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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移去側欄</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">收埋</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">文頭</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-歷史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#歷史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>歷史</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-歷史-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去歷史細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-歷史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-口頭交流同最初嘅表達形式" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#口頭交流同最初嘅表達形式"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>口頭交流同最初嘅表達形式</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-口頭交流同最初嘅表達形式-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-文字" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#文字"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>文字</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-文字-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-中國" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#中國"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>中國</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-中國-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-高麗" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#高麗"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>高麗</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-高麗-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-埃及" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#埃及"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>埃及</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-埃及-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-希臘" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#希臘"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>希臘</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-希臘-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-古羅馬" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#古羅馬"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>古羅馬</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-古羅馬-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-中世紀" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#中世紀"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>中世紀</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-中世紀-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-古書" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#古書"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>古書</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-古書-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去古書細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-古書-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-書籍嘅興起" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#書籍嘅興起"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>書籍嘅興起</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-書籍嘅興起-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-書籍審查" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#書籍審查"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>書籍審查</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-書籍審查-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-字" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#字"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>字</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-字-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-部件" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#部件"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>部件</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-部件-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去部件細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-部件-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-整一本書嘅方法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#整一本書嘅方法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>整一本書嘅方法</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-整一本書嘅方法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-概念" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#概念"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>概念</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-概念-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-禁忌" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#禁忌"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>禁忌</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-禁忌-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-睇埋" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#睇埋"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>睇埋</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-睇埋-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>參考</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-註" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#註"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>註</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-註-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目錄" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="開/收內容一覽" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">開/收內容一覽</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">書</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="去睇另一種語文嘅文章。有203種語言版本。" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-203" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">203種語言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boek" title="Boek – 南非荷蘭文" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Boek" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buch" title="Buch – 德文（瑞士）" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Buch" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="德文（瑞士）" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%98%E1%8C%BD%E1%88%90%E1%8D%8D" title="መጽሐፍ – 阿姆哈拉文" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="መጽሐፍ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="阿姆哈拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codad" title="Codad – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Codad" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libro" title="Libro – 阿拉貢文" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Libro" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉貢文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="كتاب – 阿拉伯文" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كتاب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9F%DC%AC%DC%92%DC%90_(%DC%A3%DC%A6%DC%AA%DC%90)" title="ܟܬܒܐ (ܣܦܪܐ) – 阿拉米文" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܟܬܒܐ (ܣܦܪܐ)" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="阿拉米文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="كتاب – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كتاب" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA" title="কিতাপ – 阿薩姆文" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="কিতাপ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="阿薩姆文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llibru" title="Llibru – 阿斯圖里亞文" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llibru" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯圖里亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masinahikan" title="Masinahikan – 阿提卡米克文" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Masinahikan" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="阿提卡米克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panka" title="Panka – 艾馬拉文" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Panka" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="艾馬拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitab" title="Kitab – 亞塞拜然文" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kitab" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="亞塞拜然文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="کیتاب – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کیتاب" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF" title="Китап – 巴什客爾文" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Китап" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什客爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buach" title="Buach – 巴伐利亞文" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Buach" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="巴伐利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kninga" title="Kninga – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Kninga" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libro" title="Libro – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Libro" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bdr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bdr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buk" title="Buk – West Coast Bajau" lang="bdr" hreflang="bdr" data-title="Buk" data-language-autonym="Bajau Sama" data-language-local-name="West Coast Bajau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bajau Sama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Кніга – 白俄羅斯文" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кніга" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄羅斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Кніга – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кніга" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Книга – 保加利亞文" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Книга" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC" title="किताब – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="किताब" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buku" title="Buku – 班亞爾文" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Buku" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="班亞爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaf%C9%9B" title="Gafɛ – 班巴拉文" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Gafɛ" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="班巴拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%87" title="বই – 孟加拉文" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বই" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levr" title="Levr – 布列塔尼文" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Levr" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knjiga" title="Knjiga – 波士尼亞文" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Knjiga" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波士尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%BC_(%D0%B1%D1%8D%D1%88%D1%8D%D0%B3)" title="Ном (бэшэг) – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Ном (бэшэг)" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llibre" title="Llibre – 加泰羅尼亞文" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llibre" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰羅尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%B9%B3%CC%86" title="Cṳ̆ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Cṳ̆" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Жайна – 車臣文" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Жайна" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="車臣文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%AA%E1%8F%AA%E1%8E%B5" title="ᎪᏪᎵ – 柴羅基文" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎪᏪᎵ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="柴羅基文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%AA%DB%8E%D8%A8" title="کتێب – 索拉尼庫爾德文" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کتێب" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="索拉尼庫爾德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitap" title="Kitap – 克里米亞半島的土耳其文；克里米亞半島的塔塔爾文" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Kitap" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="克里米亞半島的土耳其文；克里米亞半島的塔塔爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kniha" title="Kniha – 捷克文" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kniha" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%C4%95%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Кĕнеке – 楚瓦什文" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кĕнеке" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llyfr" title="Llyfr – 威爾斯文" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Llyfr" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威爾斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bog" title="Bog – 丹麥文" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bog" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麥文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buku" title="Buku – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Buku" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buch" title="Buch – 德文" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Buch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%B1tab" title="Kıtab – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Kıtab" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%CC%A0uuk" title="B̠uuk – 中部杜順文" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="B̠uuk" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="中部杜順文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95" title="पुस्तक – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="पुस्तक" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B9%CE%B2%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%BF" title="Βιβλίο – 希臘文" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βιβλίο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希臘文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book" title="Book – 英文" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Book" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libro" title="Libro – 世界文" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Libro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libro" title="Libro – 西班牙文" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Libro" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raamat" title="Raamat – 愛沙尼亞文" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Raamat" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="愛沙尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liburu" title="Liburu – 巴斯克文" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Liburu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libru" title="Libru – 埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Libru" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="کتاب – 波斯文" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کتاب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirja" title="Kirja – 芬蘭文" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kirja" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivola" title="Ivola – 斐濟文" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Ivola" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="斐濟文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livre_(document)" title="Livre (document) – 法文" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Livre (document)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9vro" title="Lévro – 法蘭克-普羅旺斯文" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Lévro" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="法蘭克-普羅旺斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buk" title="Buk – 北弗里西亞文" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Buk" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boek" title="Boek – 西弗里西亞文" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Boek" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leabhar" title="Leabhar – 愛爾蘭文" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Leabhar" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="愛爾蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9B%B8" title="書 – 贛語" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="書" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="贛語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liv_(dokouman)" title="Liv (dokouman) – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Liv (dokouman)" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leabhar" title="Leabhar – 蘇格蘭蓋爾文" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Leabhar" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="蘇格蘭蓋爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libro" title="Libro – 加里西亞文" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Libro" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加里西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aranduka" title="Aranduka – 瓜拉尼文" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Aranduka" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="瓜拉尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B1%F0%90%8D%89%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8D%89%F0%90%8D%83" title="𐌱𐍉𐌺𐍉𐍃 – 哥德文" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌱𐍉𐌺𐍉𐍃" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="哥德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karalo%27uta" title="Karalo'uta – 瓦尤文" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Karalo'uta" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="瓦尤文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wayuunaiki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lioar" title="Lioar – 曼島文" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Lioar" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="曼島文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littafi" title="Littafi – 豪撒文" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Littafi" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="豪撒文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BB" title="Sû – 客家話" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Sû" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="客家話" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8" title="ספר – 希伯來文" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ספר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯來文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95" title="पुस्तक – 北印度文" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पुस्तक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="北印度文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitaab" title="Kitaab – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Kitaab" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knjiga" title="Knjiga – 克羅埃西亞文" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Knjiga" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克羅埃西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liv_(pou_li)" title="Liv (pou li) – 海地文" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Liv (pou li)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nyv" title="Könyv – 匈牙利文" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Könyv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%AB%D6%80%D6%84" title="Գիրք – 亞美尼亞文" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գիրք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亞美尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%AB%D6%80%D6%84" title="Գիրք – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Գիրք" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libro" title="Libro – 國際文" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Libro" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="國際文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bup" title="Bup – 伊班文" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Bup" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="伊班文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buku" title="Buku – 印尼文" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Buku" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libre" title="Libre – 國際文（E）" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Libre" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="國際文（E）" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libro" title="Libro – 伊洛闊文" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Libro" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="伊洛闊文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Дешарг – 印古什文" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Дешарг" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="印古什文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libro" title="Libro – 伊多文" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Libro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B3k" title="Bók – 冰島文" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Bók" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰島文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libro" title="Libro – 義大利文" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Libro" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="義大利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%95%BF%E1%92%A5%E1%95%90%E1%95%88%E1%90%8A%E1%91%A6/qimirruat" title="ᕿᒥᕐᕈᐊᑦ/qimirruat – 因紐特文" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᕿᒥᕐᕈᐊᑦ/qimirruat" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="因紐特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%AC" title="本 – 日文" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="本" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buk" title="Buk – 牙買加克裏奧爾英文" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Buk" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="牙買加克裏奧爾英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/cukta" title="cukta – 邏輯文" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="cukta" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="邏輯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buku" title="Buku – 爪哇文" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Buku" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AC%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="წიგნი – 喬治亞文" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="წიგნი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="喬治亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adlis" title="Adlis – 卡比爾文" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Adlis" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="卡比爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takaya%C9%A3" title="Takayaɣ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Takayaɣ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwaa%CC%B1mbwat" title="Kwaa̱mbwat – 卡塔布文" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Kwaa̱mbwat" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="卡塔布文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF" title="Кітап – 哈薩克文" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Кітап" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈薩克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%95" title="ಪುಸ್ತಕ – 坎那達文" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪುಸ್ತಕ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="坎那達文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B1%85" title="책 – 韓文" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="책" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韓文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="کتاب – 喀什米爾文" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="کتاب" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="喀什米爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boch_(z_l%C3%A4%C3%A4se)" title="Boch (z lääse) – 科隆文" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Boch (z lääse)" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="科隆文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirt%C3%BBk" title="Pirtûk – 庫爾德文" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Pirtûk" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="庫爾德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B1%D3%A7%D0%B3" title="Небӧг – 科米文" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Небӧг" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="科米文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyver" title="Lyver – 康瓦耳文" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Lyver" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="康瓦耳文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF" title="Китеп – 吉爾吉斯文" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Китеп" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="吉爾吉斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="正文"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liber" title="Liber – 拉丁文" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Liber" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buch" title="Buch – 盧森堡文" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Buch" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="盧森堡文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B1" title="Улуб – 列茲干文" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Улуб" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="列茲干文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book" title="Book – 林堡文" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Book" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liber" title="Liber – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Liber" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BAku" title="Búku – 林加拉文" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Búku" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="林加拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B6%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%A1" title="ປຶ້ມ – 寮文" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປຶ້ມ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="寮文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knyga" title="Knyga – 立陶宛文" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Knyga" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C4%81mata" title="Grāmata – 拉脫維亞文" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Grāmata" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脫維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buku" title="Buku – 馬都拉文" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Buku" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="馬都拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boky" title="Boky – 馬拉加什文" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Boky" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="馬拉加什文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Книга – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Книга" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Книга – 馬其頓文" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Книга" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="馬其頓文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82" title="പുസ്തകം – 馬來亞拉姆文" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പുസ്തകം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="馬來亞拉姆文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Ном – 蒙古文" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ном" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%9B" title="ꯂꯥꯏꯂꯤꯛ – 曼尼普裡文" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯂꯥꯏꯂꯤꯛ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="曼尼普裡文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95" title="पुस्तक – 馬拉地文" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पुस्तक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="馬拉地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buku" title="Buku – 馬來文" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Buku" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="馬來文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libro" title="Libro – 米蘭德斯文" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Libro" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="米蘭德斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%AC%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AF%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA" title="စာအုပ် – 緬甸文" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စာအုပ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="緬甸文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Кинига – 厄爾茲亞文" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Кинига" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="厄爾茲亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D9%85%D9%87" title="نومه – 馬贊德蘭文" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="نومه" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="馬贊德蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoxtli" title="Amoxtli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Amoxtli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libbro" title="Libbro – 拿波里文" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Libbro" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="拿波里文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book" title="Book – 低地德文" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Book" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boek_(literetuur)" title="Boek (literetuur) – 低地薩克遜文" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Boek (literetuur)" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="低地薩克遜文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95" title="पुस्तक – 尼泊爾文" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पुस्तक" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%82" title="सफू – 尼瓦爾文" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="सफू" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boek" title="Boek – 荷蘭文" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Boek" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bok" title="Bok – 耐諾斯克挪威文" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bok" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="耐諾斯克挪威文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bok" title="Bok – 巴克摩挪威文" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bok" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="巴克摩挪威文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%9E%DF%8A%DF%AC%DF%9D%DF%8A" title="ߞߊ߬ߝߊ – 曼德文字 (N’Ko)" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߞߊ߬ߝߊ" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="曼德文字 (N’Ko)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ߒߞߏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libre" title="Libre – 奧克西坦文" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Libre" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奧克西坦文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirju" title="Kirju – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Kirju" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B3" title="Чиныг – 奧塞提文" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Чиныг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="奧塞提文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AC" title="ਕਿਤਾਬ – 旁遮普文" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਿਤਾਬ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buch" title="Buch – 賓夕法尼亞德文" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Buch" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="賓夕法尼亞德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%82" title="पोत्थकं – 巴利文" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="पोत्थकं" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="巴利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCka" title="Książka – 波蘭文" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Książka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="کتاب – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کتاب" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livro" title="Livro – 葡萄牙文" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Livro" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liwru" title="Liwru – 蓋楚瓦文" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Liwru" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="蓋楚瓦文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carte" title="Carte – 羅馬尼亞文" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Carte" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="羅馬尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carti" title="Carti – 羅馬尼亞語系" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Carti" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="羅馬尼亞語系" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Книга – 俄文" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Книга" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Книга – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Книга" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igitabo" title="Igitabo – 盧安達文" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Igitabo" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="盧安達文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%8D" title="Кинигэ – 雅庫特文" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Кинигэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="雅庫特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ – 散塔利文" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="散塔利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libbru" title="Libbru – 西西里文" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Libbru" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beuk" title="Beuk – 蘇格蘭文" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Beuk" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="蘇格蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="ڪتاب – 信德文" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪتاب" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girji" title="Girji – 北方薩米文" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Girji" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="北方薩米文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knjiga" title="Knjiga – 塞爾維亞克羅埃西亞文" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Knjiga" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞爾維亞克羅埃西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A" title="පොත් – 僧伽羅文" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පොත්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book" title="Book – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Book" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kniha" title="Kniha – 斯洛伐克文" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kniha" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knjiga" title="Knjiga – 斯洛維尼亞文" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Knjiga" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛維尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhuku" title="Bhuku – 塞內加爾文" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Bhuku" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="塞內加爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shafad_(Buug)" title="Shafad (Buug) – 索馬利文" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Shafad (Buug)" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="索馬利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libri" title="Libri – 阿爾巴尼亞文" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Libri" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿爾巴尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%9A%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Књига – 塞爾維亞文" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Књига" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞爾維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dncwadz%C3%AD" title="Íncwadzí – 斯瓦特文" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Íncwadzí" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="斯瓦特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buku" title="Buku – 巽他文" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Buku" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bok" title="Bok – 瑞典文" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bok" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitabu" title="Kitabu – 史瓦希里文" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kitabu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="史瓦希里文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/cudad" title="cudad – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="cudad" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81)" title="நூல் (எழுத்துப் படைப்பு) – 坦米爾文" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நூல் (எழுத்துப் படைப்பு)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="坦米爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/biru" title="biru – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="biru" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%82" title="పుస్తకం – 泰盧固文" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పుస్తకం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰盧固文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B1" title="Китоб – 塔吉克文" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Китоб" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD" title="หนังสือ – 泰文" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หนังสือ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitap" title="Kitap – 土庫曼文" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Kitap" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="土庫曼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aklat" title="Aklat – 塔加路族文" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Aklat" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="塔加路族文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn mw-list-item"><a href="https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buka" title="Buka – 突尼西亞文" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" data-title="Buka" data-language-autonym="Setswana" data-language-local-name="突尼西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Setswana</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buk" title="Buk – 托比辛文" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Buk" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="托比辛文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitap" title="Kitap – 土耳其文" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kitap" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF" title="Китап – 韃靼文" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Китап" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="韃靼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Ном – 土凡文" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Ном" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="土凡文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Книга – 烏克蘭文" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Книга" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="烏克蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="کتاب – 烏都文" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کتاب" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="烏都文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitob" title="Kitob – 烏茲別克文" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kitob" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="烏茲別克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81ibro" title="Łibro – 威尼斯文" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Łibro" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirj" title="Kirj – 維普森文" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Kirj" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="維普森文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1ch" title="Sách – 越南文" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sách" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buk" title="Buk – 沃拉普克文" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Buk" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="沃拉普克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_(po_l%C3%A9re)" title="Live (po lére) – 瓦隆文" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Live (po lére)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="瓦隆文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libro" title="Libro – 瓦瑞文" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Libro" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E4%B9%A6" title="图书 – 吳語" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="图书" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吳語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incwadi" title="Incwadi – 科薩文" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Incwadi" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="科薩文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%B7%E1%83%A0%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="კჷრბი – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კჷრბი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%95%D7%9A" title="בוך – 意第緒文" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="בוך" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第緒文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Cw%C3%A9" title="Ìwé – 約魯巴文" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ìwé" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="約魯巴文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saw" title="Saw – 壯文" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Saw" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="壯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B7%E2%B5%8D%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%99" title="ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ – 標準摩洛哥塔馬塞特文" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="標準摩洛哥塔馬塞特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E4%B9%A6" title="图书 – 中文" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="图书" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="中文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9B%B8" title="書 – 文言文" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="書" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="文言文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chheh" title="Chheh – 閩南語" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chheh" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="閩南語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incwadi" title="Incwadi – 祖魯文" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Incwadi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="祖魯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q571#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="改跨語言拎" class="wbc-editpage">改拎</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="空間名"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%B8" title="睇吓內容頁[c]" accesskey="c"><span>文章</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E6%9B%B8" rel="discussion" title="關於內容頁嘅討論[t]" accesskey="t"><span>討論</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="改語言變體" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">粵語</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="外觀"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%B8"><span>閱</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9B%B8&action=edit" title="改呢版嘅代碼[e]" accesskey="e"><span>改</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9B%B8&action=history" title="呢一頁之前嘅修訂[h]" accesskey="h"><span>睇返紀錄</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="頁面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="架撐" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">架撐</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">架撐</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移去側欄</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">收埋</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="多啲選項" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 動作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%B8"><span>閱</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9B%B8&action=edit" title="改呢版嘅代碼[e]" accesskey="e"><span>改</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9B%B8&action=history"><span>睇返紀錄</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 基本 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%82%8A%E5%BA%A6%E9%8F%88%E5%8E%BB%E5%91%A2%E7%89%88/%E6%9B%B8" title="列出所有連接過嚟呢度嘅頁面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>有乜連過嚟</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E5%A4%96%E9%8F%88%E4%BF%AE%E6%94%B9/%E6%9B%B8" rel="nofollow" title="由呢版連出去嘅版嘅最近修改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>連結頁嘅更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E8%BC%89" title="上載檔案[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上載檔案</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E5%B0%88%E9%96%80%E7%89%88" title="所有專門版一覽[q]" accesskey="q"><span>專門版</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9B%B8&oldid=2181913" title="呢版呢個修訂嘅永久網址"><span>固定連結</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9B%B8&action=info" title="多啲同呢版有拏褦嘅資料"><span>此版明細</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8&page=%E6%9B%B8&id=2181913&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="點樣引用呢頁嘅資訊"><span>引用呢篇文</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E6%259B%25B8"><span>攞短網址</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E6%259B%25B8"><span>下載QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/匯出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E6%9B%B8&action=show-download-screen"><span>下載PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="呢一版印得嘅版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>印得嘅版本</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 第啲維基項目 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Book" hreflang="en"><span>維基同享</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q571" title="連到接住資料儲存庫嘅項目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>維基數據項</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="頁面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="閱讀設定"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">閱讀設定</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移去側欄</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">收埋</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">出自維基百科，自由嘅百科全書</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="yue" dir="ltr"><div role="note" class="hatnote"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%90%9E%E6%B8%85%E6%A5%9A" title="Wikipedia:搞清楚"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/38px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/50px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168" /></a></span>  <small>想搵第二個意思嘅話，請睇<b><a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%B8_(%E6%90%9E%E6%B8%85%E6%A5%9A)" class="mw-disambig" title="書 (搞清楚)">書 (搞清楚)</a></b></small><small>。</small></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brockhaus_Lexikon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Brockhaus_Lexikon.jpg/220px-Brockhaus_Lexikon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Brockhaus_Lexikon.jpg/330px-Brockhaus_Lexikon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Brockhaus_Lexikon.jpg/440px-Brockhaus_Lexikon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>幾本書</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Faazin_Gei_20-21.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Faazin_Gei_20-21.jpg/220px-Faazin_Gei_20-21.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Faazin_Gei_20-21.jpg/330px-Faazin_Gei_20-21.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Faazin_Gei_20-21.jpg/440px-Faazin_Gei_20-21.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2520" data-file-height="1968" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%B1%E7%AE%8B%E8%A8%98" title="花箋記">花箋記</a>呢本書幾出名，有一部份用<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%B5%E6%96%87" title="粵文">粵文</a>寫成。</figcaption></figure> <p><b>書</b>（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%B2%B5%E6%96%87%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="Wikipedia:粵文拼音">粵拼</a>：<span class="plainlinks" style="display:inline-block"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yue.forvo.com/word/yue/書/#yue"><span>syu<span class="Jpingtone">1</span></span></a></span>）係一本有<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="文字">文字</a>嘅嘢，上下加上<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9B%B8%E7%9A%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="書皮 (無呢版)">書皮</a>，佢其中一條邊釘埋，令佢可以方便揭。通常書裏面一張紙嘅一面叫一版，又或者一頁。不過有時一頁講成張紙。書喺唔同時代有唔同名，有時今日都用，好似<b>冊</b>，<b>經</b>等。電子版嘅書都叫<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E6%9B%B8" title="電子書">電子書</a>。 </p><p>用圖書館嘅角度來講，書同其他出版分開嘅，同<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%9C%E8%AA%8C" title="雜誌">雜誌</a>，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%B8%E5%A0%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="學報 (無呢版)">學報</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%A0%B1%E7%B4%99" title="報紙">報紙</a>係唔同。書唔似係<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9F%E5%88%8A" title="期刊">期刊</a>咁出好多本，唔係長期咁出。即係出一本到分開幾本，係有特定數量。 </p><p>講到書呢樣嘢，基本上就係講緊啲夠長嘅寫嘢，可以係紙質書，又或者係電子書。啲書大致上可以分做兩種：一種係虛構嘅，即係講人架空嘅故仔；另一種就係非虛構嘅，即係講啲真嘅嘢。不過有啲實體書唔一定係咁嘅：可能得畫、雕刻、相、puzzle、甚至係啲得紙公仔嘅書。仲有啲書乜都冇寫，等人自己填，好似記帳簿、日程表、簽名簿、筆記簿、日記簿同埋素描簿咁。 </p><p>你可以响普通舖頭同埋書店買到書，上網都可以買。圖書館又可以借。啲書出咗之後，會有好多社會影響，好似審查制度咁。 </p><p>而家嘅出版界因為新科技嘅關係，有好多改變，例如電子書同有聲書（即係有人讀出嚟錄低咗嘅書）。啲人開始關注視障人士嘅需要，所以而家有啲書係特登整到方便啲人睇，好似點字書同大字版書咁。Google Books 喺2010年估過，全世界總共出咗大概一億三千萬本唔同嘅書。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="歷史"><span id=".E6.AD.B7.E5.8F.B2"></span>歷史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9B%B8&action=edit&section=1" title="編輯小節: 歷史"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:AP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:AP (無呢版)">Template:AP</a> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_book_bindings.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Old_book_bindings.jpg/220px-Old_book_bindings.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Old_book_bindings.jpg/330px-Old_book_bindings.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Old_book_bindings.jpg/440px-Old_book_bindings.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E6%B4%A5%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8" title="牛津大學">牛津大學</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8E%AB%E9%A0%93%E5%AD%B8%E9%99%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="莫頓學院 (無呢版)">莫頓學院</a>圖書館嘅古老書籍。</figcaption></figure> <p>由古至今，人類一直要面對一個根本問題：點樣保存同傳播自己嘅文化，即係信仰同知識，喺時間同空間嘅維度。 </p><p>要解決呢個問題，一方面要確保作品內容嘅思想完整性同埋載體嘅保存，另一方面要搵到一個方法去保持作品原本嘅意圖同目的唔變。 </p><p>書嘅歷史可以追溯到我哋祖先最早嘅繪畫表現，即係<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%8A%E7%9F%B3%E5%99%A8%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="舊石器時代">舊石器時代</a>人類嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B2%A9%E7%95%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="岩畫 (無呢版)">岩畫</a>。呢啲畫可能帶有魔法意義，描繪咗動物、打獵同埋古人日常生活嘅場景。佢哋嘗試通過呢啲描繪去控制大自然嘅力量，捕捉佢哋嘅本質。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="口頭交流同最初嘅表達形式"><span id=".E5.8F.A3.E9.A0.AD.E4.BA.A4.E6.B5.81.E5.90.8C.E6.9C.80.E5.88.9D.E5.98.85.E8.A1.A8.E9.81.94.E5.BD.A2.E5.BC.8F"></span>口頭交流同最初嘅表達形式</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9B%B8&action=edit&section=2" title="編輯小節: 口頭交流同最初嘅表達形式"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>手勢信號係最早嘅表達同傳遞訊息嘅方式。講嘅說話係最古老嘅講故事方式。透過啲有助記憶嘅公式，人哋將故仔結構化，一代傳一代，成為唔同人類群體珍貴嘅文化遺產。呢啲助記規則幫助到記憶同傳播故事。好似荷馬史詩咁，就有好多學者研究過呢一點。可能好多傳統同傳說都係咁開始嘅。但係口頭傳播有個缺點，就係會有「雜音」扭曲咗訊息。通常都係講故事嘅人（吟遊詩人、說書人、遊吟詩人）為咗自己嘅利益而改變咗內容。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="文字"><span id=".E6.96.87.E5.AD.97"></span>文字</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9B%B8&action=edit&section=3" title="編輯小節: 文字"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>當古代文明發明咗<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AF%AB%E4%BD%9C%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="寫作系統 (無呢版)">寫作系統</a>之後，人類用過唔同嘅書寫載體：泥板、陶片、骨片或象牙片、木板、莎草紙、蠟板、鉛板、皮革等等。 </p><p>文字係慢慢演變出嚟嘅，經過咗好多步驟：畫日常物品嘅圖像（象形文字）；用符號表示（表意文字）；同埋表示音節同字母。 </p><p>最古老嘅文字痕跡可以喺公元前四千年尾喺古埃及（象形文字）同古美索不達米亞（楔形文字；佢哋用一種三角形嘅小棒喺泥板上刻字，留低楔形嘅印記）搵到。蘇美人、阿卡德人、亞述人、赫梯人、波斯人、巴比倫人等都用過呢種文字。埃及文字維持咗三千幾年，用象形文字表示抽象概念、物體、詞語、音節、字母同數字。之後演變成僧侶體同世俗體。其他民族，好似赫梯人同阿茲特克人都有自己嘅文字系統。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="中國"><span id=".E4.B8.AD.E5.9C.8B"></span>中國</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9B%B8&action=edit&section=4" title="編輯小節: 中國"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sutra_of_the_great_virtue_of_wisdom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Sutra_of_the_great_virtue_of_wisdom.jpg/220px-Sutra_of_the_great_virtue_of_wisdom.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Sutra_of_the_great_virtue_of_wisdom.jpg/330px-Sutra_of_the_great_virtue_of_wisdom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Sutra_of_the_great_virtue_of_wisdom.jpg/440px-Sutra_of_the_great_virtue_of_wisdom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="742" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>五世紀嘅中國絲綢手稿</figcaption></figure> <p>而家知道最早嘅唐字係喺河南小屯遺址搵到嘅5萬個龜甲獸骨文，有成千上萬個唔同字符，可以追溯到公元前1400年左右。不過中國最早可以認出嘅書係公元前6世紀嘅簡冊或簡牘，即係用細竹條或木條刻字，用墨水寫字，然後用繩綁埋。呢啲文本主要係俾政府用，係文職或軍職官員嘅作品。 </p><p>由孔子（公元前551-479年）開始，書成為咗重要嘅學習工具，有人寫咗哲學、醫學、天文學同地圖學嘅論著。 </p><p>喺戰國時期（公元前475-221年），絲綢成為咗常用嘅書寫材料。絲綢輕巧、耐潮濕、吸墨好，又可以俾到文字一個白底，但係比竹貴好多。所以有時啲重要文本會先抄喺竹簡上面，然後先刻喺絲綢上面。 </p><p>根據中國傳統，紙係由宮廷太監蔡倫喺公元105年發明嘅。佢用新嘅材料（舊布、麻、樹皮同漁網）整出咗一種同而家好似嘅造紙方法。但係紙用咗好幾百年先取代到竹同絲，要到2世紀尾，朝廷先大量用紙。呢個發明喺公元610年左右先傳出中國，到12世紀先經由西班牙傳到歐洲。 </p><p>喺8世紀中，中國人發明咗木刻印刷，即係雕版印刷。因為要印大量嘅佛教經文同圖像、曆書、占卜手冊同字典，木刻印刷好快就流行開。而家發現最早嘅中國印刷書係公元868年嘅《金剛經》。 </p><p>中國印刷工人喺11世紀發明咗活字印刷，北宋嘅作家沈括（1030-1095）喺佢嘅《夢溪筆談》講過呢個發明嘅歷史。佢話北宋嘅畢昇喺1041-1049年之間整到活字，佢用陶泥整字，燒硬之後擺喺一塊塗咗松脂、蠟同灰嘅鐵板上面。佢仲發明咗一張轉盤嚟擺字，呢個技術叫做活字版印刷。到咗1300年左右，農業技術專家王禎用棗木取代陶泥，因為棗木硬啲。但係呢個發明冇好似400年之後嘅歐洲谷登堡咁大力推動印刷業。同歐洲語言唔同，中文需要成千上萬個唔同嘅字符，所以用單獨嘅木塊仲係比用大堆可以重複用嘅活字更加有效率。同西方印刷術發明之後抄寫員嘅技藝衰落唔同，中國書法仲係保持住佢嘅地位，係一門藝術。不過到咗15世紀尾，中國印嘅書已經比全世界其他地方加埋仲多。 </p><p>阿拉伯人喺8世紀同中國接觸嘅時候學識造紙技術，12世紀經由穆斯林統治嘅西班牙傳到歐洲。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="高麗"><span id=".E9.AB.98.E9.BA.97"></span>高麗</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9B%B8&action=edit&section=5" title="編輯小節: 高麗"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>到而家為止，最早嘅木刻版印刷品係韓國嘅《無垢淨光大陀羅尼經》，喺公元前751年印製。雖然冇人知邊個發明咗木刻版印刷，但係中國同韓國人係推動木刻版印刷嘅主力，主要係用嚟印佛教經文。中國同韓國嘅佛教將木刻版印刷傳到日本。不過韓國仲有好多其他革命性嘅印刷技術，改變咗印刷同埋書籍嘅形態。 </p><p>1234年到1239年期間，因為蒙古人入侵，啲韓國人逃到江華島。佢哋喺島上冇硬木用，於是就用金屬活字印咗28本《高僧尚乘禮文》，共50冊。1239年嘅呢本書描述咗佢哋用嘅方法，最後仲話：「用新製嘅字印製，永恆流傳。」之後，太宗王設立咗一個工場，為推廣寫作出一分力。1403年，即係佢登基第三年，重建咗國家鑄造廠「鑄字所」，喺度製造活字，仲第一次用青銅鑄造活字。值得一提嘅係，韓國活字印刷術嘅發明對宗教，特別係佛教、儒教同道教有極其重要嘅意義。 </p><p>太宗嘅第三個仔世宗喺位嗰陣，增加咗好多教育機構。首都有四間學校，一間平民學校，仲有一間皇室同親戚專用嘅學校。書籍成為咗推廣識字嘅主要工具，連偏遠嘅省份同鄉村都有得讀。男仔要上課學寫字同閱讀呢啲基本嘢。 </p><p>活字慢慢改良，變得更加方正規整，令排版更加容易。日本入侵韓國嗰陣(1592-1598)，一個日本將軍帶咗活字同書去日本，令日本可以發展自己嘅印刷業。相反，韓國嘅印刷業就退步咗，返番去用木製活字，書籍嘅產量都跌咗。 </p><p>朝鮮王朝絕對係韓國書籍嘅黃金時期，有紀錄顯示有32次金屬活字鑄造，仲有超過350種唔同嘅字體。儘管困難重重，韓國都成功發展同出口自己嘅印刷技術。中國直到15世紀尾1490年先至用活字，而日本就喺16世紀尾1592年採用韓國嘅活字印刷技術。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="埃及"><span id=".E5.9F.83.E5.8F.8A"></span>埃及</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9B%B8&action=edit&section=6" title="編輯小節: 埃及"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>埃及發明咗紙莎草紙，仲出口去成個地中海地區，喺埃及、希臘同羅馬都用嚟寫字。紙莎草紙嘅製作好複雜，因為每張紙莎草紙係由兩層重疊而成，每一面嘅纖維走向都唔同。纖維橫向嘅叫做正面，直向嘅叫做背面，不過通常淨係喺較為平滑嘅內面寫字。啲紙張會黐埋一齊整成一卷。 </p><p>寫字技術嘅完善同紙莎草紙被羊皮紙取代有關。埃及法老同統治者壟斷紙莎草紙嘅製造直到12世紀（已經係穆斯林統治嘅時期）。佢哋話事定市面上八種紙莎草紙嘅價錢，仲可以隨意施壓或者搞破壞。公元前2世紀初，托勒密五世因為妒忌，想整蠱位於佩加蒙（而家嘅土耳其）嘅對手圖書館。佩加蒙圖書館同亞歷山大圖書館一樣，都想吸引當時嘅學者。托勒密知道自己嘅圖書管理員亞里斯多芬打算去佩加蒙投靠歐墨尼斯二世之後，就將佢拉咗去坐監。托勒密怕輸蝕，就截斷咗紙莎草紙去歐墨尼斯王國嘅供應，想剝奪對手最好嘅寫作材料嚟打擊佢哋。呢個禁運反而推動咗一個重大嘅進步，仲以嗰個城市嘅名字命名。佩加蒙將古老嘅東方寫喺皮革上面嘅技術改良咗。為咗紀念將佢普及化嘅城市，呢種改良過嘅產品就叫做「羊皮紙」。幾個世紀之後，呢個發現改變咗書籍嘅外觀同未來。 </p><p>到咗公元1世紀，羊皮紙開始同紙莎草紙爭出頭。大家相信羊皮紙係喺而家土耳其嘅佩加蒙發明。羊皮紙可以抵抗潮濕，耐用啲，仲可以摺埋都唔會爛，仲可以刮走再用過。 </p><p>我哋對埃及圖書館嘅認識好少，得番荷魯斯神廟嘅一幅牆上面有37本書嘅書名，係圖書館藏書嘅一部分，留低咗少少證據。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="希臘"><span id=".E5.B8.8C.E8.87.98"></span>希臘</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9B%B8&action=edit&section=7" title="編輯小節: 希臘"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>字母文字令閱讀同寫作變得更加容易。希臘字母係喺公元前6至5世紀發展出嚟。同中文嘅表意文字唔同，希臘字母係純粹表音。一個中國學者可能要用一生嘅時間先至可以掌握成千上萬個字符，相比之下，希臘字母幾日就學得識。到咗公元前5世紀，雅典人用文字嘅次數越嚟越多。 </p><p>講到用文字同埋書籍，希臘人有以下嘅職業： </p> <ul><li>有啲人專門抄寫，叫做bibliographi</li> <li>有啲人專門畫字，叫做kalligraphoi</li> <li>仲有啲賣書嘅書商，叫做bibliopolæ</li></ul> <p>希臘人賣嘅書唔係釘裝，而係將紙卷喺頭尾各用一條木條捲起。讀嘅時候用左手喺頂頭捉住開頭嗰條木條慢慢攤開，右手就捉住尾嗰條木條慢慢捲埋。所以通常一本書就係由幾卷長短差唔多嘅紙莎草紙組成。 </p><p>希臘人喺公元前5世紀左右開始有書籍買賣，正值文學鼎盛時期。蘇格拉底同阿里斯托芬嗰陣已經有詩歌、歷史同其他學科嘅經典作品流通。書籍開始大規模生產，仲出口去海外。另一方面，租書嘅價錢好貴，有錢人就會請私人抄寫員抄佢哋想要嘅書。作者冇因為作品流通而賺到錢。希臘人最鍾意、流傳最廣嘅作品係荷馬嘅《伊利亞特》同《奧德賽》，之後就係狄摩西尼同歐里庇得斯嘅作品。 </p><p>喺雅典，啲書商有公眾書店，文人經常喺度聚埋一齊睇新書。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="古羅馬"><span id=".E5.8F.A4.E7.BE.85.E9.A6.AC"></span>古羅馬</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9B%B8&action=edit&section=8" title="編輯小節: 古羅馬"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>喺古羅馬，有以下幾種同書籍有關嘅職業： </p> <ul><li>抄書嘅人，叫做「librarii」。</li> <li>賣書嘅人，叫做「bibliopolæ」。</li> <li>負責將書頁黐埋嘅奴隸，叫做「glutinatores」。</li></ul> <p>共和時期，有錢人屋企通常會請好多抄書員或者秘書，大多數都係奴隸或者自由人，負責抄寫新嘅手稿。但到咗奧古斯都時期，賣書嘅人「bibliopolæ」開始喺羅馬出現，書店亦都慢慢多咗起嚟。呢啲書店通常喺神廟同公共建築物嘅入口附近，特別係喺羅馬廣場附近。書販會將佢哋有得賣嘅書嘅書名貼喺門口，等人哋一眼就睇到有咩書賣緊。 </p><p>喺羅馬帝國時期，寫嘢嘅文化喺每個角落都可以見到。日常行政產生咗大量嘅文件，就算係低下階層都有基本嘅識字能力，導致喺公元一世紀嘅時候，識字嘅人越嚟越多。作家寫嘢唔再淨係俾啲好朋友睇，而係俾唔識嘅人睇。不過上流社會仲係保留咗傳統嘅口述文化。 </p><p>到咗公元三世紀，羅馬帝國開始衰落，蠻族入侵令到書面文化開始收縮。好多學校都關咗門，得返啲基督教會維持嘅學校仲喺度。 </p><p>喺基督教時代初期，出現咗一個叫做「抄本」嘅嘢，係書籍歷史上最重要同最持久嘅革命之一。抄本比卷軸更加方便攜帶，可以雙面用紙，所以可以裝更多內容。雖然抄本有明顯嘅優勢，但係卷軸仲係用咗好多個世紀。英國王室一直用卷軸嚟記錄法律，用到中世紀。 </p><p>印刷術嘅出現，令到書籍開始大量製造，亦都標誌住現代同批判思維嘅開始。而家我哋可以喺報紙、雜誌、互聯網等其他渠道獲得資訊，但係書籍嘅價值始終唔會變。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="中世紀"><span id=".E4.B8.AD.E4.B8.96.E7.B4.80"></span>中世紀</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9B%B8&action=edit&section=9" title="編輯小節: 中世紀"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>喺印刷術發明之前，買一本重要嘅書同買一間屋或者一塊地一樣貴，要通過公證同特別嘅條件先可以買到。歷史學家舉咗好多例子，話中世紀嘅歐洲書好少好貴。855年，Ferrleres嘅修道院院長Saint-Loup派咗兩個和尚去意大利，淨係為咗抄一份西塞羅嘅《論演說》同其他拉丁文書嘅片段。到咗十二世紀，幾間西班牙修道院要共享一本聖經同一本聖杰羅姆書信。Lebeuf修道院院長提到過一套講道集，喺十一世紀嘅布列塔尼要用2000隻羊同三桶穀物先可以換到。嗰陣時抄寫手稿好慢，如果五個月就抄得晒一本聖經，就已經算係好快。1406年，有個人將一本日課經書遺贈俾巴黎一間教堂，俾佢哋嘅教士同窮神父用。為咗保存呢本珍貴嘅書，又要滿足遺囑嘅要求，佢哋決定將本書鎖喺個鐵箱度。到咗十五世紀，借書仲係要有好多保證同擔保先得。 </p><p>為咗保存同複製書籍，有啲修道院會要求每個新入門嘅人喺正式加入之前抄一本上級指定嘅書。多得呢個習慣，我哋先可以保存到好多珍貴嘅古代典籍。修道院用呢個同其他方法保存咗好多珍貴嘅文獻同文件，喺中世紀嘅動盪中保護咗科學同文學。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="古書"><span id=".E5.8F.A4.E6.9B.B8"></span>古書</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9B%B8&action=edit&section=10" title="編輯小節: 古書"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Due_sportelli_di_libreria_con_scaffali_di_libri_di_musica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Due_sportelli_di_libreria_con_scaffali_di_libri_di_musica.jpg/220px-Due_sportelli_di_libreria_con_scaffali_di_libri_di_musica.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Due_sportelli_di_libreria_con_scaffali_di_libri_di_musica.jpg/330px-Due_sportelli_di_libreria_con_scaffali_di_libri_di_musica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Due_sportelli_di_libreria_con_scaffali_di_libri_di_musica.jpg/440px-Due_sportelli_di_libreria_con_scaffali_di_libri_di_musica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="481" data-file-height="530" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%96%E9%8C%AF%E8%A6%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="視錯覺">視錯覺</a>嘅一幅畫，由<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%B1%E5%A1%9E%E4%BD%A9%C2%B7%E9%A6%AC%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9E%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E9%9B%B7%E6%96%AF%E7%9A%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="朱塞佩·馬里亞·克雷斯皮 (無呢版)">朱塞佩·馬里亞·克雷斯皮</a>所畫，表現咗個<a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%B8%E6%9E%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="書架">書架</a>。</figcaption></figure> <p>書籍可以理解為一堆印咗嘢嘅紙張，用某種材料釘埋一齊，組成有序嘅冊子。佢嘅製作可以分為兩個大時期：由活字印刷術發明到1801年，同埋工業化生產嘅時期。 </p><p>古書係指喺印刷術嘅人手時期製作嘅書，即係用金屬活字印刷嘅書。呢啲書由印刷術喺<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Siglo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Siglo (無呢版)">Template:Siglo</a>發明到<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Siglo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Siglo (無呢版)">Template:Siglo</a>期間出版。 </p><p>1444年活字印刷術嘅出現，徹底改變咗書籍嘅生產過程。雖然有啲製作過程仲係同抄寫時期一樣，但印刷術令到製作書籍變得相對容易啲。<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Harvnp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Harvnp (無呢版)">Template:Harvnp</a> </p><p>印刷術嘅發展同人文主義運動同路德宗改革嘅開始一齊推動咗書籍工業嘅發展，因為佢哋睇到書係一個大規模傳播嘅媒介。但仲有啲其他嘢幫助印刷書嘅傳播，譬如大學嘅興起令到知識分子同宗教精英之間嘅書籍市場擴大咗。喺半個世紀之內，即係<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Siglo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Siglo (無呢版)">Template:Siglo</a>下半葉，印刷書變成咗一個重要嘅國際生意，書商同印刷商主要都係生意人。但書嘅擴張都要歸功於一啲君主同宗教人士對印刷術嘅關注，1468年教皇保祿二世命令印刷聖杰羅姆嘅書信，法國國王查理七世就派尼古拉·詹森去德國學印刷技術，慢慢歐洲最重要嘅君主都開始保護印刷術嘅發展。 </p><p>印刷術相比木刻版畫有無可爭議嘅優勢，字體規整、可以雙面印刷、印刷速度快，仲可以重複使用字模印其他文字。<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>我哋可以將古書嘅歷史按世紀分類，根據每個世紀嘅共同特徵：<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Harvnp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Harvnp (無呢版)">Template:Harvnp</a> </p> <ul><li>搖籃期 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Siglo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Siglo (無呢版)">Template:Siglo</a></li> <li>文藝復興 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Siglo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Siglo (無呢版)">Template:Siglo</a></li> <li>巴洛克 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Siglo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Siglo (無呢版)">Template:Siglo</a></li> <li>新古典主義 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Siglo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Siglo (無呢版)">Template:Siglo</a></li> <li>啟蒙運動 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Siglo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Siglo (無呢版)">Template:Siglo</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="書籍嘅興起"><span id=".E6.9B.B8.E7.B1.8D.E5.98.85.E8.88.88.E8.B5.B7"></span>書籍嘅興起</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9B%B8&action=edit&section=11" title="編輯小節: 書籍嘅興起"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:European_Output_of_Books_500%E2%80%931800.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/European_Output_of_Books_500%E2%80%931800.png/220px-European_Output_of_Books_500%E2%80%931800.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/European_Output_of_Books_500%E2%80%931800.png/330px-European_Output_of_Books_500%E2%80%931800.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/European_Output_of_Books_500%E2%80%931800.png/440px-European_Output_of_Books_500%E2%80%931800.png 2x" data-file-width="1436" data-file-height="953" /></a><figcaption>歐洲書籍產量由500年到1800年增加咗超過7萬倍。<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Harvnp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Harvnp (無呢版)">Template:Harvnp</a> 關鍵事件係<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Siglo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Siglo (無呢版)">Template:Siglo</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E9%A8%B0%E5%A0%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="古騰堡">古騰堡</a>發明嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%88%B7%E8%A1%93" class="mw-redirect" title="印刷術">印刷術</a>。</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monumentoallibro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Monumentoallibro.jpg/220px-Monumentoallibro.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Monumentoallibro.jpg/330px-Monumentoallibro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Monumentoallibro.jpg/440px-Monumentoallibro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>書籍紀念碑，<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99" title="西班牙">西班牙</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E" title="加利西亞">加利西亞</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E7%A7%91%E9%AD%AF%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E" title="拉科魯尼亞">拉科魯尼亞</a>。</figcaption></figure> <p>直到<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Siglo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Siglo (無呢版)">Template:Siglo</a>中葉，書籍先至克服咗阻礙佢成為<a href="/wiki/%E5%95%86%E5%93%81" title="商品">商品</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93" class="mw-redirect" title="技術">技術</a>困難，開始喺社會<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B2%BE%E8%8B%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="精英 (無呢版)">精英</a>階層嘅品味中快速崛起。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%88%B7%E8%A1%93" class="mw-redirect" title="印刷術">印刷術</a>嘅發明同<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%99" title="紙">紙</a>嘅發展，加上思想傳播中心嘅出現，令到專業作家可以主要依賴<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E5%95%86" class="mw-redirect" title="出版商">出版商</a>同<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9B%B8%E5%95%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="書商 (無呢版)">書商</a>，唔使再靠政府津貼或者<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%B4%E6%97%8F" title="貴族">貴族</a>同有錢人嘅贊助。 </p><p>仲有，出現咗一個商業創新，令到平民同窮人都可以容易接觸到書籍，就係流動書攤。書商每月收少少錢，借書俾人睇，還咗之後就可以攞第二本。 </p><p>書本本身變成咗一種進步嘅象徵，喺呢個以進步為社會目標嘅世紀裡面，貴族同平民都可以透過閱讀獲得進步，形成咗一種新嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E8%8B%B1%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="精英主義">精英主義</a>。 </p><p>雖然咁講，真正鍾意睇書嘅少數人都係貴族同受過教育嘅上層階級，因為淨係呢啲社會階層識字，呢個係書籍必然興起嘅額外文化因素。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="書籍審查"><span id=".E6.9B.B8.E7.B1.8D.E5.AF.A9.E6.9F.A5"></span>書籍審查</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9B%B8&action=edit&section=12" title="編輯小節: 書籍審查"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>另一個令人更加重視書籍嘅重要因素係<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A9%E6%9F%A5" title="審查">審查</a>。雖然喺<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Siglo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Siglo (無呢版)">Template:Siglo</a>同<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Siglo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Siglo (無呢版)">Template:Siglo</a>世紀之前都有審查，但就係喺呢個時期變得更加重要，因為書籍開始大量生產，令到傳播政府同教會唔想傳播嘅思想嘅可能性都成倍增加。 </p><p>1757年巴黎頒布咗一項法令，判處冇授權但照樣出版嘅書嘅出版商、印刷商同<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9C%E8%80%85" title="作者">作者</a>死刑。呢個嚴厲嘅措施仲配合咗另一項法令，禁止任何冇授權嘅人出版宗教題材嘅書。1774年，另一項法令要求出版商喺出版每本書之前同之後都要攞到授權。到咗1787年，仲要求監視連啲冇審查嘅地方。 </p><p>呢啲措施淨係令到書價上升，迫使流動書商唔將佢哋列入目錄，反而令到禁書生意更加蓬勃。禁書變得更貴，令有錢嘅上流社會更加有興趣，因為佢哋付得起高價。結果喺國外，即係<a href="/wiki/%E5%80%AB%E6%95%A6" title="倫敦">倫敦</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E4%B8%B9" title="阿姆斯特丹">阿姆斯特丹</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E5%85%A7%E7%93%A6" title="日內瓦">日內瓦</a>同成個<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B" title="德國">德國</a>，出現咗大量印刷法文書嘅印刷廠。就噉樣，<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8F%E7%88%BE%E6%B3%B0" title="伏爾泰">伏爾泰</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%A7%E6%A2%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="盧梭">盧梭</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9C%8D%E7%88%BE%E5%B7%B4%E8%B5%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="霍爾巴赫 (無呢版)">霍爾巴赫</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8E%AB%E9%9B%B7%E7%88%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="莫雷爾 (無呢版)">莫雷爾</a>同好多其他作家嘅書不斷印刷，然後用船運到<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%92%E9%98%BF%E5%BC%97%E7%88%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="勒阿弗爾">勒阿弗爾</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%83%E6%B4%9B%E6%B6%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="布洛涅 (無呢版)">布洛涅</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E7%88%BE%E5%A4%9A" title="波爾多">波爾多</a>，再由貴族用自己嘅馬車運去巴黎轉售。 </p><p>結果審查變得冇效，甚至連審查員都利用審查嚟幫一啲精明嘅作家同出版商宣傳。例如，當<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%83%A8%E9%95%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="部長 (無呢版)">部長</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B4%80%E5%A0%AF%E5%A7%86-%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E8%92%82%E5%AE%89%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E6%8B%89%E8%8E%AB%E5%B0%BC%E7%BF%81%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E9%A6%AC%E8%90%8A%E6%BE%A4%E5%B8%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="紀堯姆-克里斯蒂安·德拉莫尼翁·德馬萊澤布 (無呢版)">紀堯姆-克里斯蒂安·德拉莫尼翁·德馬萊澤布</a>撤銷咗出版<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8" title="百科全書">百科全書</a>嘅授權，佢自己反而保護咗呢部啟蒙運動嘅巔峰之作，之後更加自由咁分發，佢仲咁樣保護咗《愛彌兒》同《新愛洛伊絲》。 </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:VT&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:VT (無呢版)">Template:VT</a> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bookinfo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Bookinfo.svg/300px-Bookinfo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Bookinfo.svg/450px-Bookinfo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Bookinfo.svg/600px-Bookinfo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="489" data-file-height="455" /></a><figcaption><b>書嘅部分</b>: 1. 書腰 2. 書套摺邊 3. 護葉 4. 封面 5. 書頭或上切口 6. 書口或前切口 7. 書腳切口 8. 單數頁，正面 9. 雙數頁，背面 10. 書脊</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="字"><span id=".E5.AD.97"></span>字</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9B%B8&action=edit&section=13" title="編輯小節: 字"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>書就係<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="聿">聿</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="曰">曰</a>，卽係口講用筆寫低，或者用筆講嘢嘅意思。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="部件"><span id=".E9.83.A8.E4.BB.B6"></span>部件</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9B%B8&action=edit&section=14" title="編輯小節: 部件"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>書面</li> <li>書底</li> <li>內頁</li> <li>中間大頁</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%AE%E9%8C%84" title="目錄">目錄</a></li> <li>書<a href="/wiki/%E8%84%8A%E9%AA%A8" title="脊骨">脊骨</a></li> <li>書皮</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="整一本書嘅方法"><span id=".E6.95.B4.E4.B8.80.E6.9C.AC.E6.9B.B8.E5.98.85.E6.96.B9.E6.B3.95"></span>整一本書嘅方法</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9B%B8&action=edit&section=15" title="編輯小節: 整一本書嘅方法"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>通常，一本書會印刷喺大型紙張上面，每邊有8頁。每張大型紙張會摺成一個包含16頁嘅簽名。呢啲簽名會按順序縫合埋一齊。之後，書脊會被整圓，然後加上一層布料網，以確保各部分穩固。最後，頁面會用切紙機喺三邊修整，然後將書脊黏合到一個紙板封面上。呢啲工作全部都係批量進行，包括<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A3%9D%E8%A8%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="裝訂 (無呢版)">裝訂</a>。 </p><p>如果頁面冇經過切割嚟修整，就叫做一本<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%AA%E8%A3%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="未裁 (無呢版)">未裁</a>書。 </p><p>現代嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E5%88%B7%E5%BB%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="印刷廠 (無呢版)">印刷廠</a>可以每邊印刷16、32甚至64頁大型紙張，然後，如上所述，進行切割同摺疊。好多時，作品嘅文字未必能夠覆蓋到最後幾頁，導致有啲書籍喺最後會有空白頁，雖然好多時候會用出版社嘅推廣內容來填補呢啲空白頁，推介同一<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9C%E8%80%85" title="作者">作者</a>或者其他書籍。 </p><p>隨著軟件發展同數碼印刷技術嘅進步，已經可以將按需生產（即P.O.D.）應用喺書籍世界上。呢個改變令「缺貨書籍」嘅概念消失，因為而家可以從單一本重新印刷書籍，亦鼓勵咗以往喺傳統方式下唔具成本效益嘅短版書籍出版。 </p><p>作為一個更創新嘅應用，最受歡迎嘅電子書店亦會提供未售出前唔會製作嘅書籍。呢個只係因為佢哋已經註冊喺國際公司嘅生產系統上，例如Lightning Source、Publidisa、Booksurge、Anthony Rowe等等。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="概念"><span id=".E6.A6.82.E5.BF.B5"></span>概念</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9B%B8&action=edit&section=16" title="編輯小節: 概念"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9C%E8%80%85" title="作者">作者</a>：一篇出版物嘅作者係指篇出版物嘅創造者。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%91%98%E8%A6%81" title="摘要">摘要</a>：指一段短短哋嘅字，用嚟大致上講吓一篇出版物（<a class="mw-selflink selflink">書</a>或者<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E8%A1%93%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="學術文">學術文</a>呀噉）嘅內容係乜，通常會擺喺啲人臨睇篇嘢嘅內容之前會睇嘅地方－例如响英文學術文裏面，一篇文嘅摘要通常會係 150-200 字左右咁長，而且會擺响篇文嘅第一頁（臨睇啲內容之前會睇嘅地方）。摘要好有用，可以幫摷文獻嘅人快速噉判斷一份文獻「係咪自己有興趣想詳細睇嘅嘢」<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%90" title="總結">總結</a>：指响一本（唔係講<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%85%E4%BB%94" title="故仔">故仔</a>嘅）書或者文當中最尾嘅一個<a href="/wiki/%E6%AE%B5%E8%90%BD" title="段落">段落</a>，通常都用嚟大致噉講返成本出版物入面嘅主要諗頭。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A8%E8%A7%A3" title="注解">注解</a>：出版物入面嘅一種附加<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A" title="資訊">資訊</a>，會掕住篇文某一句句子或者某一段落；注解嘅做法係寫咗句句子或者段落之後，喺嗰句側邊加個「注解」或者類似嘅字樣，跟住再喺嗰頁近邊邊嘅位嗰度加一句仔，講返嗰句嘅注解內容係乜<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；一位作者寫嘢會落注解可能覺得有部份讀者可能會對嗰句嘢講嘅內容出現誤解，於是就注解嗰度講返清楚<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%99%84%E9%8C%84" title="附錄">附錄</a>：通常係指由作者加添嘅內容，好多時係一份文件<a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%A8%E8%BC%AF" title="編輯">編輯</a>好，甚至出咗街之後先至加落去嘅；喺<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E8%A1%93" title="學術">學術</a>上，一篇學術出版物有陣時會加返啲附錄喺最後面嘅頁嗰度，用嚟提供一啲附加性質嘅資訊，例如作者應編輯嘅要求，提供幾幅描繪啲<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" title="實驗">實驗</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%B6%E7%94%9F" title="架生">架生</a>嘅相，用嚟幫讀者理解場實驗係點做嘅<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="禁忌"><span id=".E7.A6.81.E5.BF.8C"></span>禁忌</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9B%B8&action=edit&section=17" title="編輯小節: 禁忌"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>廣東話【書】字同【輸】字係同音，而輸唔好意頭，<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%AD%E9%8C%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="賭錢">賭錢</a>尤為驟忌，所以有時會將【書】字，讀成輸嘅相反字【勝】或【赢】。例如《通書》叫做《<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E5%8B%9D" title="通勝">通勝</a>》，【睇書】叫做【睇赢】。《馬經》亦用上【經】而避開【書】字唔用，查實【經】【書】係廣東話意思一樣，只係【經】比起【書】更加文謅謅。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="睇埋"><span id=".E7.9D.87.E5.9F.8B"></span>睇埋</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9B%B8&action=edit&section=18" title="編輯小節: 睇埋"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="語言">語言</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="文字">文字</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83"></span>參考</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9B%B8&action=edit&section=19" title="編輯小節: 參考"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2020813">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Cita_libro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Cita libro (無呢版)">Template:Cita libro</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gary Blake and Robert W. Bly, <i>The Elements of Technical Writing</i>, pg. 117. New York: Macmillan Publishers, 1993.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Greetham, David C. (28 October 2015) [1992]. <i>Textual Scholarship: An Introduction</i>. Garland Reference Library of the Humanities. 1417. Routledge.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribbr.com/apa-style/appendices/">How to create an APA Style appendix</a>. <i>Scribbr</i>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="註"><span id=".E8.A8.BB"></span>註</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9B%B8&action=edit&section=20" title="編輯小節: 註"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2018312">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2018311">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%E9%A0%AD%E7%89%88" class="extiw" title="commons:頭版">維基同享</a>有多媒體嘅嘢：<br /><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Books" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Books"><span style="">書 / <span>syu<span class="Jpingtone">1</span></span></span></a></b></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2020813"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">即係好似噉。</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2020813"><div class="reflist"> </div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="權威控制" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="權威控制" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%8A%E5%A8%81%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" title="權威控制">權威控制</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" class="extiw" title="en:Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85015738">sh85015738</a></span></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File" class="extiw" title="en:Integrated Authority File">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4008570-3">4008570-3</a></span></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" class="extiw" title="fr:Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119322951">cb119322951</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119322951">資料</a>）</span></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_Dictionary_of_Switzerland" class="extiw" title="en:Historical Dictionary of Switzerland">HDS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/f/F010461.php">010461</a></span></li> <li><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E7%AB%8B%E5%9B%BD%E4%BC%9A%E5%9B%B3%E6%9B%B8%E9%A4%A8" class="extiw" title="ja:国立国会図書館">NDL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00573378">00573378</a></span></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="extiw" title="en:National Library of the Czech Republic">NKC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph114930&CON_LNG=ENG">ph114930</a></span></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a" class="extiw" title="es:Biblioteca Nacional de España">BNE</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4576243">XX4576243</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: 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