketen aztarnetatik, gutxi batzuk baino ez dira bihurtzen fosil. Bestalde, garai geologikoetako biosferaren erregistroa ere oso murriztuta jasotzen dugu. Lurrean bizi izan diren izaki askok ez dute erregistro fosilik utzi, eta, seguru aski, ez dugu sekula jakingo nolako itxura zuten. </p><p>Fosilizazio prozesuak eraldatze kimiko saila ekartzen du; eraldatze horietan, normalean, organismo hilaren gai organikoak izaera minerala duten beste gai batzuek ordezkatzen dituzte; gai horiek eskuarki <a href="/wiki/Kaltzio_karbonato" title="Kaltzio karbonato">kaltzio karbonatoa</a> edo <a href="/wiki/Silizio_dioxido" title="Silizio dioxido">silizea</a> izaten dira, baina beste batzuk ere izan daitezke, hala nola <a href="/wiki/Pirita" title="Pirita">pirita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Markasita" title="Markasita">markasita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fosfato" title="Fosfato">fosfatoak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hematite" title="Hematite">hematiteak</a>, etab. Eraldatzearen izaera zenbait faktoreren baitan dago, hots, hondakin organikoen jatorrizko konposizioa eta hondakinok prozesuan zehar aurkitzen zireneko baldintza geokimikoak, zeren eta hondakin horiek ehortzi zituzten jalkinen osagaiak baitira materia organikoarekin erreakzionatu eta ordezkatu ondoren, fosila ematen dutenak. <a href="/wiki/Maskor" title="Maskor">Maskorrek</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Ornogabe" title="Ornogabe">ornogabeen</a> zati gogorrek ziren bezala irauten dute edo aldaketak izaten dituzte beren konposizio kimikoan edo <a href="/wiki/Kristal" title="Kristal">kristal</a> egituran. <a href="/wiki/Aragonito" title="Aragonito">Aragonitoa</a> (CaCo<sub>3</sub>), maiz aski <a href="/wiki/Molusku" title="Molusku">soinberen</a> maskorra moldatzen duena, <a href="/wiki/Kaltzita" title="Kaltzita">kaltzita</a> bihur daiteke (CaCo<sub>3</sub>), konposizio bereko forma kimiko egonkorragoa alegia<sup id="cite_ref-ZT_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZT-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fosilizazio-faktoreak">Fosilizazio-faktoreak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fosil&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Fosilizazio-faktoreak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fosil&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Fosilizazio-faktoreak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Permian_Silicified_Sclerobionts.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Permian_Silicified_Sclerobionts.JPG/220px-Permian_Silicified_Sclerobionts.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Permian_Silicified_Sclerobionts.JPG/330px-Permian_Silicified_Sclerobionts.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Permian_Silicified_Sclerobionts.JPG/440px-Permian_Silicified_Sclerobionts.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1889" data-file-height="1446" /></a><figcaption>Silifikatutako fosilak.</figcaption></figure> <p>Fosilizazioa kontrolatzen duten faktoreak hauek dira<sup id="cite_ref-ZT_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZT-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>: </p> <dl><dt>Lurperatze azkarra</dt> <dd>Sortutako aztarna lurperatzen den arte gertatzen diren prozesuek aztarna apurtu eta desegin dezakete. Adibidez, <a href="/wiki/Sarraskijale" title="Sarraskijale">sarraskijaleek</a> hildako animalien gorpuak apurtzen dituzte, agente meteorikoek aztarnak desegin ditzakete, eta fosilizazioan lagungarri diren alde bigunak usteldu eta desegin egiten dira.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Izakien ezaugarriak</dt> <dd>Izaki batzuk dituzten zati gogorrak alde bigunak baino errazago fosilduko dira, adibidez, <a href="/wiki/Bibalbio" title="Bibalbio">bibalbioen</a> maskorrak, <a href="/wiki/Krustazeo" title="Krustazeo">krustazeoen</a> oskolak, <a href="/wiki/Ornodun" title="Ornodun">ornodunen</a> hezurrak, etab. Aztarnen konposizio kimikoaren arabera, mineralizazioa desberdina izaten da. Lurperatu ondoren, aztarnak dituzten alde bigunek fosilizazio-prozesuko eraldaketa kimikoei laguntzen diete.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Arroka-mota</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Arroka_igneo" title="Arroka igneo">Arroka igneoak</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Arroka_metamorfiko" title="Arroka metamorfiko">arroka metamorfikoak</a> sortzeko behar diren presio- eta tenperatura-baldintzetan edozein fosil desegingo litzateke; beraz, arroka-mota horietan oso zaila izango da fosilik aurkitzea. Fosilak aurkitzeko, <a href="/wiki/Arroka_sedimentario" title="Arroka sedimentario">arroka sedimentarioetan</a> bilatu behar dugu, baina horiei dagokienez ere kontuan izan behar dira sedimentuen tamaina eta konposizioa.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Aztarna sortu zenean ingurunea nolakoa zen</dt> <dd>Fosilak arroka sedimentarioetan aurkitzen direnez, ingurune sedimentarioak izango dira aproposenak, eta, haien artean, ingurune itsastarrak kontinentalak baino hobeak dira; izan ere, <a href="/wiki/Itsaso" title="Itsaso">itsasoan</a>, sedimentazioa gertatzen da gehienbat, eta, beraz, aztarnak azkarrago lurperatzen dira, ingurune kontinentaletan, aldiz, higadura da nagusi. Hori dela eta, jatorri itsastarreko fosilak kontinentalak baino askoz ere ugariagoak dira. Energia handiko inguruneetan, zailagoa da fosilak kontserbatzea, aztarnak lurperatu aurretik korronteen eraginez apur daitezkeelako.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Azterketa_eta_erabilera">Azterketa eta erabilera</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fosil&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Azterketa eta erabilera»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fosil&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Azterketa eta erabilera"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Petrified_forest_log_2_md.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Petrified_forest_log_2_md.jpg/200px-Petrified_forest_log_2_md.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Petrified_forest_log_2_md.jpg/300px-Petrified_forest_log_2_md.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Petrified_forest_log_2_md.jpg/400px-Petrified_forest_log_2_md.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1009" data-file-height="1009" /></a><figcaption>Zur petrifikatua.</figcaption></figure> <p>Denboran zehar, eboluzioaren eskalan, elkarren ondozka bizi izan diren izakietan gertatu zenaren testigantza zuzen bakarra dira fosilak: bizitzaren historiaren erregistroa eratzen dute. Fosilen ikerketa, zientzia alorreko interes huts horrez gainera, ezinbesteko tresna da <a href="/wiki/Geologia" title="Geologia">Geologia</a> orokorrean eta bereziki haren adar batzuetan (<a href="/wiki/Estratigrafia" title="Estratigrafia">Estratigrafia</a>). Fosil adierazleak edo fosil gidariak: estratigrafia erlazioak finkatzeko balio dutenak dira, eta beren geografia banaketa zabalaren, ugaritasunaren eta eboluzio azkarraren ondorioa da ezaugarri hori; azken puntu horrek esan nahi du denboran zehar halako fosil bat agerraldi laburrekoa izan zela (mota gisa gutxi iraun zuela) eta haren ezaugarri morfologikoak ondo zehazturik daudela. Baldintza horiek betetzen dituzte, adibidez, <a href="/wiki/Plankton" title="Plankton">plankton</a> organismo batzuek eta <a href="/wiki/Ammonoidea" title="Ammonoidea">ammonites</a> askok, horiek, <a href="/wiki/Estratu" title="Estratu">estratu</a> jakin batean aurkitu direnez, estratu hori denbora geologikoaren azpisail guztiz zehatz bati dagokiola adierazten baitiote geologoari. </p><p>Hala ere, erregistro fosila edo ezagutzen diren fosilen bilduma oso partziala da —ez baita osoa— eta ez du iraganeko <a href="/wiki/Biosfera" title="Biosfera">biosferaren</a> lekukotasun egokia ematen, aro guztietako jalkin harriak ez egoteak dakartzan hutsuneak direla eta. Ezagutzen diren fosilak milaka espezie (800.000 inguru) badira ere, halakoak iraganean bizi izan bide ziren izakien zati guztiz txikia besterik ez dira eta desagerturikoak betiko milaka milioitan kontatu behar dira zenbait autoreren arabera. Gainera, fosilizatzeko gaitasun desberdinaren ondorioz eta bizi ziren toki desberdinak — zenbaitetan fosilizazio prozesuak fabora zitezkeenak— direla eta, talde batzuk hobeto ezagutzen dira eta beste asko ezezagunak dira. </p><p>Fosilek duten erabilera hainbat arlotan bana daiteke: tafonomikoa, paleobiologikoa, paleoekologikoa, bioestratigrafikoa, paleobiogeografikoa eta museistikoa<sup id="cite_ref-ZT_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZT-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tafonomia">Tafonomia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fosil&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Tafonomia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fosil&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Tafonomia"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Diplomystus_dentatus_Green_River_Formation_Wyoming.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Diplomystus_dentatus_Green_River_Formation_Wyoming.jpg/200px-Diplomystus_dentatus_Green_River_Formation_Wyoming.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Diplomystus_dentatus_Green_River_Formation_Wyoming.jpg/300px-Diplomystus_dentatus_Green_River_Formation_Wyoming.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Diplomystus_dentatus_Green_River_Formation_Wyoming.jpg/400px-Diplomystus_dentatus_Green_River_Formation_Wyoming.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4152" data-file-height="2752" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eozeno" title="Eozeno">Eozenoko</a> <i>Diplomystus dentatus</i> arrain fosilak</figcaption></figure> <p>Fosil bat aurkitzen dugunean lor dezakegun lehen informazioa <a href="/wiki/Tafonomia" title="Tafonomia">tafonomikoa</a> da. Tafonomiak aztarnek jasan dituzten prozesu guztiak aztertzen ditu, sortzen direnetik gure eskura fosil gisa heldu arte. Datu horiek oso baliagarriak dira, zeren eta baliteke aztarna lurperatu zen momentuan jadanik zaharragoa zen beste <a href="/wiki/Garai_geologiko" class="mw-redirect" title="Garai geologiko">garai geologiko</a> batean sortutako fosila izatea (fosil birlandua) eta/edo izakia bere bizigunetik kanpo lurperatu izana (ademikoa). Adibidez, errekak basotik itsasora garraiatu duen <a href="/wiki/Enbor" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Enbor">enborra</a> ondoratu eta lurperatu ondoren, fosil bilakatuko da jatorri itsastarreko arroka batean. Sortutako arroka hori aurkitzean, oker legoke esatea jatorri kontinentala duela, nahiz eta bere baitan enbor baten fosila izan. Fosil birlanduei eta ademikoei antzematea oso garrantzitsua da paleontologian, hori egin ezean okerrak izango baitira fosil horiek adieraziko diguten adina eta paleoingurunearen informazioa<sup id="cite_ref-ZT_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZT-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paleobiologia">Paleobiologia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fosil&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Paleobiologia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fosil&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Paleobiologia"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ondoren, fosilak aztarna utzi zuen izakiari buruzko informazioa emango digu. Datu horiekin izaki hori nolakoa zen jakin dezakegu eta, bere ezaugarri morfologiak ezagututa, geroago sailkatu ahal izango dugu. Garai bateko eta besteko fosilak aztertuz eta horiek morfologikoki nola aldatu diren ikusiz, <a href="/wiki/Filogenia" title="Filogenia">lerro filogenetikoak</a> eraiki daitezke, eta, horrela, <a href="/wiki/Populazio" class="mw-redirect" title="Populazio">populazioen</a> zein komunitateen <a href="/wiki/Eboluzio" title="Eboluzio">aldaketa ebolutiboak</a> ikertu. Kontuan eduki behar da prozesu ebolutiboak oso geldoak direla, gizakien bizi-iraupenarekiko eta horiek aztertzeko behar-beharrezkoa dela erregistro fosila erabiltzea. Era honetan, fosilei esker fenomeno ebolutiboak iker daitezke, besteak beste, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Espezieen_iraupen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Espezieen iraupen (sortu gabe)">espezieen iraupena</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ordezkapen_taxonomiko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ordezkapen taxonomiko (sortu gabe)">ordezkapen taxonomikoa</a>, espezieen suntsipen masiboak eta goi-mailako taxonen bat bateko agerpena<sup id="cite_ref-ZT_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZT-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paleoekologia">Paleoekologia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fosil&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Paleoekologia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fosil&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Paleoekologia"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Estratu" title="Estratu">Geruza bakoitzean</a> dauden fosilen bidez jakin dezakegu <a href="/wiki/Arroka" title="Arroka">arroka</a> jakin bat sortu zenean zer animalia bizi ziren ingurune horietan. Izaki horien afinitate ekologikoak ezagututa, antzeman dezakegu sedimentua metatu zenean ingurunea nolakoa zen. Adibidez, izaki itsastarren fosilak aurkitzen baditugu, badakigu sedimentu hori itsas azpian metatu zela eta, ur epeleko izakien fosilak aurkituz gero, pentsa dezakegu inguru hori epela zela. Hala, arroketan dauden fosilekin garai bakoitzean ingurunea nolakoa zen antzeman dezakegu, eta, geruza desberdinetako fosilak aztertuz, ingurunea denboran zehar nola aldatu den azter dezakegu<sup id="cite_ref-ZT_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZT-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bioestratigrafia">Bioestratigrafia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fosil&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Bioestratigrafia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fosil&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Bioestratigrafia"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="/wiki/Eskala_kronoestratigrafiko" title="Eskala kronoestratigrafiko">Eskala kronoestratigrafiko</a>»</div> <p><a href="/wiki/Lurraren_historia" title="Lurraren historia">Lurraren historian</a> zehar inguruneak aldatuz joan direnez, bertan bizi izan diren izakiak ere aldatuz joan dira baldintza berrietara moldatzeko; ezin moldatu izan direnak, aldiz, suntsitu egin dira, eta forma berriek ordezkatu dituzte. Horrela, Lurraren historian bizi izan diren izakiak aldatuz joan dira, eta, haiekin batera, erregistro fosila ere bai. <a href="/wiki/Garai_geologiko" class="mw-redirect" title="Garai geologiko">Garai geologiko</a> bakoitzak fosil bereizgarriak dituenez, arrokak Lurraren historian dagokien garaian koka daitezke, edukiera paleontologikoaren arabera. </p><p>Fosilen bidez geruzak denboran ordenatu ondoren, geografikoki banatuta dauden baina garaikideak diren azaleramenduak erlaziona daitezke. Azaleramendu bakoitzean Lurraren historiaren kapitulu bat dago, eta, fosilen bidez azaleramenduak elkarren artean erlazionatuz, Lurraren historiaren liburua osatuko dugu pixkanaka-pixkanaka<sup id="cite_ref-ZT_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZT-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paleobiogeografika">Paleobiogeografika</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fosil&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Paleobiogeografika»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fosil&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Paleobiogeografika"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fosilen bidez, espezieak non sortu diren eta geografikoki nola sakabanatu diren ikus dezakegu. Adibidez, <a href="/wiki/Gizaki" title="Gizaki">gizakia</a> <a href="/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika">Afrikan</a> sortu eta <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europaraino</a> nola heldu zen jakiteko, garai geologikoetako aztarnen kokapena erabiltzen ari dira. Lurraren historian izan diren espezieen banaketa geografikoa nola aldatu den aztertuz, antzeman daiteke noiz gertatu ziren populazioak banatzen zituzten hesi geografikoak eta kontinenteen arteko loturak eta faunaren nahasketak<sup id="cite_ref-ZT_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZT-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museistikoa">Museistikoa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fosil&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Museistikoa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fosil&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Museistikoa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Zaneboni-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Zaneboni-2.jpg/220px-Zaneboni-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Zaneboni-2.jpg/330px-Zaneboni-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Zaneboni-2.jpg/440px-Zaneboni-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1532" data-file-height="1012" /></a><figcaption>Fosilak erakusgarri museo batean.</figcaption></figure> <p>Fosilak gizartearen ondare dira, eta, ikerketa bukatu ondoren, guztion eskura dauden leku publikoetan gordetzen dira, hala nola <a href="/wiki/Museo" title="Museo">museoetan</a>. Hortaz, erakunde horiek, fosilen ondarea babesteaz gain, funtzio didaktikoa ere betetzen dute, fosilak jendeari erakutsiz. Bestalde, ez dugu ahaztu behar Lurraren historian izakiek utzitako aztarnetatik gure eskura fosil gisa heltzen den aztarna bakoitzeko beste hainbat suntsitu direla bidean. Horrenbestez, pentsa dezakegu fosil bakoitzak bere historia propioa duela eta, beraz, ordezkaezina dela<sup id="cite_ref-ZT_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZT-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aztarnategiak">Aztarnategiak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fosil&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Aztarnategiak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fosil&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Aztarnategiak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lurrean badaude fosiletan aberatsak diren hainbat eremu. Bereziki aipagarriak dira <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australiako</a> <a href="/wiki/Estromatolito" title="Estromatolito">estromatolitoak</a> (lehenengo izaki bizidunen aztarnak), <a href="/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada">Kanadako</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Burgess_Shale" title="Burgess Shale">Burgess Shale</a></i>-en <a href="/wiki/Kanbriar" title="Kanbriar">kanbriar</a> garaiko animalia itsastarrak, <a href="/wiki/Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Patagoniako</a> dinosauroak eta <a href="/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika">Afrika</a> ekialdeko Rift haranean aurkituriko <a href="/wiki/Hominidae" title="Hominidae">hominidoen</a> aztarnak. </p><p>Fosilak jalkin harrietan agertu ohi dira, nahiz eta haien artean oso pusketa handiz osatuak (<a href="/wiki/Konglomeratu" title="Konglomeratu">konglomeratuak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bretz" title="Bretz">bretxak</a>) direnek oso gutxitan dauzkate. Ohikoak dira <a href="/wiki/Buztin" title="Buztin">buztinetan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kareharri" title="Kareharri">kareharrietan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marga" class="mw-redirect" title="Marga">margetan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hareharri" title="Hareharri">hareharrietan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arbel" title="Arbel">arbel</a> buztintsuetan, etab. <a href="/wiki/Arroka_metamorfiko" title="Arroka metamorfiko">Harri metamorfikoek</a> —presioak edo tenperaturak aldarazitako jalkinetatik datozenek— ere fosilak eduki ditzakete metamorfismoa oso handia ez bada izan, zeren eta halakoetan harriaren berregituratze prozesuek suntsitzen baitituzte fosilak. Berdin gertatzen da guztiz birkristalizaturik ez dauden <a href="/wiki/Haitzurdin" title="Haitzurdin">marmoletan</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Erreferentziak">Erreferentziak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fosil&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Erreferentziak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fosil&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Erreferentziak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pdvsa.com/index.php?lang=es">«PDVSA»</a> <i>www.pdvsa.com</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-02-16)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFHortolà2016-08-17">Hortolà, Policarp.  (2016-08-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/tandf/ghbi/2016/00000028/00000006/art00012">«Conceptualising ‘fossiliferous deposit’ against ‘palaeontological deposit’: some semantic (and epistemological) considerations»</a> <i>Historical Biology: A Journal of Paleobiology</i> 28 (6): 858–860.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F08912963.2015.1055558">10.1080/08912963.2015.1055558</a></span>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-02-16)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZT-3">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-ZT_3-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZT_3-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZT_3-2"><sup><b>c</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZT_3-3"><sup><b>d</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZT_3-4"><sup><b>e</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZT_3-5"><sup><b>f</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZT_3-6"><sup><b>g</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZT_3-7"><sup><b>h</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZT_3-8"><sup><b>i</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFXabier_Murelaga">Xabier Murelaga. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zthiztegia.elhuyar.eus/terminoa/eu/fosil">«Fosil»</a> <i>zthiztegia.elhuyar.eus</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-12-17)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="boilerplate" style="text-align:left; font-size: 90%"> <ul><li>Artikulu honen edukiaren zati bat <i>Lur hiztegi entziklopediko</i>tik edo <i>Lur entziklopedia tematiko</i>tik hartu da. Egile-eskubideen jabeak, <a href="/wiki/Eusko_Jaurlaritza" title="Eusko Jaurlaritza">Eusko Jaurlaritzak</a>, hiztegi horiek <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/es/deed.eu">CC-BY 3.0 lizentziarekin</a> argitaratu ditu, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opendata.euskadi.eus/katalogoa/-/lur-entziklopedia-tematikoa/">Open Data Euskadi webgunean</a>.</li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ikus,_gainera"><span id="Ikus.2C_gainera"></span>Ikus, gainera</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fosil&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ikus, gainera»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fosil&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Ikus, gainera"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikrofosil" title="Mikrofosil">Mikrofosil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tafonomia" title="Tafonomia">Tafonomia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kanpo_estekak">Kanpo estekak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fosil&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kanpo estekak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fosil&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Kanpo estekak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160306115806/http://burgess-shale.bc.ca/?p=120%2F">Burgess Shale</a></li> <li><span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Gaztelaniaz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Gaztelaniaz)</b></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atapuerca.com/">Atapuerca</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;"></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r7786466">.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control{margin-top:1.5em}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox hr:last-child{display:none}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox+.mw-mf-linked-projects{display:none}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control,.mw-parser-output .mw-mf-linked-projects{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;font-size:88%}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .mw-mf-linked-projects ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="mw-authority-control"><div class="navbox-styles"><style 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hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Autoritate_kontrola" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width: 12%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Autoritate_kontrola" title="Laguntza:Autoritate kontrola">Autoritate kontrola</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Wikimedia proiektuak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata"><img alt="Wd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span> Datuak:</span> <span class="uid"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40614" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q40614">Q40614</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Commonscat"><img alt="Commonscat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Multimedia:</span> <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fossils">Fossils</a></span> / <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=%22Q40614%22">Q40614</a></span></span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b>Identifikadoreak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblioteca Nacional de España">BNE</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX526061">XX526061</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11956262f">11956262f</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11956262f">(data)</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Authority File">GND</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4017999-0">4017999-0</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh89005492">sh89005492</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Diet_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="National Diet Library">NDL</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00565096">00565096</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of the Czech Republic">NKC</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph116775">ph116775</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">NARA</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10637263">10637263</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Art_%26_Architecture_Thesaurus" title="Art & Architecture Thesaurus">AAT</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/AATFullDisplay?find=&logic=AND&note=&subjectid=300247919">300247919</a></span></li> <li><b>Hiztegiak eta entziklopediak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Britannica</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/fossil">url</a></span></li> <li><b>Medikuntzako identifikadoreak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D005580">D005580</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="mw-mf-linked-projects hlist"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata"><img alt="Wd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span> Datuak:</span> <span class="uid"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40614" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q40614">Q40614</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Commonscat"><img alt="Commonscat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Multimedia:</span> <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fossils">Fossils</a></span> / <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=%22Q40614%22">Q40614</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></div>    </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget \"ErrefAurrebista\" was not loaded. 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