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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Marriage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_‘Six-Footers’" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_‘Six-Footers’"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>The ‘Six-Footers’</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_‘Six-Footers’-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Later life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Locations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Locations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Locations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Locations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Art</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Art-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Art subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_paintings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_paintings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Selected paintings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_paintings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">John Constable</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 60 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-60" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">60 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Constable" title="John Constable – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="John Constable" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84" title="جون كونستابل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جون كونستابل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Constable" title="John Constable – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="John Constable" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Constable" title="John Constable – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="John Constable" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Con_Konstebl" title="Con Konstebl – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Con Konstebl" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B1%D0%BB" title="Джон Констэбл – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Джон Констэбл" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%BB" title="Джон Констабъл – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джон Констабъл" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Constable" title="John Constable – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="John Constable" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Constable" title="John Constable – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="John Constable" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Constable" title="John Constable – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="John Constable" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Constable" title="John Constable – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="John Constable" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Constable" title="John Constable – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="John Constable" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Constable" title="John Constable – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="John Constable" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Constable" title="John Constable – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="John Constable" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Constable" title="John Constable – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="John Constable" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B6%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%9A%CF%8C%CE%BD%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%BB" title="Τζον Κόνσταμπλ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τζον Κόνσταμπλ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Constable" title="John Constable – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="John Constable" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Constable" title="John Constable – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="John Constable" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Constable" title="John Constable – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="John Constable" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A8%D9%84" title="جان کانستبل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جان کانستبل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Constable" title="John Constable – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="John Constable" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Constable" title="John Constable – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="John Constable" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Constable" title="John Constable – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="John Constable" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Constable" title="John Constable – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="John Constable" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B4_%EC%BB%A8%EC%8A%A4%ED%84%B0%EB%B8%94" title="존 컨스터블 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="존 컨스터블" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%B8%D5%B6_%D4%BF%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%A2%D5%AC" title="Ջոն Կոնստեբլ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջոն Կոնստեբլ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2" title="जॉन कांस्टेबुल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जॉन कांस्टेबुल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Constable" title="John Constable – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="John Constable" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Constable" title="John Constable – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="John Constable" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Constable" title="John Constable – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="John Constable" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Constable" title="John Constable – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="John Constable" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%91%D7%9C" title="ג'ון קונסטבל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'ון קונסטבל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Constable" title="John Constable – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="John Constable" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioannes_Constable" title="Ioannes Constable – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ioannes Constable" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Constable" title="John Constable – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="John Constable" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Constable" title="John Constable – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="John Constable" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2" title="जोन कन्स्टेबल – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="जोन कन्स्टेबल" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB" title="Џон Констабл – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Џон Констабл" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84" title="جون كونستابل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جون كونستابل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Constable" title="John Constable – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="John Constable" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%96%E3%83%AB" title="ジョン・コンスタブル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョン・コンスタブル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Constable" title="John Constable – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="John Constable" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Constable" title="John Constable – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="John Constable" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstebl_Jon" title="Konstebl Jon – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Konstebl Jon" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Constable" title="John Constable – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="John Constable" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Constable" title="John Constable – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="John Constable" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Constable" title="John Constable – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="John Constable" 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">English painter (1776–1837)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people named John Constable, see <a href="/wiki/John_Constable_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="John Constable (disambiguation)">John Constable (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">John Constable</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Constable_by_Daniel_Gardner,_1796.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/John_Constable_by_Daniel_Gardner%2C_1796.JPG/220px-John_Constable_by_Daniel_Gardner%2C_1796.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/John_Constable_by_Daniel_Gardner%2C_1796.JPG/330px-John_Constable_by_Daniel_Gardner%2C_1796.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/John_Constable_by_Daniel_Gardner%2C_1796.JPG/440px-John_Constable_by_Daniel_Gardner%2C_1796.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2056" data-file-height="3088" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">John Constable by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Gardner" title="Daniel Gardner">Daniel Gardner</a>, 1796</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1776-06-11</span>)</span>11 June 1776<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/East_Bergholt" title="East Bergholt">East Bergholt</a>, Suffolk, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">31 March 1837<span style="display:none">(1837-03-31)</span> (aged 60)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">London, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/St_John-at-Hampstead" title="St John-at-Hampstead">St John-at-Hampstead</a>, London</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">British</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Landscape painting</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Notable work</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hay_Wain" title="The Hay Wain">The Hay Wain</a></i> <br /> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Vale_of_Dedham_(painting)" title="The Vale of Dedham (painting)">Dedham Vale</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Movement</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Maria Elizabeth Bicknell (m. 1816, d. 1828)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>John Constable</b> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Academician" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Academician">RA</a></span></span> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ʌ/: 'u' in 'cut'">ʌ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/əl/: 'le' in 'bottle'">əl</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>-/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 11 June 1776 – 31 March 1837) was an English landscape painter in the <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romantic</a> tradition. Born in <a href="/wiki/Suffolk" title="Suffolk">Suffolk</a>, he is known principally for revolutionising the genre of <a href="/wiki/Landscape_painting" title="Landscape painting">landscape painting</a><sup id="cite_ref-vam.ac.uk_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vam.ac.uk-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with his pictures of <a href="/wiki/Dedham_Vale_National_Landscape" title="Dedham Vale National Landscape">Dedham Vale</a>, the area surrounding his home – now known as "Constable Country" – which he invested with an intensity of affection. "I should paint my own places best", he wrote to his friend John Fisher in 1821, "painting is but another word for feeling".<sup id="cite_ref-Parkinson_1998_p=_9_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parkinson_1998_p=_9-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Constable's most famous paintings include <i><a href="/wiki/Wivenhoe_Park_(painting)" title="Wivenhoe Park (painting)">Wivenhoe Park</a></i> (1816), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Vale_of_Dedham_(painting)" title="The Vale of Dedham (painting)">Dedham Vale</a></i> (1828) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hay_Wain" title="The Hay Wain">The Hay Wain</a></i> (1821).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although his paintings are now among the most popular and valuable in <a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Art of the United Kingdom">British art</a>, he was never financially successful. He was elected to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Arts" title="Royal Academy of Arts">Royal Academy of Arts</a> at the age of 52. His work was embraced in France, where he sold more than in his native England and inspired the <a href="/wiki/Barbizon_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbizon school">Barbizon school</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_career">Early career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Constable&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ConstableSelfPortrait.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/ConstableSelfPortrait.png/170px-ConstableSelfPortrait.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/ConstableSelfPortrait.png/255px-ConstableSelfPortrait.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/ConstableSelfPortrait.png/340px-ConstableSelfPortrait.png 2x" data-file-width="662" data-file-height="990" /></a><figcaption><i>John Constable, Self-portrait</i> 1806, pencil on paper, <a href="/wiki/Tate_Gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="Tate Gallery">Tate Gallery</a> London. His only indisputable self-portrait, drawn by an arrangement of mirrors.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Constable_childhood_home_plaque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Constable_childhood_home_plaque.jpg/220px-Constable_childhood_home_plaque.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Constable_childhood_home_plaque.jpg/330px-Constable_childhood_home_plaque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Constable_childhood_home_plaque.jpg/440px-Constable_childhood_home_plaque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Plaque in East Bergholt marking the site of Constable’s childhood home</figcaption></figure> <p>John Constable was born in <a href="/wiki/East_Bergholt" title="East Bergholt">East Bergholt</a>, a village on the <a href="/wiki/River_Stour,_Suffolk" title="River Stour, Suffolk">River Stour</a> in Suffolk, to Golding and Ann (Watts) Constable.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father was a wealthy corn merchant, owner of <a href="/wiki/Flatford_Mill" title="Flatford Mill">Flatford Mill</a> in East Bergholt and, later, Dedham Mill in <a href="/wiki/Essex" title="Essex">Essex</a>. Golding Constable owned a small ship, <i>The Telegraph</i>, which he moored at <a href="/wiki/Mistley" title="Mistley">Mistley</a> on the Stour estuary, and used to transport corn to London.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a cousin of the London tea merchant, <a href="/wiki/Abram_Newman" title="Abram Newman">Abram Newman</a>. Although Constable was his parents' second son, his older brother was <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_disability" title="Intellectual disability">intellectually disabled</a> and John was expected to succeed his father in the business. After a brief period at a boarding school in <a href="/wiki/Lavenham" title="Lavenham">Lavenham</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he was enrolled in a day school in Dedham, Essex.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Constable worked in the corn business after leaving school, but his younger brother Abram eventually took over the running of the mills.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his youth, Constable embarked on amateur <a href="/wiki/Sketch_(drawing)" title="Sketch (drawing)">sketching</a> trips in the surrounding Suffolk and Essex countryside, which was to become the subject of a large proportion of his art.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These scenes, in his own words, "made me a painter, and I am grateful"; "the sound of water escaping from mill dams etc., willows, old rotten planks, slimy posts, and brickwork, I love such things."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was introduced to <a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Beaumont,_7th_Baronet" title="Sir George Beaumont, 7th Baronet">George Beaumont</a>, a collector, who showed him his prized <i>Hagar and the Angel</i> by <a href="/wiki/Claude_Lorrain" title="Claude Lorrain">Claude Lorrain</a>, which inspired Constable.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, while visiting relatives in <a href="/wiki/Middlesex" title="Middlesex">Middlesex</a>, he was introduced to the professional artist <a href="/wiki/John_Thomas_Smith_(1766%E2%80%931833)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Thomas Smith (1766–1833)">John Thomas Smith</a>, who advised him on painting but also urged him to remain in his father's business rather than take up art professionally. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Constable_-_The_Vale_of_Dedham_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/John_Constable_-_The_Vale_of_Dedham_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/170px-John_Constable_-_The_Vale_of_Dedham_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/John_Constable_-_The_Vale_of_Dedham_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/255px-John_Constable_-_The_Vale_of_Dedham_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/John_Constable_-_The_Vale_of_Dedham_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/340px-John_Constable_-_The_Vale_of_Dedham_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3394" data-file-height="4001" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Vale_of_Dedham_(painting)" title="The Vale of Dedham (painting)">The Vale of Dedham</a></i> (1828). <a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Gallery" title="Scottish National Gallery">Scottish National Gallery</a>, Edinburgh</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1799, Constable persuaded his father to let him pursue a career in art, and Golding granted him a small allowance. Entering the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy_Schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Academy Schools">Royal Academy Schools</a> as a probationer, he attended <a href="/wiki/Life_drawing" class="mw-redirect" title="Life drawing">life classes</a> and anatomical dissections, and studied and copied <a href="/wiki/Old_masters" class="mw-redirect" title="Old masters">old masters</a>. Among works that particularly inspired him during this period were paintings by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gainsborough" title="Thomas Gainsborough">Thomas Gainsborough</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claude_Lorrain" title="Claude Lorrain">Claude Lorrain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens">Peter Paul Rubens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Annibale_Carracci" title="Annibale Carracci">Annibale Carracci</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Isaakszoon_van_Ruisdael" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacob Isaakszoon van Ruisdael">Jacob van Ruisdael</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also read widely among poetry and sermons, and later proved a notably articulate artist. </p><p>In 1802 he refused the position of drawing master at Great Marlow Military College (now <a href="/wiki/Royal_Military_College,_Sandhurst" title="Royal Military College, Sandhurst">Sandhurst</a>), a move which <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_West" title="Benjamin West">Benjamin West</a> (then master of the RA) counselled would mean the end of his career. In that year, Constable wrote a letter to <a href="/wiki/John_Dunthorne" title="John Dunthorne">John Dunthorne</a> in which he spelled out his determination to become a professional landscape painter: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>For the last two years I have been running after pictures, and seeking the truth at second hand... I have not endeavoured to represent nature with the same elevation of mind with which I set out, but have rather tried to make my performances look like the work of other men...There is room enough for a natural painter. The great vice of the present day is bravura, an attempt to do something beyond the truth.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>His early style has many qualities associated with his mature work, including a freshness of light, colour and touch, and reveals the compositional influence of the old masters he had studied, notably of Claude Lorrain.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Constable's usual subjects, scenes of ordinary daily life, were unfashionable in an age that looked for more romantic visions of wild landscapes and ruins. He made occasional trips farther afield. </p><p>By 1803, he was exhibiting paintings at the Royal Academy. In April he spent almost a month aboard the <a href="/wiki/East_Indiaman" title="East Indiaman">East Indiaman</a> <a href="/wiki/Coutts_(1797_EIC_ship)" title="Coutts (1797 EIC ship)"><i>Coutts</i></a> as it visited south-east ports while sailing from London to Deal before leaving for China.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1806 Constable undertook a two-month tour of the Lake District.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He told his friend and biographer, Charles Leslie, that the solitude of the mountains oppressed his spirits, and Leslie wrote: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>His nature was peculiarly social and could not feel satisfied with scenery, however grand in itself, that did not abound in human associations. He required villages, churches, farmhouses and cottages.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Constable adopted a routine of spending winter in London and painting at East Bergholt in summer. In 1811 he first visited <a href="/wiki/John_Fisher_(Anglican_bishop)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Fisher (Anglican bishop)">John Fisher</a> and his family in <a href="/wiki/Salisbury" title="Salisbury">Salisbury</a>, a city whose cathedral and surrounding landscape were to inspire some of his greatest paintings. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Constable_-_Wivenhoe_Park,_Essex_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/John_Constable_-_Wivenhoe_Park%2C_Essex_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/310px-John_Constable_-_Wivenhoe_Park%2C_Essex_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/John_Constable_-_Wivenhoe_Park%2C_Essex_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/465px-John_Constable_-_Wivenhoe_Park%2C_Essex_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/John_Constable_-_Wivenhoe_Park%2C_Essex_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/620px-John_Constable_-_Wivenhoe_Park%2C_Essex_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5042" data-file-height="2728" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Wivenhoe_Park_(painting)" title="Wivenhoe Park (painting)">Wivenhoe Park</a></i> (1816). <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Art" title="National Gallery of Art">National Gallery of Art</a>, Washington.</figcaption></figure> <p>To make ends meet, Constable took up <a href="/wiki/Portraiture" class="mw-redirect" title="Portraiture">portraiture</a>, which he found dull, though he executed many fine portraits. He also painted occasional religious pictures but, according to John Walker, "Constable's incapacity as a religious painter cannot be overstated."<sup id="cite_ref-Walker1979_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker1979-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Constable_-_The_Wheat_Field,_1816,_2007.8.27.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Constable_-_The_Wheat_Field%2C_1816%2C_2007.8.27.jpg/220px-Constable_-_The_Wheat_Field%2C_1816%2C_2007.8.27.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Constable_-_The_Wheat_Field%2C_1816%2C_2007.8.27.jpg/330px-Constable_-_The_Wheat_Field%2C_1816%2C_2007.8.27.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Constable_-_The_Wheat_Field%2C_1816%2C_2007.8.27.jpg/440px-Constable_-_The_Wheat_Field%2C_1816%2C_2007.8.27.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1122" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wheat_Field_(Constable)" title="The Wheat Field (Constable)">The Wheat Field</a></i>, 1816, oil on canvas. <a href="/wiki/Clark_Art_Institute" title="Clark Art Institute">Clark Art Institute</a>, gift of the Manton Art Foundation in memory of Sir Edwin and Lady Manton</figcaption></figure> <p>Another source of income was country house painting. In 1816, he was commissioned by Major-General <a href="/wiki/Francis_Slater_Rebow" title="Francis Slater Rebow">Francis Slater Rebow</a> to paint his country home, <i><a href="/wiki/Wivenhoe_Park_(painting)" title="Wivenhoe Park (painting)">Wivenhoe Park, Essex</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Reynolds_1983_86_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reynolds_1983_86-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Major-General also commissioned a smaller painting of the fishing lodge in the grounds of Alresford Hall,<sup id="cite_ref-Reynolds_1983_86_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reynolds_1983_86-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is now in the <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Victoria" title="National Gallery of Victoria">National Gallery of Victoria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Constable used the money from these commissions towards his wedding with Maria Bicknell.<sup id="cite_ref-Reynolds_1983_86_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reynolds_1983_86-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This period of Constable's painting is heavily populated with idyllic country scenes with heavy detail, notably his 1816 work <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wheat_Field_(Constable)" title="The Wheat Field (Constable)">The Wheat Field</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriage">Marriage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Constable&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Marriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Constable_(1776-1837)_-_Maria_Bicknell,_Mrs_John_Constable_-_N02655_-_National_Gallery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/John_Constable_%281776-1837%29_-_Maria_Bicknell%2C_Mrs_John_Constable_-_N02655_-_National_Gallery.jpg/170px-John_Constable_%281776-1837%29_-_Maria_Bicknell%2C_Mrs_John_Constable_-_N02655_-_National_Gallery.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/John_Constable_%281776-1837%29_-_Maria_Bicknell%2C_Mrs_John_Constable_-_N02655_-_National_Gallery.jpg/255px-John_Constable_%281776-1837%29_-_Maria_Bicknell%2C_Mrs_John_Constable_-_N02655_-_National_Gallery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/John_Constable_%281776-1837%29_-_Maria_Bicknell%2C_Mrs_John_Constable_-_N02655_-_National_Gallery.jpg/340px-John_Constable_%281776-1837%29_-_Maria_Bicknell%2C_Mrs_John_Constable_-_N02655_-_National_Gallery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="812" data-file-height="1010" /></a><figcaption>Maria Bicknell, painted by Constable in 1816. <a href="/wiki/Tate_Britain" title="Tate Britain">Tate Britain</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>From 1809, his childhood friendship with Maria Elizabeth Bicknell developed into a deep, mutual love. Their marriage in 1816 when Constable was 40 was opposed by Maria's grandfather, Dr. Rhudde, <a href="/wiki/Rector_(ecclesiastical)" title="Rector (ecclesiastical)">rector</a> of East Bergholt. He considered the Constables his social inferiors and threatened Maria with disinheritance. Maria's father, Charles Bicknell, solicitor to <a href="/wiki/George_IV_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="George IV of the United Kingdom">George IV</a> and the Admiralty,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was reluctant to see Maria throw away her inheritance. Maria pointed out to John that a penniless marriage would detract from any chances he had of making a career in painting. Golding and Ann Constable, while approving the match, held out no prospect of supporting the marriage until Constable was financially secure. After they died in quick succession, Constable inherited a fifth share in the family business. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Constable_osmington_bay.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Constable_osmington_bay.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Constable_osmington_bay.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Constable_osmington_bay.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Constable_osmington_bay.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Constable_osmington_bay.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Constable_osmington_bay.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6473" data-file-height="4955" /></a><figcaption><i>Osmington Bay</i>, 1816, oil on canvas. <a href="/wiki/Clark_Art_Institute" title="Clark Art Institute">Clark Art Institute</a>, gift of the Manton Art Foundation in memory of Sir Edwin and Lady Manton.</figcaption></figure> <p>John and Maria's marriage in October 1816 at <a href="/wiki/St_Martin-in-the-Fields" title="St Martin-in-the-Fields">St Martin-in-the-Fields</a> (with Fisher officiating) was followed by time at Fisher's vicarage and a honeymoon tour of the south coast. The sea at <a href="/wiki/Weymouth,_Dorset" title="Weymouth, Dorset">Weymouth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brighton" title="Brighton">Brighton</a> stimulated Constable to develop new techniques of brilliant colour and vivacious brushwork. At the same time, a greater emotional range began to be expressed in his art.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While on honeymoon, Constable began to experiment with works exploring nature's grandeur, characterized by dominating skies, such as <i>Osmington Bay</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Three weeks before their marriage, Constable revealed that he had started work on his most ambitious project to date<sup id="cite_ref-Tate:_Flatford_Mill_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tate:_Flatford_Mill-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a letter to Maria Bicknell from East Bergholt, he wrote: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>’I am now in the midst of a large picture here which I had contemplated for the next exhibition<sup id="cite_ref-Tate:_Flatford_Mill_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tate:_Flatford_Mill-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The picture was <i><a href="/wiki/Flatford_Mill_(Scene_on_a_Navigable_River)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flatford Mill (Scene on a Navigable River)">Flatford Mill (Scene on a Navigable River)</a></i>. It was the largest canvas of a working scene on the River Stour that he had worked on to date and the largest he would ever complete largely outdoors.<sup id="cite_ref-nga.gov_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nga.gov-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Constable was determined to paint on a larger scale, his objective not only to attract more attention at the Royal Academy exhibitions but also, it seems, to project his ideas about landscape on a scale more in keeping with the achievements of the classical landscape painters he so admired.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Flatford Mill failed to find a buyer when it was exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1817,<sup id="cite_ref-Tate:_Flatford_Mill_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tate:_Flatford_Mill-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> its fine and intricate execution drew much praise, encouraging Constable to move on to the even larger canvases that were to follow.<sup id="cite_ref-nga.gov_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nga.gov-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_‘Six-Footers’"><span id="The_.E2.80.98Six-Footers.E2.80.99"></span>The ‘Six-Footers’</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Constable&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The ‘Six-Footers’"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_White_Horse_by_John_Constable_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/The_White_Horse_by_John_Constable_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-The_White_Horse_by_John_Constable_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/The_White_Horse_by_John_Constable_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-The_White_Horse_by_John_Constable_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/The_White_Horse_by_John_Constable_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-The_White_Horse_by_John_Constable_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6789" data-file-height="4688" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_White_Horse_(Constable)" title="The White Horse (Constable)">The White Horse</a></i> (1819). <a href="/wiki/Frick_Collection" title="Frick Collection">Frick Collection</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Although he managed to scrape an income from painting, it was not until 1819 that Constable sold his first important canvas, <i><a href="/wiki/The_White_Horse_(Constable)" title="The White Horse (Constable)">The White Horse</a></i>, described by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Robert_Leslie" title="Charles Robert Leslie">Charles Robert Leslie</a> as <i>‘on many accounts the most important picture Constable ever painted'</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sotheby’s:_The_White_Horse_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sotheby’s:_The_White_Horse-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The painting (without the frame) sold for the substantial price of 100 <a href="/wiki/Guinea_(coin)" title="Guinea (coin)">guineas</a> to his friend John Fisher, finally providing Constable with a level of financial freedom he had never before known.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The White Horse</i> marked an important turning point in Constable’s career; its success saw him elected an associate of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Arts" title="Royal Academy of Arts">Royal Academy</a><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it led to a series of six monumental landscapes depicting narratives on the River Stour known as the ‘six-footers’ (named for their scale). The extraordinary size of the works helped Constable attract attention in the competitive space of the Academy's exhibitions.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Viewed as ‘the knottiest and most forceful landscapes produced in 19th-century Europe’,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for many they are the defining works of the artist's career. The series also includes <i><a href="/wiki/Stratford_Mill_(Constable)" title="Stratford Mill (Constable)">Stratford Mill</a></i>, 1820 (<a href="/wiki/National_Gallery" title="National Gallery">National Gallery</a>, London); <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hay_Wain" title="The Hay Wain">The Hay Wain</a></i>, 1821 (National Gallery, London); <i>View on the Stour near Dedham</i>, 1822 (<a href="/wiki/Huntington_Library_and_Art_Gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="Huntington Library and Art Gallery">Huntington Library and Art Gallery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Angeles County">Los Angeles County</a>); <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lock_(Constable)" title="The Lock (Constable)">The Lock</a></i>, 1824 (<i>Private Collection</i>); and <i>The Leaping Horse</i>, 1825 (<a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Arts" title="Royal Academy of Arts">Royal Academy of Arts</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Sotheby’s:_The_White_Horse_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sotheby’s:_The_White_Horse-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following year, his second six-footer <i><a href="/wiki/Stratford_Mill_(Constable)" title="Stratford Mill (Constable)">Stratford Mill</a></i> was exhibited.<sup id="cite_ref-Bailey_2007_116_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bailey_2007_116-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/The_Examiner_(1808%E2%80%931886)" title="The Examiner (1808–1886)">The Examiner</a> described it as having <i>‘a more exact look of nature than any picture we have ever seen by an Englishman’</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bailey_2007_116_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bailey_2007_116-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The painting was a success, acquiring a buyer in the loyal John Fisher,<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_1991_614_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson_1991_614-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who purchased it for 100 guineas, a price he himself thought too low.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fisher bought the painting for his solicitor and friend, John Pern Tinney.<sup id="cite_ref-Bailey_2007_116_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bailey_2007_116-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tinney loved the painting so much, he offered Constable another 100 guineas to paint a companion picture, an offer the artist didn’t take up.<sup id="cite_ref-Bailey_2007_116_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bailey_2007_116-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Constable's growing popularity in turn led to more lucrative commissions, such as <i>Malvern Hall</i> (1821, <a href="/wiki/Clark_Art_Institute" title="Clark Art Institute">Clark Art Institute</a>). <sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Constable_-_The_Hay_Wain_(1821).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/John_Constable_-_The_Hay_Wain_%281821%29.jpg/314px-John_Constable_-_The_Hay_Wain_%281821%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="314" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/John_Constable_-_The_Hay_Wain_%281821%29.jpg/471px-John_Constable_-_The_Hay_Wain_%281821%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/John_Constable_-_The_Hay_Wain_%281821%29.jpg/628px-John_Constable_-_The_Hay_Wain_%281821%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6128" data-file-height="4226" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hay_Wain" title="The Hay Wain">The Hay Wain</a></i> (1821). <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery,_London" class="mw-redirect" title="National Gallery, London">National Gallery, London</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1821, his most famous painting <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hay_Wain" title="The Hay Wain">The Hay Wain</a></i> was shown at the Royal Academy's exhibition. Although it failed to find a buyer, it was viewed by some important people of the time, including two Frenchmen, the artist <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_G%C3%A9ricault" title="Théodore Géricault">Théodore Géricault</a> and writer <a href="/wiki/Charles_Nodier" title="Charles Nodier">Charles Nodier</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nationalgallery.org.uk_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nationalgallery.org.uk-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the painter <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix" title="Eugène Delacroix">Eugène Delacroix</a>, Géricault returned to France ’quite stunned‘ by Constable’s painting,<sup id="cite_ref-nationalgallery.org.uk_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nationalgallery.org.uk-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Nodier suggested French artists should also look to nature rather than relying on trips to Rome for inspiration.<sup id="cite_ref-nationalgallery.org.uk_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nationalgallery.org.uk-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was eventually purchased, along with <i>View on the Stour near Dedham</i>, by the Anglo-French dealer John Arrowsmith, in 1824.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_1991_614_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson_1991_614-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A small painting of Yarmouth Jetty was added to the bargain by Constable, with the sale totalling £250.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_1991_614_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson_1991_614-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both paintings were exhibited at the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Salon" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Salon">Paris Salon</a> that year, where they caused a sensation, with the Hay Wain being awarded a gold medal by <a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">Charles X</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nationalgallery.org.uk_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nationalgallery.org.uk-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hay Wain was later acquired by the collector <a href="/wiki/Henry_Vaughan_(art_collector)" title="Henry Vaughan (art collector)">Henry Vaughan</a> who donated it to the <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery" title="National Gallery">National Gallery</a> in 1886. </p><p>Of Constable's colour, Delacroix wrote in his journal: "What he says here about the green of his meadows can be applied to every tone".<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Delacroix repainted the background of his 1824 <i><a href="/wiki/The_Massacre_at_Chios" title="The Massacre at Chios">Massacre de Scio</a></i> after seeing the Constables at Arrowsmith's Gallery, which he said had done him a great deal of good.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Constable_A_Boat_Passing_a_Lock.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/John_Constable_A_Boat_Passing_a_Lock.jpg/220px-John_Constable_A_Boat_Passing_a_Lock.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/John_Constable_A_Boat_Passing_a_Lock.jpg/330px-John_Constable_A_Boat_Passing_a_Lock.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/John_Constable_A_Boat_Passing_a_Lock.jpg/440px-John_Constable_A_Boat_Passing_a_Lock.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2686" data-file-height="3124" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lock_(Constable)" title="The Lock (Constable)">The Lock</a></i> (1824). Private collection.</figcaption></figure> <p>A number of distractions meant that <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lock_(Constable)" title="The Lock (Constable)">The Lock</a></i> wasn't finished in time for the 1823 exhibition, leaving the much smaller <i><a href="/wiki/Salisbury_Cathedral_from_the_Bishop%27s_Grounds" title="Salisbury Cathedral from the Bishop's Grounds">Salisbury Cathedral from the Bishop's Grounds</a></i> as the artist's main entry.<sup id="cite_ref-Bailey_2007_116_35-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bailey_2007_116-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This may have occurred after Fisher forwarded Constable the money for the painting.<sup id="cite_ref-Bailey_2007_116_35-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bailey_2007_116-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This both helped him out of a financial difficulty and nudged him along to get the painting done.<sup id="cite_ref-Bailey_2007_116_35-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bailey_2007_116-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lock_(Constable)" title="The Lock (Constable)">The Lock</a></i> was therefore exhibited the following year to more fanfare and sold for 150 guineas<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the first day of the exhibition, the only Constable ever to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-Sotheby’s:_The_Lock_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sotheby’s:_The_Lock-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lock_(Constable)" title="The Lock (Constable)">The Lock</a></i> is the only upright landscape of the Stour series and the only six-footer that Constable painted more than one version of. A second version now known as the ‘Foster version’ was painted in 1825 and kept by the artist to send to exhibitions.<sup id="cite_ref-Sotheby’s:_The_Lock_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sotheby’s:_The_Lock-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A third, landscape version, known as <i>‘A Boat Passing a Lock’</i> (1826) is now in the collection of the Royal Academy of Arts.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Constable’s final attempt, <i>The Leaping Horse</i>, was the only six-footer from the Stour series that didn’t sell in Constable’s lifetime.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life">Later life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Constable&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Later life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Constable’s pleasure at his own success was dampened after his wife started displaying symptoms of <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her growing illness meant that Constable took lodgings for his family in <a href="/wiki/Brighton" title="Brighton">Brighton</a> from 1824 until 1828,<sup id="cite_ref-vam.ac.uk_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vam.ac.uk-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the hope the sea air could restore her health.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this period Constable split his time between Charlotte Street in London and Brighton. This change saw Constable move away from large scale Stour scenes in favour of coastal scenes.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He continued painting six-foot canvases, although he was initially unsure of the suitability of Brighton as a subject for painting.<sup id="cite_ref-Tate:_Chain_Pier,_Brighton_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tate:_Chain_Pier,_Brighton-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a letter to Fisher in 1824 he wrote </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The magnificence of the sea, and its (to use your own beautiful expression) everlasting voice, is drowned in the din & lost in the tumult of stage coaches - gigs - “flys” &c. -and the beach is only Piccadilly (that part of it where we dined) by the sea-side.<sup id="cite_ref-Tate:_Chain_Pier,_Brighton_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tate:_Chain_Pier,_Brighton-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In his lifetime, Constable sold only 20 paintings in England, but in France he sold more than 20 in just a few years. Despite this, he refused all invitations to travel internationally to promote his work, writing to Francis Darby: "I would rather be a poor man [in England] than a rich man abroad."<sup id="cite_ref-Walker1979_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker1979-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1825, perhaps due partly to the worry of his wife's ill-health, the uncongeniality of living in Brighton ("Piccadilly by the seaside"<sup id="cite_ref-Thornes_1999_p=_128_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thornes_1999_p=_128-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), and the pressure of numerous outstanding commissions, he quarreled with Arrowsmith and lost his French outlet. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Constable_-_Hadleigh_Castle,_The_Mouth_of_the_Thames--Morning_after_a_Stormy_Night_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/John_Constable_-_Hadleigh_Castle%2C_The_Mouth_of_the_Thames--Morning_after_a_Stormy_Night_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-John_Constable_-_Hadleigh_Castle%2C_The_Mouth_of_the_Thames--Morning_after_a_Stormy_Night_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/John_Constable_-_Hadleigh_Castle%2C_The_Mouth_of_the_Thames--Morning_after_a_Stormy_Night_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-John_Constable_-_Hadleigh_Castle%2C_The_Mouth_of_the_Thames--Morning_after_a_Stormy_Night_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/John_Constable_-_Hadleigh_Castle%2C_The_Mouth_of_the_Thames--Morning_after_a_Stormy_Night_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-John_Constable_-_Hadleigh_Castle%2C_The_Mouth_of_the_Thames--Morning_after_a_Stormy_Night_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5988" data-file-height="4421" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Hadleigh_Castle_(painting)" title="Hadleigh Castle (painting)">Hadleigh Castle</a></i> (1829). <a href="/wiki/Yale_Center_for_British_Art" title="Yale Center for British Art">Yale Center for British Art</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Chain Pier, Brighton</i> was his only ambitious six-foot painting of a Brighton subject, it was exhibited in 1827.<sup id="cite_ref-Reynolds_1983_20_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reynolds_1983_20-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Constables persevered in Brighton for five years to aid Maria’s health, but to no avail.<sup id="cite_ref-Reynolds_1983_20_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reynolds_1983_20-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the birth of their seventh child in January 1828, they returned to Hampstead where Maria died on 23 November at the age of 41.<sup id="cite_ref-Reynolds_1983_21_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reynolds_1983_21-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Intensely saddened, Constable wrote to his brother Golding, "hourly do I feel the loss of my departed Angel—God only knows how my children will be brought up...the face of the World is totally changed to me".<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thereafter, he dressed in black and was, according to Leslie, "a prey to melancholy and anxious thoughts". He cared for his seven children alone for the rest of his life. The children were John Charles, Maria Louisa, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Golding_Constable" title="Charles Golding Constable">Charles Golding</a>, Isobel, Emma, Alfred, and Lionel. Only Charles Golding Constable produced offspring.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several of Constable's children also painted, notably his son Lionel. While Lionel eventually gave up painting for photography, several of his works are within the collection of the <a href="/wiki/Clark_Art_Institute" title="Clark Art Institute">Clark Art Institute</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shortly before Maria died, her father had also died, leaving her £20,000. Constable speculated disastrously with the money, paying for the engraving of several <a href="/wiki/Mezzotint" title="Mezzotint">mezzotints</a> of some of his landscapes in preparation for a publication. He was hesitant and indecisive, nearly fell out with his engraver, and when the folios were published, could not interest enough subscribers. Constable collaborated closely with mezzotinter <a href="/wiki/David_Lucas_(engraver)" title="David Lucas (engraver)">David Lucas</a> on 40 prints after his landscapes, one of which went through 13 proof stages, corrected by Constable in pencil and paint. Constable said, "Lucas showed me to the public without my faults", but the venture was not a financial success.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Constable_Salisbury_meadows.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Constable_Salisbury_meadows.jpg/220px-Constable_Salisbury_meadows.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Constable_Salisbury_meadows.jpg/330px-Constable_Salisbury_meadows.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Constable_Salisbury_meadows.jpg/440px-Constable_Salisbury_meadows.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2953" data-file-height="2362" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Salisbury_Cathedral_from_the_Meadows" title="Salisbury Cathedral from the Meadows">Salisbury Cathedral from the Meadows</a></i> (1831). <a href="/wiki/Tate_Britain" title="Tate Britain">Tate Britain</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>This period saw his art move from the serenity of its earlier phase, to a more broken and accented style.<sup id="cite_ref-Reynolds_1983_21_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reynolds_1983_21-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The turmoil and distress of his mind is clearly seen in his later six-foot masterpieces <i><a href="/wiki/Hadleigh_Castle_(painting)" title="Hadleigh Castle (painting)">Hadleigh Castle</a></i> (1829)<sup id="cite_ref-Reynolds_1983_21_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reynolds_1983_21-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Salisbury_Cathedral_from_the_Meadows" title="Salisbury Cathedral from the Meadows">Salisbury Cathedral from the Meadows</a></i> (1831), which are amongst his most expressive pieces. </p><p>He was elected to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Academy">Royal Academy</a> in February 1829, at the age of 52. In 1831 he was appointed Visitor at the Royal Academy, where he seems to have been popular with the students. </p><p>He began to deliver public lectures on the history of landscape painting, which were attended by distinguished audiences. In a series of lectures at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Institution" title="Royal Institution">Royal Institution</a>, Constable proposed a three-fold thesis: firstly, landscape painting is scientific as well as poetic; secondly, the imagination cannot alone produce art to bear comparison with reality; and thirdly, no great painter was ever self-taught. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_grave_of_John_Constable,_High_Hampstead,_London.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/The_grave_of_John_Constable%2C_High_Hampstead%2C_London.JPG/200px-The_grave_of_John_Constable%2C_High_Hampstead%2C_London.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/The_grave_of_John_Constable%2C_High_Hampstead%2C_London.JPG/300px-The_grave_of_John_Constable%2C_High_Hampstead%2C_London.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/The_grave_of_John_Constable%2C_High_Hampstead%2C_London.JPG/400px-The_grave_of_John_Constable%2C_High_Hampstead%2C_London.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3088" data-file-height="2056" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Constable's tomb at the church of St John-at-Hampstead, London</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_inscription_on_John_Contable%27s_tomb.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/The_inscription_on_John_Contable%27s_tomb.JPG/200px-The_inscription_on_John_Contable%27s_tomb.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/The_inscription_on_John_Contable%27s_tomb.JPG/300px-The_inscription_on_John_Contable%27s_tomb.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/The_inscription_on_John_Contable%27s_tomb.JPG/400px-The_inscription_on_John_Contable%27s_tomb.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3088" data-file-height="2056" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The inscription on Constable's tomb</div></div></div></div></div> <p>He also spoke against the new <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic Revival</a> movement, which he considered mere "imitation". </p><p> In 1835, his last lecture to students of the Royal Academy, in which he praised Raphael and called the Academy the "cradle of British art", was "cheered most heartily".<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He died on the night of 31 March 1837, apparently from heart failure, and was buried with Maria in the graveyard of <a href="/wiki/St_John-at-Hampstead" title="St John-at-Hampstead">St John-at-Hampstead Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hampstead" title="Hampstead">Hampstead</a> in London. (His children John Charles Constable and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Golding_Constable" title="Charles Golding Constable">Charles Golding Constable</a> are also buried in this family tomb.)</p><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Locations">Locations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Constable&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Locations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bridge_Cottage" title="Bridge Cottage">Bridge Cottage</a> is a <a href="/wiki/National_Trust_for_Places_of_Historic_Interest_or_Natural_Beauty" class="mw-redirect" title="National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty">National Trust</a> property, open to the public. Nearby <a href="/wiki/Flatford_Mill" title="Flatford Mill">Flatford Mill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Willy_Lott%27s_Cottage" title="Willy Lott's Cottage">Willy Lott's Cottage</a> (the house visible in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hay_Wain" title="The Hay Wain">The Hay Wain</a></i>) are used by the <a href="/wiki/Field_Studies_Council" title="Field Studies Council">Field Studies Council</a> for courses. The largest collection of original Constable paintings outside London is on display at <a href="/wiki/Christchurch_Mansion" title="Christchurch Mansion">Christchurch Mansion</a> in Ipswich. <a href="/wiki/Somerville_College,_Oxford" title="Somerville College, Oxford">Somerville College, Oxford</a> is in possession of a portrait by Constable. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Art">Art</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Constable&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Constable_-_The_Cornfield.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Constable_-_The_Cornfield.jpg/220px-Constable_-_The_Cornfield.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Constable_-_The_Cornfield.jpg/330px-Constable_-_The_Cornfield.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Constable_-_The_Cornfield.jpg/440px-Constable_-_The_Cornfield.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1038" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cornfield" title="The Cornfield">The Cornfield</a></i> (1826). <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery,_London" class="mw-redirect" title="National Gallery, London">National Gallery, London</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Constable quietly rebelled against the artistic culture that taught artists to use their imagination to compose their pictures rather than nature itself. He told Leslie, "When I sit down to make a sketch from nature, the first thing I try to do is to forget that I have ever seen a picture".<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Constable attributed his gift 'to all that lay on the Stour river', however, biographer <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Bailey_(author)" title="Anthony Bailey (author)">Anthony Bailey</a> attributed his artistic development to the influence of his well to do relative, Thomas Allen and the London contacts he introduced Constable to.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Constable produced paintings throughout his life for the "finished" picture market of patrons and R.A. exhibitions, constant refreshment in the form of on-the-spot studies was essential to his working method. He was never satisfied with following a formula. "The world is wide", he wrote, "no two days are alike, nor even two hours; neither were there ever two leaves of a tree alike since the creation of all the world; and the genuine productions of art, like those of nature, are all distinct from each other."<sup id="cite_ref-Parkinson_1998_p=_64_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parkinson_1998_p=_64-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Constable painted many full-scale preliminary sketches of his landscapes to test the composition in advance of finished pictures. These large sketches, with their free and vigorous brushwork, were revolutionary at the time, and they continue to interest artists, scholars and the general public. The <a href="/wiki/Oil_sketch" title="Oil sketch">oil sketches</a> of <a href="/wiki/File:Constable3.jpg" title="File:Constable3.jpg"><i>The Leaping Horse</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/File:John_Constable_014.jpg" title="File:John Constable 014.jpg"><i>The Hay Wain</i></a>, for example, convey a vigour and expressiveness missing from Constable's finished paintings of the same subjects. Possibly more than any other aspect of Constable's work, the oil sketches reveal him in retrospect to have been an <i><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">avant-garde</a></i> painter, one who demonstrated that landscape painting could be taken in a totally new direction. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Constable_-_Stonehenge_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/John_Constable_-_Stonehenge_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-John_Constable_-_Stonehenge_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/John_Constable_-_Stonehenge_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-John_Constable_-_Stonehenge_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/John_Constable_-_Stonehenge_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-John_Constable_-_Stonehenge_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2046" data-file-height="1356" /></a><figcaption><i>Stonehenge</i> (1835). <a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">Victoria and Albert Museum</a>, London.</figcaption></figure> <p>Constable's watercolours were also remarkably free for their time: the almost mystical <i>Stonehenge</i>, 1835, with its double rainbow, is often considered to be one of the greatest watercolours ever painted.<sup id="cite_ref-Parkinson_1998_p=_64_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parkinson_1998_p=_64-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When he exhibited it in 1836, Constable appended a text to the title: "The mysterious monument of <a href="/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge">Stonehenge</a>, standing remote on a bare and boundless heath, as much unconnected with the events of past ages as it is with the uses of the present, carries you back beyond all historical records into the obscurity of a totally unknown period."<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to the full-scale oil sketches, Constable completed numerous observational studies of landscapes and clouds, determined to become more scientific in his recording of atmospheric conditions. The power of his physical effects was sometimes apparent even in the full-scale paintings which he exhibited in London; <a href="/wiki/File:Constable2.jpg" title="File:Constable2.jpg"><i>The Chain Pier</i>, 1827</a>, for example, prompted a critic to write: "the atmosphere possesses a characteristic humidity about it, that almost imparts the wish for an umbrella".<sup id="cite_ref-Parkinson_1998_p=_9_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parkinson_1998_p=_9-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Constable_-_Seascape_Study_with_Rain_Cloud.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Constable_-_Seascape_Study_with_Rain_Cloud.jpg/220px-Constable_-_Seascape_Study_with_Rain_Cloud.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Constable_-_Seascape_Study_with_Rain_Cloud.jpg/330px-Constable_-_Seascape_Study_with_Rain_Cloud.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Constable_-_Seascape_Study_with_Rain_Cloud.jpg/440px-Constable_-_Seascape_Study_with_Rain_Cloud.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2363" data-file-height="1719" /></a><figcaption><i>Seascape Study with Rain Cloud</i> (<i>c.</i>1824). <a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Arts" title="Royal Academy of Arts">Royal Academy of Arts</a>, London.</figcaption></figure> <p>The sketches themselves were the first ever done in oils directly from the subject in the open air, with the notable exception of the oil sketches <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Henri_de_Valenciennes" title="Pierre-Henri de Valenciennes">Pierre-Henri de Valenciennes</a> made in Rome around 1780. To convey the effects of light and movement, Constable used broken brushstrokes, often in small touches, which he <a href="/wiki/Glaze_(painting_technique)" title="Glaze (painting technique)">scumbled</a> over lighter passages, creating an impression of sparkling light enveloping the entire landscape. One of the most expressionistic and powerful of all his studies is <i>Seascape Study with Rain Cloud</i>, painted about 1824 at Brighton, which captures with slashing dark brushstrokes the immediacy of an exploding cumulus shower at sea.<sup id="cite_ref-Thornes_1999_p=_128_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thornes_1999_p=_128-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Constable also became interested in painting rainbow effects, for example in <i><a href="/wiki/Salisbury_Cathedral_from_the_Meadows" title="Salisbury Cathedral from the Meadows">Salisbury Cathedral from the Meadows</a></i>, 1831, and in <i><a href="/wiki/File:John_Constable_-_Cottage_at_East_Bergholt.jpg" title="File:John Constable - Cottage at East Bergholt.jpg">Cottage at East Bergholt</a></i>, 1833. </p><p>To the sky studies he added notes, often on the back of the sketches, of the prevailing weather conditions, direction of light, and time of day, believing that the sky was "the key note, the standard of scale, and the chief organ of sentiment" in a landscape painting.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this habit he is known to have been influenced by the pioneering work of the <a href="/wiki/Meteorologist" title="Meteorologist">meteorologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Luke_Howard" title="Luke Howard">Luke Howard</a> on the classification of clouds; Constable's annotations of his own copy of <i>Researches About Atmospheric Phaenomena</i> by Thomas Forster show him to have been fully abreast of meteorological terminology.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "I have done a good deal of skying", Constable wrote to Fisher on 23 October 1821; "I am determined to conquer all difficulties, and that most arduous one among the rest".<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Constable once wrote in a letter to Leslie, "My limited and abstracted art is to be found under every hedge, and in every lane, and therefore nobody thinks it worth picking up".<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He could never have imagined how influential his honest techniques would turn out to be. Constable's art inspired not only contemporaries like <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9ricault" class="mw-redirect" title="Géricault">Géricault</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix" title="Eugène Delacroix">Delacroix</a>, but the <a href="/wiki/Barbizon_School" title="Barbizon School">Barbizon School</a>, and the French <a href="/wiki/Impressionists" class="mw-redirect" title="Impressionists">impressionists</a> of the late nineteenth century. </p><p>In 2019 two drawings by Constable were found among the possessions of the late playwright and poet, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Fry" title="Christopher Fry">Christopher Fry</a>; the drawings later sold for £60,000 and £32,000 at auction.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gallery">Gallery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Constable&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 335px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 330px; height: 330px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Constable_-_Boat-Building_near_Flatford_Mill,_1815,_FA.37.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Boat-Building Near Flatford Mill, 1815. Victoria and Albert Museum, London."><img alt="Boat-Building Near Flatford Mill, 1815. Victoria and Albert Museum, London." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Constable_-_Boat-Building_near_Flatford_Mill%2C_1815%2C_FA.37.jpg/300px-Constable_-_Boat-Building_near_Flatford_Mill%2C_1815%2C_FA.37.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Constable_-_Boat-Building_near_Flatford_Mill%2C_1815%2C_FA.37.jpg/450px-Constable_-_Boat-Building_near_Flatford_Mill%2C_1815%2C_FA.37.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Constable_-_Boat-Building_near_Flatford_Mill%2C_1815%2C_FA.37.jpg/600px-Constable_-_Boat-Building_near_Flatford_Mill%2C_1815%2C_FA.37.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="663" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Boat-Building_Near_Flatford_Mill" title="Boat-Building Near Flatford Mill">Boat-Building Near Flatford Mill</a></i>, 1815. <a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">Victoria and Albert Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 335px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 330px; height: 330px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Constable_-_Flatford_Mill.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flatford Mill (Scene on a Navigable River), c. 1816, oil on canvas, Tate Britain, London"><img alt="Flatford Mill (Scene on a Navigable River), c. 1816, oil on canvas, Tate Britain, London" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/John_Constable_-_Flatford_Mill.jpg/300px-John_Constable_-_Flatford_Mill.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/John_Constable_-_Flatford_Mill.jpg/450px-John_Constable_-_Flatford_Mill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/John_Constable_-_Flatford_Mill.jpg/600px-John_Constable_-_Flatford_Mill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1068" data-file-height="856" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <i><a href="/wiki/Flatford_Mill_(Scene_on_a_Navigable_River)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flatford Mill (Scene on a Navigable River)">Flatford Mill (Scene on a Navigable River)</a></i>, c. 1816, oil on canvas, <a href="/wiki/Tate_Britain" title="Tate Britain">Tate Britain</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 335px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 330px; height: 330px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Constable,_Stratford_Mill.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stratford Mill, 1820, oil on canvas, National Gallery, London"><img alt="Stratford Mill, 1820, oil on canvas, National Gallery, London" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Constable%2C_Stratford_Mill.jpg/300px-Constable%2C_Stratford_Mill.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Constable%2C_Stratford_Mill.jpg/450px-Constable%2C_Stratford_Mill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Constable%2C_Stratford_Mill.jpg/600px-Constable%2C_Stratford_Mill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="561" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Stratford_Mill_(Constable)" title="Stratford Mill (Constable)">Stratford Mill</a></i>, 1820, oil on canvas, <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery" title="National Gallery">National Gallery</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 335px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 330px; height: 330px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Constable_-_Harwich-_The_Low_Lighthouse_and_Beacon_Hill_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Harwich Lighthouse, oil on canvas, 1820."><img alt="Harwich Lighthouse, oil on canvas, 1820." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/John_Constable_-_Harwich-_The_Low_Lighthouse_and_Beacon_Hill_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/300px-John_Constable_-_Harwich-_The_Low_Lighthouse_and_Beacon_Hill_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/John_Constable_-_Harwich-_The_Low_Lighthouse_and_Beacon_Hill_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/450px-John_Constable_-_Harwich-_The_Low_Lighthouse_and_Beacon_Hill_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/John_Constable_-_Harwich-_The_Low_Lighthouse_and_Beacon_Hill_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/600px-John_Constable_-_Harwich-_The_Low_Lighthouse_and_Beacon_Hill_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7411" data-file-height="4697" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Harwich_Lighthouse_(painting)" title="Harwich Lighthouse (painting)">Harwich Lighthouse</a></i>, oil on canvas, 1820.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 335px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 330px; height: 330px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Constable_-_Waterloo_Bridge_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Waterloo Bridge, oil on canvas, 1820."><img alt="Waterloo Bridge, oil on canvas, 1820." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/John_Constable_-_Waterloo_Bridge_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/300px-John_Constable_-_Waterloo_Bridge_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/John_Constable_-_Waterloo_Bridge_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/450px-John_Constable_-_Waterloo_Bridge_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/John_Constable_-_Waterloo_Bridge_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/600px-John_Constable_-_Waterloo_Bridge_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3967" data-file-height="2747" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Waterloo_Bridge_(Constable)" title="Waterloo Bridge (Constable)">Waterloo Bridge</a></i>, oil on canvas, 1820.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 335px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 330px; height: 330px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Constable,_View_on_the_Stour_near_Dedham.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="View on the Stour near Dedham, 1822, oil on canvas, Huntington Library, Los Angeles County"><img alt="View on the Stour near Dedham, 1822, oil on canvas, Huntington Library, Los Angeles County" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Constable%2C_View_on_the_Stour_near_Dedham.jpg/300px-Constable%2C_View_on_the_Stour_near_Dedham.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Constable%2C_View_on_the_Stour_near_Dedham.jpg/450px-Constable%2C_View_on_the_Stour_near_Dedham.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Constable%2C_View_on_the_Stour_near_Dedham.jpg/600px-Constable%2C_View_on_the_Stour_near_Dedham.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1620" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <i>View on the Stour near Dedham</i>, 1822, oil on canvas, <a href="/wiki/Huntington_Library" title="Huntington Library">Huntington Library</a>, <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Angeles County">Los Angeles County</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 335px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 330px; height: 330px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Leaping_Horse_(1825)_by_John_Constable_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Leaping Horse, 1825, oil on canvas, Royal Academy of Arts, London"><img alt="The Leaping Horse, 1825, oil on canvas, Royal Academy of Arts, London" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/The_Leaping_Horse_%281825%29_by_John_Constable_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/300px-The_Leaping_Horse_%281825%29_by_John_Constable_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/The_Leaping_Horse_%281825%29_by_John_Constable_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/450px-The_Leaping_Horse_%281825%29_by_John_Constable_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/The_Leaping_Horse_%281825%29_by_John_Constable_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/600px-The_Leaping_Horse_%281825%29_by_John_Constable_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="902" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>The Leaping Horse</i>, 1825, oil on canvas, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Arts" title="Royal Academy of Arts">Royal Academy of Arts</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 335px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 330px; height: 330px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Constable_-_Branch_Hill_Pond,_Hampstead_Heath_(1820s).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Branch Hill Pond, Hampstead Heath, oil on canvas, 1825"><img alt="Branch Hill Pond, Hampstead Heath, oil on canvas, 1825" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/John_Constable_-_Branch_Hill_Pond%2C_Hampstead_Heath_%281820s%29.jpg/300px-John_Constable_-_Branch_Hill_Pond%2C_Hampstead_Heath_%281820s%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/John_Constable_-_Branch_Hill_Pond%2C_Hampstead_Heath_%281820s%29.jpg/450px-John_Constable_-_Branch_Hill_Pond%2C_Hampstead_Heath_%281820s%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/John_Constable_-_Branch_Hill_Pond%2C_Hampstead_Heath_%281820s%29.jpg/600px-John_Constable_-_Branch_Hill_Pond%2C_Hampstead_Heath_%281820s%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5155" data-file-height="4020" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Branch_Hill_Pond,_Hampstead_Heath" title="Branch Hill Pond, Hampstead Heath">Branch Hill Pond, Hampstead Heath</a></i>, oil on canvas, 1825</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 335px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 330px; height: 330px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Constable_-_Salisbury_Cathedral_from_the_Bishop%27s_Garden_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Salisbury Cathedral from the Bishop's Grounds c. 1825. As a gesture of appreciation for John Fisher, the Bishop of Salisbury, who commissioned this painting, Constable included the Bishop and his wife in the bottom left corner. Frick Collection, New York City."><img alt="Salisbury Cathedral from the Bishop's Grounds c. 1825. As a gesture of appreciation for John Fisher, the Bishop of Salisbury, who commissioned this painting, Constable included the Bishop and his wife in the bottom left corner. Frick Collection, New York City." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/John_Constable_-_Salisbury_Cathedral_from_the_Bishop%27s_Garden_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/300px-John_Constable_-_Salisbury_Cathedral_from_the_Bishop%27s_Garden_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/John_Constable_-_Salisbury_Cathedral_from_the_Bishop%27s_Garden_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/450px-John_Constable_-_Salisbury_Cathedral_from_the_Bishop%27s_Garden_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/John_Constable_-_Salisbury_Cathedral_from_the_Bishop%27s_Garden_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/600px-John_Constable_-_Salisbury_Cathedral_from_the_Bishop%27s_Garden_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5568" data-file-height="4397" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Salisbury_Cathedral_from_the_Bishop%27s_Grounds" title="Salisbury Cathedral from the Bishop's Grounds">Salisbury Cathedral from the Bishop's Grounds</a></i> c. 1825. As a gesture of appreciation for <a href="/wiki/John_Fisher_(Anglican_bishop)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Fisher (Anglican bishop)">John Fisher</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Salisbury" title="Bishop of Salisbury">Bishop of Salisbury</a>, who commissioned this painting, Constable included the Bishop and his wife in the bottom left corner. <a href="/wiki/Frick_Collection" title="Frick Collection">Frick Collection</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 335px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 330px; height: 330px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Constable_-_Parham_Mill,_Gillingham_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Parham Mill, 1826"><img alt="Parham Mill, 1826" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/John_Constable_-_Parham_Mill%2C_Gillingham_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/300px-John_Constable_-_Parham_Mill%2C_Gillingham_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/John_Constable_-_Parham_Mill%2C_Gillingham_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/450px-John_Constable_-_Parham_Mill%2C_Gillingham_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/John_Constable_-_Parham_Mill%2C_Gillingham_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/600px-John_Constable_-_Parham_Mill%2C_Gillingham_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5221" data-file-height="4324" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Parham_Mill" title="Parham Mill">Parham Mill</a></i>, 1826</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 335px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 330px; height: 330px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Constable2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chain Pier, Brighton, 1826–27, oil on canvas, Tate Britain, London"><img alt="Chain Pier, Brighton, 1826–27, oil on canvas, Tate Britain, London" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Constable2.jpg/300px-Constable2.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Constable2.jpg/450px-Constable2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Constable2.jpg/600px-Constable2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2902" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Chain_Pier,_Brighton_(painting)" title="Chain Pier, Brighton (painting)">Chain Pier, Brighton</a></i>, 1826–27, oil on canvas, <a href="/wiki/Tate_Britain" title="Tate Britain">Tate Britain</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 335px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 330px; height: 330px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Opening_of_Waterloo_Bridge_seen_from_Whitehall_Stairs_John_Constable.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Opening of Waterloo Bridge, oil on canvas, c. 1832. Tate Britain, London."><img alt="The Opening of Waterloo Bridge, oil on canvas, c. 1832. Tate Britain, London." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/The_Opening_of_Waterloo_Bridge_seen_from_Whitehall_Stairs_John_Constable.jpeg/300px-The_Opening_of_Waterloo_Bridge_seen_from_Whitehall_Stairs_John_Constable.jpeg" decoding="async" width="300" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/The_Opening_of_Waterloo_Bridge_seen_from_Whitehall_Stairs_John_Constable.jpeg/450px-The_Opening_of_Waterloo_Bridge_seen_from_Whitehall_Stairs_John_Constable.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/The_Opening_of_Waterloo_Bridge_seen_from_Whitehall_Stairs_John_Constable.jpeg/600px-The_Opening_of_Waterloo_Bridge_seen_from_Whitehall_Stairs_John_Constable.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1171" data-file-height="711" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Opening_of_Waterloo_Bridge" title="The Opening of Waterloo Bridge">The Opening of Waterloo Bridge</a></i>, oil on canvas, c. 1832. <a href="/wiki/Tate_Britain" title="Tate Britain">Tate Britain</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 335px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 330px; height: 330px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Constable_-_Sir_Richard_Steele%27s_Cottage,_Hampstead_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sir Richard Steele's Cottage, Hampstead, oil on canvas, 1832."><img alt="Sir Richard Steele's Cottage, Hampstead, oil on canvas, 1832." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/John_Constable_-_Sir_Richard_Steele%27s_Cottage%2C_Hampstead_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/300px-John_Constable_-_Sir_Richard_Steele%27s_Cottage%2C_Hampstead_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/John_Constable_-_Sir_Richard_Steele%27s_Cottage%2C_Hampstead_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/450px-John_Constable_-_Sir_Richard_Steele%27s_Cottage%2C_Hampstead_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/John_Constable_-_Sir_Richard_Steele%27s_Cottage%2C_Hampstead_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/600px-John_Constable_-_Sir_Richard_Steele%27s_Cottage%2C_Hampstead_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3301" data-file-height="2395" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Sir_Richard_Steele%27s_Cottage,_Hampstead" title="Sir Richard Steele's Cottage, Hampstead">Sir Richard Steele's Cottage, Hampstead</a></i>, oil on canvas, 1832.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 335px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 330px; height: 330px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arundel_Mill_and_Castle_).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arundel Mill and Castle, oil on canvas, 1837."><img alt="Arundel Mill and Castle, oil on canvas, 1837." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Arundel_Mill_and_Castle_%29.jpg/300px-Arundel_Mill_and_Castle_%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Arundel_Mill_and_Castle_%29.jpg/450px-Arundel_Mill_and_Castle_%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Arundel_Mill_and_Castle_%29.jpg/600px-Arundel_Mill_and_Castle_%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2929" data-file-height="2100" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Arundel_Mill_and_Castle" title="Arundel Mill and Castle">Arundel Mill and Castle</a></i>, oil on canvas, 1837.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 335px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 330px; height: 330px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Constable_carro_de_feno.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A detail of The Hay Wain by John Constable"><img alt="An oil painting of a large steerable cart being drawn by two strong horses through a river" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/John_Constable_carro_de_feno.jpg/300px-John_Constable_carro_de_feno.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/John_Constable_carro_de_feno.jpg/450px-John_Constable_carro_de_feno.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/John_Constable_carro_de_feno.jpg/600px-John_Constable_carro_de_feno.jpg 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="458" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A detail of <i>The Hay Wain</i> by John Constable</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_paintings">Selected paintings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Constable&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Selected paintings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_paintings_by_John_Constable" title="List of paintings by John Constable">List of paintings by John Constable</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Constable_DeadhamVale.jpg" title="File:Constable DeadhamVale.jpg"><i>Dedham Vale</i></a> (1802) <small>– <a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">Victoria and Albert Museum</a>, London</small></li> <li><i>The Stour</i> (1810) <small>– Philadelphia Museum of Art</small><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Landscape: Two Boys Fishing</i> (1813) <small>– <a href="/wiki/Anglesey_Abbey" title="Anglesey Abbey">Anglesey Abbey</a>, Cambs, NT</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/File:John_Constable_-_Ploughing_Scene_in_Suffolk_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" title="File:John Constable - Ploughing Scene in Suffolk - Google Art Project.jpg">Landscape: Ploughing Scene in Suffolk</a></i> (1814, revised c. 1816 and 1831) <small>– <a href="/wiki/Yale_Center_for_British_Art" title="Yale Center for British Art">Yale Center for British Art</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut">New Haven</a></small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/File:The_Mill_Stream,_Flatford_By_John_Constable.jpg" title="File:The Mill Stream, Flatford By John Constable.jpg"> The Mill Stream, Flatford</a></i> (1814) <small>– <a href="/wiki/Christchurch_Mansion" title="Christchurch Mansion">Christchurch Mansion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ipswich" title="Ipswich">Ipswich</a></small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/File:John_Constable_Stour_Valley_and_Dedham_Church.jpg" title="File:John Constable Stour Valley and Dedham Church.jpg">The Stour Valley And Dedham Village</a></i> (1814–1815) <small>– <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts,_Boston" title="Museum of Fine Arts, Boston">Museum of Fine Arts, Boston</a></small><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Boat-Building_Near_Flatford_Mill" title="Boat-Building Near Flatford Mill">Boat-Building Near Flatford Mill</a></i> (1815) <small>– Victoria and Albert Museum, London</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Golding_Constable%27s_Flower_Garden" title="Golding Constable's Flower Garden">Golding Constable's Flower Garden</a></i> (1815) <small>– Christchurch Mansion, Ipswich</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Golding_Constable%27s_Kitchen_Garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Golding Constable's Kitchen Garden">Golding Constable's Kitchen Garden</a></i> (1815) <small>– Christchurch Mansion, Ipswich</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/File:John_Constable_022.jpg" title="File:John Constable 022.jpg">Portrait of Maria Bicknell, Mrs. John Constable</a></i> (1816) <small>– <a href="/wiki/Tate_Britain" title="Tate Britain">Tate Britain</a>, London</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wivenhoe_Park_(painting)" title="Wivenhoe Park (painting)">Wivenhoe Park, Essex</a></i> (1816) <small>– <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Art" title="National Gallery of Art">National Gallery of Art</a>, Washington, D.C.</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Quarters_behind_Alresford_Hall" title="The Quarters behind Alresford Hall">The Quarters behind Alresford Hall</a></i> (1816) <small>– <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Victoria" title="National Gallery of Victoria">National Gallery of Victoria</a>, Melbourne</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Flatford_Mill_(Scene_on_a_Navigable_River)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flatford Mill (Scene on a Navigable River)">Flatford Mill</a></i> (original title <i>Scene on a Navigable River)</i> (1816) <small>– Tate Britain, London</small></li> <li><i>Two Donkeys</i> (1816) <small>– Philadelphia Museum of Art</small><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Weymouth_Bay:_Bowleaze_Cove_and_Jordon_Hill" title="Weymouth Bay: Bowleaze Cove and Jordon Hill">Weymouth Bay: Bowleaze Cove and Jordon Hill</a></i> (1816–17) <small>– <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_(London)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Gallery (London)">National Gallery</a>, London</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/File:John_Constable_A_Cottage_in_a_Cornfield.jpg" title="File:John Constable A Cottage in a Cornfield.jpg">A Cottage in a Cornfield</a></i> (1817) <small>– <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_Cardiff" title="National Museum Cardiff">National Museum Cardiff</a> </small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/File:Weymouth_Bay_With_Approaching_Storm.jpg" title="File:Weymouth Bay With Approaching Storm.jpg">Weymouth Bay with Approaching Storm</a></i> (1819) <small>– <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_White_Horse_(Constable)" title="The White Horse (Constable)">The White Horse</a></i> (<i>A Scene on the River Stour</i>) (1819) <small>– <a href="/wiki/Frick_Collection" title="Frick Collection">Frick Collection</a>, New York City</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/File:John_Constable_-_Harwich-_The_Low_Lighthouse_and_Beacon_Hill_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" title="File:John Constable - Harwich- The Low Lighthouse and Beacon Hill - Google Art Project.jpg">Harwich- The Low Lighthouse and Beacon Hill</a></i> (1820) <small>– Yale Center for British Art, New Haven</small></li> <li><i>Hampstead Heath</i> (1820) <small>– <a href="/wiki/Fitzwilliam_Museum" title="Fitzwilliam Museum">Fitzwilliam Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a></small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/File:John_Constable_023.jpg" title="File:John Constable 023.jpg">Dedham Lock and Mill</a></i> (1820) <small>– Victoria and Albert Museum, London</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stratford_Mill_(Constable)" title="Stratford Mill (Constable)">Stratford Mill</a></i> (1820) <small>– National Gallery, London</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hay_Wain" title="The Hay Wain">The Hay Wain</a></i> (original title <i>Landscape: Noon</i>; 1821) <small>– National Gallery, London</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/File:John_Constable_-_The_Grove,_or_the_Admiral%27s_House_in_Hampstead_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" title="File:John Constable - The Grove, or the Admiral's House in Hampstead - Google Art Project.jpg">The Grove, or the Admiral's House in Hampstead</a></i> (1821–22) <small>– <a href="/wiki/Alte_Nationalgalerie" title="Alte Nationalgalerie">Alte Nationalgalerie</a>, Berlin</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/File:Constable,_View_on_the_Stour_near_Dedham.jpg" title="File:Constable, View on the Stour near Dedham.jpg">View on the Stour near Dedham</a></i> (1822) <small>– <a href="/wiki/The_Huntington_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="The Huntington Library">The Huntington Library</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Marino,_California" title="San Marino, California">San Marino</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">CA</a></small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salisbury_Cathedral_from_the_Bishop%27s_Grounds" title="Salisbury Cathedral from the Bishop's Grounds">Salisbury Cathedral from the Bishop's Grounds</a></i> (1823) <small>– Victoria and Albert Museum, London</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lock_(Constable)" title="The Lock (Constable)">The Lock</a></i> (1824) <small>– <i>Private Collection</i> </small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/File:Constable_-_Seascape_Study_with_Rain_Cloud.jpg" title="File:Constable - Seascape Study with Rain Cloud.jpg">Seascape Study with Rain Clouds</a></i> (1824–25) <small>– <a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Arts" title="Royal Academy of Arts">Royal Academy of Arts</a>, London</small></li> <li><i>Brighton Beach</i> (c. 1824–26) <small>– <a href="/wiki/Dunedin_Public_Art_Gallery" title="Dunedin Public Art Gallery">Dunedin Public Art Gallery</a>, Dunedin</small></li> <li><i>The Leaping Horse</i> (1825) <small>– Royal Academy of Arts, London</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salisbury_Cathedral_from_the_Bishop%27s_Grounds" title="Salisbury Cathedral from the Bishop's Grounds">Salisbury Cathedral from the Bishop's Grounds</a></i> (1825) <small>– Frick Collection, New York City</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cornfield" title="The Cornfield">The Cornfield</a></i> (1826) <small>– National Gallery, London</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chain_Pier,_Brighton_(painting)" title="Chain Pier, Brighton (painting)">Chain Pier, Brighton</a></i> (1827) <small>– Tate Britain, London</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Vale_of_Dedham_(painting)" title="The Vale of Dedham (painting)">The Vale of Dedham</a></i> (1828) <small>– <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="National Gallery of Scotland">National Gallery of Scotland</a>, Edinburgh</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hadleigh_Castle_(painting)" title="Hadleigh Castle (painting)">Hadleigh Castle</a></i> (1829) <small>– Yale Center for British Art and sketch Tate Britain</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salisbury_Cathedral_from_the_Meadows" title="Salisbury Cathedral from the Meadows">Salisbury Cathedral from the Meadows</a></i> (1831) <small>– Tate Britain, London</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sir_Richard_Steele%27s_Cottage,_Hampstead" title="Sir Richard Steele's Cottage, Hampstead">Sir Richard Steele's Cottage, Hampstead</a></i> (1832) <small>– Yale Center for British Art</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Opening_of_Waterloo_Bridge" title="The Opening of Waterloo Bridge">The Opening of Waterloo Bridge</a></i> (1832) <small>– Tate Britain, London</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/File:John_Constable_018.jpg" title="File:John Constable 018.jpg">The Valley Farm</a></i> (1835) <small>– Tate Britain, London</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/File:John_Constable_-_Stonehenge_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" title="File:John Constable - Stonehenge - Google Art Project.jpg">Stonehenge</a></i> (1835) <small>– Victoria and Albert Museum, London</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hampstead_Heath_with_a_Rainbow" title="Hampstead Heath with a Rainbow">Hampstead Heath with a Rainbow</a></i> (1836) <small>– Tate Britain, London</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/File:John_Constable_-_Cenotaph_to_the_Memory_of_Sir_Joshua_Reynolds_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" title="File:John Constable - Cenotaph to the Memory of Sir Joshua Reynolds - Google Art Project.jpg">Cenotaph to the Memory of Sir Joshua Reynolds</a></i> (1836) <small>– National Gallery, London</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arundel_Mill_and_Castle" title="Arundel Mill and Castle">Arundel Mill and Castle</a></i> (c. 1836–37) <small>– <a href="/wiki/Toledo_Museum_of_Art" title="Toledo Museum of Art">Toledo Museum of Art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Ohio" title="Toledo, Ohio">Toledo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">OH</a></small></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Constable&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Constable, John," <i><a href="/wiki/Random_House_Webster%27s_Unabridged_Dictionary" title="Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary">Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vam.ac.uk-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vam.ac.uk_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vam.ac.uk_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vam.ac.uk/articles/john-constable-an-introduction">V&A: John Constable - an introduction</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parkinson_1998_p=_9-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Parkinson_1998_p=_9_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parkinson_1998_p=_9_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParkinson1998">Parkinson 1998</a>, p. 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publications.ngv.vic.gov.au/artjournal/the-heroine-of-all-these-scenes-john-constable-and-the-rebow-family-in-1816/41/"><i>Constable’s Wivenhoe Park is widely recognized as an important work in the artist’s career. </i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129031425/http://publications.ngv.vic.gov.au/artjournal/the-heroine-of-all-these-scenes-john-constable-and-the-rebow-family-in-1816/41/">Archived</a> 29 November 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParrisFleming-WilliamsShields1976">Parris, Fleming-Williams & Shields 1976</a>, pp. 59–60</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Constable was born in East Bergholt, a village on the River Stour in Suffolk, to Golding Constable, a wealthy corn merchant and Ann (Watts) Constable. Delphi Collected Work of John Constable, 2015, page 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constable’s father — Golding Constable was a wealthy corn merchant, owner of Flatford Mill in East Bergholt and, later, Dedham Mill in Essex. He owned a small ship, The Telegraph, which he moored at Mistley on the Stour estuary, which he used to transport corn to London. Delphi Collected Works of John Constable, 2015, page 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[he] was transferred later to an establishment in the pretty, little town of Lavenham, where he suffered much at the hands of a flogging usher. Holmes, Charles John (1901), Constable, The Sign of the Unicorn, VII Cecil Court, St.Martin's Lane, London</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">After a brief period at a boarding school in Lavenham, he was enrolled in a day school in Dedham. Constable, John. Delphi Collected Works of John Constable (Illustrated) (Masters of Art Book 17) (p. 15). Delphi Classics. Kindle Edition.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constable worked in the corn business after leaving school, but his younger brother Abram eventually took over the running of the mills. Constable, John. Delphi Collected Works of John Constable (Illustrated) (Masters of Art Book 17) (p. 15). Delphi Classics. Kindle Edition.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In his youth, Constable embarked on amateur sketching trips in the surrounding Suffolk and Essex countryside, which in later years would inspire the majority of the subject matter of his canvases. Constable, John. Delphi Collected Works of John Constable (Illustrated) (Masters of Art Book 17) (p. 15). Delphi Classics. Kindle Edition.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParkinson1998">Parkinson 1998</a>, p. 15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">At this time, he was introduced to George Beaumont, an art collector that showed the aspiring artist, amongst his many other treasures, his prized painting Hagar and the Angel by Claude Lorrain, which would have a profound influence on Constable. Delphi Collected Works of John Constable, p.15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In 1799, Constable persuaded his father to let him pursue a career in art and Golding granted him a small allowance. Entering the Royal Academy Schools as a probationer, he attended life classes and anatomical dissections, as well as studying and copying old masters. Among works that particularly inspired him during this period were the landscapes of Thomas Gainsborough, Claude Lorrain, Peter Paul Rubens, Annibale Carracci and Jacob van Ruisdael. Constable, John. Delphi Collected Works of John Constable (Illustrated) (Masters of Art Book 17) (p. 15). Delphi Classics. Kindle Edition.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThornes1999">Thornes 1999</a>, p. 96</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParkinson1998">Parkinson 1998</a>, p. 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In 1803, Constable exhibited at the Academy two “Landscapes” and two “Studies from Nature”; and in April he made a trip from London to Deal, in the Coutts, East Indiaman, with Captain Torin, a friend of his father. Constable, John. Delphi Collected Works of John Constable (Illustrated) (Masters of Art Book 17) (p. 429). Delphi Classics. Kindle Edition.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParkinson1998">Parkinson 1998</a>, p. 18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParkinson1998">Parkinson 1998</a>, p. 22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walker1979-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Walker1979_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walker1979_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalker1979">Walker 1979</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reynolds_1983_86-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds_1983_86_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds_1983_86_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds_1983_86_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReynolds1983">Reynolds 1983</a>, p. 86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/explore/collection/work/3867/">NGV</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.clarkart.edu/artpiece/detail/the-wheat-field">"The Wheat Field"</a>. <i>www.clarkart.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.clarkart.edu&rft.atitle=The+Wheat+Field&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.clarkart.edu%2Fartpiece%2Fdetail%2Fthe-wheat-field&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Constable" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Information from Constable's gravestone</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParkinson1998">Parkinson 1998</a>, p. 24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.clarkart.edu/artpiece/detail/osmington-bay">"Osmington Bay"</a>. <i>www.clarkart.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.clarkart.edu&rft.atitle=Osmington+Bay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.clarkart.edu%2Fartpiece%2Fdetail%2Fosmington-bay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Constable" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tate:_Flatford_Mill-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tate:_Flatford_Mill_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tate:_Flatford_Mill_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tate:_Flatford_Mill_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/constable-flatford-mill-scene-on-a-navigable-river-n01273">Tate: Flatford Mill</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nga.gov-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nga.gov_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nga.gov_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nga.gov/features/slideshows/constable-great-landscapes.html#slide_1">National Gallery of Art: Constable's Great Landscapes</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tate.org.uk/whats-on/tate-britain/exhibition/constable-great-landscapes">Tate: Constable: The Great Landscapes</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sotheby’s:_The_White_Horse-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sotheby’s:_The_White_Horse_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sotheby’s:_The_White_Horse_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/ecatalogue/2019/old-master-evening-l19033/lot.23.html">Sotheby’s: The White Horse</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sothebys.com/en/articles/immortalised-landscape-of-constable-country">Sotheby’s: Landscapes of Constable Country</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/constable-salisbury-cathedral-from-the-meadows-t13896/in-depth-salisbury-cathedral-from-the-meadows/techniques-materials-six-footer-paintings">Tate: Constable’s ‘Six-Footers’</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParrisFleming-Williams1991" class="citation book cs1">Parris, Leslie; Fleming-Williams, Ian (1991). <i>Constable</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.clarkart.edu&rft.atitle=Malvern+Hall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.clarkart.edu%2Fartpiece%2Fdetail%2Fmalvern-hall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Constable" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nationalgallery.org.uk-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nationalgallery.org.uk_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nationalgallery.org.uk_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nationalgallery.org.uk_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nationalgallery.org.uk_39-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/john-constable-the-hay-wain">National Gallery: The Hay Wain - Description</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKelder1980">Kelder 1980</a>, p. 27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParkinson1998">Parkinson 1998</a>, p. 132</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCharles2015">Charles 2015</a>, p. 162</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sotheby’s:_The_Lock-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sotheby’s:_The_Lock_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sotheby’s:_The_Lock_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/ecatalogue/2015/old-master-british-paintings-evening-sale-l15036/lot.44.html?locale=en">ssSotheby’s: The Lock</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royalacademy.org.uk/art-artists/work-of-art/a-boat-passing-a-lock">R.A.: A Boat passing a Lock</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBailey2007">Bailey 2007</a>, p. 164</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCharles2015">Charles 2015</a>, p. 128</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReynolds1983">Reynolds 1983</a>, p. 18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThornes1999">Thornes 1999</a>, p. 128</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tate:_Chain_Pier,_Brighton-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tate:_Chain_Pier,_Brighton_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tate:_Chain_Pier,_Brighton_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/constable-chain-pier-brighton-n05957">Tate: Chain Pier, Brighton</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thornes_1999_p=_128-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thornes_1999_p=_128_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thornes_1999_p=_128_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThornes1999">Thornes 1999</a>, p. 128</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reynolds_1983_20-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds_1983_20_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds_1983_20_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReynolds1983">Reynolds 1983</a>, p. 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reynolds_1983_21-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds_1983_21_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds_1983_21_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds_1983_21_52-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReynolds1983">Reynolds 1983</a>, p. 21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParkinson1998">Parkinson 1998</a>, p. 33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bomford.net/IrishBomfords/Chapters/Chapter33/chapter33.htm#33.5.1%C2%A0_The_Constable_Family_">"Chapter 33"</a>. <i>www.bomford.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bomford.net&rft.atitle=Chapter+33&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bomford.net%2FIrishBomfords%2FChapters%2FChapter33%2Fchapter33.htm%2333.5.1%25C2%25A0_The_Constable_Family_&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Constable" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.clarkart.edu/artpiece/detail/extensive-landscape-with-clouds">"Extensive Landscape with Clouds"</a>. <i>www.clarkart.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.clarkart.edu&rft.atitle=Extensive+Landscape+with+Clouds&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.clarkart.edu%2Fartpiece%2Fdetail%2Fextensive-landscape-with-clouds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Constable" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMayor1980">Mayor 1980</a>, nos 455–460</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParkinson1998">Parkinson 1998</a>, p. 50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThornes1999">Thornes 1999</a>, p. 51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailey,_Anthony2008" class="citation cs2">Bailey, Anthony (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/218805873"><i>John Constable : a kingdom of his own</i></a>, Recording for the Blind & Dyslexic, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/218805873">218805873</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2022</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Constable+%3A+a+kingdom+of+his+own&rft.pub=Recording+for+the+Blind+%26+Dyslexic&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F218805873&rft.au=Bailey%2C+Anthony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F218805873&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Constable" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parkinson_1998_p=_64-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Parkinson_1998_p=_64_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parkinson_1998_p=_64_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParkinson1998">Parkinson 1998</a>, p. 64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParkinson1998">Parkinson 1998</a>, p. 89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParkinson1998">Parkinson 1998</a>, p. 110</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThornes1999">Thornes 1999</a>, p. 68</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThornes1999">Thornes 1999</a>, p. 56</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParkinson1998">Parkinson 1998</a>, p. 129</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://addisongazette.com/unearthed-john-constable-drawings-sell-for-92k/65469/">"Unearthed John Constable drawings sell for £92k – Addison Gazette"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Unearthed+John+Constable+drawings+sell+for+%C2%A392k+%E2%80%93+Addison+Gazette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faddisongazette.com%2Funearthed-john-constable-drawings-sell-for-92k%2F65469%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Constable" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlberge2019" class="citation news cs1">Alberge, Dalya (3 February 2019). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/02/03/john-constable-sketches-found-among-box-dusty-drawings-son-playwright/">"John Constable sketches found among box of dusty drawings by son of playwright during clearout"</a></span>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/02/03/john-constable-sketches-found-among-box-dusty-drawings-son-playwright/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2019</span> – via www.telegraph.co.uk.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=John+Constable+sketches+found+among+box+of+dusty+drawings+by+son+of+playwright+during+clearout&rft.date=2019-02-03&rft.aulast=Alberge&rft.aufirst=Dalya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2F2019%2F02%2F03%2Fjohn-constable-sketches-found-among-box-dusty-drawings-son-playwright%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Constable" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson" class="citation web cs1">Thompson, Jennifer A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.philamuseum.org/entries/102686">"The Stour by John Constable (cat. 857)"</a>. <i>The John G. Johnson Collection: A History and Selected Works</i>. A Philadelphia Museum of Art free digital publication.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+John+G.+Johnson+Collection%3A+A+History+and+Selected+Works&rft.atitle=The+Stour+by+John+Constable+%28cat.+857%29&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Jennifer+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.philamuseum.org%2Fentries%2F102686&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Constable" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/arts_and_culture/8479295.stm">"John Constable's Stour Valley location mystery solved"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 26 January 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=John+Constable%27s+Stour+Valley+location+mystery+solved&rft.date=2010-01-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fentertainment%2Farts_and_culture%2F8479295.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Constable" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson" class="citation web cs1">Thompson, Jennifer A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.philamuseum.org/entries/103602">"Two Donkeys by John Constable (inv. 155)"</a>. <i>The John G. Johnson Collection: A History and Selected Works</i>. A Philadelphia Museum of Art free digital publication.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+John+G.+Johnson+Collection%3A+A+History+and+Selected+Works&rft.atitle=Two+Donkeys+by+John+Constable+%28inv.+155%29&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Jennifer+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.philamuseum.org%2Fentries%2F103602&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Constable" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Constable&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 60em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailey2007" class="citation cs2">Bailey, Anthony (2007), <i>John Constable: A Kingdom of His Own</i>, London: Vintage, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84413-833-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84413-833-3"><bdi>978-1-84413-833-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Constable%3A+A+Kingdom+of+His+Own&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Vintage&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84413-833-3&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Constable" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckett1962" class="citation cs2">Beckett, Ronald B. (1962), <i>John Constable's Correspondence VI: The Fishers</i>, Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer Ltd, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-90071-609-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-90071-609-6"><bdi>978-0-90071-609-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Constable%27s+Correspondence+VI%3A+The+Fishers&rft.place=Woodbridge&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer+Ltd&rft.date=1962&rft.isbn=978-0-90071-609-6&rft.aulast=Beckett&rft.aufirst=Ronald+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Constable" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles2015" class="citation cs2">Charles, Victoria (2015), <i>Constable</i>, New York: Parkstone International, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78042-954-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78042-954-0"><bdi>978-1-78042-954-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constable&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Parkstone+International&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-78042-954-0&rft.aulast=Charles&rft.aufirst=Victoria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Constable" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConstable1975" class="citation cs2">Constable, Freda (1975), <i>John Constable</i>, Lavenham: Terence Dalton, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-900963-54-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-900963-54-9"><bdi>0-900963-54-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Constable&rft.place=Lavenham&rft.pub=Terence+Dalton&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0-900963-54-9&rft.aulast=Constable&rft.aufirst=Freda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Constable" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCormack1986" class="citation cs2">Cormack, Malcolm (1986), <i>Constable</i>, Oxford: Phaidon, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7148-2350-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7148-2350-3"><bdi>0-7148-2350-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constable&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Phaidon&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-7148-2350-3&rft.aulast=Cormack&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Constable" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleming-Williams1976" class="citation cs2">Fleming-Williams, Ian (1976), <i>Constable: Landscape Watercolours & Drawings</i>, London: Tate, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-905005-10-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-905005-10-4"><bdi>0-905005-10-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constable%3A+Landscape+Watercolours+%26+Drawings&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Tate&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-905005-10-4&rft.aulast=Fleming-Williams&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Constable" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleming-WilliamsParris1984" class="citation cs2">Fleming-Williams, Ian; Parris, Leslie (1984), <i>The Discovery of Constable</i>, London: Hamish Hamilton, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-241-11248-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-241-11248-6"><bdi>0-241-11248-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Discovery+of+Constable&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hamish+Hamilton&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-241-11248-6&rft.aulast=Fleming-Williams&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft.au=Parris%2C+Leslie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Constable" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFraser1976" class="citation cs2">Fraser, John Lloyd (1976), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/johnconstable1770000fras"><i>John Constable: 1776–1837</i></a></span>, Newton Abbot, UK: Readers Union, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-09-125540-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-09-125540-6"><bdi>0-09-125540-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Constable%3A+1776%E2%80%931837&rft.place=Newton+Abbot%2C+UK&rft.pub=Readers+Union&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-09-125540-6&rft.aulast=Fraser&rft.aufirst=John+Lloyd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjohnconstable1770000fras&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Constable" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGayford2009" class="citation cs2">Gayford, Martin (2009), <i>Constable in Love: Love, Landscape, Money and the Making of a Great Painter</i>, Fig Tree</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constable+in+Love%3A+Love%2C+Landscape%2C+Money+and+the+Making+of+a+Great+Painter&rft.pub=Fig+Tree&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Gayford&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Constable" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton2022" class="citation cs2">Hamilton, James (2022), <i>Constable: A Portrait</i>, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1474612913" title="Special:BookSources/978-1474612913"><bdi>978-1474612913</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constable%3A+A+Portrait&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1474612913&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Constable" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmes2012" class="citation cs2">Holmes, Charles John (2012), <i>John Constable: Illustrated</i>, The Bookmill, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9567303-6-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9567303-6-7"><bdi>978-0-9567303-6-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Constable%3A+Illustrated&rft.pub=The+Bookmill&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-9567303-6-7&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=Charles+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Constable" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/Constable-Illustrated-ebook/dp/B0073LLDXC/ref=sr_1_1?s=digital-text&ie=UTF8&qid=1330178670&sr=1-1">Kindle</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelder1980" class="citation cs2">Kelder, Diane (1980), <i>The Great Book of French Impressionism</i>, New York: Abbeville Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89659-151-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-89659-151-4"><bdi>0-89659-151-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Book+of+French+Impressionism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Abbeville+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-89659-151-4&rft.aulast=Kelder&rft.aufirst=Diane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Constable" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1991" class="citation cs2">Johnson, Paul (1991), <i>The Birth of the Modern: World Society 1815-1830</i>, University of Michigan: HarperCollins, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780060165741" title="Special:BookSources/9780060165741"><bdi>9780060165741</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Birth+of+the+Modern%3A+World+Society+1815-1830&rft.place=University+of+Michigan&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780060165741&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Constable" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeslie1995" class="citation cs2">Leslie, C. R. (1995), Mayne, Jonathan (ed.), <i>Memoirs of the Life of John Constable</i>, London: Phaidon, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7148-3360-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7148-3360-6"><bdi>0-7148-3360-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoirs+of+the+Life+of+John+Constable&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Phaidon&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-7148-3360-6&rft.aulast=Leslie&rft.aufirst=C.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Constable" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyles2006" class="citation cs2">Lyles, Anne, ed. (2006), <i>Constable: The Great Landscapes</i>, London: Tate Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85437-635-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-85437-635-7"><bdi>1-85437-635-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constable%3A+The+Great+Landscapes&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Tate+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-85437-635-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Constable" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayor1980" class="citation cs2">Mayor, A. Hyatt (1980), <i>Prints & People: A Social History of Printed Pictures</i>, Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-00326-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-00326-2"><bdi>0-691-00326-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prints+%26+People%3A+A+Social+History+of+Printed+Pictures&rft.place=Princeton%2C+N.+J.&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-691-00326-2&rft.aulast=Mayor&rft.aufirst=A.+Hyatt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Constable" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParkinson1998" class="citation cs2">Parkinson, Ronald (1998), <i>John Constable: The Man and His Art</i>, London: V&A, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85177-243-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-85177-243-X"><bdi>1-85177-243-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Constable%3A+The+Man+and+His+Art&rft.place=London&rft.pub=V%26A&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1-85177-243-X&rft.aulast=Parkinson&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Constable" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParrisFleming-Williams1991" class="citation cs2">Parris, Leslie; Fleming-Williams, Ian (1991), <i>Constable</i>, London: Tate, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85437-070-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-85437-070-7"><bdi>1-85437-070-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constable&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Tate&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=1-85437-070-7&rft.aulast=Parris&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rft.au=Fleming-Williams%2C+Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Constable" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParrisFleming-Williams1982" class="citation cs2">Parris, Leslie; Fleming-Williams, Ian (1982), <i>Lionel Constable</i>, London: Tate, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-905005-38-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-905005-38-4"><bdi>0-905005-38-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lionel+Constable&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Tate&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-905005-38-4&rft.aulast=Parris&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rft.au=Fleming-Williams%2C+Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Constable" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParrisFleming-WilliamsShields1976" class="citation cs2">Parris, Leslie; Fleming-Williams, Ian; Shields, Conal (1976), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/constablepaintin0000parr"><i>Constable: Paintings, Watercolours & Drawings</i></a></span>, London: Tate Gallery, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-905005-15-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-905005-15-5"><bdi>0-905005-15-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constable%3A+Paintings%2C+Watercolours+%26+Drawings&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Tate+Gallery&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-905005-15-5&rft.aulast=Parris&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rft.au=Fleming-Williams%2C+Ian&rft.au=Shields%2C+Conal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconstablepaintin0000parr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Constable" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPool1964" class="citation cs2">Pool, Phoebe (1964), <i>John Constable</i>, London: Blandford, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3365016">3365016</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Constable&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Blandford&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3365016&rft.aulast=Pool&rft.aufirst=Phoebe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Constable" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds1976" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Graham_Reynolds_(art_historian)" title="Graham Reynolds (art historian)">Reynolds, Graham</a> (1976), <i>Constable: The Natural Painter</i>, St Albans, UK: Panther, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-586-04401-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-586-04401-9"><bdi>0-586-04401-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constable%3A+The+Natural+Painter&rft.place=St+Albans%2C+UK&rft.pub=Panther&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-586-04401-9&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Graham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Constable" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds1983" class="citation cs2">Reynolds, Graham (1983), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/constablesenglan00grah"><i>Constable's England</i></a></span>, New York, NY: Metropolitan Museum of Art, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780870993350" title="Special:BookSources/9780870993350"><bdi>9780870993350</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constable%27s+England&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=9780870993350&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconstablesenglan00grah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Constable" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRhyne2006" class="citation cs2">Rhyne, Charles (2006), <i>"The Remarkable Story of the 'Six-Foot Sketches'", Constable: The Great Landscapes, ed. Anne Lyles</i>, London: Tate, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85437-635-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85437-635-0"><bdi>978-1-85437-635-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22The+Remarkable+Story+of+the+%27Six-Foot+Sketches%27%22%2C+Constable%3A+The+Great+Landscapes%2C+ed.+Anne+Lyles&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Tate&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-85437-635-0&rft.aulast=Rhyne&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Constable" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRhyne1990" class="citation cs2">Rhyne, Charles (1990), <i>John Constable: Toward a Complete Chronology</i>, Portland, Oregon: Author, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9627197-0-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-9627197-0-6"><bdi>0-9627197-0-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Constable%3A+Toward+a+Complete+Chronology&rft.place=Portland%2C+Oregon&rft.pub=Author&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-9627197-0-6&rft.aulast=Rhyne&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Constable" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenthal1987" class="citation cs2">Rosenthal, Michael (1987), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/constable00rose"><i>Constable</i></a></span>, London: Thames and Hudson, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-20211-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-20211-7"><bdi>0-500-20211-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constable&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-500-20211-7&rft.aulast=Rosenthal&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconstable00rose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Constable" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenthal1983" class="citation cs2">Rosenthal, Michael (1983), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/constablepainter0000rose"><i>Constable: The Painter and His Landscape</i></a></span>, New Haven, CT.: Yale University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-03014-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-03014-2"><bdi>0-300-03014-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constable%3A+The+Painter+and+His+Landscape&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT.&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-300-03014-2&rft.aulast=Rosenthal&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconstablepainter0000rose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Constable" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmartBrooks1976" class="citation cs2">Smart, Alastair; Brooks, Attfield (1976), <i>Constable and His Country</i>, London: Elek, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-236-40011-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-236-40011-8"><bdi>0-236-40011-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constable+and+His+Country&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Elek&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-236-40011-8&rft.aulast=Smart&rft.aufirst=Alastair&rft.au=Brooks%2C+Attfield&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Constable" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSunderland1986" class="citation cs2">Sunderland, John (1986), <i>Constable</i>, London: Phaidon, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7148-2754-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7148-2754-4"><bdi>978-0-7148-2754-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constable&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Phaidon&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-7148-2754-4&rft.aulast=Sunderland&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Constable" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThornes1999" class="citation cs2">Thornes, John E. (1999), <i>John Constable's Skies</i>, Birmingham: University of Birmingham Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-902459-02-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-902459-02-4"><bdi>1-902459-02-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Constable%27s+Skies&rft.place=Birmingham&rft.pub=University+of+Birmingham+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-902459-02-4&rft.aulast=Thornes&rft.aufirst=John+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Constable" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaughan2002" class="citation cs2">Vaughan, William (2002), <i>John Constable</i>, London: Tate, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85437-434-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-85437-434-6"><bdi>1-85437-434-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Constable&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Tate&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-85437-434-6&rft.aulast=Vaughan&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Constable" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker1979" class="citation cs2">Walker, John (1979), <i>Constable</i>, London: Thames and Hudson, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-09133-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-09133-1"><bdi>0-500-09133-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constable&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-500-09133-1&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Constable" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilcox2011" class="citation cs2">Wilcox, Timothy (2011), <i>Constable and Salisbury. The soul of landscape</i>, London: Scala, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85759-678-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85759-678-6"><bdi>978-1-85759-678-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constable+and+Salisbury.+The+soul+of+landscape&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Scala&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-85759-678-6&rft.aulast=Wilcox&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Constable" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Constable&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Paintings_by_John_Constable" class="extiw" title="commons:Paintings by John Constable">Paintings by John Constable</a> at Wikimedia Commons </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/John_Constable" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/John Constable">John Constable</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/search/actor:constable-john-17761837">348 artworks by or after John Constable</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Art_UK" title="Art UK">Art UK</a> site</li> <li>John Constable: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greatworksofwesternart.net/artistsandpaintings/painting/17/">Sketch for Hadleigh Castle c1828</a> – Great Works of Western Art</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130721100856/http://constablesclouds.com/">A gallery of Constable's cloud studies</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.racollection.org.uk/ixbin/indexplus?record=ART88">Web feature</a> from <a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Arts" title="Royal Academy of Arts">Royal Academy of Arts</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061020072807/http://www.nga.gov/exhibitions/2006/constable/earlylife.shtm">Constable's Great Landscapes: The Six-Foot Paintings at the National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://academic.reed.edu/art/faculty/rhyne/pubs.html#john">John Constable: a complete chronology and other articles</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/c/constables-oil-sketches/">Constable's Oil Sketches</a> <a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">Victoria and Albert Museum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070516205528/http://www.vam.ac.uk/collections/paintings/galleries/display/constable/index.html">A Sketchbook by Constable</a> Victoria and Albert Museum</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.vam.ac.uk/name/constable-john-ra/221/">List of works held by the Victoria and Albert Museum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.john-constable.org">390 paintings by John Constable at www.John-Constable.org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museumsyndicate.com/artist.php?artist=67">Gallery of Constable Paintings at MuseumSyndicate</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090322185103/http://www.museumsyndicate.com/artist.php?artist=67">Archived</a> 22 March 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2009/mar/04/john-constable-art-culture1">Portraits by the artist as a young man: Constable's parents finally identified, <i>The Guardian</i>, March 4, 2009</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/memoirsoflifeofj00lesluoft"><i>Memoirs of the Life of John Constable</i>, ed C. R. Leslie 1843</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15324coll10/id/102063"><i>Romanticism & the school of nature : nineteenth-century drawings and paintings from the Karen B. Cohen collection</i></a>, fully digitized text from The Metropolitan Museum of Art libraries</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.paul-mellon-centre.ac.uk/archives-and-library/archive-collections/charles-rhyne">Charles Rhyne Archive</a> - Research on John Constable</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="John_Constable" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John Constable</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_paintings_by_John_Constable" title="List of paintings by John Constable">Paintings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_paintings_by_John_Constable" title="List of paintings by John Constable">List of paintings</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Church_Porch,_East_Bergholt" title="The Church Porch, East Bergholt">The Church Porch, East Bergholt</a></i> (1810)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Celebration_in_East_Bergholt_of_the_Peace_of_1814" title="The Celebration in East Bergholt of the Peace of 1814">The Celebration in East Bergholt of the Peace of 1814</a></i> (1814)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Boat-Building_Near_Flatford_Mill" title="Boat-Building Near Flatford Mill">Boat-Building Near Flatford Mill</a></i> (1815)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stour_Valley_and_Dedham_Church" title="Stour Valley and Dedham Church">Stour Valley and Dedham Church</a></i> (1815)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Golding_Constable%27s_Flower_Garden" title="Golding Constable's Flower Garden">Golding Constable's Flower Garden</a></i> (1815)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Golding_Constable%27s_Vegetable_Garden" title="Golding Constable's Vegetable Garden">Golding Constable's Vegetable Garden</a></i> (1815)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Quarters_behind_Alresford_Hall" title="The Quarters behind Alresford Hall">The Quarters behind Alresford Hall</a></i> (1816)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wheat_Field_(Constable)" title="The Wheat Field (Constable)">The Wheat Field</a></i> (1816)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wivenhoe_Park_(painting)" title="Wivenhoe Park (painting)">Wivenhoe Park</a></i> (1816)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Flatford_Mill_(painting)" title="Flatford Mill (painting)">Flatford Mill</a></i> (1817)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Weymouth_Bay:_Bowleaze_Cove_and_Jordon_Hill" title="Weymouth Bay: Bowleaze Cove and Jordon Hill">Weymouth Bay: Bowleaze Cove and Jordon Hill</a></i> (1817)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_White_Horse_(Constable)" title="The White Horse (Constable)">The White Horse</a></i> (1819)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dedham_Lock_and_Mill" title="Dedham Lock and Mill">Dedham Lock and Mill</a></i> (1820)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harwich_Lighthouse_(painting)" title="Harwich Lighthouse (painting)">Harwich Lighthouse</a></i> (1820)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stratford_Mill_(Constable)" title="Stratford Mill (Constable)">Stratford Mill</a></i> (1820)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Waterloo_Bridge_(Constable)" title="Waterloo Bridge (Constable)">Waterloo Bridge</a></i> (1820)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harnham_Gate,_Salisbury" title="Harnham Gate, Salisbury">Harnham Gate</a></i> (1821)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hay_Wain" title="The Hay Wain">The Hay Wain</a></i> (1821)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malvern_Hall_(painting)" title="Malvern Hall (painting)">Malvern Hall</a></i> (1821)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Grove,_Hampstead_(painting)" title="The Grove, Hampstead (painting)">The Grove, Hampstead</a></i> (1822)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hampstead_Heath,_with_a_Bonfire" title="Hampstead Heath, with a Bonfire">Hampstead Heath, with a Bonfire</a></i> (1822)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Road_to_the_Spaniards,_Hampstead" title="Road to the Spaniards, Hampstead">Road to the Spaniards</a></i> (1822)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gillingham_Bridge" title="Gillingham Bridge">Gillingham Bridge</a></i> (1823)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salisbury_Cathedral_from_the_Bishop%27s_Grounds" title="Salisbury Cathedral from the Bishop's Grounds">Salisbury Cathedral from the Bishop's Grounds</a></i> (1823)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lock_(Constable)" title="The Lock (Constable)">The Lock</a></i> (1824)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Branch_Hill_Pond,_Hampstead_Heath" title="Branch Hill Pond, Hampstead Heath">Branch Hill Pond, Hampstead Heath</a></i> (1825)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cornfield" title="The Cornfield">The Cornfield</a></i> (1826)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parham_Mill" title="Parham Mill">Parham Mill</a></i> (1826)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chain_Pier,_Brighton_(painting)" title="Chain Pier, Brighton (painting)">Chain Pier, Brighton</a></i> (1827)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Vale_of_Dedham_(painting)" title="The Vale of Dedham (painting)">The Vale of Dedham</a></i> (1828)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hadleigh_Castle_(painting)" title="Hadleigh Castle (painting)">Hadleigh Castle</a></i> (1829)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Glebe_Farm" title="The Glebe Farm">The Glebe Farm</a></i> (1830)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salisbury_Cathedral_from_the_Meadows" title="Salisbury Cathedral from the Meadows">Salisbury Cathedral from the Meadows</a></i> (1831)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Opening_of_Waterloo_Bridge" title="The Opening of Waterloo Bridge">The Opening of Waterloo Bridge</a></i> (1832)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sir_Richard_Steele%27s_Cottage,_Hampstead" title="Sir Richard Steele's Cottage, Hampstead">Sir Richard Steele's Cottage, Hampstead</a></i> (1832)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cenotaph_to_the_Memory_of_Sir_Joshua_Reynolds" title="Cenotaph to the Memory of Sir Joshua Reynolds">Cenotaph to the Memory of Sir Joshua Reynolds</a></i> (1836)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hampstead_Heath_with_a_Rainbow" title="Hampstead Heath with a Rainbow">Hampstead Heath with a Rainbow</a></i> (1836)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arundel_Mill_and_Castle" title="Arundel Mill and Castle">Arundel Mill and Castle</a></i> (1837)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Golding_Constable" title="Charles Golding Constable">Charles Golding Constable (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dedham_Vale_National_Landscape" title="Dedham Vale National Landscape">Constable Country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Romanticism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Romanticism" title="Template:Romanticism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Romanticism" title="Template talk:Romanticism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romanticism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Romanticism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Romanticism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Golden_Age" title="Danish Golden Age">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_literature_in_English" title="Romantic literature in English">England (literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_France" title="Romanticism in France">France</a> <a href="/wiki/19th-century_French_literature#Romanticism" title="19th-century French literature">(literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_Roman" title="Taishō Roman">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_romantic_nationalism" title="Norwegian romantic nationalism">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Poland" title="Romanticism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Russian_Poetry" title="Golden Age of Russian Poetry">Russia (literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Scotland" title="Romanticism in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Spanish_literature" title="Romanticism in Spanish literature">Spain (literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Romantic_literature" title="Swedish Romantic literature">Sweden (literature)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancients_(art_group)" title="Ancients (art group)">Ancients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemianism" title="Bohemianism">Bohemianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coppet_group" title="Coppet group">Coppet group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Enlightenment" title="Counter-Enlightenment">Counter-Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Romanticism" title="Dark Romanticism">Dark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf_School_of_painting" title="Düsseldorf School of painting">Düsseldorf School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_historical_school" title="German historical school">German historical school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_River_School" title="Hudson River School">Hudson River School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indianism_(arts)" title="Indianism (arts)">Indianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jena_Romanticism" title="Jena Romanticism">Jena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Poets" title="Lake Poets">Lake Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">Nationalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazarene_movement" title="Nazarene movement">Nazarene movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-romanticism" title="Neo-romanticism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preromanticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Preromanticism">Pre</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sturm_und_Drang" title="Sturm und Drang">Sturm und Drang</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-romanticism" title="Post-romanticism">Post</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Purismo" title="Purismo">Purismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_school" title="Ukrainian school">Ukrainian school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-Romanticism" title="Ultra-Romanticism">Ultra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Wallenrod" title="Konrad Wallenrod">Wallenrodism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Themes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_flower" title="Blue flower">Blue flower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Marine_Art_(Romantic_Era)" title="British Marine Art (Romantic Era)">British Marine</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gesamtkunstwerk" title="Gesamtkunstwerk">Gesamtkunstwerk</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">Gothic fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">Hero</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byronic_hero" title="Byronic hero">Byronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_hero" title="Romantic hero">Romantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fiction" title="Historical fiction">Historical fiction</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mal_du_si%C3%A8cle" title="Mal du siècle">Mal du siècle</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medievalism" title="Medievalism">Medievalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_savage" class="mw-redirect" title="Noble savage">Noble savage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nostalgia#Romanticism" title="Nostalgia">Nostalgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossian" title="Ossian">Ossian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhine_romanticism" title="Rhine romanticism">Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genius_(literature)#Romanticism_and_genius" title="Genius (literature)">Romantic genius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanderlust" title="Wanderlust">Wanderlust</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Weltschmerz" title="Weltschmerz">Weltschmerz</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Mountain_art" title="White Mountain art">White Mountain art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism#Literature" title="Romanticism">Writers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Brazil</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casimiro_de_Abreu" title="Casimiro de Abreu">Abreu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar" title="José de Alencar">Alencar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Ant%C3%B4nio_de_Almeida" title="Manuel Antônio de Almeida">Manuel Antônio de Almeida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castro_Alves" title="Castro Alves">Alves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machado_de_Assis" title="Machado de Assis">Assis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvares_de_Azevedo" title="Álvares de Azevedo">Azevedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Barreto" title="Tobias Barreto">Barreto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alves_Dias" title="Gonçalves Dias">Dias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Guimar%C3%A3es" title="Bernardo Guimarães">Guimarães</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaquim_Manuel_de_Macedo" title="Joaquim Manuel de Macedo">Macedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alves_de_Magalh%C3%A3es,_Viscount_of_Araguaia" title="Gonçalves de Magalhães, Viscount of Araguaia">Magalhães</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Firmina_dos_Reis" title="Maria Firmina dos Reis">Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_d%27Escragnolle_Taunay,_Viscount_of_Taunay" title="Alfredo d'Escragnolle Taunay, Viscount of Taunay">Taunay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fagundes_Varela" title="Fagundes Varela">Varela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_France#Literature" title="Romanticism in France">France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire" title="Charles Baudelaire">Baudelaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aloysius_Bertrand" title="Aloysius Bertrand">Bertrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas" title="Alexandre Dumas">Dumas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile_Gautier" title="Théophile Gautier">Gautier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Hugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Lamartine" title="Alphonse de Lamartine">Lamartine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosper_M%C3%A9rim%C3%A9e" title="Prosper Mérimée">Mérimée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_de_Musset" title="Alfred de Musset">Musset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval" title="Gérard de Nerval">Nerval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Nodier" title="Charles Nodier">Nodier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_de_Vigny" title="Alfred de Vigny">Vigny</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achim_von_Arnim" title="Achim von Arnim">A. v. Arnim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bettina_von_Arnim" title="Bettina von Arnim">B. v. Arnim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Beer_(poet)" title="Michael Beer (poet)">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemens_Brentano" title="Clemens Brentano">Brentano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Freiherr_von_Eichendorff" title="Joseph Freiherr von Eichendorff">Eichendorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_de_la_Motte_Fouqu%C3%A9" title="Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué">Fouqué</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_Grimm" title="Brothers Grimm">Brothers Grimm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karoline_von_G%C3%BCnderrode" title="Karoline von Günderrode">Günderrode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Gutzkow" title="Karl Gutzkow">Gutzkow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Hauff" title="Wilhelm Hauff">Hauff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Heine" title="Heinrich Heine">Heine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._T._A._Hoffmann" title="E. T. A. Hoffmann">Hoffmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_H%C3%B6lderlin" title="Friedrich Hölderlin">Hölderlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Paul" title="Jean Paul">Jean Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Kleist" title="Heinrich von Kleist">Kleist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_M%C3%B6rike" title="Eduard Mörike">Mörike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Schwab" title="Gustav Schwab">Schwab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Tieck" title="Ludwig Tieck">Tieck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Uhland" title="Ludwig Uhland">Uhland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romantic_literature_in_English" title="Romantic literature in English">Great<br />Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Laetitia_Barbauld" title="Anna Laetitia Barbauld">Barbauld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Bront%C3%AB" title="Anne Brontë">Anne Brontë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Bront%C3%AB" title="Charlotte Brontë">C. Brontë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Bront%C3%AB" title="Emily Brontë">E. Brontë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns" title="Robert Burns">Burns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Byron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Clare" title="John Clare">Clare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_De_Quincey" title="Thomas De Quincey">de Quincey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Edgeworth" title="Maria Edgeworth">Maria Edgeworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Keats" title="John Keats">Keats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maturin" title="Charles Maturin">Maturin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_William_Polidori" title="John William Polidori">Polidori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Radcliffe" title="Ann Radcliffe">Radcliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Robinson_(poet)" title="Mary Robinson (poet)">Mary Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Seward" title="Anna Seward">Seward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">M. Shelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">P. B. Shelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Southey" title="Robert Southey">Southey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">Wordsworth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Poland#Notable_Polish_Romantic_writers_and_poets" title="Romanticism in Poland">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Fredro" title="Aleksander Fredro">Fredro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Krasi%C5%84ski" title="Zygmunt Krasiński">Krasiński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Ignacy_Kraszewski" title="Józef Ignacy Kraszewski">Józef Ignacy Kraszewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Malczewski" title="Antoni Malczewski">Malczewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz" title="Adam Mickiewicz">Mickiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian_Norwid" title="Cyprian Norwid">Norwid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Potocki" title="Jan Potocki">Potocki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wincenty_Pol" title="Wincenty Pol">Wincenty Pol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliusz_S%C5%82owacki" title="Juliusz Słowacki">Słowacki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camilo_Castelo_Branco" title="Camilo Castelo Branco">Castelo Branco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Feliciano_de_Castilho" title="António Feliciano de Castilho">Castilho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_de_Deus_de_Nogueira_Ramos" title="João de Deus de Nogueira Ramos">João de Deus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BAlio_Dinis" title="Júlio Dinis">Dinis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almeida_Garrett" title="Almeida Garrett">Garrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Herculano" title="Alexandre Herculano">Herculano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Augusto_Soares_de_Passos" title="António Augusto Soares de Passos">Soares dos Passos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Baratynsky" title="Yevgeny Baratynsky">Baratynsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Batyushkov" title="Konstantin Batyushkov">Batyushkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Gogol" title="Nikolai Gogol">Gogol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Karamzin" title="Nikolay Karamzin">Karamzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_K%C3%BCchelbecker" title="Wilhelm Küchelbecker">Küchelbecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lermontov" title="Mikhail Lermontov">Lermontov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pushkin" title="Alexander Pushkin">Pushkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Tyutchev" title="Fyodor Tyutchev">Tyutchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Vyazemsky" title="Pyotr Vyazemsky">Vyazemsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Zhukovsky" title="Vasily Zhukovsky">Zhukovsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serbia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90ura_Jak%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Đura Jakšić">Jakšić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laza_Kosti%C4%87" title="Laza Kostić">Kostić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petar_II_Petrovi%C4%87-Njego%C5%A1" title="Petar II Petrović-Njegoš">Njegoš</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branko_Radi%C4%8Devi%C4%87" title="Branko Radičević">Radičević</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milica_Stojadinovi%C4%87-Srpkinja" title="Milica Stojadinović-Srpkinja">Stojadinović-Srpkinja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jovan_Jovanovi%C4%87_Zmaj" title="Jovan Jovanović Zmaj">Zmaj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Adolfo_B%C3%A9cquer" title="Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer">Bécquer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosal%C3%ADa_de_Castro" title="Rosalía de Castro">Rosalía de Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Espronceda" title="José de Espronceda">Espronceda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Garc%C3%ADa_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Antonio García Gutiérrez">Gutiérrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ngel_de_Saavedra,_3rd_Duke_of_Rivas" title="Ángel de Saavedra, 3rd Duke of Rivas">Saavedra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Zorrilla" title="José Zorrilla">Zorrilla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">U.S.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Cullen_Bryant" title="William Cullen Bryant">Bryant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Fenimore_Cooper" title="James Fenimore Cooper">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne" title="Nathaniel Hawthorne">Hawthorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Gilbert_Holland" title="Josiah Gilbert Holland">Josiah Gilbert Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving">Irving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow" title="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow">Longfellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Russell_Lowell" title="James Russell Lowell">Lowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Poe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khachatur_Abovian" title="Khachatur Abovian">Abovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Alfieri" title="Vittorio Alfieri">Alfieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_Andersen" title="Hans Christian Andersen">Andersen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikoloz_Baratashvili" title="Nikoloz Baratashvili">Baratashvili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hristo_Botev" title="Hristo Botev">Botev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Chavchavadze" title="Alexander Chavchavadze">Chavchavadze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihai_Eminescu" title="Mihai Eminescu">Eminescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugo_Foscolo" title="Ugo Foscolo">Foscolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naim_Frash%C3%ABri" title="Naim Frashëri">Frashëri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Gustaf_Geijer" title="Erik Gustaf Geijer">Geijer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._F._S._Grundtvig" title="N. F. S. Grundtvig">Grundtvig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Heliade_R%C4%83dulescu" title="Ion Heliade Rădulescu">Heliade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Isaacs" title="Jorge Isaacs">Isaacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Lenau" title="Nikolaus Lenau">Lenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Leopardi" title="Giacomo Leopardi">Leopardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_Hynek_M%C3%A1cha" title="Karel Hynek Mácha">Mácha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Manzoni" title="Alessandro Manzoni">Manzoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maturin" title="Charles Maturin">Maturin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Oehlenschl%C3%A4ger" title="Adam Oehlenschläger">Oehlenschläger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigol_Orbeliani" title="Grigol Orbeliani">Orbeliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_Pre%C5%A1eren" title="France Prešeren">Prešeren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raffi_(novelist)" title="Raffi (novelist)">Raffi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Ludvig_Runeberg" title="Johan Ludvig Runeberg">Runeberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taras_Shevchenko" title="Taras Shevchenko">Shevchenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachris_Topelius" title="Zachris Topelius">Topelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mih%C3%A1ly_V%C3%B6r%C3%B6smarty" title="Mihály Vörösmarty">Vörösmarty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Wergeland" title="Henrik Wergeland">Wergeland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Musicians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Austria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner">Bruckner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Czerny" title="Carl Czerny">Czerny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Nepomuk_Hummel" title="Johann Nepomuk Hummel">Hummel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Mahler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Schubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismond_Thalberg" title="Sigismond Thalberg">Thalberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Wolf" title="Hugo Wolf">Wolf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Czechia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k" title="Antonín Dvořák">Dvořák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignaz_Moscheles" title="Ignaz Moscheles">Moscheles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Reicha" title="Anton Reicha">Reicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana">Smetana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_V%C3%A1clav_Vo%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1ek" title="Jan Václav Voříšek">Voříšek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Adam" title="Adolphe Adam">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Valentin_Alkan" title="Charles-Valentin Alkan">Alkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Auber" title="Daniel Auber">Auber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector_Berlioz" title="Hector Berlioz">Berlioz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Faur%C3%A9" title="Gabriel Fauré">Fauré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fromental_Hal%C3%A9vy" title="Fromental Halévy">Halévy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_M%C3%A9hul" title="Étienne Méhul">Méhul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Onslow_(composer)" title="George Onslow (composer)">Onslow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns" title="Camille Saint-Saëns">Saint-Saëns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Brahms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Bruch" title="Max Bruch">Bruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Kalkbrenner" title="Friedrich Kalkbrenner">Kalkbrenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Loewe" title="Carl Loewe">Loewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Marschner" title="Heinrich Marschner">Marschner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanny_Mendelssohn" title="Fanny Mendelssohn">Fanny Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Felix Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Meyerbeer" title="Giacomo Meyerbeer">Meyerbeer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moritz_Moszkowski" title="Moritz Moszkowski">Moszkowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann">C. Schumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann">R. Schumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Spohr" title="Louis Spohr">Spohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Maria_von_Weber" title="Carl Maria von Weber">Weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hungary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Erkel" title="Ferenc Erkel">Erkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Goldmark" title="Karl Goldmark">Goldmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Heller" title="Stephen Heller">Heller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jen%C5%91_Hubay" title="Jenő Hubay">Hubay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Joachim" title="Joseph Joachim">Joachim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Liszt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Bellini" title="Vincenzo Bellini">Bellini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferruccio_Busoni" title="Ferruccio Busoni">Busoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Cherubini" title="Luigi Cherubini">Cherubini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Donizetti" title="Gaetano Donizetti">Donizetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Paganini" title="Niccolò Paganini">Paganini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gioachino_Rossini" title="Gioachino Rossini">Rossini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspare_Spontini" title="Gaspare Spontini">Spontini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Verdi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Bortkiewicz" title="Sergei Bortkiewicz">Bortkiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin">Chopin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karol_Lipi%C5%84ski" title="Karol Lipiński">Lipiński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Moniuszko" title="Stanisław Moniuszko">Moniuszko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Jan_Paderewski" title="Ignacy Jan Paderewski">Paderewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Stolpe" title="Antoni Stolpe">Stolpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Tausig" title="Karl Tausig">Tausig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Wieniawski" title="Henryk Wieniawski">Wieniawski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Arensky" title="Anton Arensky">Arensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mily_Balakirev" title="Mily Balakirev">Balakirev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Borodin" title="Alexander Borodin">Borodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Cui" title="César Cui">Cui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Glinka" title="Mikhail Glinka">Glinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Lyapunov" title="Sergei Lyapunov">Lyapunov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Medtner" title="Nikolai Medtner">Medtner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modest_Mussorgsky" title="Modest Mussorgsky">Mussorgsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Rachmaninoff" title="Sergei Rachmaninoff">Rachmaninoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov" title="Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov">Rimsky-Korsakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Rubinstein" title="Anton Rubinstein">Rubinstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Scriabin" title="Alexander Scriabin">Scriabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Tchaikovsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serbia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stevan_Hristi%C4%87" title="Stevan Hristić">Hristić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petar_Konjovi%C4%87" title="Petar Konjović">Konjović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevan_Mokranjac" title="Stevan Mokranjac">Mokranjac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kornelije_Stankovi%C4%87" title="Kornelije Stanković">Stanković</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Sterndale_Bennett" title="William Sterndale Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Berwald" title="Franz Berwald">Berwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Elgar" title="Edward Elgar">Elgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Field_(composer)" title="John Field (composer)">Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Franck" title="César Franck">Franck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edvard_Grieg" title="Edvard Grieg">Grieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius">Sibelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Sor" title="Fernando Sor">Sor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_philosophy" title="Romanticism in philosophy">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vissarion_Belinsky" title="Vissarion Belinsky">Belinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Berchet" title="Giovanni Berchet">Berchet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Chaadayev" title="Pyotr Chaadayev">Chaadayev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hazlitt" title="William Hazlitt">Hazlitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Khomyakov" title="Aleksey Khomyakov">Khomyakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">Lamennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariano_Jos%C3%A9_de_Larra" title="Mariano José de Larra">Larra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Michelet" title="Jules Michelet">Michelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_M%C3%BCller" title="Adam Müller">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Quinet" title="Edgar Quinet">Quinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Joseph_Schelling" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling">Schelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Schiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Wilhelm_Schlegel" title="August Wilhelm Schlegel">A. Schlegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schlegel" title="Friedrich Schlegel">F. Schlegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schleiermacher" title="Friedrich Schleiermacher">Schleiermacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Pivert_de_Senancour" title="Étienne Pivert de Senancour">Senancour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Vilhelm_Snellman" title="Johan Vilhelm Snellman">Snellman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Tieck" title="Ludwig Tieck">Tieck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Heinrich_Wackenroder" title="Wilhelm Heinrich Wackenroder">Wackenroder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism#Visual_arts" title="Romanticism">Visual artists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Aivazovsky" title="Ivan Aivazovsky">Aivazovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Bierstadt" title="Albert Bierstadt">Bierstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Parkes_Bonington" title="Richard Parkes Bonington">Bonington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Bryullov" title="Karl Bryullov">Bryullov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Chass%C3%A9riau" title="Théodore Chassériau">Chassériau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Edwin_Church" title="Frederic Edwin Church">Church</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Constable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cole" title="Thomas Cole">Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste-Camille_Corot" title="Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot">Corot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Christian_Dahl" title="Johan Christian Dahl">Dahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_d%27Angers" title="David d'Angers">David d'Angers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix" title="Eugène Delacroix">Delacroix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Edelfelt" title="Albert Edelfelt">Edelfelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="Caspar David Friedrich">Friedrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fuseli" title="Henry Fuseli">Fuseli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akseli_Gallen-Kallela" title="Akseli Gallen-Kallela">Gallen-Kallela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_G%C3%A9ricault" title="Théodore Géricault">Géricault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne-Louis_Girodet_de_Roussy-Trioson" title="Anne-Louis Girodet de Roussy-Trioson">Girodet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Nepomucen_G%C5%82owacki" title="Jan Nepomucen Głowacki">Głowacki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Goya" title="Francisco Goya">Goya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Gude" title="Hans Gude">Gude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Hayez" title="Francesco Hayez">Hayez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Janmot" title="Louis Janmot">Janmot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jones_(artist)" title="Thomas Jones (artist)">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orest_Kiprensky" title="Orest Kiprensky">Kiprensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Anton_Koch" title="Joseph Anton Koch">Koch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciszek_Ksawery_Lampi" title="Franciszek Ksawery Lampi">Lampi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Leutze" title="Emanuel Leutze">Leutze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Martin_(painter)" title="John Martin (painter)">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piotr_Micha%C5%82owski" title="Piotr Michałowski">Michałowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Palmer" title="Samuel Palmer">Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Ara%C3%BAjo_Porto-Alegre,_Baron_of_Santo_%C3%82ngelo" title="Manuel de Araújo Porto-Alegre, Baron of Santo Ângelo">Porto-Alegre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine-Augustin_Pr%C3%A9ault" title="Antoine-Augustin Préault">Préault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_R%C3%A9voil" title="Pierre Révoil">Révoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleury_Fran%C3%A7ois_Richard" title="Fleury François Richard">Richard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rude" title="François Rude">Rude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Otto_Runge" title="Philipp Otto Runge">Runge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raden_Saleh" title="Raden Saleh">Saleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ary_Scheffer" title="Ary Scheffer">Scheffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Stattler" title="Wojciech Stattler">Stattler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Stroy" title="Michael Stroy">Stroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolph_Tidemand" title="Adolph Tidemand">Tidemand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Tropinin" title="Vasily Tropinin">Tropinin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._M._W._Turner" title="J. M. W. Turner">Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Veit" title="Philipp Veit">Veit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Ward_(English_artist)" title="James Ward (English artist)">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Wiertz" title="Antoine Wiertz">Wiertz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Scholars" class="mw-redirect" title="Scholars">Scholars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Abraham" title="Gerald Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._H._Abrams" title="M. H. Abrams">Abrams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Barzun" title="Jacques Barzun">Barzun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_C._Beiser" title="Frederick C. Beiser">Beiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._C._W._Blanning" title="T. C. W. Blanning">Blanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Bloom" title="Harold Bloom">Bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Blume" title="Friedrich Blume">Blume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Dahlhaus" title="Carl Dahlhaus">Dahlhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ferber" title="Michael Ferber">Ferber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_Frye" title="Northrop Frye">Frye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Janion" title="Maria Janion">Janion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Lacoue-Labarthe" title="Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe">Lacoue-Labarthe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Oncken_Lovejoy" title="Arthur Oncken Lovejoy">Lovejoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_de_Man" title="Paul de Man">de Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Nancy" title="Jean-Luc Nancy">Nancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Gabriel_Porthan" title="Henrik Gabriel Porthan">Porthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Ricks" title="Christopher Ricks">Ricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Rosen" title="Charles Rosen">Rosen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Wellek" title="René Wellek">Wellek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coleridge%27s_theory_of_life" title="Coleridge's theory of life">Coleridge's theory of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_idealism" title="German idealism">German idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_romantics" title="List of romantics">List of romantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Romantic_poets" title="List of Romantic poets">List of Romantic poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages_in_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Ages in history">Middle Ages in history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opium_and_Romanticism" title="Opium and Romanticism">Opium and Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_ballet" title="Romantic ballet">Romantic ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_epistemology" title="Romantic epistemology">Romantic epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_medicine" title="Romantic medicine">Romantic medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_poetry" title="Romantic poetry">Romantic poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_psychology" title="Romantic psychology">Romantic psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_and_economics" title="Romanticism and economics">Romanticism and economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_and_the_French_Revolution" title="Romanticism and the French Revolution">Romanticism and the French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_science" title="Romanticism in science">Romanticism in science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_and_Bacon" title="Romanticism and Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_evolution_theory" title="Romanticism in evolution theory">Evolution theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wanderer_above_the_Sea_of_Fog" title="Wanderer above the Sea of Fog">Wanderer above the Sea of Fog</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div style="position:relative;"> <div style="position:absolute;">← <b><a href="/wiki/Template:Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Template:Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute;right:0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Template:Modernism" title="Template:Modernism">Modernism</a></b> →</div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159297#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159297#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000122770039">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/17265725">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/49014/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvHcFdGPQ7QbVcq4CYF8C">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118521934">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80007977">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121780151">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121780151">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00512631">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Constable, John <1776-1837>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV072083">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35030672">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ola2002159007&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX895728">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068420919">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Constable, John, 1776-1837"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000191026&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=75870">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/tr5773qc4ph9m9f">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810624619505606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/134806">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007302343805171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058517345106706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01090177?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500115382">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/50384096-9094-4156-8e51-a12801606d97">MusicBrainz</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/17996">RKD Artists</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/02d31afe-c9f0-4aba-9ef4-307866244529">KulturNav</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/explore/collection/artist/897/">Victoria</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moma.org/artists/66606">Museum of Modern Art</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aucklandartgallery.com/explore-art-and-ideas/artist/564/">Auckland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gallery.ca/collection/artist/john-constable">National Gallery of Canada</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/803541">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118521934.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118521934">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/030345952">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6wm20v2">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/486">Te Papa (New Zealand)</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Constable&oldid=1257155995">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Constable&oldid=1257155995</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" 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