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vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Films_of_the_Cultural_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Films of the Cultural Revolution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Films_of_the_Cultural_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Cultural_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Cultural_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Post-Cultural Revolution </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Post-Cultural_Revolution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Post-Cultural Revolution subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Post-Cultural_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Box_office_boom_after_the_Cultural_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Box_office_boom_after_the_Cultural_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Box office boom after the Cultural Revolution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Box_office_boom_after_the_Cultural_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Scar_dramas"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Scar_dramas""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 "Scar dramas" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Scar_dramas"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rise_of_the_fifth_generation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_of_the_fifth_generation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Rise of the fifth generation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_of_the_fifth_generation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Main_melody_dramas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Main_melody_dramas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Main melody dramas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Main_melody_dramas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_sixth_generation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_sixth_generation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 The sixth generation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_sixth_generation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle The sixth generation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-The_sixth_generation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notable_Sixth_Generation_directors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_Sixth_Generation_directors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Notable Sixth Generation directors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_Sixth_Generation_directors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_directors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_directors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Other directors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_directors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Generation-independent_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Generation-independent_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Generation-independent movement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Generation-independent_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_documentary_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_documentary_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 New documentary movement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_documentary_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Animation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Animation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Animation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Animation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Animation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Before_the_1950s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Before_the_1950s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Before the 1950s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Before_the_1950s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1950s–1980s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1950s–1980s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 1950s–1980s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1950s–1980s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1980s–1990s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1980s–1990s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.3 1980s–1990s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1980s–1990s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1990s–2010s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990s–2010s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.4 1990s–2010s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1990s–2010s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2010s–present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2010s–present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.5 2010s–present </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2010s–present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_models_and_the_new_Chinese_cinema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_models_and_the_new_Chinese_cinema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 New models and the new Chinese cinema </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-New_models_and_the_new_Chinese_cinema-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle New models and the new Chinese cinema subsection </button> <ul id="toc-New_models_and_the_new_Chinese_cinema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Commercial_successes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commercial_successes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Commercial successes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commercial_successes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chinese_international_cinema_and_successes_abroad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_international_cinema_and_successes_abroad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2 Chinese international cinema and successes abroad </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese_international_cinema_and_successes_abroad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Industry </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Industry-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Industry subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Box_office_and_screens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Box_office_and_screens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.1 Box office and screens </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Box_office_and_screens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film_companies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film_companies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.2 Film companies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film_companies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notable_independent_(non-state-owned)_film_companies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_independent_(non-state-owned)_film_companies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.2.1 Notable independent (non-state-owned) film companies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_independent_(non-state-owned)_film_companies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 See also </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle See also subsection </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.1 Lists </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17.2 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Cinema of China</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" > 27 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%86" title="سينما الصين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سينما الصين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Китайско кино – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Китайско кино" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_de_la_Xina" title="Cinema de la Xina – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cinema de la Xina" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8C%C3%ADnsk%C3%A1_kinematografie" title="Čínská kinematografie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Čínská kinematografie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinesischer_Film" title="Chinesischer Film – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chinesischer Film" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cine_de_China" title="Cine de China – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cine de China" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="سینمای چین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سینمای چین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_chinois" title="Cinéma chinois – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cinéma chinois" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EA%B5%AD_%EC%98%81%ED%99%94" title="중국 영화 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="중국 영화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinima_a_Sin" title="Sinima a Sin – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Sinima a Sin" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinema_Tiongkok" title="Sinema Tiongkok – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sinema Tiongkok" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_cinese" title="Cinema cinese – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cinema cinese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinijos_kinas" title="Kinijos kinas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kinijos kinas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%ADnai_filmm%C5%B1v%C3%A9szet" title="Kínai filmművészet – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kínai filmművészet" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%98%A0%E7%94%BB" title="中国映画 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="中国映画" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xitoy_kinosi" title="Xitoy kinosi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Xitoy kinosi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_da_China" title="Cinema da China – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cinema da China" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Кинематограф Китая – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кинематограф Китая" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%95%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="سینەمای چین – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سینەمای چین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BC" title="Кинески филм – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кинески филм" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elokuva_Kiinassa" title="Elokuva Kiinassa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Elokuva Kiinassa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinesisk_film" title="Kinesisk film – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kinesisk film" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88" title="சீனத் திரைப்படத்துறை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சீனத் திரைப்படத்துறை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99" title="ภาพยนตร์จีน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาพยนตร์จีน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87in_sinemas%C4%B1" title="Çin sineması – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çin sineması" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90i%E1%BB%87n_%E1%BA%A3nh_Trung_Qu%E1%BB%91c" title="Điện ảnh Trung Quốc – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Điện ảnh Trung Quốc" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%86%E7%94%B5%E5%BD%B1" title="中国大陆电影 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="中国大陆电影" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q842792#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Chinese Cinema" redirects here. For the book, see <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Cinema:_Culture_and_Politics_since_1949" title="Chinese Cinema: Culture and Politics since 1949">Chinese Cinema: Culture and Politics since 1949</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Cinema of China</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:China_film_clapperboard.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/China_film_clapperboard.svg/220px-China_film_clapperboard.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/China_film_clapperboard.svg/330px-China_film_clapperboard.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/China_film_clapperboard.svg/440px-China_film_clapperboard.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="55" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> of <a href="/wiki/Projection_screen" title="Projection screen">screens</a></th><td class="infobox-data">86,300 (2024)<a href="#cite_note-variety-1235860299-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Per capita</th><td class="infobox-data">2.98 per 100,000 (2016)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Main distributors</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/China_Film_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="China Film Group">China Film</a> (32.8%) <a href="/wiki/Huaxia_Film" class="mw-redirect" title="Huaxia Film">Huaxia</a> (22.89%) <a href="/wiki/Enlight_Pictures" class="mw-redirect" title="Enlight Pictures">Enlight</a> (7.75%)<a href="#cite_note-entgroup2-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #C0C0C0">Produced feature films (2016)<a href="#cite_note-chinaorg-3">[3]</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fictional</th><td class="infobox-data">772</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Animated</th><td class="infobox-data">49</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Documentary</th><td class="infobox-data">32</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #C0C0C0">Number of admissions (2016)<a href="#cite_note-variety20170101-4">[4]</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Total</th><td class="infobox-data">1,370,000,000</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Per capita</th><td class="infobox-data">1<a href="#cite_note-variety20170101-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #C0C0C0">Gross box office (2023)<a href="#cite_note-chinaorg-3">[3]</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Total</th><td class="infobox-data">CN¥54.9 billion (US$7.73 billion)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">National films</th><td class="infobox-data">58.33%</td></tr></tbody></table> The cinema of China is the <a href="/wiki/Filmmaking" title="Filmmaking">filmmaking</a> and <a href="/wiki/Film_industry" title="Film industry">film industry</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">Chinese mainland</a> under the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a>, one of three distinct historical threads of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese languages">Chinese-language</a> cinema together with the <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Hong_Kong" title="Cinema of Hong Kong">cinema of Hong Kong</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Taiwan" title="Cinema of Taiwan">cinema of Taiwan</a>. China is the home of the largest movie and drama production complex and film studios in the world, the <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Movie_Metropolis" title="Oriental Movie Metropolis">Oriental Movie Metropolis</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hengdian_World_Studios" title="Hengdian World Studios">Hengdian World Studios</a>. In 2012 the country became the second-largest market in the world by box office receipts. In 2016, the gross box office in China was CN¥45.71 billion (US$6.58 billion). China has also become a major hub of business for Hollywood studios. In November 2016, China passed <a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_China" title="Censorship in China">a film law banning content deemed harmful to the "dignity, honor and interests" of the People's Republic</a> and encouraging the promotion of "socialist core values", approved by the National People's Congress Standing Committee.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beginnings">Beginnings</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_China&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Beginnings">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lady_Meng_Jiang_-_Tianyi_magazine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Lady_Meng_Jiang_-_Tianyi_magazine.jpg/170px-Lady_Meng_Jiang_-_Tianyi_magazine.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Lady_Meng_Jiang_-_Tianyi_magazine.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="368" /></a><figcaption>1926 <a href="/wiki/Tianyi_Film_Company" title="Tianyi Film Company">Tianyi</a> film <a href="/wiki/Lady_Meng_Jiang" title="Lady Meng Jiang">Lady Meng Jiang</a>, starring <a href="/wiki/Hu_Die" title="Hu Die">Hu Die</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Motion_pictures" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion pictures">Motion pictures</a> were introduced to China in 1896. They were introduced through foreign film exhibitors in <a href="/wiki/Treaty_ports" title="Treaty ports">treaty ports</a> like Shanghai and Hong Kong.<a href="#cite_note-:1-8">[8]</a>: 68  China was one of the earliest countries to be exposed to the medium of film, due to <a href="/wiki/Auguste_and_Louis_Lumi%C3%A8re" title="Auguste and Louis Lumière">Louis Lumière</a> sending his cameraman to Shanghai a year after inventing <a href="/wiki/Cinematography" title="Cinematography">cinematography</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-9">[9]</a> The first recorded screening of a motion picture in China took place in <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> on 11 August 1896 as an "act" on a variety bill.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> The first Chinese film, a recording of the <a href="/wiki/Peking_opera" title="Peking opera">Peking opera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dingjun_Mountain_(film)" title="Dingjun Mountain (film)">Dingjun Mountain</a>, was made in November 1905 in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Geiselmann-11">[11]</a> For the next decade the production companies were mainly foreign-owned, and the domestic film industry was centered on Shanghai, a thriving <a href="/wiki/Entrepot" class="mw-redirect" title="Entrepot">entrepot</a> and the largest city in the <a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a>. Chinese-made short melodrama and comedy films began emerging in 1913.<a href="#cite_note-:Qian-12">[12]</a>: 48  In 1913, the first independent Chinese screenplay, <a href="/wiki/The_Difficult_Couple" title="The Difficult Couple">The Difficult Couple</a>, was filmed in Shanghai by <a href="/wiki/Zheng_Zhengqiu" title="Zheng Zhengqiu">Zheng Zhengqiu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Shichuan" title="Zhang Shichuan">Zhang Shichuan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-carter-13">[13]</a> Zhang Shichuan then set up the first Chinese-owned film production company in 1916. The first full-length feature film was <a href="/wiki/Yan_Ruisheng" title="Yan Ruisheng">Yan Ruisheng</a> (閻瑞生) released in 1921, which was a docudrama about the <a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Wang_Lianying" title="Murder of Wang Lianying">killing of a Shanghai courtesan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-9">[9]</a> Chinese film production developed significantly in the 1920s.<a href="#cite_note-:Qian-12">[12]</a>: 48  During the 1920s film technicians from the United States trained Chinese technicians in Shanghai, and American influence continued to be felt there for the next two decades.<a href="#cite_note-carter-13">[13]</a> Since film was still in its earliest stages of development, most Chinese silent films at this time were only comic skits or operatic shorts, and training was minimal at a technical aspect due to this being a period of experimental film.<a href="#cite_note-:0-9">[9]</a> Throughout the 1920s and 1930s, filmmaking in China was largely done by film studios and there was comparatively little small scale filmmaking.<a href="#cite_note-:Qian-12">[12]</a>: 62  Upscale movie theaters in China had and contracts which required them to exclusively show Hollywood films, and thus as of the later 1920s, Hollywood films accounted for 90% of screen time in Chinese theaters.<a href="#cite_note-:Qian-12">[12]</a>: 64  After trial and error, China was able to draw inspiration from its own traditional values and began producing <a href="/wiki/Martial_arts" title="Martial arts">martial arts</a> films, with the first being <a href="/wiki/The_Burning_of_the_Red_Lotus_Temple" title="The Burning of the Red Lotus Temple">Burning of Red Lotus Temple</a> (1928). Burning of Red Lotus Temple was so successful at the box office, the <a href="/wiki/Mingxing" title="Mingxing">Star Motion Pictures</a> (Mingxing) production later filmed 18 sequels, marking the beginning of China's esteemed martial arts films.<a href="#cite_note-:0-9">[9]</a> Many imitators followed, including U. Lien (Youlian) Studio's Red Heroine (1929), which is still extant.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> It was during this period that some of the more important production companies first came into being, notably <a href="/wiki/Mingxing_Film_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Mingxing Film Company">Mingxing</a> and the Shaw brothers' Tianyi ("Unique"). Mingxing, founded by Zheng Zhengqiu and Zhang Shichuan in 1922, initially focused on comic shorts, including the oldest surviving complete Chinese film, <a href="/wiki/Laborer%27s_Love" title="Laborer's Love">Laborer's Love</a> (1922).<a href="#cite_note-Centennial-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> This soon shifted, however, to feature-length films and family dramas including <a href="/wiki/Orphan_Rescues_Grandfather" title="Orphan Rescues Grandfather">Orphan Rescues Grandfather</a> (1923).<a href="#cite_note-Centennial-15">[15]</a> Meanwhile, Tianyi shifted their model towards folklore dramas and also pushed into foreign markets; their film <a href="/w/index.php?title=Legend_of_the_White_Snake_(film)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Legend of the White Snake (film) (page does not exist)">White Snake</a> (1926)<a href="#cite_note-19">[a]</a> proved a typical example of their success in the Chinese communities of Southeast Asia.<a href="#cite_note-Centennial-15">[15]</a> In 1931, the first Chinese <a href="/wiki/Sound_film" title="Sound film">sound film</a> Sing-Song Girl Red Peony was made, the product of a cooperation between the Mingxing Film Company's image production and <a href="/wiki/Path%C3%A9_Fr%C3%A8res" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathé Frères">Pathé Frères</a>'s sound technology. However, the sound was <a href="/wiki/Sound-on-disc" title="Sound-on-disc">disc-recorded</a>, which was then played in the theater in-sync with the action on the screen. The first <a href="/wiki/Sound-on-film" title="Sound-on-film">sound-on-film</a> <a href="/wiki/Talkie" class="mw-redirect" title="Talkie">talkie</a> made in China was either Spring on Stage (歌場春色) by Tianyi, or Clear Sky After Storm by Great China Studio and Jinan Studio.<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> Musical films, such as <a href="/wiki/Song_at_Midnight" title="Song at Midnight">Song at Midnight</a> (1937)<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> and Street Angels (1937),<a href="#cite_note-auto1-22">[21]</a> starring Zhou Xuan,<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> became one of the most popular film genres in China.<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> News films increased in importance following the Japanese air raid on Shanghai in 1932.<a href="#cite_note-:Qian-12">[12]</a>: 66  The bombing also destroyed significant amounts of the Chinese film industry and resulted in the loss of many early films.<a href="#cite_note-:Qian-12">[12]</a>: 66  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leftist_movement">Leftist movement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_China&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Leftist movement">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LoveandDuty.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/LoveandDuty.jpg/220px-LoveandDuty.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/LoveandDuty.jpg/330px-LoveandDuty.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/LoveandDuty.jpg/440px-LoveandDuty.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1148" data-file-height="856" /></a><figcaption>20-year-old <a href="/wiki/Ruan_Lingyu" title="Ruan Lingyu">Ruan Lingyu</a>, a superstar during the silent film era, in <a href="/wiki/Love_and_Duty_(1931_film)" title="Love and Duty (1931 film)">Love and Duty</a> (1931)<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a></figcaption></figure> The first truly important Chinese films were produced beginning in the 1930s with the advent of the "progressive" or "left-wing" movement, like <a href="/wiki/Cheng_Bugao" title="Cheng Bugao">Cheng Bugao</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Spring_Silkworms_(film)" title="Spring Silkworms (film)">Spring Silkworms</a> (1933),<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wu_Yonggang" title="Wu Yonggang">Wu Yonggang</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Goddess_(1934_film)" title="The Goddess (1934 film)">The Goddess</a> (1934),<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sun_Yu_(director)" title="Sun Yu (director)">Sun Yu</a>'s The Great Road, also known as <a href="/wiki/The_Big_Road" title="The Big Road">The Big Road</a> (1934).<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> These films were noted for their emphasis on class struggle and external threats (i.e. Japanese aggression), as well as on their focus on common people, such as a family of silk farmers in Spring Silkworms and a prostitute in The Goddess.<a href="#cite_note-Geiselmann-11">[11]</a> In part due to the success of these kinds of films, this post-1930 era is now often referred to as the first "golden period" of Chinese cinema.<a href="#cite_note-Geiselmann-11">[11]</a> The Leftist cinematic movement often revolved around the Western-influenced Shanghai, where filmmakers portrayed the struggling lower class of an overpopulated city.<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> Three <a href="/wiki/Production_company" title="Production company">production companies</a> dominated the market in the early to mid-1930s: the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Lianhua_Film_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Lianhua Film Company">Lianhua</a> ("United China"),<a href="#cite_note-30">[b]</a> the older and larger Mingxing and Tianyi.<a href="#cite_note-31">[29]</a> Both Mingxing and Lianhua leaned left (Lianhua's management perhaps more so),<a href="#cite_note-Geiselmann-11">[11]</a> while Tianyi continued to make less socially conscious fare. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JinYan2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/JinYan2.jpg/220px-JinYan2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/JinYan2.jpg/330px-JinYan2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/JinYan2.jpg/440px-JinYan2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jin_Yan" title="Jin Yan">Jin Yan</a>, a Korean-born Chinese actor featured in <a href="/wiki/The_Big_Road" title="The Big Road">The Big Road</a> (1935), who gained fame during China's golden age of cinema</figcaption></figure> The period also produced the first big Chinese movie stars, such as Hu Die, Ruan Lingyu,<a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a> <a href="/wiki/Li_Lili" title="Li Lili">Li Lili</a>,<a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chen_Yanyan" title="Chen Yanyan">Chen Yanyan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a> <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Xuan" title="Zhou Xuan">Zhou Xuan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Dan" title="Zhao Dan">Zhao Dan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jin_Yan" title="Jin Yan">Jin Yan</a>. Other major films of the period include <a href="/wiki/Love_and_Duty_(1931_film)" title="Love and Duty (1931 film)">Love and Duty</a> (1931), <a href="/wiki/Little_Toys" title="Little Toys">Little Toys</a> (1933), <a href="/wiki/New_Women" title="New Women">New Women</a> (1934),<a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a> <a href="/wiki/Song_of_the_Fishermen" title="Song of the Fishermen">Song of the Fishermen</a> (1934),<a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a> <a href="/wiki/Plunder_of_Peach_and_Plum" title="Plunder of Peach and Plum">Plunder of Peach and Plum</a> (1934), <a href="/wiki/Crossroads_(1937_film)" title="Crossroads (1937 film)">Crossroads</a> (1937), and <a href="/wiki/Street_Angel_(1937_film)" title="Street Angel (1937 film)">Street Angel</a> (1937).<a href="#cite_note-auto1-22">[21]</a> Throughout the 1930s, the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Nationalists</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Communists</a> struggled for power and control over the major studios; their influence can be seen in the films the studios produced during this period. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japanese_occupation_and_World_War_II">Japanese occupation and World War II</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_China&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Japanese occupation and World War II">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ZhouXuan1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/ZhouXuan1.jpg/150px-ZhouXuan1.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/ZhouXuan1.jpg/225px-ZhouXuan1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/ZhouXuan1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="462" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Xuan" title="Zhou Xuan">Zhou Xuan</a>, an iconic Chinese singer and film actress</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Japanese invasion of China</a> in 1937, in particular the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanghai" title="Battle of Shanghai">Battle of Shanghai</a>, ended this golden run in Chinese cinema. All production companies except <a href="/wiki/Xinhua_Film_Company" title="Xinhua Film Company">Xinhua Film Company</a> ("New China") closed shop. A large number filmmakers left to join the War of Resistance, with many going to the Nationalist-controlled hinterlands to join the Nationalist film studios Central Motion Picture Studio or China Motion Picture Studio.<a href="#cite_note-:Qian-12">[12]</a>: 102  A smaller number went to <a href="/wiki/Yan%27an" title="Yan'an">Yan'an</a> or Hong Kong.<a href="#cite_note-:Qian-12">[12]</a>: 102–103  The Shanghai film industry, though severely curtailed, did not stop however, thus leading to the "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solitary_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Solitary Island (page does not exist)">Solitary Island</a>" period (also known as the "Sole Island" or "Orphan Island"), with Shanghai's foreign concessions serving as an "island" of production in the "sea" of Japanese-occupied territory. It was during this period that artists and directors who remained in the city had to walk a fine line between staying true to their leftist and nationalist beliefs and Japanese pressures. Director <a href="/wiki/Bu_Wancang" title="Bu Wancang">Bu Wancang</a>'s Hua Mu Lan, also known as <a href="/wiki/Mulan_Joins_the_Army_(1939_film)" title="Mulan Joins the Army (1939 film)">Mulan Joins the Army</a> (1939),<a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a> with its story of a young Chinese peasant fighting against a foreign invasion, was a particularly good example of Shanghai's continued film-production in the midst of war.<a href="#cite_note-Centennial-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a> This period ended when Japan declared war on the Western allies on 7 December 1941; the solitary island was finally engulfed by the sea of the Japanese occupation. With the Shanghai industry firmly in Japanese control, films like the <a href="/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Co-Prosperity_Sphere" title="Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere">Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere</a>-promoting <a href="/wiki/Eternity_(1943_film)" title="Eternity (1943 film)">Eternity</a> (1943) were produced.<a href="#cite_note-Centennial-15">[15]</a> During the 1930 and 1940s, both the Chinese Nationalist government and the Japanese occupation authorities sent mobile projectionist units into areas under their control to show propaganda films.<a href="#cite_note-:1-8">[8]</a>: 69  In the <a href="/wiki/Yan%27an_Soviet" title="Yan'an Soviet">Yan'an Soviet</a> during September 1938, the <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Route_Army" title="Eighth Route Army">Eighth Route Army</a> established its first film group.<a href="#cite_note-:1-8">[8]</a>: 69  In 1943, the communists released their first campaign film, Nanniwan, which sought to develop relationships between the communist army and local people in the Yan'an area by showcasing the army's production campaign to alleviate material shortages.<a href="#cite_note-:Qian-12">[12]</a>: 16  Following Japan's unconditional surrender in August 1945, the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Soviet Red Army</a> helped the Chinese communists to take over the Japanese colonial film establishment in Manchuria, the <a href="/wiki/Manchukuo_Film_Association" title="Manchukuo Film Association">Manchukuo Film Association (Man-ei)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:Qian-12">[12]</a>: 132  Man-ei had state-of-the-art film production equipment and supplies.<a href="#cite_note-:Qian-12">[12]</a>: 132  The former colonial studio was relocated to <a href="/wiki/Hegang" title="Hegang">Hegang</a>, where it was established as <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Film_Studio" title="Northeast Film Studio">Northeastern Film Studio</a>, the communist party's first full-capacity film studio.<a href="#cite_note-:Qian-12">[12]</a>: 132  <a href="/wiki/Yuan_Muzhi" title="Yuan Muzhi">Yuan Muzhi</a> was its director and <a href="/wiki/Chen_Bo%27er" title="Chen Bo'er">Chen Bo'er</a> was its party secretary.<a href="#cite_note-:Qian-12">[12]</a>: 132  Northeastern Film Studio began production in early 1947, focusing on news and documentary films, as well as some fiction, educational film for children, and animation.<a href="#cite_note-:Qian-12">[12]</a>: 132–133  During the later phase of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a>, filmmakers trained in Yan'an and Northeastern Film Studio documented all the major battles leading to the communists' defeat of the Nationalists.<a href="#cite_note-:Qian-12">[12]</a>: 134  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_golden_age">Second golden age</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_China&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Second golden age">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Fisherman%27s_Song.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/New_Fisherman%27s_Song.jpg/220px-New_Fisherman%27s_Song.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/New_Fisherman%27s_Song.jpg/330px-New_Fisherman%27s_Song.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/New_Fisherman%27s_Song.jpg/440px-New_Fisherman%27s_Song.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="407" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wang_Danfeng" title="Wang Danfeng">Wang Danfeng</a> in the film New Fisherman's Song (1942)</figcaption></figure> The film industry continued to develop after 1945. Production in Shanghai once again resumed as a new crop of studios took the place that Lianhua and Mingxing studios had occupied in the previous decade. In 1945, <a href="/wiki/Cai_Chusheng" title="Cai Chusheng">Cai Chusheng</a> returned to Shanghai to revive the Lianhua name as the "Lianhua Film Society with Shi Dongshan, Meng Junmou, and Zheng Junli."<a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a> This in turn became <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunlun_Film_Company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kunlun Film Company (page does not exist)">Kunlun Studios</a>, which would go on to become one of the most important studios of the era (Kunlun Studios merged with seven other studios to form Shanghai film studio in 1949), putting out the classics <a href="/wiki/The_Spring_River_Flows_East" title="The Spring River Flows East">The Spring River Flows East</a> (1947),<a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a> <a href="/wiki/Myriad_of_Lights" title="Myriad of Lights">Myriad of Lights</a> (1948), <a href="/wiki/Crows_and_Sparrows" title="Crows and Sparrows">Crows and Sparrows</a> (1949),<a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a> and Wanderings of Three-Hairs the Orphan, also known as <a href="/w/index.php?title=San_Mao,_The_Little_Vagabond&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="San Mao, The Little Vagabond (page does not exist)">San Mao, The Little Vagabond</a> (1949).<a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[41]</a> Many of these films showed the disillusionment with the oppressive rule of <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a>'s Nationalist Party and the struggling oppression of nation by war. The Spring River Flows East, a three-hour-long two-parter directed by Cai Chusheng and <a href="/wiki/Zheng_Junli" title="Zheng Junli">Zheng Junli</a>, was a particularly strong success. Its depiction of the struggles of ordinary Chinese during the Second Sino-Japanese war, replete with biting social and political commentary, struck a chord with audiences of the time. Meanwhile, companies like the <a href="/wiki/Wenhua_Film_Company" title="Wenhua Film Company">Wenhua Film Company</a> ("Culture Films"), moved away from the leftist tradition and explored the evolution and development of other dramatic genres. Wenhua treated postwar problems in universalistic and humanistic ways, avoiding the family narrative and melodramatic formulae. Excellent examples of Wenhua's fare are its first two postwar features, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unending_Emotions&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unending Emotions (page does not exist)">Love Everlasting</a> (Bu liaoqing, 1947)<a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fake_Bride,_Phony_Bridegroom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fake Bride, Phony Bridegroom (page does not exist)">Fake Bride, Phony Bridegroom</a> (1947).<a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a> Another memorable Wenhua film is <a href="/wiki/Long_Live_the_Missus" class="mw-redirect" title="Long Live the Missus">Long Live the Missus</a> (1947),<a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a> like Love Everlasting with an original screenplay by writer <a href="/wiki/Eileen_Chang" title="Eileen Chang">Eileen Chang</a>. Wenhua's romantic drama, <a href="/wiki/Spring_in_a_Small_Town" title="Spring in a Small Town">Spring in a Small Town</a> (1948),<a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a> directed by <a href="/wiki/Fei_Mu" title="Fei Mu">Fei Mu</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a> shortly prior to the revolution, is often regarded by Chinese film critics as one of the most important films in the history of Chinese cinema, in 2005, Hong Kong film awards it as the best 100 years of film.<a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a> Ironically, it was precisely its artistic quality and apparent lack of "political grounding" that led to its labeling by the Communists as rightist or reactionary, and the film was quickly forgotten by those on the mainland following the Communist victory in China in 1949.<a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a> However, with the China Film Archive's re-opening after the Cultural Revolution, a new print was struck from the original negative, allowing Spring of the Small Town to find a new and admiring audience and to influence an entire new generation of filmmakers. Indeed, an acclaimed <a href="/wiki/Springtime_in_a_Small_Town" title="Springtime in a Small Town">remake</a> was made in 2002 by <a href="/wiki/Tian_Zhuangzhuang" title="Tian Zhuangzhuang">Tian Zhuangzhuang</a>. A Chinese Peking opera film, <a href="/wiki/A_Wedding_in_the_Dream" title="A Wedding in the Dream">A Wedding in the Dream</a> (1948), by the same director (Fei Mu), was the first Chinese <a href="/wiki/Color_motion_picture_film" title="Color motion picture film">color film</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_Communist_era">Early Communist era</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_China&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early Communist era">edit</a>]</div> At the founding of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1949, there were fewer than 600 movie theaters in the country.<a href="#cite_note-:12-51">[49]</a>: 102  The government saw motion pictures as an important artform and tool for mass <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_China" title="Propaganda in China">propaganda</a>. The Soviet-led collaborations Victory of the Chinese People (1950) and <a href="/wiki/The_New_China" title="The New China">Liberated China</a> (1951) were among the biggest film events in the PRC's early years.<a href="#cite_note-:Qian-12">[12]</a>: 17  Victory of the Chinese People depicted re-enactments of four of the communist party's major military victories and was filmed using real ammunition with the participation of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:Qian-12">[12]</a>: 15  The private studios in Shanghai, including Kunming, Wenhua, Guotai, and Datong, were at first encouraged to make new films. They made approximately 47 films during the next two years but soon ran into trouble, owing to the furor over the Kunlun-produced drama <a href="/wiki/The_Life_of_Wu_Xun" title="The Life of Wu Xun">The Life of Wu Xun</a> (1950), directed by Sun Yu and starring veteran Zhao Dan. In an anonymous article in <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Daily" title="People's Daily">People's Daily</a> in May 1951, the feature was accused of spreading feudal ideas. After the article was revealed to be penned by <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>, the film was banned, the Film Steering Committee was formed to "re-educate" the film industry, and the private studios were all incorporated into the state-run <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Film_Studio" title="Shanghai Film Studio">Shanghai Film Studio</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Yau,_Esther_1997_p._694-52">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ward,_Julian_2011_p._88-53">[51]</a> After the establishment of the PRC, China's cultural bureaucracy described American films as screen-opium and began criticizing American film alongside anti-drug campaigns.<a href="#cite_note-:1-8">[8]</a>: 225–226  The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) sought to tighten control over mass media, producing instead movies centering on peasants, soldiers, and workers, such as <a href="/wiki/Bridge_(1949_film)" title="Bridge (1949 film)">Bridge</a> (1949) and <a href="/wiki/The_White-Haired_Girl" title="The White-Haired Girl">The White-Haired Girl</a> (1950).<a href="#cite_note-Yau,_Esther_1997_p._694-52">[50]</a> One of the production bases in the middle of all the transition was the <a href="/wiki/Changchun_Film_Studio" title="Changchun Film Studio">Changchun Film Studio</a>. American films were banned as part of the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> effort.<a href="#cite_note-:1-8">[8]</a>: 225–226  The Communist government solved the problem of a lack of film theaters by building mobile projection units which could tour the remote regions of China, ensuring that even the poorest could have access to films. The vast majority of China's people lived in rural areas, and most people in China had not seen a film until mobile projectionists brought them.<a href="#cite_note-:1-8">[8]</a>: 148  Mobile projection teams during the Mao era typically included three to four workers who physically transported film infrastructure through a large geographic area mostly not covered by any electrical grid.<a href="#cite_note-:12-51">[49]</a>: 102  <a href="/wiki/Yuan_Muzhi" title="Yuan Muzhi">Yuan Muzhi</a> was important in developing the Communist government's theories and practices of rural film exhibition.<a href="#cite_note-:1-8">[8]</a>: 46  Yuan and Chen Bo'er transformed the post-Second Sino-Japanese War remnants of the Manchurian Motion Picture Association into the <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Film_Studio" title="Northeast Film Studio">Northeast Film Studio</a> and when Yuan became Film Bureau chief in 1949, he applied its model to help institute a film exhibition network around the country.<a href="#cite_note-:1-8">[8]</a>: 46  The Northeast Film Studio also trained the first generation of communist Chinese documentary filmmakers.<a href="#cite_note-:Qian-12">[12]</a>: 103  In 1950, 1,800 projectionists from around the country traveled to Nanjing for a training program.<a href="#cite_note-:1-8">[8]</a>: 71  These projectionists replicated the training program in their own home provinces to create more projectionists.<a href="#cite_note-:1-8">[8]</a>: 71  Nanjing was later termed a "Cradle of People's Cinema."<a href="#cite_note-:1-8">[8]</a>: 71  The PRC sought to recruit <a href="/wiki/Women_in_China" title="Women in China">women</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_China" title="Ethnic minorities in China">ethnic minority</a> projectionists in an effort to more effectively reach marginalized communities.<a href="#cite_note-:1-8">[8]</a>: 72  Until the profusion of mobile projectionist teams in the 1950s, most rural people had not seen a film.<a href="#cite_note-:12-51">[49]</a>: 103  The number of movie-viewers hence increased sharply, partly bolstered by the fact that film tickets were given out to work units and attendance was compulsory,<a href="#cite_note-Ward,_Julian_2011_p._88-53">[51]</a> with admissions rising from 47 million in 1949 to 4.15 billion in 1959.<a href="#cite_note-Bordwell_and_Thompson_2010_371-54">[52]</a> By 1965 there were around 20,393 mobile film units.<a href="#cite_note-Yau,_Esther_1997_p._694-52">[50]</a> During the course of the Mao era, the majority of films were shown by such units, with only a minority watched in theaters.<a href="#cite_note-:12-51">[49]</a>: 103  Work as a mobile projectionist was physically and technically demanding.<a href="#cite_note-:12-51">[49]</a>: 104  As a result, women projectionists and all-women mobile projection teams were promoted in Chinese media as examples of advancing gender equality under socialism.<a href="#cite_note-:12-51">[49]</a>: 104–105  In the 1950s and the 1960s, the Communist Party built cinemas (among other cultural buildings) in industrial districts on urban peripheries.<a href="#cite_note-:1-8">[8]</a>: 148  These structures were influenced by Soviet architecture and were intended to be vivacious but not "palatial."<a href="#cite_note-:1-8">[8]</a>: 148–149  Rural mobile projectionist teams and urban movie theaters were generally managed through the PRC's cultural bureaucracy.<a href="#cite_note-:1-8">[8]</a>: 47  Trade Unions and <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">PLA</a> propaganda departments also operated film exhibition networks.<a href="#cite_note-:1-8">[8]</a>: 47  In 1950s China, a common view of film was that it served as "socialist distance horizon education".<a href="#cite_note-:1-8">[8]</a>: 24  For example, films promoted <a href="/wiki/People%27s_commune" title="People's commune">rural collectivization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-8">[8]</a>: 24  Cinema also sought to develop the <a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">proletarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Class_consciousness" title="Class consciousness">class consciousness</a> of rural workers, encouraging the industrialization and militarization of their labor.<a href="#cite_note-:1-8">[8]</a>: 50  Film projection teams operating in rural China were asked to incorporate <a href="/wiki/Magic_lantern" title="Magic lantern">lantern slides</a> into their work to introduce national policies and political campaigns.<a href="#cite_note-:1-8">[8]</a>: 82  In the 17 years between the founding of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a>, 603 feature films and 8,342 reels of documentaries and <a href="/wiki/Newsreel" title="Newsreel">newsreels</a> were produced, sponsored mostly as Communist propaganda by the government.<a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a> For example, in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guerrilla_on_the_Railroad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guerrilla on the Railroad (page does not exist)">Guerrilla on the Railroad</a> (铁道游击队), dated 1956, the Chinese Communist Party was depicted as the primary resistance force against the Second Sino-Japanese War.<a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a> Chinese filmmakers were sent to <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> to study the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">socialist realism</a> style of filmmaking.<a href="#cite_note-Bordwell_and_Thompson_2010_371-54">[52]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Beijing_Film_Academy" title="Beijing Film Academy">Beijing Film Academy</a> was established in 1950 and officially opened in 1956. One important film of this era is <a href="/wiki/This_Life_of_Mine_(1950_film)" title="This Life of Mine (1950 film)">This Life of Mine</a> (1950), directed by Shi Hu, which follows an old beggar reflecting on his past life as a policeman working for the various regimes since 1911.<a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[56]</a> The first <a href="/wiki/Widescreen" title="Widescreen">widescreen</a> Chinese film was produced in 1960. <a href="/wiki/Animations" class="mw-redirect" title="Animations">Animated films</a> using a variety of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_art" title="Chinese folk art">folk arts</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Chinese_paper_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese paper art">papercuts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shadow_theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Shadow theatre">shadow plays</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glove_puppetry" title="Glove puppetry">puppetry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_painting" title="Chinese painting">traditional paintings</a>, also were very popular for entertaining and educating children. The most famous of these, the classic <a href="/wiki/Havoc_in_Heaven" title="Havoc in Heaven">Havoc in Heaven</a> (two parts, 1961, 4), was made by <a href="/wiki/Wan_Laiming" title="Wan Laiming">Wan Laiming</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Wan_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Wan Brothers">Wan Brothers</a> and won the Outstanding Film award at the <a href="/wiki/London_International_Film_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="London International Film Festival">London International Film Festival</a>. Films such as <a href="/wiki/The_White-Haired_Girl" title="The White-Haired Girl">The White-Haired Girl</a> and Serf were part of a genre of redemptive melodramas, which sought to encourage audiences to "speak bitterness".<a href="#cite_note-:1-8">[8]</a>: 183  After the <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="China–United Kingdom relations">United Kingdom and the PRC</a> established diplomatic relations, cultural exchanges between the two countries gradually resumed, including British moves being made available in China.<a href="#cite_note-:Gao-59">[57]</a>: 107  The thawing of censorship in 1956–57 (known as the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Flowers_Campaign" title="Hundred Flowers Campaign">Hundred Flowers Campaign</a>) and in the early 1960s led to more indigenous Chinese films being made, which were less reliant on their Soviet counterparts.<a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a> During this campaign the sharpest criticisms came from the satirical comedies of <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BC_Ban" title="Lü Ban">Lü Ban</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Before_the_New_Director_Arrives&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Before the New Director Arrives (page does not exist)">Before the New Director Arrives</a> exposes the hierarchical relationships occurring between the cadres, while his next film, <a href="/wiki/The_Unfinished_Comedy" title="The Unfinished Comedy">The Unfinished Comedy</a> (1957), was labeled as a "poisonous weed" during the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Rightist_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Rightist Movement">Anti-Rightist Movement</a>, and Lü was banned from directing for life.<a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a> Other noteworthy films produced during this period were adaptations of literary classics, such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sang_Hu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sang Hu (page does not exist)">Sang Hu</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_New_Year%27s_Sacrifice" title="The New Year's Sacrifice">The New Year's Sacrifice</a> (1956, adapted from a <a href="/wiki/Lu_Xun" title="Lu Xun">Lu Xun</a> story) and <a href="/wiki/Shui_Hua" title="Shui Hua">Shui Hua</a>'s <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Lin_Family_Shop&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Lin Family Shop (page does not exist)">The Lin Family Shop</a> (1959, adapted from a <a href="/wiki/Mao_Dun" title="Mao Dun">Mao Dun</a> story). The most prominent filmmaker of this era was <a href="/wiki/Xie_Jin" title="Xie Jin">Xie Jin</a>, whose three films in particular, <a href="/wiki/Woman_Basketball_Player_No._5" title="Woman Basketball Player No. 5">Woman Basketball Player No. 5</a> (1957), <a href="/wiki/The_Red_Detachment_of_Women_(1961_film)" title="The Red Detachment of Women (1961 film)">The Red Detachment of Women</a> (1961), and <a href="/wiki/Two_Stage_Sisters" title="Two Stage Sisters">Two Stage Sisters</a> (1964), exemplify China's increased expertise in filmmaking. Films made during this period are polished, exhibiting high production value and elaborate sets.<a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a> While Beijing and Shanghai remained the main centers of production, between 1957 and 1960 the government built regional studios in <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a> to encourage representation of ethnic minorities in films. Chinese cinema began to directly address the issue of such ethnic minorities during the late 1950s and early 1960s in films like <a href="/wiki/Five_Golden_Flowers" title="Five Golden Flowers">Five Golden Flowers</a> (1959), <a href="/wiki/Third_Sister_Liu" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Sister Liu">Third Sister Liu</a> (1960), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Serfs_(1963_film)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serfs (1963 film) (page does not exist)">Serfs</a> (1963), and <a href="/wiki/Ashima_(poem)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashima (poem)">Ashima</a> (1964).<a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a> On 9 March 1958, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_(China)" title="Ministry of Culture (China)">Ministry of Culture</a> held a meeting to introduce a Great Leap Forward in cinema.<a href="#cite_note-:Qian-12">[12]</a>: 149–150  During the Great Leap Forward, the film industry rapidly expanded, with documentary films being the genre that experienced the greatest growth.<a href="#cite_note-:Qian-12">[12]</a>: 150  Trends in documentary film included "artistic documentaries," in which actors and non-actors reenacted events.<a href="#cite_note-:Qian-12">[12]</a>: 15  Film venues also expanded rapidly, including both urban cinemas and mobile projection units.<a href="#cite_note-:Qian-12">[12]</a>: 150  As part of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Education_Movement" title="Socialist Education Movement">Socialist Education Movement</a>, mobile film projectionist units showed films and slideshows that emphasized class struggle and encouraged audience members to discuss bitter experiences onstage.<a href="#cite_note-:1-8">[8]</a>: 184  New films termed "emphasis films" were released to coincide with the campaign, and the film version of The White-Haired Girl was re-released.<a href="#cite_note-:1-8">[8]</a>: 185  In 1965, China launched the Resist America, Aid Vietnam campaign in response to the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">U.S. bombing of North Vietnam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:Minami2-66">[64]</a>: 29  To promote campaign themes denouncing U.S. imperialism and promoted Vietnamese resistance, the communist party used film exhibitions and other cultural media.<a href="#cite_note-:Minami2-66">[64]</a>: 29  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Films_of_the_Cultural_Revolution">Films of the Cultural Revolution</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_China&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Films of the Cultural Revolution">edit</a>]</div> During the Cultural Revolution, the film industry was severely restricted. Almost all previous films were banned, and only a few new ones were produced, the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_model_opera" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary model opera">revolutionary model operas</a>. The most notable of these was a <a href="/wiki/Ballet" title="Ballet">ballet</a> version of the revolutionary opera <a href="/wiki/The_Red_Detachment_of_Women_(1970_film)" title="The Red Detachment of Women (1970 film)">The Red Detachment of Women</a>, directed by Pan Wenzhan and Fu Jie in 1970. The release of filmed versions of the revolutionary model operas resulted in a re-organization and expansion of China's film exhibition network.<a href="#cite_note-:1-8">[8]</a>: 73  From 1965 to 1976, the number of film projection units in China quadrupled, total film audiences nearly tripled, and the national film attendance rate doubled.<a href="#cite_note-:1-8">[8]</a>: 133  The <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution_Group" title="Cultural Revolution Group">Cultural Revolution Group</a> drastically reduced ticket prices which, in its view, would allow film to better serve the needs of workers and of socialism.<a href="#cite_note-:1-8">[8]</a>: 133  In addition to films deemed laudatory, from the middle of 1966 to 1968, the expanding film distribution network screened films characterized as "poisonous weeds" to hundreds of millions of audience members for the purpose of criticizing the films.<a href="#cite_note-:1-8">[8]</a>: 232  These criticism screenings were sometimes accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Struggle_session" title="Struggle session">struggle sessions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-8">[8]</a>: 233  <a href="/wiki/Sent-down_youth" title="Sent-down youth">Sent-down youth</a> were a major subset of China's rural projectionists during the Cultural Revolution period.<a href="#cite_note-:1-8">[8]</a>: 75  Feature film production came almost to a standstill in the early years from 1967 to 1972. Movie production revived after 1972 under the strict jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/Gang_of_Four" title="Gang of Four">Gang of Four</a> until 1976, when they were overthrown. The few films that were produced during this period, such as 1975's <a href="/wiki/Breaking_with_Old_Ideas" title="Breaking with Old Ideas">Breaking with Old Ideas</a>, were highly regulated in terms of plot and characterization.<a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a> In 1972, Chinese officials invited <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo_Antonioni" title="Michelangelo Antonioni">Michelangelo Antonioni</a> to China to film the achievements of the Cultural Revolution.<a href="#cite_note-:02-68">[66]</a>: 13  Antonioni made the documentary <a href="/wiki/Chung_Kuo,_Cina" title="Chung Kuo, Cina">Chung Kuo, Cina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:02-68">[66]</a>: 13  When it was released in 1974, Communist Party leadership in China interpreted the film as <a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">reactionary</a> and anti-Chinese.<a href="#cite_note-:02-68">[66]</a>: 13  Viewing art through the principles of the <a href="/wiki/Yan%27an_Forum" title="Yan'an Forum">Yan'an Talks</a>, particularly the concept that there is no such thing as art-for-art's-sake, party leadership construed Antonioni's aesthetic choices as politically motivated and banned the film.<a href="#cite_note-:02-68">[66]</a>: 14  <a href="/wiki/Jiang_Qing" title="Jiang Qing">Jiang Qing</a> criticized Premier <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a>'s role in Antonioni's invitation to China as not only a failure but also treasonous.<a href="#cite_note-:Minami2-66">[64]</a>: 121  Since its 2004 release in China, the film has been well-regarded by Chinese audiences, especially for its beautiful depictions of a more simple time.<a href="#cite_note-:02-68">[66]</a>: 14  Because China rejection most foreign film importation, comparatively minor cinema like <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Albania" title="Cinema of Albania">Albanian cinema</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_North_Korea" title="Cinema of North Korea">North Korean cinema</a> developed mass audiences in China.<a href="#cite_note-:1-8">[8]</a>: 207  Through <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Albania" title="Cinema of Albania">Albanian films</a> screened during this period, many Chinese audience members were introduced to <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">avant-garde</a> and modernist storytelling techniques and aesthetics.<a href="#cite_note-:1-8">[8]</a>: 206–207  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-Cultural_Revolution">Post-Cultural Revolution</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_China&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Post-Cultural Revolution">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Box_office_boom_after_the_Cultural_Revolution">Box office boom after the Cultural Revolution</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_China&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Box office boom after the Cultural Revolution">edit</a>]</div> In the years immediately following the Cultural Revolution, the film industry again flourished as a medium of popular entertainment. Production rose steadily, from 19 features in 1977 to 125 in 1986.<a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a> Domestically produced films played to large audiences, and tickets for foreign <a href="/wiki/Film_festival" title="Film festival">film festivals</a> sold quickly. The industry tried to revive crowds by making more innovative and "exploratory" films like their counterparts in the West.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Chinese cinema grew significantly in the late 1970s. In 1979, annual box office admissions reached a peak of 29.3 billion tickets sold, equivalent to an average of 30 films per person. Chinese cinema continued to prosper into the early 1980s. In 1980, annual box office admissions stood at 23.4 billion tickets sold, equivalent to an average of 29 films per person.<a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a> In terms of <a href="/wiki/List_of_films_by_box_office_admissions" title="List of films by box office admissions">box office admissions</a>, this period represented the peak ticket sales in the history of the Chinese box office.<a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a> High ticket sales were driven by low ticket prices, with a cinema ticket typically costing between <a href="/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi">¥</a>0.1 ($0.06) and ¥0.3 ($0.19) at the time.<a href="#cite_note-Link-72">[70]</a> By the early 1980s, there were 162,000 projection units in China, primarily composed of mobile movie teams which showed films outdoors in both rural and urban areas.<a href="#cite_note-:12-51">[49]</a>: 102  A number of films during this period drew box office admissions in the hundreds of millions. <a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_films_in_China" title="List of highest-grossing films in China">China's highest-grossing film</a> in box office admissions was <a href="/wiki/List_of_media_adaptations_of_the_Legend_of_the_White_Snake" title="List of media adaptations of the Legend of the White Snake">Legend of the White Snake</a> (1980) with an estimated 700 million admissions,<a href="#cite_note-:9-73">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-74">[72]</a> followed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=In-Laws_(Full_House_of_Joy)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="In-Laws (Full House of Joy) (page does not exist)">In-Laws (Full House of Joy)</a> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%96%9C%E7%9B%88%E9%96%80" class="extiw" title="zh:喜盈門">zh</a>] (1981) and The Undaunted Wudang (1983) with more than 600 million ticket sales each.<a href="#cite_note-Yearbook161-75">[73]</a> The highest-grossing foreign film was the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese film">Japanese film</a> <a href="/wiki/Kimi_yo_Fundo_no_Kawa_o_Watare" class="mw-redirect" title="Kimi yo Fundo no Kawa o Watare">Kimi yo Fundo no Kawa o Watare</a> (1976), which released in 1978 and sold more than 330 million tickets,<a href="#cite_note-chinadaily-76">[74]</a> followed by the <a href="/wiki/Indian_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian film">Indian film</a> <a href="/wiki/Caravan_(1971_film)" title="Caravan (1971 film)">Caravan</a> (1971) which released in 1979 and sold about 300 million tickets.<a href="#cite_note-Elledge-77">[75]</a> In the late 1980s the film industry fell on hard times, faced with the dual problems of competition from other forms of entertainment and concern on the part of the authorities that many of the popular thriller and <a href="/wiki/Martial_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Martial art">martial arts</a> films were socially unacceptable.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In January 1986 the film industry was transferred from the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_(China)" title="Ministry of Culture (China)">Ministry of Culture</a> to the newly formed Ministry of Radio, Cinema, and Television to bring it under "stricter control and management" and to "strengthen supervision over production."<a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Scar_dramas"">"Scar dramas"</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_China&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: "Scar dramas"">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Scar_literature" title="Scar literature">Scar literature</a></div> The end of the Cultural Revolution brought the release of "scar dramas" (傷痕剧 shānghén jù), which depicted the emotional traumas left by this period. The best-known of these is probably Xie Jin's <a href="/wiki/Hibiscus_Town" title="Hibiscus Town">Hibiscus Town</a> (1986), although they could be seen as late as the 1990s with <a href="/wiki/Tian_Zhuangzhuang" title="Tian Zhuangzhuang">Tian Zhuangzhuang</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Blue_Kite" title="The Blue Kite">The Blue Kite</a> (1993). In the 1980s, open criticism of certain past Communist Party policies was encouraged by <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> as a way to reveal the excesses of the Cultural Revolution and the earlier <a href="/wiki/Anti-Rightist_Campaign" title="Anti-Rightist Campaign">Anti-Rightist Campaign</a>, also helping to legitimize Deng's new policies of "<a href="/wiki/Reform_and_opening_up" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform and opening up">reform and opening up</a>." For instance, the Best Picture prize in the inaugural 1981 <a href="/wiki/Golden_Rooster_Awards" title="Golden Rooster Awards">Golden Rooster Awards</a> was given to two "scar dramas", <a href="/wiki/Evening_Rain" title="Evening Rain">Evening Rain</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wu_Yonggang" title="Wu Yonggang">Wu Yonggang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wu_Yigong" title="Wu Yigong">Wu Yigong</a>, 1980) and <a href="/wiki/Legend_of_Tianyun_Mountain" title="Legend of Tianyun Mountain">Legend of Tianyun Mountain</a> (<a href="/wiki/Xie_Jin" title="Xie Jin">Xie Jin</a>, 1980).<a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a> Many scar dramas were made by members of the Fourth Generation whose own careers or lives had suffered during the events in question, while younger, Fifth Generation directors such as Tian tended to focus on less controversial subjects of the immediate present or the distant past. Official enthusiasm for scar dramas waned by the 1990s when younger filmmakers began to confront negative aspects of the Mao era. The Blue Kite, though sharing a similar subject as the earlier scar dramas, was more realistic in style, and was made only through obfuscating its real script. Shown abroad, it was banned from release in mainland China, while Tian himself was banned from making any films for nearly a decade afterward. After the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre, few if any scar dramas were released domestically in mainland China.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rise_of_the_fifth_generation">Rise of the fifth generation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_China&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Rise of the fifth generation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/New_Enlightenment_(China)" title="New Enlightenment (China)">New Enlightenment (China)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Qufu_Cinema_-_P1060026.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Qufu_Cinema_-_P1060026.JPG/220px-Qufu_Cinema_-_P1060026.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Qufu_Cinema_-_P1060026.JPG/330px-Qufu_Cinema_-_P1060026.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Qufu_Cinema_-_P1060026.JPG/440px-Qufu_Cinema_-_P1060026.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A movie theater in <a href="/wiki/Qufu" title="Qufu">Qufu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a></figcaption></figure> Beginning in the mid-late 1980s during the <a href="/wiki/New_Enlightenment_(China)" title="New Enlightenment (China)">New Enlightenment movement</a> in China, the rise of the so-called fifth generation of Chinese filmmakers brought increased popularity of Chinese cinema abroad.<a href="#cite_note-:15-80">[78]</a> Most of the filmmakers who made up the Fifth Generation had graduated from the Beijing Film Academy in 1982 and included <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Yimou" title="Zhang Yimou">Zhang Yimou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tian_Zhuangzhuang" title="Tian Zhuangzhuang">Tian Zhuangzhuang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chen_Kaige" title="Chen Kaige">Chen Kaige</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Junzhao" title="Zhang Junzhao">Zhang Junzhao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Li_Shaohong" title="Li Shaohong">Li Shaohong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wu_Ziniu" title="Wu Ziniu">Wu Ziniu</a> and others. These graduates constituted the first group of filmmakers to graduate since the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a> and they soon jettisoned traditional methods of storytelling and opted for a more free and unorthodox symbolic approach.<a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a> After the so-called <a href="/wiki/Scar_literature" title="Scar literature">scar literature</a> in fiction had paved the way for frank discussion, Zhang Junzhao's <a href="/wiki/One_and_Eight" title="One and Eight">One and Eight</a> (1983) and Chen Kaige's <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Earth" title="Yellow Earth">Yellow Earth</a> (1984) in particular were taken to mark the beginnings of the Fifth Generation.<a href="#cite_note-82">[c]</a> Yellow Earth became one of the first Chinese art films to attract international attention.<a href="#cite_note-:Reinders-83">[80]</a>: 42  The most famous of the Fifth Generation directors, Chen Kaige and Zhang Yimou, went on to produce celebrated works such as <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Children" title="King of the Children">King of the Children</a> (1987), <a href="/wiki/Ju_Dou" title="Ju Dou">Ju Dou</a> (1989), <a href="/wiki/Raise_the_Red_Lantern" title="Raise the Red Lantern">Raise the Red Lantern</a> (1991) and <a href="/wiki/Farewell_My_Concubine_(film)" title="Farewell My Concubine (film)">Farewell My Concubine</a> (1993), which were not only acclaimed by Chinese cinema-goers but by the Western <a href="/wiki/Art_film" title="Art film">arthouse</a> audience. <a href="/wiki/Tian_Zhuangzhuang" title="Tian Zhuangzhuang">Tian Zhuangzhuang</a>'s films, though less well known by Western viewers, were well noted by directors such as <a href="/wiki/Martin_Scorsese" title="Martin Scorsese">Martin Scorsese</a>. It was during this period that Chinese cinema began reaping the rewards of international attention, including the 1988 <a href="/wiki/Golden_Bear_(award)" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Bear (award)">Golden Bear</a> for <a href="/wiki/Red_Sorghum_(film)" title="Red Sorghum (film)">Red Sorghum</a>, the 1992 <a href="/wiki/Golden_Lion" title="Golden Lion">Golden Lion</a> for <a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_Qiu_Ju" title="The Story of Qiu Ju">The Story of Qiu Ju</a>, the 1993 <a href="/wiki/Palme_d%27Or" title="Palme d'Or">Palme d'Or</a> for <a href="/wiki/Farewell_My_Concubine_(film)" title="Farewell My Concubine (film)">Farewell My Concubine</a>, and three <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film">Best Foreign Language Film</a> nominations from the Academy Awards.<a href="#cite_note-Greatfall-84">[81]</a> All these award-winning films starred actress <a href="/wiki/Gong_Li" title="Gong Li">Gong Li</a>, who became the Fifth Generation's most recognizable star, especially to international audiences. Diverse in style and subject, the Fifth Generation directors' films ranged from <a href="/wiki/Black_comedy" title="Black comedy">black comedy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Huang_Jianxin" title="Huang Jianxin">Huang Jianxin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Black_Cannon_Incident" title="The Black Cannon Incident">The Black Cannon Incident</a>, 1985) to the esoteric (Chen Kaige's <a href="/wiki/Life_on_a_String_(film)" title="Life on a String (film)">Life on a String</a>, 1991), but they share a common rejection of the socialist-realist tradition worked by earlier Chinese filmmakers in the Communist era. Other notable Fifth Generation directors include <a href="/wiki/Wu_Ziniu" title="Wu Ziniu">Wu Ziniu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hu_Mei_(director)" title="Hu Mei (director)">Hu Mei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Li_Shaohong" title="Li Shaohong">Li Shaohong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Xiaowen" title="Zhou Xiaowen">Zhou Xiaowen</a>. Fifth Generation filmmakers reacted against the ideological purity of Cultural Revolution cinema. By relocating to regional studios, they began to explore the actuality of local culture in a somewhat documentarian fashion. Instead of stories depicting heroic military struggles, the films were built out of the drama of ordinary people's daily lives. They also retained political edge, but aimed at exploring issues rather than recycling approved policy. While Cultural Revolution films used character, the younger directors favored psychological depth along the lines of European cinema. They adopted complex plots, ambiguous symbolism, and evocative imagery.<a href="#cite_note-85">[82]</a> Some of their bolder works with political overtones were banned by Chinese authorities. These films came with a creative genres of stories, new style of shooting as well, directors utilized extensive color and <a href="/wiki/Long_shot" class="mw-redirect" title="Long shot">long shots</a> to present and explore history and structure of national culture. As a result of the new films being so intricate, the films were for more educated audiences than anything. The new style was profitable for some and helped filmmakers to make strides in the business. It allowed directors to get away from reality and show their artistic sense.<a href="#cite_note-86">[83]</a> The Fourth Generation also returned to prominence. Given their label after the rise of the Fifth Generation, these were directors whose careers were stalled by the Cultural Revolution and who were professionally trained prior to 1966. <a href="/wiki/Wu_Tianming" title="Wu Tianming">Wu Tianming</a>, in particular, made outstanding contributions by helping to finance major Fifth Generation directors under the auspices of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xi%27an_Film_Studio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xi'an Film Studio (page does not exist)">Xi'an Film Studio</a> (which he took over in 1983), while continuing to make films like <a href="/wiki/Old_Well_(film)" title="Old Well (film)">Old Well</a> (1986) and <a href="/wiki/The_King_of_Masks" title="The King of Masks">The King of Masks</a> (1996). The Fifth Generation movement ended in part after the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre, although its major directors continued to produce notable works. Several of its filmmakers went into self-imposed exile: Wu Tianming moved to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (but later returned), Huang Jianxin left for <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, while many others went into television-related works. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Main_melody_dramas">Main melody dramas</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_China&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Main melody dramas">edit</a>]</div> During a period when socialist dramas were beginning to lose viewership, the Chinese government began to involve itself deeper into the world of popular culture and cinema by creating the official genre of the "main melody" (主旋律 zhǔxuánlǜ), inspired by Hollywood's strides in musical dramas.<a href="#cite_note-87">[84]</a> In 1987, the Ministry of Radio, Film and Television issued a statement encouraging the making of movies which emphasizes the main melody to "invigorate national spirit and national pride".<a href="#cite_note-88">[85]</a> The expression main melody refers to the musical term <a href="/wiki/Leitmotif" title="Leitmotif">leitmotif</a>, which translates to the 'theme of our times', which scholars suggest is representative of China's socio-political climate and cultural context of popular cinema.<a href="#cite_note-89">[86]</a> These main melody films, still produced regularly in modern times, try to emulate the commercial mainstream by the use of Hollywood-style music and special effects. A significant feature of these films is the incorporation of a "<a href="/wiki/Red_songs_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Red songs movement">red song</a>", which is a song written as propaganda to support the People's Republic of China.<a href="#cite_note-90">[87]</a> By revolving the film around the motif of a red song, the film is able to gain traction at the box office as songs are generally thought to be more accessible than a film. Theoretically, once the red song dominates the charts, it will stir interest in the film that which it accompanies.<a href="#cite_note-91">[88]</a> Main melody dramas are often subsidized by the state and have free access to government and military personnel.<a href="#cite_note-92">[89]</a> The Chinese government spends between "one and two million RMBs" annually to support the production of films in the main melody genre. <a href="/wiki/August_First_Film_Studio" title="August First Film Studio">August First Film Studio</a>, the film and TV production arm of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a>, is a studio that produces main melody cinema. Main melody films, which often depict past military engagements or are biopics of first-generation CCP leaders, have won several Best Picture prizes at the Golden Rooster Awards.<a href="#cite_note-93">[90]</a> Some of the more famous main melody dramas include the ten-hour epic <a href="/w/index.php?title=Decisive_Engagement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Decisive Engagement (page does not exist)">Decisive Engagement</a> (大决战, 1991), directed by Cai Jiawei, Yang Guangyuan and Wei Lian; <a href="/wiki/The_Opium_War_(film)" title="The Opium War (film)">The Opium War</a> (1997), directed by <a href="/wiki/Xie_Jin" title="Xie Jin">Xie Jin</a>; and <a href="/wiki/The_Founding_of_a_Republic" title="The Founding of a Republic">The Founding of a Republic</a> (2009), directed by <a href="/wiki/Han_Sanping" title="Han Sanping">Han Sanping</a> and Fifth Generation director Huang Jianxin.<a href="#cite_note-94">[91]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Founding_of_an_Army" title="The Founding of an Army">The Founding of an Army</a> (2017) was commissioned by the government to celebrate the 90th anniversary of the People's Liberation Army, and is the third instalment in The Founding of a Republic series.<a href="#cite_note-95">[92]</a> The film featured many young Chinese pop singers that are already well-established in the industry, including <a href="/wiki/Li_Yifeng" title="Li Yifeng">Li Yifeng</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liu_Haoran" class="mw-redirect" title="Liu Haoran">Liu Haoran</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lay_Zhang" title="Lay Zhang">Lay Zhang</a>, so as to further the film's reputation as a main melody drama. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_sixth_generation">The sixth generation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_China&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: The sixth generation">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30%; border-width: 1px; font-size: 90%;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> When faced with the complexity of real society, their hands and feet quiver, and they deliriously shoot a bunch of childish fairy tales </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">— The sixth generation director <a href="/wiki/Jia_Zhangke" title="Jia Zhangke">Jia Zhangke</a>'s accusation of China's older filmmakers in an essay.<a href="#cite_note-96">[93]</a></cite> </div> The post-1990 era has been labeled the "return of the amateur filmmaker" as state <a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">censorship</a> policies after the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre produced an edgy underground film movement loosely referred to as the Sixth Generation. Owing to the lack of state funding and backing, these films were shot quickly and cheaply, using materials like <a href="/wiki/16_mm_film" title="16 mm film">16 mm film</a> and <a href="/wiki/Digital_video" title="Digital video">digital video</a> and mostly non-professional actors and actresses, producing a documentary feel, often with long takes, hand-held cameras, and ambient sound; more akin to <a href="/wiki/Italian_neorealism" title="Italian neorealism">Italian neorealism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_v%C3%A9rit%C3%A9" title="Cinéma vérité">cinéma vérité</a> than the often lush, far more considered productions of the Fifth Generation.<a href="#cite_note-Greatfall-84">[81]</a> Unlike the Fifth Generation, the Sixth Generation brings a more individualistic, anti-romantic life-view and pays far closer attention to contemporary urban life, especially as affected by disorientation, rebellion<a href="#cite_note-Stephen_Teo-97">[94]</a> and dissatisfaction with China's contemporary social marketing economic tensions and comprehensive cultural background.<a href="#cite_note-Corliss-98">[95]</a> Many were made with an extremely low budget (an example is <a href="/wiki/Jia_Zhangke" title="Jia Zhangke">Jia Zhangke</a>, who shoots on digital video, and formerly on 16 mm; <a href="/wiki/Wang_Xiaoshuai" title="Wang Xiaoshuai">Wang Xiaoshuai</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Days_(1993_film)" title="The Days (1993 film)">The Days</a> (1993) was made for US$10,000<a href="#cite_note-Corliss-98">[95]</a>). The title and subjects of many of these films reflect the Sixth Generation's concerns. The Sixth Generation takes an interest in marginalized individuals and the less represented fringes of society. For example, <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Yuan_(director)" title="Zhang Yuan (director)">Zhang Yuan</a>'s hand-held <a href="/wiki/Beijing_Bastards" title="Beijing Bastards">Beijing Bastards</a> (1993) focuses on youth <a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">punk</a> <a href="/wiki/Subculture" title="Subculture">subculture</a>, featuring artists like <a href="/wiki/Cui_Jian" title="Cui Jian">Cui Jian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dou_Wei" title="Dou Wei">Dou Wei</a> and <a href="/wiki/He_Yong_(rock_musician)" title="He Yong (rock musician)">He Yong</a> frowned upon by many state authorities,<a href="#cite_note-99">[96]</a> while Jia Zhangke's debut film <a href="/wiki/Xiao_Wu" title="Xiao Wu">Xiao Wu</a> (1997) concerns a provincial <a href="/wiki/Pickpocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Pickpocket">pickpocket</a>. While many Fifth Generation filmmakers have become darlings of mainstream Chinese culture, Sixth Generation filmmakers have often experienced harsh treatment by the state's censorship and regulatory system, despite their success at international film festivals and arthouse markets.<a href="#cite_note-100">[97]</a> As the Sixth Generation gained international exposure, many subsequent movies were joint ventures and projects with international backers, but remained quite resolutely low-key and low budget. Jia's <a href="/wiki/Platform_(2000_film)" title="Platform (2000 film)">Platform</a> (2000) was funded in part by <a href="/wiki/Takeshi_Kitano" title="Takeshi Kitano">Takeshi Kitano</a>'s production house,<a href="#cite_note-101">[98]</a> while his <a href="/wiki/Still_Life_(2006_film)" title="Still Life (2006 film)">Still Life</a> was shot on <a href="/wiki/High_Definition_video" class="mw-redirect" title="High Definition video">HD video</a>. Still Life was a surprise addition and Golden Lion winner of the 2006 <a href="/wiki/Venice_International_Film_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Venice International Film Festival">Venice International Film Festival</a>. Still Life, which concerns provincial workers around the <a href="/wiki/Three_Gorges" title="Three Gorges">Three Gorges</a> region, sharply contrasts with the works of Fifth Generation Chinese directors like Zhang Yimou and Chen Kaige who were at the time producing <a href="/wiki/House_of_Flying_Daggers" title="House of Flying Daggers">House of Flying Daggers</a> (2004) and <a href="/wiki/The_Promise_(2005_film)" title="The Promise (2005 film)">The Promise</a> (2005). It featured no star of international renown and was acted mostly by non-professionals. Many Sixth Generation films have highlighted the negative attributes of China's entry into the modern <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">market</a>. <a href="/wiki/Li_Yang_(director)" title="Li Yang (director)">Li Yang</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Blind_Shaft" title="Blind Shaft">Blind Shaft</a> (2003) for example, is an account of two murderous con-men in the unregulated and notoriously dangerous mining industry of northern China.<a href="#cite_note-102">[99]</a> (Li refused the tag of Sixth Generation, although admitted he was not Fifth Generation).<a href="#cite_note-Stephen_Teo-97">[94]</a> While Jia Zhangke's <a href="/wiki/The_World_(film)" title="The World (film)">The World</a> (2004) emphasizes the emptiness of <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a> in the backdrop of an internationally themed amusement park.<a href="#cite_note-103">[100]</a> Some of the more prolific Sixth Generation directors to have emerged are Wang Xiaoshuai (<a href="/wiki/The_Days_(1993_film)" title="The Days (1993 film)">The Days</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beijing_Bicycle" title="Beijing Bicycle">Beijing Bicycle</a>, <a href="/wiki/So_Long,_My_Son" title="So Long, My Son">So Long, My Son</a>), <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Yuan_(director)" title="Zhang Yuan (director)">Zhang Yuan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Beijing_Bastards" title="Beijing Bastards">Beijing Bastards</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Palace_West_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="East Palace West Palace">East Palace West Palace</a>), Jia Zhangke (<a href="/wiki/Xiao_Wu" title="Xiao Wu">Xiao Wu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unknown_Pleasures_(film)" title="Unknown Pleasures (film)">Unknown Pleasures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Platform_(2000_film)" title="Platform (2000 film)">Platform</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_World_(film)" title="The World (film)">The World</a>, <a href="/wiki/A_Touch_of_Sin" title="A Touch of Sin">A Touch of Sin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mountains_May_Depart" title="Mountains May Depart">Mountains May Depart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ash_Is_Purest_White" title="Ash Is Purest White">Ash Is Purest White</a>), <a href="/wiki/He_Jianjun" title="He Jianjun">He Jianjun</a> (<a href="/wiki/Postman_(1995_film)" title="Postman (1995 film)">Postman</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Lou_Ye" title="Lou Ye">Lou Ye</a> (<a href="/wiki/Suzhou_River_(film)" title="Suzhou River (film)">Suzhou River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Summer_Palace_(2006_film)" title="Summer Palace (2006 film)">Summer Palace</a>). One director of their generation who does not share most of the concerns of the Sixth Generation is <a href="/wiki/Lu_Chuan" title="Lu Chuan">Lu Chuan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kekexili:_Mountain_Patrol" title="Kekexili: Mountain Patrol">Kekexili: Mountain Patrol</a>, 2004; <a href="/wiki/City_of_Life_and_Death" title="City of Life and Death">City of Life and Death</a>, 2010). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_Sixth_Generation_directors">Notable Sixth Generation directors</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_China&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notable Sixth Generation directors">edit</a>]</div> In the 2018 Cannes Film Festival, two of China's Sixth generation filmmakers, Jia Zhangke and Zhang Ming – whose grim works transformed Chinese cinema in the 1990s – showed on the French Riviera. While both directors represent Chinese cinema, their profiles are quite different. The 49-year-old Jia set up the <a href="/wiki/Pingyao_International_Film_Festival" title="Pingyao International Film Festival">Pingyao International Film Festival</a> in 2017 and on the other hand is Zhang, a 56-year-old film school professor who spent years working on government commissions and domestic TV shows after struggling with his own projects. Despite their different profiles, they mark an important cornerstone in Chinese cinema and are both credited with bringing Chinese movies to the international big screen. Chinese director Jia Zhangke's latest film Ash Is Purest White has been selected to compete in the official competition for the Palme d'Or of the 71st Cannes Film Festival, the highest prize awarded at the film festival. It is Jia's fifth movie, a gangster revenge drama that is his most expensive and mainstream film to date. Back in 2013, Jia won Best Screenplay Award for A Touch of Sin, following nominations for Unknown Pleasures in 2002 and 24 City in 2008. In 2014, he was a member of the official jury and the following year his film Mountains May Depart was nominated. According to entertainment website <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://variety.com/2018/film/asia/cannes-picks-asia-most-anticipated-titles-1202751347/">Variety</a>, a record number of Chinese films were submitted this year but only Jia's romantic drama was selected to compete for the Palme d'Or. Meanwhile, Zhang will make his debut at Cannes with The Pluto Moment, a slow-moving relationship drama about a team of filmmakers scouting for locations and musical talent in China's rural hinterland. The film is Zhang's highest profile production so far, as it stars actor Wang Xuebing in the leading role. The film was partly financed by iQiyi, the company behind one of China's most popular online video browsing sharing sites.<a href="#cite_note-104">[101]</a> <a href="/wiki/Diao_Yinan" title="Diao Yinan">Diao Yinan</a> is also a notable member of the sixth generation whose works include <a href="/wiki/Black_Coal,_Thin_Ice" title="Black Coal, Thin Ice">Black Coal Thin Ice</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Wild_Goose_Lake" title="The Wild Goose Lake">Wild Goose Lake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Night_Train_(2007_film)" title="Night Train (2007 film)">Night Train</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uniform_(film)" title="Uniform (film)">Uniform</a> which have premiered at festivals such as Cannes and received acclaim abroad.<a href="#cite_note-105">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_directors">Other directors</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_China&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Other directors">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/He_Ping_(director)" title="He Ping (director)">He Ping</a> is a director of mostly <a href="/wiki/Western_film" title="Western film">Western</a>-like films set in Chinese locale. His <a href="/wiki/Swordsmen_in_Double_Flag_Town" title="Swordsmen in Double Flag Town">Swordsmen in Double Flag Town</a> (1991) and <a href="/wiki/Sun_Valley_(film)" title="Sun Valley (film)">Sun Valley</a> (1995) explore narratives set in the sparse terrain of West China near the <a href="/wiki/Gobi_Desert" title="Gobi Desert">Gobi Desert</a>. His <a href="/wiki/Historical_drama" title="Historical drama">historical drama</a> <a href="/wiki/Red_Firecracker,_Green_Firecracker" title="Red Firecracker, Green Firecracker">Red Firecracker, Green Firecracker</a> (1994) won a myriad of prizes home and abroad. Recent cinema has seen Chinese cinematographers direct some acclaimed films. Other than Zhang Yimou, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BC_Yue_(cinematographer)" title="Lü Yue (cinematographer)">Lü Yue</a> made <a href="/wiki/Mr._Zhao" title="Mr. Zhao">Mr. Zhao</a> (1998), a black comedy film well received abroad. <a href="/wiki/Gu_Changwei" title="Gu Changwei">Gu Changwei</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Minimalism" title="Minimalism">minimalist</a> epic <a href="/wiki/Peacock_(2005_film)" title="Peacock (2005 film)">Peacock</a> (2005), about a quiet, ordinary Chinese family with three very different siblings in the post-Cultural Revolution era, took home the Silver Bear prize for 2005 <a href="/wiki/Berlin_International_Film_Festival" title="Berlin International Film Festival">Berlin International Film Festival</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hou_Yong_(cinematographer)" title="Hou Yong (cinematographer)">Hou Yong</a> is another cinematographer who made films (<a href="/wiki/Jasmine_Women" title="Jasmine Women">Jasmine Women</a>, 2004) and TV series. There are actors who straddle the dual roles of acting and directing. <a href="/wiki/Xu_Jinglei" title="Xu Jinglei">Xu Jinglei</a>, a popular Chinese actress, has made six movies to date. Her second film <a href="/wiki/Letter_from_an_Unknown_Woman_(2004_film)" title="Letter from an Unknown Woman (2004 film)">Letter from an Unknown Woman</a> (2004) landed her the <a href="/wiki/San_Sebasti%C3%A1n_International_Film_Festival" title="San Sebastián International Film Festival">San Sebastián International Film Festival</a> Best Director award. Another popular actress and director is <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Wei" title="Zhao Wei">Zhao Wei</a>, whose directorial debut <a href="/wiki/So_Young_(film)" title="So Young (film)">So Young</a> (2013) was a huge box office and critical success. The most highly regarded Chinese actor-director is undoubtedly <a href="/wiki/Jiang_Wen" title="Jiang Wen">Jiang Wen</a>, who has directed several critically acclaimed movies while following on his acting career. His directorial debut, <a href="/wiki/In_the_Heat_of_the_Sun" title="In the Heat of the Sun">In the Heat of the Sun</a> (1994) was the first PRC film to win Best Picture at the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horse_Film_Awards" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Horse Film Awards">Golden Horse Film Awards</a> held in <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>. His other films, like <a href="/wiki/Devils_on_the_Doorstep" title="Devils on the Doorstep">Devils on the Doorstep</a> (2000, Cannes Grand Prix) and <a href="/wiki/Let_the_Bullets_Fly" title="Let the Bullets Fly">Let the Bullets Fly</a> (2010), were similarly well received. By the early 2011, Let the Bullets Fly had become the highest grossing domestic film in China's history.<a href="#cite_note-fba-resurrection-106">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Generation-independent_movement">Generation-independent movement</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_China&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Generation-independent movement">edit</a>]</div> There is a growing number of independent seventh or post-Sixth Generation filmmakers making films with extremely low budgets and using digital equipment. They are the so-called dGeneration (for digital).<a href="#cite_note-108">[105]</a> These films, like those from Sixth Generation filmmakers, are mostly made outside the Chinese film system and are shown mostly on the international film festival circuit. <a href="/wiki/Ying_Liang" title="Ying Liang">Ying Liang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jian_Yi" title="Jian Yi">Jian Yi</a> are two of these generation filmmakers. Ying's <a href="/wiki/Taking_Father_Home" title="Taking Father Home">Taking Father Home</a> (2005) and <a href="/wiki/The_Other_Half_(2006_Chinese_film)" title="The Other Half (2006 Chinese film)">The Other Half</a> (2006) are both representative of the generation trends of the feature film. <a href="/wiki/Liu_Jiayin" title="Liu Jiayin">Liu Jiayin</a> made two dGeneration feature films, <a href="/wiki/Oxhide" title="Oxhide">Oxhide</a> (2004) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxhide_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oxhide II (page does not exist)">Oxhide II</a> (2010), blurring the line between documentary and narrative film. Oxhide, made by Liu when she was a film student, frames herself and her parents in their claustrophobic Beijing apartment in a narrative praised by critics. <a href="/wiki/An_Elephant_Sitting_Still" title="An Elephant Sitting Still">An Elephant Sitting Still</a>, considered one of the greatest film debuts in Chinese cinema, is also the only film by the late <a href="/wiki/Hu_Bo" title="Hu Bo">Hu Bo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="New_documentary_movement">New documentary movement</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_China&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: New documentary movement">edit</a>]</div> Two decades of reform and commercialization have brought dramatic social changes in mainland China, reflected not only in fiction film but in a growing documentary movement. <a href="/wiki/Wu_Wenguang" title="Wu Wenguang">Wu Wenguang</a>'s 70-minute <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bumming_in_Beijing:_The_Last_Dreamers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bumming in Beijing: The Last Dreamers (page does not exist)">Bumming in Beijing: The Last Dreamers</a> (1990) is now seen as one of the first works of this "<a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Documentary_Movement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Documentary Movement (page does not exist)">New Documentary Movement</a>" (NDM) in China.<a href="#cite_note-110">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[108]</a> Bumming, made between 1988 and 1990, contains interviews with five young artists eking out a living in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, subject to state authorized tasks. Shot using a <a href="/wiki/Camcorder" title="Camcorder">camcorder</a>, the documentary ends with four of the artists moving abroad after the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre.<a href="#cite_note-112">[109]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dance_with_the_Farm_Workers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dance with the Farm Workers (page does not exist)">Dance with the Farm Workers</a> (2001) is another documentary by Wu.<a href="#cite_note-113">[110]</a> Another internationally acclaimed documentary is <a href="/wiki/Wang_Bing_(director)" title="Wang Bing (director)">Wang Bing</a>'s nine-hour tale of deindustrialization <a href="/wiki/Tie_Xi_Qu:_West_of_the_Tracks" title="Tie Xi Qu: West of the Tracks">Tie Xi Qu: West of the Tracks</a> (2003). Wang's subsequent documentaries, <a href="/wiki/Fengming:_A_Chinese_Memoir" class="mw-redirect" title="Fengming: A Chinese Memoir">He Fengming</a> (2007), <a href="/wiki/Crude_Oil_(film)" title="Crude Oil (film)">Crude Oil</a> (2008), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Man_with_no_name_(film)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Man with no name (film) (page does not exist)">Man with no name</a> (2009), <a href="/wiki/Three_Sisters_(2012_film)" title="Three Sisters (2012 film)">Three Sisters</a> (2012) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Til_madness_do_us_part&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Til madness do us part (page does not exist)">Feng ai</a> (2013), cemented his reputation as a leading documentarist of the movement.<a href="#cite_note-114">[111]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Hong_(filmmaker)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Li Hong (filmmaker) (page does not exist)">Li Hong</a>, the first woman in the NDM, in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Out_of_Phoenix_Bridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Out of Phoenix Bridge (page does not exist)">Out of Phoenix Bridge</a> (1997) relates the story of four young women, who moving from rural areas to the big cities like millions of other men and women, have come to Beijing to make a living. The New Documentary Movement in recent times has overlapped with the dGeneration filmmaking, with most documentaries being shot cheaply and independently in the digital format. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xu_Xin_(filmmaker)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xu Xin (filmmaker) (page does not exist)">Xu Xin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Karamay_(film)" title="Karamay (film)">Karamay</a> (2010), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhao_Liang_(filmmaker)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhao Liang (filmmaker) (page does not exist)">Zhao Liang</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Behemoth_(2015_film)" title="Behemoth (2015 film)">Behemoth</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Huang_Weikai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huang Weikai (page does not exist)">Huang Weikai</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Disorder_(2009_film)" title="Disorder (2009 film)">Disorder</a> (2009), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhao_Dayong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhao Dayong (page does not exist)">Zhao Dayong</a>'s <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghost_Town_(2009_film)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ghost Town (2009 film) (page does not exist)">Ghost Town</a> (2009), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Du_Haibing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Du Haibing (page does not exist)">Du Haibing</a>'s <a href="/w/index.php?title=1428_(film)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1428 (film) (page does not exist)">1428</a> (2009), <a href="/wiki/Xu_Tong" title="Xu Tong">Xu Tong</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Fortune_Teller_(2009_film)" title="Fortune Teller (2009 film)">Fortune Teller</a> (2009) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Ning_(filmmaker)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Li Ning (filmmaker) (page does not exist)">Li Ning</a>'s <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tape_(2010)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tape (2010) (page does not exist)">Tape</a> (2010) were all shot in digital format. All had made their impact in the international documentary scene and the use of digital format allows for works of vaster lengths. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Animation">Animation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_China&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Animation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Animation_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Animation in China">Animation in China</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_animation_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="History of animation in China">History of animation in China</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Before_the_1950s">Before the 1950s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_China&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Before the 1950s">edit</a>]</div> Inspired by the success of <a href="/wiki/Disney" class="mw-redirect" title="Disney">Disney</a> animation, the self-taught pioneers <a href="/wiki/Wan_brothers" title="Wan brothers">Wan brothers</a>, Wan Laiming and <a href="/wiki/Wan_Guchan" title="Wan Guchan">Wan Guchan</a>, made the first Chinese <a href="/wiki/Animated_short" class="mw-redirect" title="Animated short">animated short</a> in the 1920s, thus inaugurating the history of Chinese animation. (Chen Yuanyuan 175)<a href="#cite_note-Chen,_Yuanyuan_2017,_pp._175-188-115">[112]</a> Many live-action films of the Republican era also included animated sequences.<a href="#cite_note-116">[113]</a> In 1937, the Wan brothers decided to produce 《铁扇公主》 <a href="/wiki/Princess_Iron_Fan_(1941_film)" title="Princess Iron Fan (1941 film)">Princess Iron Fan</a>, which was the first Chinese animated feature film and the fourth, after the American feature films <a href="/wiki/Snow_White_and_the_Seven_Dwarfs_(1937_film)" title="Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)">Snow White</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gulliver%27s_Travels_(1939_film)" title="Gulliver's Travels (1939 film)">Gulliver's Travels</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Pinocchio_(unfinished_film)" title="The Adventures of Pinocchio (unfinished film)">The Adventures of Pinocchio</a>. It was at this time that Chinese animation as an art form had risen to prominence on the world stage. Completed in 1941, the film was released under China United Pictures and aroused a great response in Asia. Japanese animator Shigeru Tezuka once said that he gave up medicine after watching the cartoon and decided to pursue animation.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1950s–1980s">1950s–1980s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_China&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: 1950s–1980s">edit</a>]</div> During this golden era, Chinese animation had developed a variety of styles, including ink animation, shadow play animation, puppet animation, and so on. Some of the most representative works are 《大闹天宫》 <a href="/wiki/Uproar_in_Heaven" class="mw-redirect" title="Uproar in Heaven">Uproar in Heaven</a>, 《哪吒闹海》 <a href="/wiki/Nezha" title="Nezha">Nezha</a>'s Rebellion in the Sea and《天书奇谈》 Heavenly Book, which have also won lofty praise and numerous awards in the world.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1980s–1990s">1980s–1990s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_China&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: 1980s–1990s">edit</a>]</div> After Deng Xiaoping's Reform Period and the "opening up" of China, the movies《葫芦兄弟》 Calabash Brothers, 《黑猫警长》Black Cat Sheriff, 《阿凡提》Avanti Story and other impressive animated movies were released. However, at this time, China still favored the Japanese's more unique, American and European-influenced animated works over the less-advanced domestic ones.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1990s–2010s">1990s–2010s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_China&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: 1990s–2010s">edit</a>]</div> In the 1990s, digital production methods replaced manual hand-drawing methods; however, even with the use of advanced technology, none of the animated works were considered to be a breakthrough film. Animated films that tried to cater to all age groups, such as Lotus Lantern and Storm Resolution, did not attract much attention. The only animated works that seemed to achieve popularity were the ones for catered for children, such as <a href="/wiki/Pleasant_Goat_and_Big_Big_Wolf" title="Pleasant Goat and Big Big Wolf">Pleasant Goat and Big Big Wolf</a>《喜羊羊与灰太狼》. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2010s–present">2010s–present</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_China&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: 2010s–present">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Cinema_of_China" title="Special:EditPage/Cinema of China">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (July 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> During this period, the technical level of Chinese domestic animation production has been established comprehensively, and 3D animation films have become the mainstream. However, as more and more foreign films (such as ones from Japan, Europe, and the United States) are being imported into China, Chinese animated works is left in the shadows of these animated foreign films. It was only with the release of 《西游记之大圣归来》<a href="/wiki/Monkey_King:_Hero_is_Back" class="mw-redirect" title="Monkey King: Hero is Back">Monkey King: Hero is Back</a> in 2015, a computer-animated film, that Chinese animated works took back the rein. The film was a huge hit and broke the record for Chinese domestic animated movies with CN¥956 million at China's box office. After the success of Journey to the West, several other high-quality animated films were released, such as《大鱼海棠》 <a href="/wiki/Big_Fish_and_Begonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Fish and Begonia">Big Fish and Begonia</a> and 《白蛇缘起》 <a href="/wiki/White_Snake_(film)" title="White Snake (film)">White Snake</a>. Though none of these movies made headway in regards to the box office, they did make filmmakers more and more interested in animated works. This all changed with the breakthrough animated film, 《哪吒之魔童降世》<a href="/wiki/Ne_Zha_(2019_film)" title="Ne Zha (2019 film)">Ne Zha</a>. Released in 2019, it became the second highest-grossing film of all time in China, the highest-grossing animated non-English film, and the highest-grossing animated film in a single territory. It was with this film that Chinese animated films, as a medium, finally broke the notion in China that domestic animated films are only for children. With Nezha, and a spinoff, <a href="/wiki/Jiang_Ziya_(film)" title="Jiang Ziya (film)">Jiang Ziya</a>, Chinese animation has now come to be known as a veritable source of entertainment for all ages. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="New_models_and_the_new_Chinese_cinema">New models and the new Chinese cinema</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_China&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: New models and the new Chinese cinema">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commercial_successes">Commercial successes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_China&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Commercial successes">edit</a>]</div> With China's liberalization in the late 1970s and its opening up to foreign markets, commercial considerations have made its impact in post-1980s filmmaking. Traditionally arthouse movies screened seldom make enough to break even. An example is Fifth Generation director Tian Zhuangzhuang's <a href="/wiki/The_Horse_Thief" title="The Horse Thief">The Horse Thief</a> (1986), a narrative film with minimal dialog on a <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibetan</a> horse thief. The film, showcasing exotic landscapes, was well received by Chinese and some Western arthouse audiences, but did poorly at the box office.<a href="#cite_note-117">[114]</a> Tian's later <a href="/wiki/The_Warrior_and_the_Wolf" title="The Warrior and the Wolf">The Warrior and the Wolf</a> (2010) was a similar commercial failure.<a href="#cite_note-118">[115]</a> Prior to these, there were examples of successful commercial films in the post-liberalization period. One was the romance film <a href="/wiki/Romance_on_Lushan_Mountain" title="Romance on Lushan Mountain">Romance on the Lu Mountain</a> (1980), which was a success with older Chinese. The film broke the <a href="/wiki/Guinness_Book_of_Records" class="mw-redirect" title="Guinness Book of Records">Guinness Book of Records</a> as the longest-running film on a <a href="/wiki/First_run_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="First run (film)">first run</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jet_Li" title="Jet Li">Jet Li</a>'s cinematic debut <a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Temple_(1982_film)" title="Shaolin Temple (1982 film)">Shaolin Temple</a> (1982) was an instant hit at home and abroad (in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, for example).<a href="#cite_note-119">[116]</a> Another successful commercial film was <a href="/w/index.php?title=Murder_in_405&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Murder in 405 (page does not exist)">Murder in 405</a> (405谋杀案, 1980), a murder thriller.<a href="#cite_note-120">[117]</a> <a href="/wiki/Feng_Xiaogang" title="Feng Xiaogang">Feng Xiaogang</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Dream_Factory_(film)" title="The Dream Factory (film)">The Dream Factory</a> (1997) was heralded as a turning point in Chinese movie industry, a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesui_pian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hesui pian (page does not exist)">hesui pian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_New_Year" title="Chinese New Year">Chinese New Year</a>-screened film) which demonstrated the viability of the commercial model in China's <a href="/wiki/Socialist_market_economy" title="Socialist market economy">socialist market</a> economy. Feng has become one of the most successful commercial director in the post-1997 era. Almost all his films made high returns domestically<a href="#cite_note-121">[118]</a> while he used ethnic Chinese co-stars like <a href="/wiki/Rosamund_Kwan" title="Rosamund Kwan">Rosamund Kwan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Wu" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacqueline Wu">Jacqueline Wu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rene_Liu" title="Rene Liu">Rene Liu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shu_Qi" title="Shu Qi">Shu Qi</a> to boost his films' appeal. In the decade following 2010, owing to the influx of Hollywood films (though the number screened each year is curtailed), Chinese domestic cinema faces mounting challenges. The industry is growing and domestic films are starting to achieve the box office impact of major Hollywood blockbusters. However, not all domestic films are successful financially. In January 2010 <a href="/wiki/James_Cameron" title="James Cameron">James Cameron</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Avatar_(2009_film)" title="Avatar (2009 film)">Avatar</a> was pulled out from non-3D theaters for Hu Mei's biopic <a href="/wiki/Confucius_(2010_film)" title="Confucius (2010 film)">Confucius</a>, but this move led to a backlash on Hu's film.<a href="#cite_note-122">[119]</a> <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Yang_(director)" title="Zhang Yang (director)">Zhang Yang</a>'s 2005 <a href="/wiki/Sunflower_(2005_film)" title="Sunflower (2005 film)">Sunflower</a> also made little money, but his earlier, low-budget <a href="/wiki/Spicy_Love_Soup" title="Spicy Love Soup">Spicy Love Soup</a> (1997) grossed ten times its budget of ¥3 million.<a href="#cite_note-123">[120]</a> Likewise, the 2006 <a href="/wiki/Crazy_Stone_(film)" title="Crazy Stone (film)">Crazy Stone</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Sleeper_hit" title="Sleeper hit">sleeper hit</a>, was made for just 3 million HKD/US$400,000. In 2009–11, Feng's <a href="/wiki/Aftershock_(2010_film)" title="Aftershock (2010 film)">Aftershock</a> (2009) and Jiang Wen's <a href="/wiki/Let_the_Bullets_Fly" title="Let the Bullets Fly">Let the Bullets Fly</a> (2010) became China's highest grossing domestic films, with Aftershock earning ¥670 million (US$105 million)<a href="#cite_note-124">[121]</a> and Let the Bullets Fly ¥674 million (US$110 million).<a href="#cite_note-125">[122]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lost_in_Thailand" title="Lost in Thailand">Lost in Thailand</a> (2012) became the first Chinese film to reach <a href="/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi">¥</a>1 billion at the Chinese box office and <a href="/wiki/Monster_Hunt" title="Monster Hunt">Monster Hunt</a> (2015) became the first to reach CN¥2 billion. As of 2021, 9 of the top 10 highest-grossing films in China are domestic productions. On 8 February 2016, the Chinese box office set a new single-day gross record, with CN¥660 million, beating the previous record of CN¥425 million on 18 July 2015.<a href="#cite_note-126">[123]</a> Also in February 2016, <a href="/wiki/The_Mermaid_(2016_film)" title="The Mermaid (2016 film)">The Mermaid</a>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Chow" title="Stephen Chow">Stephen Chow</a>, became the highest-grossing film in China, overtaking Monster Hunt.<a href="#cite_note-127">[124]</a> It is also the first film to reach CN¥3 billion.<a href="#cite_note-128">[125]</a> Under the influence of Hollywood science fiction movies like <a href="/wiki/Prometheus_(2012_film)" title="Prometheus (2012 film)">Prometheus</a>, published on 8 June 2012, such genres especially the space science films have risen rapidly in the Chinese film market in recent years. On 5 February 2019, the film <a href="/wiki/The_Wandering_Earth" title="The Wandering Earth">The Wandering Earth</a> directed by <a href="/wiki/Frant_Gwo" title="Frant Gwo">Frant Gwo</a> reached $699.8 million worldwide, which became the third highest-grossing film in the history of Chinese cinema. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chinese_international_cinema_and_successes_abroad">Chinese international cinema and successes abroad</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_China&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Chinese international cinema and successes abroad">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jia_Zhang-Ke_Skipcity_DCF_2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Jia_Zhang-Ke_Skipcity_DCF_2005.jpg/170px-Jia_Zhang-Ke_Skipcity_DCF_2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Jia_Zhang-Ke_Skipcity_DCF_2005.jpg/255px-Jia_Zhang-Ke_Skipcity_DCF_2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Jia_Zhang-Ke_Skipcity_DCF_2005.jpg/340px-Jia_Zhang-Ke_Skipcity_DCF_2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="860" data-file-height="1290" /></a><figcaption>Director <a href="/wiki/Jia_Zhangke" title="Jia Zhangke">Jia Zhangke</a> at the Skip City International D-Cinema Festival in Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan, 22 July 2005</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Huang_Xiaoming_in_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Huang_Xiaoming_in_2016.jpg/170px-Huang_Xiaoming_in_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Huang_Xiaoming_in_2016.jpg/255px-Huang_Xiaoming_in_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Huang_Xiaoming_in_2016.jpg/340px-Huang_Xiaoming_in_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="423" data-file-height="611" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Huang_Xiaoming" title="Huang Xiaoming">Huang Xiaoming</a>, a Chinese actor, singer, and model</figcaption></figure> Since the late 1980s and progressively in the 2000s, Chinese films have enjoyed considerable box office success abroad. Formerly viewed only by cineastes, its global appeal mounted after the international box office and critical success of <a href="/wiki/Ang_Lee" title="Ang Lee">Ang Lee</a>'s period <a href="/wiki/Wuxia" title="Wuxia">wuxia</a> film <a href="/wiki/Crouching_Tiger,_Hidden_Dragon" title="Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon">Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon</a> which won Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film in 2000. This multi-national production increased its appeal by featuring stars from all parts of the Chinese-speaking world. It provided an introduction to Chinese cinema (and especially the wuxia genre) for many and increased the popularity of many earlier Chinese films. To date Crouching Tiger remains the most commercially successful foreign-language film in U.S. history. In 2002, Zhang Yimou's <a href="/wiki/Hero_(2002_film)" title="Hero (2002 film)">Hero</a> was another international box office success.<a href="#cite_note-Crean-129">[126]</a> Its cast featured famous actors from mainland China and Hong Kong who were also known to some extent in the West, including Jet Li, <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Ziyi" title="Zhang Ziyi">Zhang Ziyi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maggie_Cheung" title="Maggie Cheung">Maggie Cheung</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tony_Leung_Chiu-Wai" class="mw-redirect" title="Tony Leung Chiu-Wai">Tony Leung Chiu-Wai</a>. Despite criticisms by some that these two films pander somewhat to Western tastes, Hero was a phenomenal success in most of <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> and topped the U.S. box office for two weeks, making enough in the U.S. alone to cover the production costs. Other films such as <a href="/wiki/Farewell_My_Concubine_(film)" title="Farewell My Concubine (film)">Farewell My Concubine</a>, <a href="/wiki/2046_(film)" title="2046 (film)">2046</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suzhou_River_(film)" title="Suzhou River (film)">Suzhou River</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Road_Home_(1999_film)" title="The Road Home (1999 film)">The Road Home</a> and <a href="/wiki/House_of_Flying_Daggers" title="House of Flying Daggers">House of Flying Daggers</a> were critically acclaimed around the world. The <a href="/wiki/Hengdian_World_Studios" title="Hengdian World Studios">Hengdian World Studios</a> can be seen as the "Chinese Hollywood", with a total area of up to 330 ha. and 13 shooting bases, including a 1:1 copy of the <a href="/wiki/Forbidden_City" title="Forbidden City">Forbidden City</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jiang_Qinqin_from_%22Chinese_Movie_Week%22_at_Opening_Ceremony_of_the_Tokyo_International_Film_Festival_2016_(33259230440).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Jiang_Qinqin_from_%22Chinese_Movie_Week%22_at_Opening_Ceremony_of_the_Tokyo_International_Film_Festival_2016_%2833259230440%29.jpg/220px-Jiang_Qinqin_from_%22Chinese_Movie_Week%22_at_Opening_Ceremony_of_the_Tokyo_International_Film_Festival_2016_%2833259230440%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Jiang_Qinqin_from_%22Chinese_Movie_Week%22_at_Opening_Ceremony_of_the_Tokyo_International_Film_Festival_2016_%2833259230440%29.jpg/330px-Jiang_Qinqin_from_%22Chinese_Movie_Week%22_at_Opening_Ceremony_of_the_Tokyo_International_Film_Festival_2016_%2833259230440%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Jiang_Qinqin_from_%22Chinese_Movie_Week%22_at_Opening_Ceremony_of_the_Tokyo_International_Film_Festival_2016_%2833259230440%29.jpg/440px-Jiang_Qinqin_from_%22Chinese_Movie_Week%22_at_Opening_Ceremony_of_the_Tokyo_International_Film_Festival_2016_%2833259230440%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Qinqin" title="Jiang Qinqin">Jiang Qinqin</a> at Opening Ceremony of the <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_International_Film_Festival" title="Tokyo International Film Festival">Tokyo International Film Festival</a> 2016</figcaption></figure> The successes of Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon and Hero make it difficult to demarcate the boundary between "Mainland Chinese" cinema and a more international-based "Chinese-language cinema". Crouching Tiger, for example, was directed by a <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>-born American director (<a href="/wiki/Ang_Lee" title="Ang Lee">Ang Lee</a>) who works often in Hollywood. Its pan-Chinese leads include mainland Chinese (<a href="/wiki/Zhang_Ziyi" title="Zhang Ziyi">Zhang Ziyi</a>), Hong Kong (<a href="/wiki/Chow_Yun-Fat" class="mw-redirect" title="Chow Yun-Fat">Chow Yun-Fat</a>), Taiwan (<a href="/wiki/Chang_Chen" title="Chang Chen">Chang Chen</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Michelle_Yeoh" title="Michelle Yeoh">Michelle Yeoh</a>) actors and actresses; the film was co-produced by an array of Chinese, American, Hong Kong, and Taiwan film companies. Likewise, Lee's Chinese-language <a href="/wiki/Lust,_Caution" title="Lust, Caution">Lust, Caution</a> (2007) drew a crew and cast from mainland China, Hong Kong and Taiwan, and includes an orchestral score by French composer <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Desplat" title="Alexandre Desplat">Alexandre Desplat</a>. This merging of people, resources and expertise from the three regions and the broader <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a> and the world, marks the movement of Chinese-language cinema into a domain of large scale international influence. Other examples of films in this mold include <a href="/wiki/The_Promise_(2005_film)" title="The Promise (2005 film)">The Promise</a> (2005), <a href="/wiki/The_Banquet_(2006_film)" title="The Banquet (2006 film)">The Banquet</a> (2006), <a href="/wiki/Fearless_(2006_film)" title="Fearless (2006 film)">Fearless</a> (2006), <a href="/wiki/The_Warlords" title="The Warlords">The Warlords</a> (2007), <a href="/wiki/Bodyguards_and_Assassins" title="Bodyguards and Assassins">Bodyguards and Assassins</a> (2009) and <a href="/wiki/Red_Cliff_(film)" title="Red Cliff (film)">Red Cliff</a> (2008–09). The ease with which ethnic Chinese actresses and actors straddle the mainland and Hong Kong has significantly increased the number of co-productions in Chinese-language cinema. Many of these films also feature South Korean or Japanese actors to appeal to their East Asian neighbours. Some artistes originating from the mainland, like <a href="/wiki/Hu_Jun" title="Hu Jun">Hu Jun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Ziyi" title="Zhang Ziyi">Zhang Ziyi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tang_Wei" title="Tang Wei">Tang Wei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Xun" title="Zhou Xun">Zhou Xun</a>, obtained Hong Kong residency under the <a href="/wiki/Quality_Migrant_Admission_Scheme" title="Quality Migrant Admission Scheme">Quality Migrant Admission Scheme</a> and have acted in many Hong Kong productions.<a href="#cite_note-130">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Industry">Industry</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_China&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Industry">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Box_office_and_screens">Box office and screens</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_China&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Box office and screens">edit</a>]</div> In 1983, there were 162,000 projection units in China, up from less than 600 at the 1949 founding of the PRC.<a href="#cite_note-:1-8">[8]</a>: 1  In 1998, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_(China)" title="Ministry of Culture (China)">Ministry of Culture</a> revived the practice of mobile rural cinema as part of its 2131 Project which aimed to screen one movie per month per village in rural China and upgrade analog equipment to digital projectors.<a href="#cite_note-:1-8">[8]</a>: 246  In 2003, the central government provided more than 400 film projection vans to Tibet and Xinjiang to show films in an effort to oppose what the government viewed as separatism and Westernization.<a href="#cite_note-:1-8">[8]</a>: 249  In 2010, Chinese cinema was the third largest film industry by number of feature films produced annually.<a href="#cite_note-131">[128]</a> In 2013, China's gross box office was <a href="/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi">¥</a>21.8 billion (<a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>3.6 billion), the second-largest film market in the world by box office receipts.<a href="#cite_note-fba3-132">[129]</a> In January 2013, <a href="/wiki/Lost_in_Thailand" title="Lost in Thailand">Lost in Thailand</a> (2012) became the first Chinese film to reach ¥1 billion at the box office.<a href="#cite_note-133">[130]</a> As of May 2013, 7 of the top 10 <a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_films_in_China" title="List of highest-grossing films in China">highest-grossing films in China</a> were domestic productions.<a href="#cite_note-134">[131]</a> As of 2014, around half of all tickets are sold online, with the largest ticket selling sites being <a href="/wiki/Maoyan.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Maoyan.com">Maoyan.com</a> (82 million), Gewara.com (45 million) and Wepiao.com (28 million).<a href="#cite_note-135">[132]</a> In 2014, Chinese films earned <a href="/wiki/Chinese_yuan" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese yuan">¥</a>1.87 billion outside China.<a href="#cite_note-136">[133]</a> By December 2013 there were 17,000 screens in the country.<a href="#cite_note-fba2-137">[134]</a> By 6 January 2014, there were 18,195 screens in the country.<a href="#cite_note-fba3-132">[129]</a> <a href="/wiki/Greater_China" title="Greater China">Greater China</a> has around 251 IMAX theaters.<a href="#cite_note-138">[135]</a> There were 299 cinema chains (252 rural, 47 urban), 5,813 <a href="/wiki/Movie_theater" title="Movie theater">movie theaters</a> and 24,317 screens in the country in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-entgroup2-2">[2]</a> The country added about 8,035 screens in 2015 (at an average of 22 new screens per day, increasing its total by about 40% to around 31,627 screens, which is about 7,373 shy of the number of screens in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-LATimes-139">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-THR-140">[137]</a> Chinese films accounted for 61.48% of ticket sales in 2015 (up from 54% last year) with more than 60% of ticket sales being made online. Average ticket price was down about 2.5% to $5.36 in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-LATimes-139">[136]</a> It also witnessed 51.08% increase in admissions, with 1.26 billion people buying tickets to the cinema in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-THR-140">[137]</a> Chinese films grossed US$427 million overseas in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-141">[138]</a> During the week of the 2016 Chinese New Year, the country set a new record for the highest box office gross during one week in one territory with US$548 million, overtaking the previous record of US$529.6 million of 26 December 2015 to 1 January 2016 in the United States and Canada.<a href="#cite_note-142">[139]</a> Chinese films grossed CN¥3.83 billion (US$550 million) in foreign markets in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-chinaorg-3">[3]</a> In 2020, China's market for films surpassed the U.S. market to become the largest such market in the world.<a href="#cite_note-143">[140]</a>: 16  <table class="wikitable" style="float: center; margin-right: 10px;"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Gross (in billions of <a href="/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi">yuans</a>)</th> <th>Domestic share</th> <th>Tickets sold (in millions)</th> <th>Number of screens </th></tr> <tr> <td>2003</td> <td>less than 1<a href="#cite_note-144">[141]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2004</td> <td>1.5<a href="#cite_note-entgroup-145">[142]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2005</td> <td>2<a href="#cite_note-entgroup-145">[142]</a></td> <td>60%<a href="#cite_note-sa3-146">[143]</a></td> <td>157.2<a href="#cite_note-unesco3-147">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-sa1-148">[145]</a></td> <td>4,425<a href="#cite_note-sa2-149">[146]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2006</td> <td>2.67<a href="#cite_note-entgroup-145">[142]</a></td> <td></td> <td>176.2<a href="#cite_note-unesco3-147">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-sa1-148">[145]</a></td> <td>3,034<a href="#cite_note-unesco1-150">[147]</a> or 4,753<a href="#cite_note-sa2-149">[146]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2007</td> <td>3.33<a href="#cite_note-entgroup-145">[142]</a></td> <td>55%<a href="#cite_note-sa3-146">[143]</a></td> <td>195.8<a href="#cite_note-unesco3-147">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-sa1-148">[145]</a></td> <td>3,527<a href="#cite_note-unesco1-150">[147]</a> or 5,630<a href="#cite_note-sa2-149">[146]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2008</td> <td>4.34<a href="#cite_note-entgroup-145">[142]</a></td> <td>61%<a href="#cite_note-sa3-146">[143]</a></td> <td>209.8<a href="#cite_note-unesco3-147">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-sa1-148">[145]</a></td> <td>4,097<a href="#cite_note-unesco1-150">[147]</a> or 5,722<a href="#cite_note-sa2-149">[146]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2009</td> <td>6.21<a href="#cite_note-entgroup-145">[142]</a></td> <td>56%<a href="#cite_note-entgroup2-2">[2]</a></td> <td>263.8<a href="#cite_note-unesco3-147">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-sa1-148">[145]</a></td> <td>4,723<a href="#cite_note-unesco1-150">[147]</a> or 6,323<a href="#cite_note-sa2-149">[146]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010</td> <td>10.17<a href="#cite_note-entgroup-145">[142]</a></td> <td>56%<a href="#cite_note-entgroup2-2">[2]</a></td> <td>290<a href="#cite_note-unesco3-147">[144]</a></td> <td>6,256<a href="#cite_note-unesco1-150">[147]</a> or 7,831<a href="#cite_note-sa2-149">[146]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2011</td> <td>13.12<a href="#cite_note-entgroup-145">[142]</a></td> <td>54%<a href="#cite_note-entgroup2-2">[2]</a></td> <td>370<a href="#cite_note-unesco3-147">[144]</a></td> <td>9,286<a href="#cite_note-unesco1-150">[147]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2012</td> <td>17.07<a href="#cite_note-entgroup-145">[142]</a></td> <td>48.5%<a href="#cite_note-fba20130110-151">[148]</a></td> <td>462<a href="#cite_note-variety-1201062132-152">[149]</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2013</td> <td>21.77<a href="#cite_note-entgroup-145">[142]</a></td> <td>59%<a href="#cite_note-153">[150]</a></td> <td>612<a href="#cite_note-variety-1201062132-152">[149]</a></td> <td>18,195<a href="#cite_note-fba3-132">[129]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2014</td> <td>29.6<a href="#cite_note-TotalBox-154">[151]</a></td> <td>55%<a href="#cite_note-TotalBox-154">[151]</a></td> <td>830<a href="#cite_note-TotalBox-154">[151]</a></td> <td>23,600<a href="#cite_note-TotalBox-154">[151]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2015</td> <td>44<a href="#cite_note-varietystaff-155">[152]</a></td> <td>61.6%<a href="#cite_note-varietystaff-155">[152]</a></td> <td>1,260<a href="#cite_note-varietystaff-155">[152]</a></td> <td>31,627<a href="#cite_note-varietystaff-155">[152]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016</td> <td>45.71<a href="#cite_note-chinaorg-3">[3]</a></td> <td>58.33%<a href="#cite_note-chinaorg-3">[3]</a></td> <td>1,370<a href="#cite_note-variety20170101-4">[4]</a></td> <td>41,179<a href="#cite_note-chinaorg-3">[3]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2017 </td> <td>55.9<a href="#cite_note-auto-156">[153]</a> </td> <td>53.8%<a href="#cite_note-auto-156">[153]</a> </td> <td>1,620<a href="#cite_note-auto-156">[153]</a> </td> <td>50,776 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2018 </td> <td>60.98<a href="#cite_note-157">[154]</a> </td> <td>62.2%<a href="#cite_note-158">[155]</a> </td> <td>1720<a href="#cite_note-159">[156]</a> </td> <td>60,000<a href="#cite_note-160">[157]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film_companies">Film companies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_China&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Film companies">edit</a>]</div> As of April 2015, the largest Chinese film company by worth was <a href="/wiki/Alibaba_Pictures" title="Alibaba Pictures">Alibaba Pictures</a> (US$8.77 billion). Other large companies include <a href="/wiki/Huayi_Brothers_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="Huayi Brothers Media">Huayi Brothers Media</a> (US$7.9 billion), <a href="/wiki/Enlight_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="Enlight Media">Enlight Media</a> (US$5.98 billion) and <a href="/wiki/Bona_Film_Group" title="Bona Film Group">Bona Film Group</a> (US$542 million).<a href="#cite_note-161">[158]</a> The biggest distributors by market share in 2014 were: <a href="/wiki/China_Film_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="China Film Group">China Film Group</a> (32.8%), <a href="/wiki/Huaxia_Film" class="mw-redirect" title="Huaxia Film">Huaxia Film</a> (22.89%), <a href="/wiki/Enlight_Pictures" class="mw-redirect" title="Enlight Pictures">Enlight Pictures</a> (7.75%), <a href="/wiki/Bona_Film_Group" title="Bona Film Group">Bona Film Group</a> (5.99%), <a href="/wiki/Wanda_Media" title="Wanda Media">Wanda Media</a> (5.2%), <a href="/wiki/Le_Vision_Pictures" title="Le Vision Pictures">Le Vision Pictures</a> (4.1%), <a href="/wiki/Huayi_Brothers" title="Huayi Brothers">Huayi Brothers</a> (2.26%), United Exhibitor Partners (2%), Heng Ye Film Distribution (1.77%) and Beijing Anshi Yingna Entertainment (1.52%).<a href="#cite_note-entgroup2-2">[2]</a> The biggest <a href="/wiki/Cinema_chain" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema chain">cinema chains</a> in 2014 by box office gross were: <a href="/wiki/Wanda_Cinema_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Wanda Cinema Line">Wanda Cinema Line</a> (US$676.96 million), <a href="/wiki/China_Film_Stellar" title="China Film Stellar">China Film Stellar</a> (393.35 million), <a href="/wiki/Dadi_Theater_Circuit" title="Dadi Theater Circuit">Dadi Theater Circuit</a> (378.17 million), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shanghai_United_Circuit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shanghai United Circuit (page does not exist)">Shanghai United Circuit</a> (355.07 million), <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou_Jinyi_Zhujiang" class="mw-redirect" title="Guangzhou Jinyi Zhujiang">Guangzhou Jinyi Zhujiang</a> (335.39 million), <a href="/w/index.php?title=China_Film_South_Cinema_Circuit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="China Film South Cinema Circuit (page does not exist)">China Film South Cinema Circuit</a> (318.71 million), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhejiang_Time_Cinema&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhejiang Time Cinema (page does not exist)">Zhejiang Time Cinema</a> (190.53 million), <a href="/w/index.php?title=China_Film_Group_Digital_Cinema_Line&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="China Film Group Digital Cinema Line (page does not exist)">China Film Group Digital Cinema Line</a> (177.42 million), <a href="/wiki/Hengdian_Group" title="Hengdian Group">Hengdian Cinema Line</a> (170.15 million) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Beijing_New_Film_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beijing New Film Association (page does not exist)">Beijing New Film Association</a> (163.09 million).<a href="#cite_note-entgroup2-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Notable_independent_(non-state-owned)_film_companies">Notable independent (non-state-owned) film companies</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_China&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Notable independent (non-state-owned) film companies">edit</a>]</div> Huayi Brothers is China's most powerful independent (i.e., non state-owned) entertainment company, Beijing-based Huayi Brothers is a diversified company engaged in film and TV production, distribution, theatrical exhibition, as well as talent management. Notable films include 2004's Kung Fu Hustle; and 2010's Aftershock, which had a 91% rating on Rotten Tomatoes.<a href="#cite_note-162">[159]</a> <a href="/wiki/Beijing_Enlight_Media" title="Beijing Enlight Media">Beijing Enlight Media</a> focuses on the action and romance genres. Enlight usually places several films in China's top 20 grossers. Enlight is also a major player in China's TV series production and distribution businesses. Under the leadership of its CEO Wang Changtian, the publicly traded, Beijing-based company has achieved a market capitalization of nearly US$1 billion.<a href="#cite_note-163">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_China&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Asia" title="Cinema of Asia">Cinema of Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian cinema">East Asian cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_animation" title="Chinese animation">Chinese animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_art" title="Chinese art">Chinese art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kung_Fu_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Kung Fu film">Kung Fu film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movie_Town_Haikou" title="Movie Town Haikou">Movie Town Haikou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Movie_Metropolis" title="Oriental Movie Metropolis">Oriental Movie Metropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_First_Film_Studio" title="August First Film Studio">August First Film Studio</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lists">Lists</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_China&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Lists">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_actors" title="List of Chinese actors">List of Chinese actors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_actresses" title="List of Chinese actresses">List of Chinese actresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_directors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Chinese directors">List of Chinese directors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Chinese films">List of Chinese films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_film_production_companies_(pre-PRC)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Chinese film production companies (pre-PRC)">List of Chinese film production companies (pre-PRC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_films_in_China" title="List of highest-grossing films in China">List of highest-grossing films in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_film_production_companies_by_country#China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of film production companies by country">List of film production companies by country#China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_non-English_films" title="List of highest-grossing non-English films">List of highest-grossing non-English films</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_China&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Bai She Zhuan (1926) 白蛇传 : Legend of the White Snake<a href="#cite_note-White-Snake:Mirror-18">[18]</a> Adaptation of <a href="/wiki/Legend_of_the_White_Snake" title="Legend of the White Snake">Legend of the White Snake</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Lianhua's original English name is "United Photoplay Service" </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Notably Zhang Yimou served as cinematographer for both films. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_China&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_China&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-variety-1235860299-1"><a 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"China Before 1949", in The Oxford History of World Cinema, edited by Geoffrey Nowell-Smith (1997). Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 409. </li> <li id="cite_note-Geiselmann-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Geiselmann_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Geiselmann_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Geiselmann_11-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Geiselmann_11-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin_Geiselmann2006" class="citation web cs1">Martin Geiselmann (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.univie.ac.at/Sinologie/repository/ueLK110_ChinFilmgesch/filmgeschichteSkript.pdf">"Chinese Film History - A Short Introduction"</a> (PDF). The University of Vienna- Sinologie Program. 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Chinese Film Classics. 21 February 1937. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231018110941/https://chinesefilmclassics.org/song-at-midnight-1937/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chinese+Film+Classics&rft.atitle=Song+at+Midnight+%E5%A4%9C%E5%8D%8A%E6%AD%8C%E8%81%B2+%281937%29&rft.date=1937-02-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchinesefilmclassics.org%2Fsong-at-midnight-1937%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_22-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chinesefilmclassics.org/street-angels-1937/">"Street Angels 馬路天使 (1937)"</a>. 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Taylor & Francis (1998), p. 101. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-15168-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-15168-6">0-415-15168-6</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_68-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_68-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_68-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_68-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSorace2019" class="citation book cs1">Sorace, Christian (2019). "Aesthetics". Afterlives of Chinese Communism: Political Concepts from Mao to Xi. 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Commercialization and Censorship in Chinese Cinema after 1989</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_University_Press" title="Hong Kong University Press">Hong Kong University Press</a>. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-962-209-885-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-962-209-885-5"><bdi>978-962-209-885-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cinema+of+Feng+Xiaogang%3A+Commercialization+and+Censorship+in+Chinese+Cinema+after+1989&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Hong+Kong+University+Press&rft.date=2008-09-01&rft.isbn=978-962-209-885-5&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Rui&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxUXqAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF赵子忠_(Zhào_Zizhōng)2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">赵子忠 (Zhào Zizhōng) (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7Be2AAAAIAAJ">中国影视投融资的产业透视</a> [An Industry Perspective of China's Film and Television Investment and Financing] (in Chinese). 中国传媒大学出版社 (<a href="/wiki/Communication_University_of_China" title="Communication University of China">Communication University of China Press</a>). p. 179. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-81085-720-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-81085-720-8"><bdi>978-7-81085-720-8</bdi></a>. <q>1979 年中国大陆生产的影片只有 50 多部,但观众人次达到了 279 亿,平均每天有 7 千万人次的观众看电影,创造了中国电影票房史上</q> [In 1979, there were only more than 50 films produced in mainland China, but the number of viewers reached 27.9 billion, and an average of 70 million viewers watched films every day, creating history at the box office in China]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%BD%B1%E8%A7%86%E6%8A%95%E8%9E%8D%E8%B5%84%E7%9A%84%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%9A%E9%80%8F%E8%A7%86&rft.pages=179&rft.pub=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BC%A0%E5%AA%92%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE+%28Communication+University+of+China+Press%29&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-7-81085-720-8&rft.au=%E8%B5%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%BF%A0+%28Zh%C3%A0o+Zizh%C5%8Dng%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7Be2AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Link-72"><a href="#cite_ref-Link_72-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLink2000" class="citation book cs1">Link, Perry (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qhBYxOitb-MC&pg=PA204">The Uses of Literature: Life in the Socialist Chinese Literary System</a>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. p. 204. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00198-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00198-2"><bdi>978-0-691-00198-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Uses+of+Literature%3A+Life+in+the+Socialist+Chinese+Literary+System&rft.pages=204&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-691-00198-2&rft.aulast=Link&rft.aufirst=Perry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqhBYxOitb-MC%26pg%3DPA204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-73"><a href="#cite_ref-:9_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3HIxAAAAMAAJ">"Fujian xi ju: Fujianxiju"</a>. 福建省戯劇年鑑 (Fujian Drama Yearbook) (in Chinese) (1–6). <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a>: 中国戏剧家协会福建分会 (Fujian Branch of China Dramatists Association): 11. 1985. <q>近年拍摄的戏曲片《白蛇传》观众人数最多,达七亿人次、《七品芝麻官》五亿人次。</q> [In recent years, the opera film "Legend of the White Snake" has the largest audience, reaching 700 million people, and "Sesame Official" with 500 million people.]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E7%A6%8F%E5%BB%BA%E7%9C%81%E6%88%AF%E5%8A%87%E5%B9%B4%E9%91%91+%28Fujian+Drama+Yearbook%29&rft.atitle=Fujian+xi+ju%3A+Fujianxiju&rft.issue=1%E2%80%936&rft.pages=11&rft.date=1985&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3HIxAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-74"><a href="#cite_ref-:8_74-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://china.chinadaily.com.cn/shizheng/2014-12/29/content_19193580.htm"><bdi lang="zh">回望中国电影20年从5亿人看《少林寺》到票房1日破亿</bdi></a> [Looking back at Chinese movies over 20 years, from 500 million people watching "Shaolin Temple" to the box office breaking 100 million in one day]. <a href="/wiki/China_Daily" title="China Daily">China Daily</a> (in Chinese). 29 December 2014. Retrieved 1 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=China+Daily&rft.atitle=%E5%9B%9E%E6%9C%9B%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%94%B5%E5%BD%B120%E5%B9%B4+%E4%BB%8E5%E4%BA%BF%E4%BA%BA%E7%9C%8B%E3%80%8A%E5%B0%91%E6%9E%97%E5%AF%BA%E3%80%8B%E5%88%B0%E7%A5%A8%E6%88%BF1%E6%97%A5%E7%A0%B4%E4%BA%BF&rft.date=2014-12-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchina.chinadaily.com.cn%2Fshizheng%2F2014-12%2F29%2Fcontent_19193580.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yearbook161-75"><a href="#cite_ref-Yearbook161_75-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pWIxAAAAMAAJ">中国电影年鉴</a> [China Film Yearbook] (in Chinese). <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%94%B5%E5%BD%B1%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE" class="extiw" title="zh:中国电影出版社">中国电影出版社 (China Film Press)</a>. 1985. p. 161. <q>近四年来城乡观众人次超过 1 亿的影片有:《喜盈门》 6 亿 5 千万,《武当》 6 亿 1 千万,《少林弟子》 5 亿 2 千万,《武林志》 5 亿,《从奴隶到将军》 4 亿 7 千万,《西安事变》 4 亿 5 千万,《吉鸿昌》 3 亿 8 千万,《开枪,为他送行》 3 亿 3 千万,《杜十娘》 2 亿 6 千万,《佩剑将军》 2 亿 6 千万,《火烧圆明园》 2 亿 4 千万</q> [In the past four years, films with more than 100 million viewers in urban and rural areas include: "Xi ying men" 650 million, "Wudang" 610 million, "Shao lin di zi" 520 million, "Wu lin zhi" 500 million, "Cong Nu Li Dao Jiang Jun" 470 million, "Xi'an Incident" 450 million, "Ji Hong Chang" 380 million, "Kai Qiang, Wei Ta Song Xing" 330 million, "Du Shiniang" 260 million, "A General Wearing the Sword" 260 million, "Burning of the Imperial Palace" 240 million]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%94%B5%E5%BD%B1%E5%B9%B4%E9%89%B4&rft.pages=161&rft.pub=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%94%B5%E5%BD%B1%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE+%28China+Film+Press%29&rft.date=1985&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpWIxAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-chinadaily-76"><a href="#cite_ref-chinadaily_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ent.chinadaily.com.cn/2017-11/17/content_34650612.htm">"吴宇森对话高晓松 "最后一部电影会拍给徐克""</a> [Woo Yusen talks to Gao Xiaosong: "The last movie will be made for Tsui Hark"]. <a href="/wiki/China_Daily" title="China Daily">China Daily</a> (in Chinese). 17 November 2017. Retrieved 29 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=China+Daily&rft.atitle=%E5%90%B4%E5%AE%87%E6%A3%AE%E5%AF%B9%E8%AF%9D%E9%AB%98%E6%99%93%E6%9D%BE+%22%E6%9C%80%E5%90%8E%E4%B8%80%E9%83%A8%E7%94%B5%E5%BD%B1%E4%BC%9A%E6%8B%8D%E7%BB%99%E5%BE%90%E5%85%8B%22&rft.date=2017-11-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fent.chinadaily.com.cn%2F2017-11%2F17%2Fcontent_34650612.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elledge-77"><a href="#cite_ref-Elledge_77-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElledge2021" class="citation book cs1">Elledge, Jonn (16 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sDwEEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT139">"Some films that probably sold more tickets than any Avengers movie"</a>. The Compendium of (Not Quite) Everything: All the Facts You Didn't Know You Wanted to Know. <a href="/wiki/Hachette_UK" class="mw-redirect" title="Hachette UK">Hachette UK</a>. pp. 139–40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4722-7648-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4722-7648-3"><bdi>978-1-4722-7648-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Some+films+that+probably+sold+more+tickets+than+any+Avengers+movie&rft.btitle=The+Compendium+of+%28Not+Quite%29+Everything%3A+All+the+Facts+You+Didn%27t+Know+You+Wanted+to+Know&rft.pages=139-40&rft.pub=Hachette+UK&rft.date=2021-09-16&rft.isbn=978-1-4722-7648-3&rft.aulast=Elledge&rft.aufirst=Jonn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsDwEEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAranburu2017" class="citation journal cs1">Aranburu, Ainhoa Marzol (January–June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://revistes.ub.edu/index.php/JESB/article/download/j021/20377">"The Film Industry in China: Past and Present"</a>. Journal of Evolutionary Studies in Business. 2: 6. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2385-7137">2385-7137</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/952148126">952148126</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Evolutionary+Studies+in+Business&rft.atitle=The+Film+Industry+in+China%3A+Past+and+Present&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=6&rft.date=2017-01%2F2017-06&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F952148126&rft.issn=2385-7137&rft.aulast=Aranburu&rft.aufirst=Ainhoa+Marzol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frevistes.ub.edu%2Findex.php%2FJESB%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2Fj021%2F20377&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Yau, Esther. "China After the Revolution", in The Oxford history of world cinema edited by Geoffrey Nowell-Smith (1997). Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 698. </li> <li id="cite_note-:15-80"><a href="#cite_ref-:15_80-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHan2008" class="citation journal cs1">Han, Chen (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cuhk.edu.hk/ics/21c/media/online/0711002.pdf">"啟蒙時代的電影神話──關於第五代電影的文化反思"</a> [The myth of film in the age of Enlightenment——a cultural reflection on the fifth generation of films] (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Twenty-First_Century" title="Twenty-First Century">Twenty-First Century</a> (73) – via <a href="/wiki/Chinese_University_of_Hong_Kong" title="Chinese University of Hong Kong">Chinese University of Hong Kong</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Twenty-First+Century&rft.atitle=%E5%95%9F%E8%92%99%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E7%9A%84%E9%9B%BB%E5%BD%B1%E7%A5%9E%E8%A9%B1%E2%94%80%E2%94%80%E9%97%9C%E6%96%BC%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3%E9%9B%BB%E5%BD%B1%E7%9A%84%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%8F%8D%E6%80%9D&rft.issue=73&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Han&rft.aufirst=Chen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cuhk.edu.hk%2Fics%2F21c%2Fmedia%2Fonline%2F0711002.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYvonne_Ng2002" class="citation web cs1">Yvonne Ng (19 November 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070416073506/http://kinema.uwaterloo.ca/ghy-941.htm">"The Irresistible Rise of Asian Cinema-Tian Zhuangzhuang: A Director of the 21st Century"</a>. Kinema. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kinema.uwaterloo.ca/ghy-941.htm">the original</a> on 16 April 2007. Retrieved 23 April 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Irresistible+Rise+of+Asian+Cinema-Tian+Zhuangzhuang%3A+A+Director+of+the+21st+Century&rft.pub=Kinema&rft.date=2002-11-19&rft.au=Yvonne+Ng&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kinema.uwaterloo.ca%2Fghy-941.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:Reinders-83"><a href="#cite_ref-:Reinders_83-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReinders2024" class="citation book cs1">Reinders, Eric (2024). Reading Tolkien in Chinese: Religion, Fantasy, and Translation. Perspectives on Fantasy series. London, UK: <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury" title="Bloomsbury">Bloomsbury</a> Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781350374645" title="Special:BookSources/9781350374645"><bdi>9781350374645</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reading+Tolkien+in+Chinese%3A+Religion%2C+Fantasy%2C+and+Translation&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.series=Perspectives+on+Fantasy+series&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=9781350374645&rft.aulast=Reinders&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greatfall-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greatfall_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greatfall_84-1">b</a> Rose, S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/aug/01/china.film">"The great fall of China"</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>, 2002-08-01. Retrieved on 2007-04-28. </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBordwell_and_Thompson2010" class="citation book cs1">Bordwell and Thompson (2010). Film History: An Introduction (Third ed.). 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Retrieved 12 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statista&rft.atitle=China%3A+cinema+screen+number+2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statista.com%2Fstatistics%2F279111%2Fnumber-of-cinema-screens-in-china%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatrick_Frater2015" class="citation web cs1">Patrick Frater (9 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://variety.com/2015/biz/asia/chinese-media-stocks-stage-major-rally-in-us-and-asian-markets-1201469237/">"Chinese Media Stocks Stage Major Rally in U.S. and Asian Markets"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Variety.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Variety.com">Variety</a>. Retrieved 14 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=Chinese+Media+Stocks+Stage+Major+Rally+in+U.S.+and+Asian+Markets&rft.date=2015-04-09&rft.au=Patrick+Frater&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvariety.com%2F2015%2Fbiz%2Fasia%2Fchinese-media-stocks-stage-major-rally-in-us-and-asian-markets-1201469237%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chinafilmbiz.com/2012/07/">"July 2012"</a>. chinafilmbiz 中国电影业务. 29 July 2012. Retrieved 13 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=chinafilmbiz+%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%94%B5%E5%BD%B1%E4%B8%9A%E5%8A%A1&rft.atitle=July+2012&rft.date=2012-07-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchinafilmbiz.com%2F2012%2F07%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chinafilmbiz.com/2012/07/">"July 2012"</a>. chinafilmbiz 中国电影业务. 29 July 2012. Retrieved 12 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=chinafilmbiz+%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%94%B5%E5%BD%B1%E4%B8%9A%E5%8A%A1&rft.atitle=July+2012&rft.date=2012-07-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchinafilmbiz.com%2F2012%2F07%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+China" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_China&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBordwellThompson2010" class="citation book cs1">Bordwell, David; Thompson, Kristin (2010). Film history: an introduction (3rd ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-338613-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-338613-3"><bdi>978-0-07-338613-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Film+history%3A+an+introduction&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Higher+Education&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-07-338613-3&rft.aulast=Bordwell&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Thompson%2C+Kristin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+China" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNowell-Smith1997" class="citation book cs1">Nowell-Smith, Geoffrey, ed. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofw00geof">The Oxford history of world cinema</a> (Paperback ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-874242-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-874242-5"><bdi>978-0-19-874242-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+history+of+world+cinema&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=Paperback&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-19-874242-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordhistoryofw00geof&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+China" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_China&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Carlo Celli. "China's Confucian, Misogynistic Nationalism" National Identity in Global Cinema: How Movies Explain the World. Palgrave MacMillan 2013, 1–22.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rey_Chow" title="Rey Chow">Rey Chow</a>, Primitive Passions: Visuality, Sexuality, Ethnography, and Contemporary Chinese Cinema, <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a> 1995.</li> <li>Cheng, Jim, Annotated Bibliography For Chinese Film Studies, Hong Kong University Press 2004.</li> <li>Shuqin Cui, Women Through the Lens: Gender and Nation in a Century of Chinese Cinema, University of Hawaii Press 2003.</li> <li>Dai Jinhua, Cinema and Desire: Feminist Marxism and Cultural Politics in the Work of Dai Jinhua, eds. Jing Wang and Tani E. Barlow. London: Verso 2002.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRolf_Giesen2015" class="citation book cs1">Rolf Giesen (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2mjjBQAAQBAJ&q=mayan+girls+chinese&pg=PT313">Chinese Animation: A History and Filmography, 1922-2012</a>. Illustrated by Bryn Barnard. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-1552-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-1552-3"><bdi>978-1-4766-1552-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 17 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Animation%3A+A+History+and+Filmography%2C+1922-2012&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4766-1552-3&rft.au=Rolf+Giesen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2mjjBQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dmayan%2Bgirls%2Bchinese%26pg%3DPT313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+China" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHu2017" class="citation journal cs1">Hu, Lindan (2017). "Rescuing female desire from revolutionary history: Chinese women's cinema in the 1980s". <a href="/wiki/Asian_Journal_of_Women%27s_Studies" title="Asian Journal of Women's Studies">Asian Journal of Women's Studies</a>. 23 (1): 49–65. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F12259276.2017.1279890">10.1080/12259276.2017.1279890</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:218771001">218771001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Journal+of+Women%27s+Studies&rft.atitle=Rescuing+female+desire+from+revolutionary+history%3A+Chinese+women%27s+cinema+in+the+1980s&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=49-65&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F12259276.2017.1279890&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A218771001%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hu&rft.aufirst=Lindan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+China" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Harry H. Kuoshu, Celluloid China: Cinematic Encounters with Culture and Society, Southern Illinois University Press 2002 - introduction, discusses 15 films at length.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Leyda" title="Jay Leyda">Jay Leyda</a>, Dianying, MIT Press, 1972.</li> <li>Laikwan Pang, Building a New China in Cinema: The Chinese Left-Wing Cinema Movement, 1932–1937, Rowman & Littlefield Pub Inc 2002.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuiquemellePassek1985" class="citation book cs1">Quiquemelle, Marie-Claire; <a href="/wiki/Jean-Loup_Passek" title="Jean-Loup Passek">Passek, Jean-Loup</a>, eds. (1985). Le Cinéma chinois. Paris: Centre national d'art et de culture Georges Pompidou. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-85850-263-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-85850-263-9"><bdi>978-2-85850-263-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/11965661">11965661</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Cin%C3%A9ma+chinois&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Centre+national+d%27art+et+de+culture+Georges+Pompidou&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F11965661&rft.isbn=978-2-85850-263-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+China" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Rea, Christopher. Chinese Film Classics, 1922–1949. New York: Columbia University Press, 2021. ISBN 9780231188135</li> <li>Seio Nakajima. 2016. "The genesis, structure and transformation of the contemporary Chinese cinematic field: Global linkages and national refractions." Global Media and Communication Volume 12, Number 1, pp 85–108. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://gmc.sagepub.com/content/12/1/85.abstract">[1]</a></li> <li>Zhen Ni, Chris Berry, Memoirs From The Beijing Film Academy, <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a> 2002.</li> <li>Semsel, George, ed. "Chinese Film: The State of the Art in the People's Republic", Praeger, 1987.</li> <li>Semsel, George, Xia Hong, and Hou Jianping, eds. Chinese Film Theory: A Guide to the New Era, Praeger, 1990.</li> <li>Semsel, George, Chen Xihe, and Xia Hong, eds. Film in Contemporary China: Critical Debates, 1979–1989", Praeger, 1993.</li> <li>Gary G. Xu, Sinascape: Contemporary Chinese Cinema, Rowman & Littlefield, 2007.</li> <li>Emilie Yueh-yu Yeh and Darrell William Davis. 2008. "Re-nationalizing China's film industry: case study on the China Film Group and film marketization." Journal of Chinese Cinemas Volume 2, Issue 1, pp 37–51. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1386/jcc.2.1.37_1">[2]</a></li> <li>Yingjin Zhang (Author), Zhiwei Xiao (Author, Editor), Encyclopedia of Chinese Film, Routledge, 1998.</li> <li>Yingjin Zhang, ed., Cinema and Urban Culture in Shanghai, 1922–1943, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1999.</li> <li>Yingjin Zhang, Chinese National Cinema (National Cinemas Series.), Routledge 2004 - general introduction.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ying_Zhu" title="Ying Zhu">Ying Zhu</a>, "Chinese Cinema during the Era of Reform: the Ingenuity of the System", Westport, CT: Praeger, 2003.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ying_Zhu" title="Ying Zhu">Ying Zhu</a>, "Art, Politics and Commerce in Chinese Cinema", co-edited with Stanley Rosen, Hong Kong University Press, 2010</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ying_Zhu" title="Ying Zhu">Ying Zhu</a> and Seio Nakajima, "The Evolution of Chinese Film as an Industry," pp. 17–33 in Stanley Rosen and Ying Zhu, eds., Art, Politics and Commerce in Chinese Cinema, Hong Kong University Press, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1xwdjc">[3]</a></li> <li>Wang, Lingzhen. Chinese Women's Cinema: Transnational Contexts. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>, 13 August 2013. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-52744-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-52744-6">0-231-52744-6</a>, 9780231527446.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_China&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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of China">Cinema of China</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chinesefilmclassics.org/">Chinese Film Classics</a> - a website hosted at the University of British Columbia with over 30 early Chinese films with English subtitles, an <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chinesefilmclassics.org/course/">online course on early Chinese cinema</a>, and other resources</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080527132114/http://www.intellectbooks.co.uk/journals.php?issn=17508061">Journal of Chinese Cinema</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mclc.osu.edu/rc/filmbib.htm">MCLC Resource Center-Media</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120823034057/http://www.chinesemirror.com/index/about_cm.html">The Chinese Mirror — A Journal of Chinese Film History</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cinema_of_China" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cinema_of_China" title="Template:Cinema of China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cinema_of_China" title="Template talk:Cinema of China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cinema_of_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cinema of China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cinema_of_China" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cinema of China</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_film_awards" title="Category:Chinese film awards">Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Film_festivals_in_China" title="Category:Film festivals in China">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Film_production_companies_of_China" title="Category:Film production companies of China">Production companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_film_studios" title="Category:Chinese film studios">Studios</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Filmmakers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_film_actors" title="Category:Chinese film actors">Actors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_animators" title="Category:Chinese animators">Animators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_cinematographers" title="Category:Chinese cinematographers">Cinematographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_film_directors" title="Category:Chinese film directors">Directors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_film_directors" title="List of Chinese film directors">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_film_editors" title="Category:Chinese film editors">Editors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_film_producers" title="Category:Chinese film producers">Producers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_screenwriters" title="Category:Chinese screenwriters">Screenwriters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_films" title="Category:Chinese films">Films</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/China_film_clapperboard.svg/30px-China_film_clapperboard.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/China_film_clapperboard.svg/45px-China_film_clapperboard.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/China_film_clapperboard.svg/60px-China_film_clapperboard.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="55" /></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_3D_films" title="Category:Chinese 3D films">3D films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_silent_films" title="Category:Chinese silent films">Silent films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_short_films" title="Category:Chinese short films">Short films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_television_films" title="Category:Chinese television films">Television films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Films_by_Chinese_directors" title="Category:Films by Chinese directors">Films by director</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_films_by_genre" title="Category:Chinese films by genre">Films by genre</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_action_films" title="Category:Chinese action films">Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_adventure_films" title="Category:Chinese adventure films">Adventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_animated_films" title="Category:Chinese animated films">Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_comedy_films" title="Category:Chinese comedy films">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_documentary_films" title="Category:Chinese documentary films">Documentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_drama_films" title="Category:Chinese drama films">Drama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_fantasy_films" title="Category:Chinese fantasy films">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_horror_films" title="Category:Chinese horror films">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_romance_films" title="Category:Chinese romance films">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_science_fiction_films" title="Category:Chinese science fiction films">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_thriller_films" title="Category:Chinese thriller films">Thriller</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Chinese films">Films by decade</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_before_1930" title="List of Chinese films before 1930">pre-1930</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_the_1930s" title="List of Chinese films of the 1930s">1930s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_the_1940s" title="List of Chinese films of the 1940s">1940s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_the_1950s" title="List of Chinese films of the 1950s">1950s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_the_1960s" title="List of Chinese films of the 1960s">1960s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_the_1970s" title="List of Chinese films of the 1970s">1970s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_the_1980s" title="List of Chinese films of the 1980s">1980s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_the_1990s" title="List of Chinese films of the 1990s">1990s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_the_2000s" title="List of Chinese films of the 2000s">2000s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_the_2010s" title="List of Chinese films of the 2010s">2010s</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Chinese films">Films by year</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_1990" title="List of Chinese films of 1990">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_1991" title="List of Chinese films of 1991">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_1992" title="List of Chinese films of 1992">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_1993" title="List of Chinese films of 1993">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_1994" title="List of Chinese films of 1994">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_1995" title="List of Chinese films of 1995">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_1996" title="List of Chinese films of 1996">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_1997" title="List of Chinese films of 1997">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_1998" title="List of Chinese films of 1998">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_1999" title="List of Chinese films of 1999">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_2000" title="List of Chinese films of 2000">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_2001" title="List of Chinese films of 2001">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_2002" title="List of Chinese films of 2002">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_2003" title="List of Chinese films of 2003">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_2004" title="List of Chinese films of 2004">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_2005" title="List of Chinese films of 2005">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_2006" title="List of Chinese films of 2006">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_2007" title="List of Chinese films of 2007">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_2008" title="List of Chinese films of 2008">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_2009" title="List of Chinese films of 2009">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_2010" title="List of Chinese films of 2010">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_2011" title="List of Chinese films of 2011">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_2012" title="List of Chinese films of 2012">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_2013" title="List of Chinese films of 2013">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_2014" title="List of Chinese films of 2014">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_2015" title="List of Chinese films of 2015">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_2016" title="List of Chinese films of 2016">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_2017" title="List of Chinese films of 2017">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_2018" title="List of Chinese films of 2018">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_2019" title="List of Chinese films of 2019">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_2020" title="List of Chinese films of 2020">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_2021" title="List of Chinese films of 2021">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_2022" title="List of Chinese films of 2022">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_2023" title="List of Chinese films of 2023">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_films_of_2024" title="List of Chinese films of 2024">2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_cinema" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_cinema" title="Template:World cinema"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_cinema" title="Template talk:World cinema"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_cinema" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World cinema"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_cinema" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_cinema" title="World cinema">World cinema</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_cinema" title="National cinema">National cinema</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Africa" title="Cinema of Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Algeria" title="Cinema of Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Egypt" title="Cinema of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Libya" title="Cinema of Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Morocco" title="Cinema of Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Tunisia" title="Cinema of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Djibouti" title="Cinema of Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Eritrea" title="Cinema of Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Ethiopia" title="Cinema of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Kenya" title="Cinema of Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Madagascar" title="Cinema of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Mauritius" title="Cinema of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Somalia" title="Cinema of Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_South_Sudan" title="Cinema of South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Sudan" title="Cinema of Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Tanzania" title="Cinema of Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Uganda" title="Cinema of Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Zambia" title="Cinema of Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Zimbabwe" title="Cinema of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Benin" title="Cinema of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Cinema of Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Cape_Verde" title="Cinema of Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Ghana" title="Cinema of Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Liberia" title="Cinema of Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Niger" title="Cinema of Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Nigeria" title="Cinema of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Senegal" title="Cinema of Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Togo" title="Cinema of Togo">Togo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Angola" title="Cinema of Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Cameroon" title="Cinema of Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Cinema of the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Chad" title="Cinema of Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Cinema of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Congo DR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Gabon" title="Cinema of Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Cinema of São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Botswana" title="Cinema of Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Namibia" title="Cinema of Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_South_Africa" title="Cinema of South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Asia" title="Cinema of Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian cinema">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Hong_Kong" title="Cinema of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Japan" title="Cinema of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Korea" title="Cinema of Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_North_Korea" title="Cinema of North Korea">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_South_Korea" title="Cinema of South Korea">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Mongolia" title="Cinema of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Taiwan" title="Cinema of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_cinema" title="South Asian cinema">Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Bangladesh" title="Cinema of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Bhutan" title="Cinema of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_India" title="Cinema of India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_cinema" title="Assamese cinema">Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_cinema,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali cinema, India">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_cinema" title="Bhojpuri cinema">Bhojpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarhi_cinema" title="Chhattisgarhi cinema">Chhattisgarhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deccani_film_industry" title="Deccani film industry">Deccani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_cinema" title="Dogri cinema">Dogri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_cinema" title="Gujarati cinema">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryanvi_cinema" title="Haryanvi cinema">Haryanvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_cinema" title="Hindi cinema">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_cinema" title="Kannada cinema">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_cinema" title="Kashmiri cinema">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasi_cinema" title="Khasi cinema">Khasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_cinema" title="Konkani cinema">Konkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_cinema" title="Malayalam cinema">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_cinema" title="Meitei cinema">Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_cinema" title="Marathi cinema">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Odisha" title="Cinema of Odisha">Oriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_cinema" title="Punjabi cinema">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Rajasthan" title="Cinema of Rajasthan">Rajasthani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_cinema" title="Sanskrit cinema">Sanskrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_cinema" title="Tamil cinema">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_cinema" title="Telugu cinema">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulu_cinema" title="Tulu cinema">Tulu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Nepal" title="Cinema of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Pakistan" title="Cinema of Pakistan">Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lollywood" title="Lollywood">Lollywood</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Cinema of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_cinema" title="Southeast Asian cinema">Southeastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of Burma">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Cambodia" title="Cinema of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Indonesia" title="Cinema of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Laos" title="Cinema of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Malaysia" title="Cinema of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Philippines" title="Cinema of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Singapore" title="Cinema of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Thailand" title="Cinema of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Vietnam" title="Cinema of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Central_Asia" title="Cinema of Central Asia">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Afghanistan" title="Cinema of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Kazakhstan" title="Cinema of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Cinema of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Tajikistan" title="Cinema of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Turkmenistan" title="Cinema of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Uzbekistan" title="Cinema of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_West_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of West Asia">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Armenia" title="Cinema of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Azerbaijan" title="Cinema of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Bahrain" title="Cinema of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Cyprus" title="Cinema of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Georgia" title="Cinema of Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Iran" title="Cinema of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Iraq" title="Cinema of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Israel" title="Cinema of Israel">Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish cinema">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Jordan" title="Cinema of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Kuwait" title="Cinema of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Lebanon" title="Cinema of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Oman" title="Cinema of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Palestine" title="Cinema of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Qatar" title="Cinema of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Cinema of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Syria" title="Cinema of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Turkey" title="Cinema of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Cinema of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Yemen" title="Cinema of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Russia" title="Cinema of Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Russian_Empire" title="Cinema of the Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cinema of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Europe" title="Cinema of Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Belarus" title="Cinema of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Bulgaria" title="Cinema of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Cinema of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Hungary" title="Cinema of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Moldova" title="Cinema of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Poland" title="Cinema of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Romania" title="Cinema of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Russia" title="Cinema of Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Russian_Empire" title="Cinema of the Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cinema of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Slovakia" title="Cinema of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Ukraine" title="Cinema of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Denmark" title="Cinema of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Estonia" title="Cinema of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Faroe_Islands" title="Cinema of the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Finland" title="Cinema of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Iceland" title="Cinema of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Ireland" title="Cinema of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Latvia" title="Cinema of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Lithuania" title="Cinema of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Norway" title="Cinema of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Sweden" title="Cinema of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cinema of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Cinema of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Scotland" title="Cinema of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Wales" title="Cinema of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Albania" title="Cinema of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_films" title="List of Bosnia and Herzegovina films">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Croatia" title="Cinema of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Greece" title="Cinema of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Italy" title="Cinema of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Kosovo" title="Cinema of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Maltese_films" title="List of Maltese films">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_North_Macedonia" title="Cinema of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Portugal" title="Cinema of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Serbia" title="Cinema of Serbia">Serbia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Yugoslavia" title="Cinema of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Spain" title="Cinema of Spain">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan cinema">Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Galicia" title="Cinema of Galicia">Galicia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Austria" title="Cinema of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Belgium" title="Cinema of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_France" title="Cinema of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Germany" title="Cinema of Germany">Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish-German_cinema" title="Turkish-German cinema">German Turks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Luxembourg" title="Cinema of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Netherlands" title="Cinema of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Switzerland" title="Cinema of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_American_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="North American cinema">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Canada" title="Cinema of Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Quebec" title="Cinema of Quebec">Quebec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Costa_Rica" title="Cinema of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Cuba" title="Cinema of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Dominican_Republic_films" title="List of Dominican Republic films">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Haiti" title="Cinema of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Jamaica" title="Cinema of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Mexico" title="Cinema of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Cinema of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_South_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of South America">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Argentina" title="Cinema of Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Bolivia" title="Cinema of Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Brazil" title="Cinema of Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Chile" title="Cinema of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Colombia" title="Cinema of Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Ecuador" title="Cinema of Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Paraguay" title="Cinema of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Peru" title="Cinema of Peru">Peru</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Iquitos" title="Cinema of Iquitos">Iquitos</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Suriname" title="Cinema of Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Uruguay" title="Cinema of Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Venezuela" title="Cinema of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Oceanian_films" title="List of Oceanian films">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Australia" title="Cinema of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Fiji" title="Cinema of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_New_Zealand" title="Cinema of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Samoa" title="Cinema of Samoa">Samoa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intercontinental & transnational</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_cinema" title="Arab cinema">Arab World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochi_cinema" title="Balochi cinema">Balochi cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Middle_East" title="Cinema of the Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_cinema" title="Kurdish cinema">Kurdish cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin American cinema">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cinema of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/16px-Video-x-generic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/24px-Video-x-generic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/32px-Video-x-generic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Film" title="Portal:Film">Film portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/24px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/32px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="China_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:China_topics" title="Template:China topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:China_topics" title="Template talk:China topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:China_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:China topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="China_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_China" title="Outline of China">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Chinese_history" title="Timeline of Chinese history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_historiography" title="Chinese historiography">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_China" title="Military history of China">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Chinese_language" title="History of the Chinese language">Language</a></li> <li>Economic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_China_before_1912" title="Economic history of China before 1912">before 1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Economic history of China (1912–1949)">1912–1949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_China_(1949%E2%80%93present)" title="Economic history of China (1949–present)">1949–present</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Chinese_history" title="Ethnic groups in Chinese history">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_foreign_relations_of_China" title="History of foreign relations of China">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynasties_of_China" title="Dynasties of China">Dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_monarchs" title="List of Chinese monarchs">Monarchs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_China" title="Prehistory of China">Prehistoric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Paleolithic_sites_in_China" title="List of Paleolithic sites in China">Paleolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Neolithic_cultures_of_China" title="List of Neolithic cultures of China">Neolithic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_River_civilization" title="Yellow River civilization">Yellow River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangtze_civilization" title="Yangtze civilization">Yangtze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liao_civilization" title="Liao civilization">Liao</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_China#Ancient_China" title="History of China">Ancient</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xia_dynasty" title="Xia dynasty">Xia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Shang" title="Late Shang">Late</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Zhou" title="Western Zhou">Western Zhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_period" title="Spring and Autumn period">Spring and Autumn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_China#Imperial_China" title="History of China">Imperial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms" title="Three Kingdoms">Three Kingdoms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cao_Wei" title="Cao Wei">Wei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shu_Han" title="Shu Han">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shu_Han" title="Shu Han">Wu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Jin (266–420)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixteen_Kingdoms" title="Sixteen Kingdoms">Sixteen Kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_dynasties" title="Northern and Southern dynasties">Northern and Southern dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_period" title="Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period">Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jin (1115–1234)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Qing_era" title="High Qing era">High Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Century_of_humiliation" title="Century of humiliation">Century of humiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiping_Rebellion" title="Taiping Rebellion">Taiping Rebellion</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_China#Modern_China" title="History of China">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution" title="1911 Revolution">1911 Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="History of the People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">Tiananmen Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform" title="Chinese economic reform">Economic reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_mainland_China" title="COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China">COVID-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">persecution of Uyghurs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_China" title="Geography of China">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_China" title="Borders of China">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_China" title="List of extreme points of China">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_China" title="Geology of China">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_disasters_in_China" title="Natural disasters in China">Natural disasters</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_China" title="List of regions of China">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_China" title="East China">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_China" title="Northeast China">Northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_China" title="North China">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Central_China" title="South Central China">South Central</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_China" title="Central China">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_China" title="South China">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_China" title="Western China">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_China" title="Northwestern China">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_China" title="Southwestern China">Southwestern</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Terrain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bays_of_China" title="Category:Bays of China">Bays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Canyons_and_gorges_of_China" title="Category:Canyons and gorges of China">Canyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Caves_of_China" title="Category:Caves of China">Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deserts_of_China" title="Category:Deserts of China">Deserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grasslands_of_China" title="Category:Grasslands of China">Grasslands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hills_of_China" title="Category:Hills of China">Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_China" title="List of islands of China">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_China" title="Category:Mountains of China">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountain_ranges_of_China" title="Category:Mountain ranges of China">ranges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountain_passes_of_China" title="Category:Mountain passes of China">passes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Peninsulas_of_China" title="Category:Peninsulas of China">Peninsulas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_China_Plain" title="Northeast China Plain">Northeast</a> / <a href="/wiki/North_China_Plain" title="North China Plain">North</a> / <a href="/wiki/Zhongyuan" title="Zhongyuan">Central Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Valleys_of_China" title="Category:Valleys of China">Valleys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_China" title="List of volcanoes in China">Volcanoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Water</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Canals_in_China" title="Category:Canals in China">Canals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_China" title="List of lakes of China">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_China" title="List of rivers of China">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Waterfalls_of_China" title="Category:Waterfalls of China">Waterfalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wetlands_of_China" title="Category:Wetlands of China">Wetlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources_of_China" title="Water resources of China">Water resources</a></li> <li>Seas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bohai_Sea" title="Bohai Sea">Bohai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Sea" title="Yellow Sea">Yellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_China_Sea" title="East China Sea">East China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_China" title="Environment of China">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_China" title="Climate change in China">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_policy_of_China" title="Climate policy of China">Climate policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_China" title="Environmental issues in China">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_policy_in_China" title="Environmental policy in China">Environmental policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_China" title="List of protected areas of China">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_China" title="List of national parks of China">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nature_reserves_in_China" title="Category:Nature reserves in China">Nature reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserves_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of UNESCO Biosphere Reserves in China">UNESCO Biosphere Reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_China" title="Wildlife of China">Wildlife</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Fauna of China">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_China" title="Flora of China">Flora</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_China" title="Administrative divisions of China">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baselines_of_the_Chinese_territorial_sea" title="Baselines of the Chinese territorial sea">Baseline islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Border_crossings_of_China" title="Category:Border crossings of China">Border crossings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_China" title="List of cities in China">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_China" title="Administrative divisions of China">Province-level subdivisions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_China" title="Politics of China">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Law" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Law of the People's Republic of China">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_China" title="Judicial system of China">Judicial system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_China" title="Human rights in China">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in China">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Tibet" title="Human rights in Tibet">in Tibet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_China" title="Law enforcement in China">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penal_system_in_China" title="Penal system in China">Penal system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_laws_in_China" title="Naming laws in China">Naming laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationality_law_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationality law of China">Nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_China" title="Terrorism in China">Terrorism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_China" title="Government of China">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_service_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Civil service of the People's Republic of China">Civil service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_China" title="Constitution of China">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_China" title="Democracy in China">Democracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_democracy_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese democracy movement">Pro-democratisation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_China" title="Elections in China">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_policy_in_China" title="Environmental policy in China">Environmental policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_China" title="Foreign relations of China">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress" title="National People's Congress">National People's Congress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">Standing Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_security_of_China" title="National security of China">National security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_China" title="List of political parties in China">Political parties and movements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">General Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">Politburo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_front_(China)" title="United front (China)">United front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Political Consultative Conference</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Socialism with Chinese characteristics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_stage_of_socialism" title="Primary stage of socialism">Primary stage of socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_China" title="President of China">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_China" title="Vice President of China">Vice President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="State Council of the People's Republic of China">State Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_China" title="Premier of China">Premier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_Premier_of_China" title="Vice Premier of China">Vice Premier</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_country,_two_systems" title="One country, two systems">One country, two systems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of China">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_military_history_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Outline of the military history of the People's Republic of China">Outline of military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Central Military Commission (China)">Central Military Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defense_(China)" title="Ministry of National Defense (China)">Ministry of National Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Ground_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Ground Force">Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Navy" title="People's Liberation Army Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Air_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Air Force">Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Rocket_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Rocket Force">Rocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Strategic_Support_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Strategic Support Force">Strategic Support</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Armed_Police" title="People's Armed Police">People's Armed Police</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Coast_Guard" title="China Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militia_(China)" title="Militia (China)">Militia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Militia" title="Maritime Militia">Maritime Militia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_China" title="Economy of China">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_China" title="Agriculture in China">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_China" title="Aquaculture in China">Aquaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_China" title="Banking in China">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Bank_of_China" title="People's Bank of China">Central bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_China_(1949%E2%80%93present)" title="Economic history of China (1949–present)">Economic history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform" title="Chinese economic reform">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_economic_zones_of_China" title="Special economic zones of China">Special economic zones</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-commerce_in_China" title="E-commerce in China">E-commerce</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Online_advertising_in_China" title="Online advertising in China">Online advertising</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_China" title="Energy policy of China">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_in_China" title="Coal in China">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_China" title="Petroleum industry in China">Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_China" title="Renewable energy in China">Renewable</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_aid_to_China" title="Foreign aid to China">Foreign aid received</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_foreign_aid" title="Chinese foreign aid">Foreign aid program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_GDP_of_China" title="Historical GDP of China">Historical GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_of_China" title="Industry of China">Industry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_industry_in_China" title="Chemical industry in China">Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_mining_in_China" title="Gold mining in China">Gold mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_industry_in_China" title="Semiconductor industry in China">Semiconductors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel_industry_in_China" title="Steel industry in China">Steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_industry_in_China" title="Textile industry in China">Textiles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_China" title="Poverty in China">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_China" title="Standard of living in China">Standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_China" title="Taxation in China">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_China" title="Tourism in China">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_trade_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="History of trade of the People's Republic of China">Trade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture in China">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_China" title="Housing in China">Housing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_China" title="Telecommunications in China">Telecommunications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_China" title="Internet in China">Internet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_China" title="Water supply and sanitation in China">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_China" title="Transport in China">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_China" title="Automotive industry in China">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_aviation_in_China" title="Civil aviation in China">Civil aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_China" title="Rail transport in China">Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipping_industry_of_China" title="Shipping industry of China">Shipping industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_space_program" title="Chinese space program">Space program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_China" title="Category:Society of China">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_China" title="Abortion in China">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_China" title="Censorship in China">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Dream" title="Chinese Dream">Chinese Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_China" title="Crime in China">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_China" title="Corruption in China">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_China" title="Prostitution in China">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_China" title="Sex trafficking in China">Sex trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_China" title="Education in China">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_China" title="Literacy in China">Literacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonious_Society" title="Harmonious Society">Harmonious Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_China" title="Health in China">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety_in_China" title="Food safety in China">Food safety</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety_incidents_in_China" title="Food safety incidents in China">incidents</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_China" title="HIV/AIDS in China">HIV/AIDS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_intellectualism" title="Chinese intellectualism">Intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Written_Chinese" title="Written Chinese">Written Chinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_China" title="Propaganda in China">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_China" title="Public holidays in China">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_society_in_China" title="Rural society in China">Rural society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_China" title="Science and technology in China">Science and technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_China" title="Technological and industrial history of China">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_China" title="Sexuality in China">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_issues_in_China" title="Social issues in China">Social issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy_in_China" title="Patriarchy in China">Patriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_China" title="Racism in China">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_discrimination_in_China" title="Regional discrimination in China">Regional discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_China" title="Suicide in China">Suicide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_social_relations" title="Chinese social relations">Social relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_structure_of_China" title="Social structure of China">Structure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_China" title="Time in China">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_society_in_China" title="Urban society in China">Urban society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_in_China" title="Welfare in China">Welfare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of China">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_China" title="Archaeology of China">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archives_in_China" title="Archives in China">Archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_art" title="Chinese art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_calligraphy" title="Chinese calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_China" title="Dance in China">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libraries_in_China" title="Libraries in China">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_literature" title="Chinese literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_poetry" title="Chinese poetry">Poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_martial_arts" title="Chinese martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_China" title="Mass media in China">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_China" title="Music of China">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_China" title="Names of China">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_philosophy" title="Chinese philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_China" title="Smoking in China">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_China" title="Sport in China">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_tea_culture" title="Chinese tea culture">Tea culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_variety_art" title="Chinese variety art">Variety art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_Historical_and_Cultural_Site_Protected_at_the_National_Level" class="mw-redirect" title="Major Historical and Cultural Site Protected at the National Level">Major Historical and Cultural Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_China" title="List of World Heritage Sites in China">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Fours_of_China" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Fours of China</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Treasures_of_the_Study" title="Four Treasures of the Study">Four Treasures of the Study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Great_Inventions" title="Four Great Inventions">Four Great Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Gentlemen" title="Four Gentlemen">Four Gentlemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flowers_of_the_Four_Seasons" title="Flowers of the Four Seasons">Flowers of the Four Seasons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Beauties" title="Four Beauties">Four Beauties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classic_Chinese_Novels" title="Classic Chinese Novels">Four Classic Novels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_arts" title="Four arts">Four arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Symbols" title="Four Symbols">Four Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Holy_Beasts" title="Four Holy Beasts">Four Holy Beasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Pillars_of_Destiny" title="Four Pillars of Destiny">Four Pillars of Destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Paragons_of_the_Early_Tang" title="Four Paragons of the Early Tang">Four Paragons of the Early Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Masters_of_the_Ming_dynasty" title="Four Masters of the Ming dynasty">Four Masters of the Ming dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Masters_of_the_Yuan_dynasty" title="Four Masters of the Yuan dynasty">Four Masters of the Yuan dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Wangs" title="Four Wangs">Four Wangs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gang_of_Four" title="Gang of Four">Gang of Four</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Olds" title="Four Olds">Four Olds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Pests_campaign" title="Four Pests campaign">Four Pests campaign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_China" title="Demographics of China">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_emigration" title="Chinese emigration">Emigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_China" title="List of ethnic groups in China">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunuchs_in_China" title="Eunuchs in China">Eunuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_in_China" title="Migration in China">Internal migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_China" title="Languages of China">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_administrative_divisions_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Chinese administrative divisions by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Statistics_of_China" title="National Bureau of Statistics of China">Statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_history_of_China" title="Population history of China">Population history</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Post-80s" title="Post-80s">Post-80s</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Post-90s" title="Post-90s">Post-90s</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbanization_in_China" title="Urbanization in China">Urbanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_China" title="Women in China">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_China" title="Christianity in China">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_China" title="Catholic Church in China">Catholic Church in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_China" title="Protestantism in China">Protestantism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_China" title="Freedom of religion in China">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion_in_China" title="History of religion in China">History of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_China" title="Irreligion in China">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_China" title="Islam in China">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_China" title="National symbols of China">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_of_the_Volunteers" title="March of the Volunteers">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Emblem_of_China" title="National Emblem of China">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_China" title="Flag of China">Flag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_China" title="Outline of China">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_China" title="Outline of China">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:China" title="Category:China">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cinema_of_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cinema_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Asia" title="Cinema of Asia">Cinema of Asia </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Afghanistan" title="Cinema of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Armenia" title="Cinema of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Azerbaijan" title="Cinema of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Bahrain" title="Cinema of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Bangladesh" title="Cinema of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Bhutan" title="Cinema of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Brunei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinema of Brunei (page does not exist)">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Cambodia" title="Cinema of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Cyprus" title="Cinema of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_East_Timor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinema of East Timor (page does not exist)">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Egypt" title="Cinema of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_India" title="Cinema of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Indonesia" title="Cinema of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Iran" title="Cinema of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Iraq" title="Cinema of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Israel" title="Cinema of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Japan" title="Cinema of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Jordan" title="Cinema of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Kazakhstan" title="Cinema of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_North_Korea" title="Cinema of North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_South_Korea" title="Cinema of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Kuwait" title="Cinema of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Cinema of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Laos" title="Cinema of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Lebanon" title="Cinema of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Malaysia" title="Cinema of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Mongolia" title="Cinema of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Myanmar" title="Cinema of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Nepal" title="Cinema of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Oman" title="Cinema of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Pakistan" title="Cinema of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Philippines" title="Cinema of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Qatar" title="Cinema of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Russia" title="Cinema of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Cinema of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Singapore" title="Cinema of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Cinema of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Syria" title="Cinema of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Tajikistan" title="Cinema of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Thailand" title="Cinema of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Turkey" title="Cinema of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Turkmenistan" title="Cinema of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Cinema of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Uzbekistan" title="Cinema of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Vietnam" title="Cinema of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Yemen" title="Cinema of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinema of Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinema of Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinema of South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Taiwan" title="Cinema of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinema of the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinema of Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinema of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Hong_Kong" title="Cinema of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Macau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinema of Macau (page does not exist)">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 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