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History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-17th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#17th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 17th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-17th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 19th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century_and_Greater_Brno" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century_and_Greater_Brno"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 20th century and Greater Brno </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century_and_Greater_Brno-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cityscape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cityscape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Cityscape </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cityscape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Administration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Demographics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Economy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Transport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Festivals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theatres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theatres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Theatres </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theatres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Local_legends" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_legends"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Local legends </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Local_legends-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Museums,_libraries_and_galleries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums,_libraries_and_galleries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Museums, libraries and galleries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums,_libraries_and_galleries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Sport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Sights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Notable people </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 International relations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle International relations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.1 Twin towns – sister cities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cooperation_agreements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cooperation_agreements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.2 Cooperation agreements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cooperation_agreements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nearby_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nearby_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.3 Nearby cities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nearby_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Gallery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 20 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Brno</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 119 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-119" aria-hidden="true" > 119 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brno" title="Brno – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Brno" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%96" title="ብርኖ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ብርኖ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brynn" title="Brynn – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Brynn" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%88" title="برنو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="برنو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brno" title="Brno – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Brno" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brno" title="Brno – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Brno" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brno" title="Brno – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Brno" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brno" title="Brno – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Brno" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%88_(%DA%86%DA%A9)" title="برنو (چک) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="برنو (چک)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brno" title="Brno – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Brno" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Брно – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Брно" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Брно – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Брно" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Бърно – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бърно" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%BCnn" title="Brünn – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Brünn" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brno" title="Brno – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Brno" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brno" title="Brno – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Brno" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brno" title="Brno – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Brno" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brno_(kapital_sa_lalawigan)" title="Brno (kapital sa lalawigan) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Brno (kapital sa lalawigan)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brno" title="Brno – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Brno" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brno" title="Brno – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Brno" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brno" title="Brno – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Brno" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brno" title="Brno – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Brno" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%BCnn" title="Brünn – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Brünn" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brno" title="Brno – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Brno" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brno" title="Brno – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Brno" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%80%CF%81%CE%BD%CE%BF" title="Μπρνο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μπρνο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BE%D1%88" title="Брно ош – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Брно ош" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brno" title="Brno – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Brno" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brno" title="Brno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Brno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brno" title="Brno – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Brno" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%88_(%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DA%86%DA%A9)" title="برنو (جمهوری چک) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="برنو (جمهوری چک)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brno" title="Brno – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Brno" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brno" title="Brno – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Brno" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brno" title="Brno – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Brno" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brno" title="Brno – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Brno" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brno" title="Brno – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Brno" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brno" title="Brno – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Brno" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B1%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BF" title="𐌱𐍂𐌽𐌰𐌿 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌱𐍂𐌽𐌰𐌿" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B8%8C%EB%A5%B4%EB%85%B8" title="브르노 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="브르노" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%BC%D5%B6%D5%B8" title="Բռնո – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բռնո" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brno" title="Brno – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Brno" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brno" title="Brno – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Brno" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brno" title="Brno – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Brno" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brno" title="Brno – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Brno" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brno" title="Brno – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Brno" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Брно – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Брно" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brno" title="Brno – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Brno" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brno" title="Brno – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Brno" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%95" title="ברנו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ברנו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D" title="ბრნო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბრნო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Брно – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Брно" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brno" title="Brno – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Brno" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Брно – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Брно" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Брно – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Брно" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruna" title="Bruna – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Bruna" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brno" title="Brno – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Brno" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brno" title="Brno – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Brno" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brno" title="Brno – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Brno" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brno" title="Brno – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Brno" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruna" title="Bruna – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Bruna" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brno" title="Brno – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Brno" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Брно – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Брно" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B" title="ब्रनो – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ब्रनो" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D" title="ბრნო – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბრნო" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%88" title="برنو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="برنو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brno" title="Brno – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Brno" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Брна – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Брна" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Брно – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Брно" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brno" title="Brno – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Brno" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8E" title="ブルノ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ブルノ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Брно – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Брно" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brno_(Steed)" title="Brno (Steed) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Brno (Steed)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brno" title="Brno – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Brno" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brno" title="Brno – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Brno" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brno" title="Brno – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Brno" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Брно – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Брно" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brno" title="Brno – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Brno" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%88" title="برنو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="برنو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%88" title="برنو – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="برنو" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brno" title="Brno – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Brno" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brno" title="Brno – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Brno" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brno" title="Brno – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Brno" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brno" title="Brno – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Brno" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brno" title="Brno – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Brno" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brno" title="Brno – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Brno" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Брно – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Брно" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Брно – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Брно" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brno" title="Brno – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Brno" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brno" title="Brno – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Brno" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brno" title="Brno – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Brno" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%ABrno" title="Bërno – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Bërno" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brno" title="Brno – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Brno" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brno" title="Brno – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Brno" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brno" title="Brno – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Brno" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brno" title="Brno – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Brno" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brno" title="Brno – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Brno" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%86" title="برنۆ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="برنۆ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Брно – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Брно" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brno" title="Brno – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Brno" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brno" title="Brno – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Brno" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brno" title="Brno – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Brno" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brno" title="Brno – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Brno" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8B" title="பிர்னோ – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பிர்னோ" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Брно – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Брно" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%99" title="เบอร์โน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เบอร์โน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Брно – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Брно" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brno" title="Brno – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Brno" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brno" title="Brno – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Brno" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Брно – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Брно" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%88" title="برنو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="برنو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brno" title="Brno – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Brno" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brno" title="Brno – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Brno" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brno" title="Brno – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Brno" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brno" title="Brno – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Brno" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%BA" title="布尔诺 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="布尔诺" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9F" title="ברין – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ברין" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li 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49.19250°N 16.60833°E / 49.19250; 16.60833</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Statutory city in the Czech Republic</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Brünn" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Brunn_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Brunn (disambiguation)">Brunn</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Statutory city in South Moravian, Czech Republic</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Brno</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Statutory_city_(Czech_Republic)" title="Statutory city (Czech Republic)">Statutory city</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Brno_Montage_IV.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Clockwise from top: Liberty Square; Lužánky Park; Ignis Brunensis; Špilberk Castle; Brno Exhibition Centre; Villa Tugendhat; and Cathedral of St. Peter and Paul"><img alt="Clockwise from top: Liberty Square; Lužánky Park; Ignis Brunensis; Špilberk Castle; Brno Exhibition Centre; Villa Tugendhat; and Cathedral of St. Peter and Paul" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Brno_Montage_IV.png/330px-Brno_Montage_IV.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="483" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Brno_Montage_IV.png/500px-Brno_Montage_IV.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Brno_Montage_IV.png/960px-Brno_Montage_IV.png 2x" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="3400" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Clockwise from top: Liberty Square; <a href="/wiki/Lu%C5%BE%C3%A1nky" title="Lužánky">Lužánky</a> Park; <a href="/wiki/Ignis_Brunensis" title="Ignis Brunensis">Ignis Brunensis</a>; <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0pilberk_Castle" title="Špilberk Castle">Špilberk Castle</a>; <a href="/wiki/Brno_Exhibition_Centre" title="Brno Exhibition Centre">Brno Exhibition Centre</a>; <a href="/wiki/Villa_Tugendhat" title="Villa Tugendhat">Villa Tugendhat</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_St._Peter_and_Paul,_Brno" title="Cathedral of St. Peter and Paul, Brno">Cathedral of St. Peter and Paul</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Brno.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Brno"><img alt="Flag of Brno" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Flag_of_Brno.svg/120px-Flag_of_Brno.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Flag_of_Brno.svg/250px-Flag_of_Brno.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="420" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Flag</div></div></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Brno_(znak).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Brno"><img alt="Coat of arms of Brno" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Brno_%28znak%29.svg/120px-Brno_%28znak%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="86" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Brno_%28znak%29.svg/250px-Brno_%28znak%29.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="700" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Coat of arms</div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_Brno.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official logo of Brno"><img alt="Official logo of Brno" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_Brno.svg/120px-Logo_Brno.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_Brno.svg/250px-Logo_Brno.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="119" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Logo</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_Map_of_Czech_Republic.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Brno is located in Czech Republic"><img alt="Brno is located in Czech Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Relief_Map_of_Czech_Republic.png/250px-Relief_Map_of_Czech_Republic.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Relief_Map_of_Czech_Republic.png/500px-Relief_Map_of_Czech_Republic.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="608" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:70.25%;left:64.977%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Brno" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Brno</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in the Czech Republic</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Brno&params=49_11_33_N_16_36_30_E_region:CZ_type:city(400566)">49°11′33″N 16°36′30″E / 49.19250°N 16.60833°E / 49.19250; 16.60833</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Regions of the Czech Republic">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/South_Moravian_Region" title="South Moravian Region">South Moravian</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Districts of the Czech Republic">District</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Brno-City_District" title="Brno-City District">Brno-City</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1000<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Mayor</th><td class="infobox-data">Markéta Vaňková (<a href="/wiki/Civic_Democratic_Party_(Czech_Republic)" title="Civic Democratic Party (Czech Republic)">ODS</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/Statutory_city_(Czech_Republic)" title="Statutory city (Czech Republic)">Statutory city</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">230.18 km2 (88.87 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Land</th><td class="infobox-data">225.71 km2 (87.15 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Water</th><td class="infobox-data">4.47 km2 (1.73 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,978 km2 (764 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-witwib-2">[2]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">237 m (778 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">497 m (1,631 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Lowest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">190 m (620 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2024-01-01)<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/Statutory_city_(Czech_Republic)" title="Statutory city (Czech Republic)">Statutory city</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">400,566</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">1,700/km2 (4,500/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">729,405</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B1" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+1">UTC+1</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">CET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B2" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+2">UTC+2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time" title="Central European Summer Time">CEST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Postal code</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">600 00 – 650 00</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brno.cz/">www.brno.cz</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Brno (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈbɜːrnoʊ/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">BUR-noh</a>,<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Czech: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Czech" title="Help:IPA/Czech">[ˈbr̩no]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/3d\/Cs-Brno.ogg\/Cs-Brno.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Cs-Brno.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3d/Cs-Brno.ogg/Cs-Brno.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Cs-Brno.ogg" title="File:Cs-Brno.ogg">ⓘ</a>; <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: Brünn) is a <a href="/wiki/Statutory_city_(Czech_Republic)" title="Statutory city (Czech Republic)">city</a> in the <a href="/wiki/South_Moravian_Region" title="South Moravian Region">South Moravian Region</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>. Located at the confluence of the <a href="/wiki/Svitava_(river)" title="Svitava (river)">Svitava</a> and <a href="/wiki/Svratka_(river)" title="Svratka (river)">Svratka</a> rivers, Brno has about 400,000 inhabitants, making it the second-largest city in the Czech Republic after the capital, <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>, and one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_European_Union_by_population_within_city_limits" title="List of cities in the European Union by population within city limits">100 largest cities of the European Union</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Brno_metropolitan_area" title="Brno metropolitan area">Brno metropolitan area</a> has approximately 730,000 inhabitants. Brno is the former capital city of <a href="/wiki/Moravia" title="Moravia">Moravia</a> and the political and cultural hub of the South Moravian Region. It is the centre of the <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Judiciary of the Czech Republic">Czech judiciary</a>, with the seats of the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Constitutional Court of the Czech Republic">Constitutional Court</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Supreme Court of the Czech Republic">Supreme Court</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Administrative_Court_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Supreme Administrative Court of the Czech Republic">Supreme Administrative Court</a>, and the Supreme Public Prosecutor's Office, and a number of state authorities, including the <a href="/wiki/Ombudsman" title="Ombudsman">Ombudsman</a>,<a href="#cite_note-pdr-6">[6]</a> and the Office for the Protection of Competition.<a href="#cite_note-uohs-7">[7]</a> Brno is also an important centre of higher education, with 33 faculties belonging to 13 <a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">institutes of higher education</a> and about 62,000 students.<a href="#cite_note-studentcount-8">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Brno_Exhibition_Centre" title="Brno Exhibition Centre">Brno Exhibition Centre</a> is among the largest exhibition centres in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-bec-9">[9]</a> The complex opened in 1928 and established the tradition of large exhibitions and <a href="/wiki/Trade_fair" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade fair">trade fairs</a> held in Brno.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Brno hosts motorbike and other races on the <a href="/wiki/Masaryk_Circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Masaryk Circuit">Masaryk Circuit</a>, a tradition established in 1930, of which the <a href="/wiki/Road_Racing_World_Championship_Grand_Prix" class="mw-redirect" title="Road Racing World Championship Grand Prix">Road Racing World Championship Grand Prix</a> is one of the most prestigious races.<a href="#cite_note-brnocircuit-11">[11]</a> Another cultural tradition is an international fireworks competition, <a href="/wiki/Ignis_Brunensis" title="Ignis Brunensis">Ignis Brunensis</a>,<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> which attracts tens of thousands of visitors to each display.<a href="#cite_note-ibvisitors-13">[13]</a> The most visited sights of the city include the <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0pilberk_Castle" title="Špilberk Castle">Špilberk Castle</a> and fortress and the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_St._Peter_and_Paul,_Brno" title="Cathedral of St. Peter and Paul, Brno">Cathedral of Saints Peter and Paul</a> on Petrov hill, two medieval buildings that dominate the cityscape and are often depicted as its traditional symbols[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]. The other large preserved castle near the city is <a href="/wiki/Veve%C5%99%C3%AD_Castle" title="Veveří Castle">Veveří Castle</a> by <a href="/wiki/Brno_Reservoir" title="Brno Reservoir">Brno Reservoir</a>.<a href="#cite_note-veveri-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-brnoinfo-16">[16]</a> Another architectural monument of Brno is the <a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(architecture)" title="Functionalism (architecture)">functionalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Villa_Tugendhat" title="Villa Tugendhat">Villa Tugendhat</a>, which was added to the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> list of <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a> in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> One of the natural sights nearby is the <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Karst" title="Moravian Karst">Moravian Karst</a>. The city is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Creative_Cities_Network" title="Creative Cities Network">UNESCO Creative Cities Network</a> and was designated a "<a href="/wiki/City_of_Music_(UNESCO)" title="City of Music (UNESCO)">City of Music</a>" in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administrative_division">Administrative division</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brno&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Administrative division">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Brno" title="Administrative divisions of Brno">Administrative divisions of Brno</a></div> Brno consists of 29 <a href="/wiki/Statutory_city_(Czech_Republic)#Differences_of_statutory_city" title="Statutory city (Czech Republic)">self-governing districts</a> and of 48 municipal parts, whose borders respect the boundaries of the districts.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> The districts of Brno are: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 12em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brno-Bohunice" title="Brno-Bohunice">Brno-Bohunice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brno-Bosonohy" title="Brno-Bosonohy">Brno-Bosonohy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brno-Bystrc" title="Brno-Bystrc">Brno-Bystrc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brno-%C4%8Cernovice" title="Brno-Černovice">Brno-Černovice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brno-Chrlice" title="Brno-Chrlice">Brno-Chrlice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brno-Ivanovice" title="Brno-Ivanovice">Brno-Ivanovice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brno-Jehnice" title="Brno-Jehnice">Brno-Jehnice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brno-jih" title="Brno-jih">Brno-jih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brno-Jundrov" title="Brno-Jundrov">Brno-Jundrov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brno-Kn%C3%ADni%C4%8Dky" title="Brno-Kníničky">Brno-Kníničky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brno-Kohoutovice" title="Brno-Kohoutovice">Brno-Kohoutovice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brno-Kom%C3%ADn" title="Brno-Komín">Brno-Komín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brno-Kr%C3%A1lovo_Pole" title="Brno-Královo Pole">Brno-Královo Pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brno-L%C3%AD%C5%A1e%C5%88" title="Brno-Líšeň">Brno-Líšeň</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brno-Malom%C4%9B%C5%99ice_and_Ob%C5%99any" title="Brno-Maloměřice and Obřany">Brno-Maloměřice and Obřany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brno-Medl%C3%A1nky" title="Brno-Medlánky">Brno-Medlánky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brno-Nov%C3%BD_L%C3%ADskovec" title="Brno-Nový Lískovec">Brno-Nový Lískovec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brno-O%C5%99e%C5%A1%C3%ADn" title="Brno-Ořešín">Brno-Ořešín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brno-%C5%98e%C4%8Dkovice_a_Mokr%C3%A1_Hora" title="Brno-Řečkovice a Mokrá Hora">Brno-Řečkovice a Mokrá Hora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brno-sever" title="Brno-sever">Brno-sever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brno-Slatina" title="Brno-Slatina">Brno-Slatina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brno-st%C5%99ed" title="Brno-střed">Brno-střed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brno-Star%C3%BD_L%C3%ADskovec" title="Brno-Starý Lískovec">Brno-Starý Lískovec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brno-Tu%C5%99any" title="Brno-Tuřany">Brno-Tuřany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brno-%C3%9At%C4%9Bchov" title="Brno-Útěchov">Brno-Útěchov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brno-Vinohrady" title="Brno-Vinohrady">Brno-Vinohrady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brno-%C5%BDabov%C5%99esky" title="Brno-Žabovřesky">Brno-Žabovřesky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brno-%C5%BDeb%C4%9Bt%C3%ADn" title="Brno-Žebětín">Brno-Žebětín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brno-%C5%BDidenice" title="Brno-Židenice">Brno-Židenice</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names">Names</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brno&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Names">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">etymology</a> of the name Brno is disputed. It might be derived from the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Czech_language" title="History of the Czech language">Old Czech</a> brnie 'muddy, swampy.'<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Alternative derivations are a <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a> verb brniti (to armour or to fortify) or a <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic language</a> spoken in the area before it was inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Slavic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic peoples">Slavic peoples</a>. The latter theory would make it <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognate</a> with other Celtic words for hill, such as the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a> word bryn. Throughout its history, Brno's locals also referred to the town in other languages, including Brünn in German, ברין (Brin) in <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a>, and Bruna in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>. The city was also referred to as Brunn (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/brʌn/</a>)<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> in English, but that usage is not common today.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> The asteroid <a href="/wiki/2889_Brno" class="mw-redirect" title="2889 Brno">2889 Brno</a> was named after the city, as was the <a href="/wiki/Bren_light_machine_gun" title="Bren light machine gun">Bren light machine gun</a> (from Brno and <a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Enfield" title="London Borough of Enfield">Enfield</a>), which was widely used in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brno&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mince_10K%C4%8D_vzor_2003_rubov%C3%A1_strana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Mince_10K%C4%8D_vzor_2003_rubov%C3%A1_strana.jpg/120px-Mince_10K%C4%8D_vzor_2003_rubov%C3%A1_strana.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Mince_10K%C4%8D_vzor_2003_rubov%C3%A1_strana.jpg/250px-Mince_10K%C4%8D_vzor_2003_rubov%C3%A1_strana.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="608" data-file-height="592" /></a><figcaption>The 10 <a href="/wiki/Czech_koruna" title="Czech koruna">CZK</a> coin (1993 design)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Brno" title="History of Brno">History of Brno</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Brno" title="Timeline of Brno">Timeline of Brno</a></div> The Brno basin has been inhabited since <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Europe" title="Prehistoric Europe">prehistoric times</a>,<a href="#cite_note-brnohist-24">[24]</a> as seen in a 2024 discovery of at least 3 three mammoths bones and prehistoric tools dating back 15,000 years.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> The town's direct predecessor was a fortified settlement of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Moravia" title="Great Moravia">Great Moravian Empire</a> known as Staré Zámky, which was inhabited from the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Neolithic Age">Neolithic Age</a> until the early 11th century.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> In the early 11th century Brno was established as a castle of a non-ruling prince from the <a href="/wiki/House_of_P%C5%99emyslid" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Přemyslid">House of Přemyslid</a>,<a href="#cite_note-brnohist-24">[24]</a> and Brno became one of the centres of Moravia along with <a href="/wiki/Olomouc" title="Olomouc">Olomouc</a> and <a href="/wiki/Znojmo" title="Znojmo">Znojmo</a>. Brno was first mentioned in Cosmas' <a href="/wiki/Chronica_Boemorum" title="Chronica Boemorum">Chronica Boemorum</a> dated to the year 1091, when Bohemian king <a href="/wiki/Vratislaus_II_of_Bohemia" title="Vratislaus II of Bohemia">Vratislaus II</a> besieged his brother <a href="/wiki/Conrad_I,_Duke_of_Bohemia" title="Conrad I, Duke of Bohemia">Conrad</a> at Brno castle.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Znak_Moravsk%C3%A9ho_markrabstv%C3%AD.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Znak_Moravsk%C3%A9ho_markrabstv%C3%AD.png/120px-Znak_Moravsk%C3%A9ho_markrabstv%C3%AD.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Znak_Moravsk%C3%A9ho_markrabstv%C3%AD.png/180px-Znak_Moravsk%C3%A9ho_markrabstv%C3%AD.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Znak_Moravsk%C3%A9ho_markrabstv%C3%AD.png/240px-Znak_Moravsk%C3%A9ho_markrabstv%C3%AD.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="555" /></a><figcaption>Coat of arms of the margraviate</figcaption></figure> In the mid 11th century, Moravia was divided into three separate territories; each had its own ruler, coming from the <a href="/wiki/P%C5%99emyslids" class="mw-redirect" title="Přemyslids">Přemyslids</a> dynasty, but independent of the other two, and subordinate only to the <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemian</a> ruler in <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>. The seats of these rulers and thus the "capitals" of these territories were the castles and towns of Brno, <a href="/wiki/Olomouc" title="Olomouc">Olomouc</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Znojmo" title="Znojmo">Znojmo</a>. In the late 12th century, Moravia began to reunify, forming the <a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Moravia" title="Margraviate of Moravia">Margraviate of Moravia</a>. From then until the mid of the 17th century, it was not clear which town should be the capital of Moravia. Political power was divided between Brno and Olomouc, but Znojmo also played an important role. The Moravian Diet, the Moravian Land Tables, and the Moravian Land Court were all seated in both cities at once.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] However, Brno was the official seat of the Moravian Margraves (rulers of Moravia),<a href="#cite_note-spilberkhist-28">[28]</a> and later its geographical position closer to <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> also became important. Otherwise, until 1642 Olomouc had a larger population than Brno, and was the seat of the only <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">diocese</a> in Moravia. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Veduta_z_obl%C3%A9h%C3%A1n%C3%AD_Brna_%C5%A0v%C3%A9dy_v_roce_1645.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Veduta_z_obl%C3%A9h%C3%A1n%C3%AD_Brna_%C5%A0v%C3%A9dy_v_roce_1645.jpg/250px-Veduta_z_obl%C3%A9h%C3%A1n%C3%AD_Brna_%C5%A0v%C3%A9dy_v_roce_1645.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Veduta_z_obl%C3%A9h%C3%A1n%C3%AD_Brna_%C5%A0v%C3%A9dy_v_roce_1645.jpg/330px-Veduta_z_obl%C3%A9h%C3%A1n%C3%AD_Brna_%C5%A0v%C3%A9dy_v_roce_1645.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Veduta_z_obl%C3%A9h%C3%A1n%C3%AD_Brna_%C5%A0v%C3%A9dy_v_roce_1645.jpg/500px-Veduta_z_obl%C3%A9h%C3%A1n%C3%AD_Brna_%C5%A0v%C3%A9dy_v_roce_1645.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Unsuccessful Swedish siege in 1645</figcaption></figure> In 1243 the small settlements grouped together to form one fortified settlement, and Brno was granted city royal privileges[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> by the King, and thus recognized as a royal city. As throughout Eastern Central Europe, the granting of city privileges was connected with <a href="/wiki/Ostsiedlung" title="Ostsiedlung">immigration from German-speaking lands</a>. In 1324 Queen <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Richeza_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Elisabeth Richeza of Poland">Elisabeth Richeza of Poland</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_the_Assumption_of_Our_Lady,_Brno" title="Basilica of the Assumption of Our Lady, Brno">Basilica of the Assumption of Our Lady</a>, which now houses her grave.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> In the 14th century, Brno became one of the centres for the Moravian regional assemblies, whose meetings alternated between Brno and Olomouc.<a href="#cite_note-brnohist-24">[24]</a> These assemblies made political, legal, and financial decisions. Brno and Olomouc were also the seats of the Land Court and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moravian_Land_Tables&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moravian Land Tables (page does not exist)">Moravian Land Tables</a>, thus they were the two most important cities in Moravia. From the mid 14th century to the early 15th century, Špilberk Castle had served as the permanent seat of the Margraves of Moravia; one of them, <a href="/wiki/Jobst_of_Moravia" title="Jobst of Moravia">Jobst of Moravia</a>, was elected the <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Romans" title="King of the Romans">King of the Romans</a>. Brno was besieged in 1428 and again in 1430 by the <a href="/wiki/Hussite" class="mw-redirect" title="Hussite">Hussites</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Hussite_Wars" title="Hussite Wars">Hussite Wars</a>. Both attempts to conquer the city failed. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="17th_century">17th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brno&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 17th century">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Veduta_Brna_se_znakem_Markrabstv%C3%AD_moravsk%C3%A9ho,_rok_1670.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Veduta_Brna_se_znakem_Markrabstv%C3%AD_moravsk%C3%A9ho%2C_rok_1670.jpg/170px-Veduta_Brna_se_znakem_Markrabstv%C3%AD_moravsk%C3%A9ho%2C_rok_1670.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Veduta_Brna_se_znakem_Markrabstv%C3%AD_moravsk%C3%A9ho%2C_rok_1670.jpg/255px-Veduta_Brna_se_znakem_Markrabstv%C3%AD_moravsk%C3%A9ho%2C_rok_1670.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Veduta_Brna_se_znakem_Markrabstv%C3%AD_moravsk%C3%A9ho%2C_rok_1670.jpg/340px-Veduta_Brna_se_znakem_Markrabstv%C3%AD_moravsk%C3%A9ho%2C_rok_1670.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1089" data-file-height="1576" /></a><figcaption>Coat of arms of the Margraviate of Moravia in Book of the state of lords with the picture of Brno (1670)</figcaption></figure> In 1641, during the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a>, the Holy Roman Emperor and Margrave of Moravia <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand III</a> ordered the permanent relocation of the diet, court, and the land tables from Olomouc to Brno, as Olomouc's <a href="/wiki/Collegium_Nordicum" class="mw-redirect" title="Collegium Nordicum">Collegium Nordicum</a> made it one of the primary targets of Swedish armies.<a href="#cite_note-Garstein-31">[31]</a> In 1642 Olomouc surrendered to the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Army" title="Swedish Army">Swedish Army</a>, which occupied it for eight years.<a href="#cite_note-32">[note 1]</a> Meanwhile, Brno, as the only Moravian city which, under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Jean-Louis_Raduit_de_Souches" title="Jean-Louis Raduit de Souches">Jean-Louis Raduit de Souches</a>, succeeded in defending itself from the Swedes under General <a href="/wiki/Lennart_Torstenson" class="mw-redirect" title="Lennart Torstenson">Lennart Torstenson</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Brno" title="Siege of Brno">siege of Brno</a> in 1645, served as the sole capital of the Margraviate of Moravia. After the end of the Thirty Years' War in 1648, Brno retained its status as the sole capital. This was later confirmed by the Holy Roman Emperor <a href="/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph II</a> in 1782, and again in 1849 by the Moravian constitution.<a href="#cite_note-33">[note 2]</a> Today, the Moravian Land Tables are stored in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moravian_Regional_Archive&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moravian Regional Archive (page does not exist)">Moravian Regional Archive</a>, and are included among the national cultural sights of the Czech Republic.<a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_Brno_in_the_year_1700.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/View_of_Brno_in_the_year_1700.jpg/250px-View_of_Brno_in_the_year_1700.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/View_of_Brno_in_the_year_1700.jpg/330px-View_of_Brno_in_the_year_1700.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/View_of_Brno_in_the_year_1700.jpg/500px-View_of_Brno_in_the_year_1700.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1261" /></a><figcaption>Brno c. 1700</figcaption></figure> During the 17th century <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0pilberk_Castle" title="Špilberk Castle">Špilberk Castle</a> was rebuilt as a huge baroque <a href="/wiki/Citadel" title="Citadel">citadel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-spilberkhist-28">[28]</a> Brno was besieged by the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Army" title="Prussian Army">Prussian Army</a> in 1742 under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Frederick_the_Great" title="Frederick the Great">Frederick the Great</a>, but the siege was ultimately unsuccessful. In 1777 the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Brno" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Brno">bishopric of Brno</a> was established by the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mathias_Franz_Graf_von_Chorinsky_Freiherr_von_Ledske" title="Mathias Franz Graf von Chorinsky Freiherr von Ledske">Mathias Franz Graf von Chorinsky Freiherr von Ledske</a> was the first Bishop.<a href="#cite_note-brnohist-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[note 3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brno&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 19th century">edit</a>]</div> In December 1805 the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Austerlitz" title="Battle of Austerlitz">Battle of Austerlitz</a> was fought near the city; the battle is also known as the "Battle of the Three Emperors". Brno itself was not involved with the battle, but the French Emperor <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a> spent several nights here at that time, and again in 1809.<a href="#cite_note-36">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[34]</a> In 1839 the first train arrived in Brno from Vienna via the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Ferdinand_Northern_Railway" title="Emperor Ferdinand Northern Railway">Emperor Ferdinand Northern Railway</a>. This was the <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Rail transport in the Czech Republic">beginning of rail transport in the current Czech Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Austria" title="Rail transport in Austria">Austria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-thefirsttrain-38">[35]</a> In the years 1859–1864 the city fortifications were almost completely removed. In 1869 a <a href="/wiki/Horsecar" title="Horsecar">horsecar</a> service started to operate in Brno, the first <a href="/wiki/Tram" title="Tram">tram service</a> in what would later become the Czech Republic.<a href="#cite_note-dpmbhistory-39">[36]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel">Gregor Mendel</a> conducted his groundbreaking experiments in <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetics</a> while he was a monk at <a href="/wiki/St._Thomas%27s_Abbey,_Brno" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Thomas's Abbey, Brno">St. Thomas's Abbey</a> in Brno in the 1850s. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century_and_Greater_Brno">20th century and Greater Brno</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brno&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 20th century and Greater Brno">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Czechoslovakia_IV.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Czechoslovakia_IV.png/250px-Czechoslovakia_IV.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Czechoslovakia_IV.png/330px-Czechoslovakia_IV.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Czechoslovakia_IV.png/500px-Czechoslovakia_IV.png 2x" data-file-width="1128" data-file-height="513" /></a><figcaption>Lands and their capitals (underlined) of the <a href="/wiki/First_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="First Czechoslovak Republic">First Czechoslovak Republic</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brno,_hlavn%C3%AD_n%C3%A1dra%C5%BE%C3%AD_a_tramvaje.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Brno%2C_hlavn%C3%AD_n%C3%A1dra%C5%BE%C3%AD_a_tramvaje.jpg/250px-Brno%2C_hlavn%C3%AD_n%C3%A1dra%C5%BE%C3%AD_a_tramvaje.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Brno%2C_hlavn%C3%AD_n%C3%A1dra%C5%BE%C3%AD_a_tramvaje.jpg/330px-Brno%2C_hlavn%C3%AD_n%C3%A1dra%C5%BE%C3%AD_a_tramvaje.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Brno%2C_hlavn%C3%AD_n%C3%A1dra%C5%BE%C3%AD_a_tramvaje.jpg/500px-Brno%2C_hlavn%C3%AD_n%C3%A1dra%C5%BE%C3%AD_a_tramvaje.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="546" /></a><figcaption>Main railway station in 1901</figcaption></figure> Around 1900 Brno, which consisted in administrative terms only of the central city area until 1918, had a predominantly <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Germans" class="mw-redirect" title="Moravian Germans">German-speaking population</a> (63%), as opposed to the suburbs, which were predominantly Czech-speaking.<a href="#cite_note-Bruna-40">[37]</a> Life in the city was therefore bilingual, and what was called in German "Brünnerisch" was a mixed idiom containing elements from both languages.<a href="#cite_note-Bruna-40">[37]</a> In 1919, after <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, two neighbouring towns, Královo Pole and Husovice, and 21 other municipalities were annexed to Brno, creating Greater Brno (<a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>: Velké Brno). This was done to dilute the German-speaking majority of close to 55,000<a href="#cite_note-Hahn-41">[38]</a> by the addition of the Czech communities of the city's neighborhood. Included in the German-speaking group were almost all of the 12,000 Jewish inhabitants, including several of the city's better known personalities, who made a substantial contribution to the city's cultural life.<a href="#cite_note-Hahn-41">[38]</a> Greater Brno was almost seven times larger, with a population of about 222,000 – before that Brno had about 130,000 inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-42">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[42]</a> In 1921–1928, Brno was the capital of the administrative region of Land of Moravia (Czech: Země Moravská). In 1928–1948, Brno was the capital of the Land of Moravia-Silesia (Czech: Země Moravskoslezská). In 1930, 200,000 inhabitants declared themselves to be of Czech, and some 52,000 of German nationality, in both cases including the respective Jewish citizens.<a href="#cite_note-Hahn-41">[38]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2004-0813-500,_Deutsche_Truppen_in_Br%C3%BCnn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2004-0813-500%2C_Deutsche_Truppen_in_Br%C3%BCnn.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2004-0813-500%2C_Deutsche_Truppen_in_Br%C3%BCnn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2004-0813-500%2C_Deutsche_Truppen_in_Br%C3%BCnn.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2004-0813-500%2C_Deutsche_Truppen_in_Br%C3%BCnn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2004-0813-500%2C_Deutsche_Truppen_in_Br%C3%BCnn.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2004-0813-500%2C_Deutsche_Truppen_in_Br%C3%BCnn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="798" data-file-height="561" /></a><figcaption>Part of the civilian population welcomes German troops with the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_salute" title="Nazi salute">Nazi salute</a> in Brno, 16 March 1939.</figcaption></figure> During the <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">German occupation of the Czech lands</a> between 1939 and 1945, all Czech universities were closed by the Nazis, including those in Brno. The <a href="/wiki/Masaryk_University" title="Masaryk University">Faculty of Law</a> became the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a>, and the university hall of residence was used as a prison. About 35,000 Czechs and some American and British <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoners of war</a> were imprisoned and tortured there; about 800 civilians were executed or died.<a href="#cite_note-46">[43]</a> Executions were public.<a href="#cite_note-47">[44]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] The Nazis also operated a <a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Auschwitz" title="List of subcamps of Auschwitz">subcamp</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz concentration camp</a>, which held mostly Polish prisoners,<a href="#cite_note-48">[45]</a> an internment camp for <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani people</a> in the city,<a href="#cite_note-49">[46]</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">forced labour</a> "education" camp in the present-day district of Dvorska.<a href="#cite_note-50">[47]</a> Between 1941 and 1942, <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_train" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust train">transports</a> from Brno deported 10,081 Jews to <a href="/wiki/Theresienstadt_concentration_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Theresienstadt concentration camp">Theresienstadt (Terezín) concentration camp</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[48]</a> At least another 960 people, mostly of <a href="/wiki/Anti-miscegenation_laws#Nazi_Germany" title="Anti-miscegenation laws">mixed race</a>, followed in 1943 and 1944. After Terezín, many of them were sent to <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz concentration camp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minsk_Ghetto" title="Minsk Ghetto">Minsk Ghetto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rejowiec,_Lublin_Voivodeship" title="Rejowiec, Lublin Voivodeship">Rejowiec</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Ghettos_in_Nazi-occupied_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghettos in Nazi-occupied Europe">ghettos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">concentration camps</a>. Although Terezín was not an <a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">extermination camp</a>, 995 people transported from Brno died there. Only 1,033 people returned after the war.<a href="#cite_note-52">[49]</a> Industrial facilities such as the <a href="/wiki/Zbrojovka_Brno" title="Zbrojovka Brno">Československá zbrojovka</a> arms factory and the Zweigwerk <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_engine" title="Aircraft engine">aircraft engine</a> factory (which became Zbrojovka's subsidiary <a href="/wiki/Zetor" title="Zetor">Zetor</a> after the war) and the city centre were targeted by several <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> <a href="/wiki/Bombardment" title="Bombardment">bombardment</a> campaigns between 1944 and 1945. The air strikes and later artillery fire killed some 1,200 people and destroyed 1,278 buildings.<a href="#cite_note-53">[50]</a> After the city's occupation by the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> on 26 April 1945<a href="#cite_note-54">[51]</a> and the end of the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">war</a>, ethnic German residents were <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Germans_from_Czechoslovakia" title="Expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia">expelled</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Brno_death_march" title="Brno death march">Brno death march</a>, beginning on 31 May 1945, about 27,000 German inhabitants of Brno were marched 64 kilometres (40 miles) to the Austrian border. According to testimony collected by German sources, about 5,200 of them died during the march.<a href="#cite_note-55">[52]</a> Later estimates by Czech sources put the death toll at about 1,700, with most deaths due to an epidemic of <a href="/wiki/Shigellosis" title="Shigellosis">shigellosis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[53]</a> After the reestablishment of an <a href="/wiki/Third_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="Third Czechoslovak Republic">independent Czechoslovak state</a> after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, President <a href="/wiki/Edvard_Bene%C5%A1" title="Edvard Beneš">Edvard Beneš</a> delivered a speech in Brno demanding the <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Germans_from_Czechoslovakia" title="Expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia">expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia</a>. Shortly afterwards, 20,000 ethnic Germans from the city were expelled into <a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Austria" title="Allied-occupied Austria">Allied-occupied Austria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[54]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovak Socialist Republic</a> abolished Moravian autonomy and Brno thus ceased to be the capital of Moravia.<a href="#cite_note-zakon2081948-58">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[56]</a> Since then Moravia has been divided into administrative regions, with Brno the administrative centre of the <a href="/wiki/South_Moravian_Region" title="South Moravian Region">South Moravian Region</a>.<a href="#cite_note-zakon2081948-58">[55]</a> In 1960s and 1970s, large panel <a href="/wiki/Housing_estate" title="Housing estate">housing estates</a> were built in border districts, such as Bohunice, Líšeň, Bystrc and Vinohrady. During the communist era, most of the workforce was employed in industry, mainly machinery. After 1989, part of the workforce switched from industry to services, and Brno became the IT centre of the Czech Republic. Nevertheless, new industrial zones were built at the edge of the city, such as Černovická terasa in the east of the city. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brno&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Autumn_Marian_Valley.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Autumn_Marian_Valley.jpg/250px-Autumn_Marian_Valley.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Autumn_Marian_Valley.jpg/330px-Autumn_Marian_Valley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Autumn_Marian_Valley.jpg/500px-Autumn_Marian_Valley.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="702" /></a><figcaption>The Marian Valley in Líšeň</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Srovn%C3%A1n%C3%AD_kvality_ovzdu%C5%A1%C3%AD_v_%C4%8CR_-_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Srovn%C3%A1n%C3%AD_kvality_ovzdu%C5%A1%C3%AD_v_%C4%8CR_-_2008.jpg/250px-Srovn%C3%A1n%C3%AD_kvality_ovzdu%C5%A1%C3%AD_v_%C4%8CR_-_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Srovn%C3%A1n%C3%AD_kvality_ovzdu%C5%A1%C3%AD_v_%C4%8CR_-_2008.jpg/330px-Srovn%C3%A1n%C3%AD_kvality_ovzdu%C5%A1%C3%AD_v_%C4%8CR_-_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Srovn%C3%A1n%C3%AD_kvality_ovzdu%C5%A1%C3%AD_v_%C4%8CR_-_2008.jpg/500px-Srovn%C3%A1n%C3%AD_kvality_ovzdu%C5%A1%C3%AD_v_%C4%8CR_-_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3506" data-file-height="2482" /></a><figcaption>Air quality in the Czech Republic in 2008; Brno ranks among the cleanest cities.</figcaption></figure> Brno is located in the southeastern part of the Czech Republic, at the confluence of the <a href="/wiki/Svitava_(river)" title="Svitava (river)">Svitava</a> and <a href="/wiki/Svratka_(river)" title="Svratka (river)">Svratka</a> rivers, and there are also several brooks flowing through it, including the Veverka, Ponávka, and Říčka. The Svratka River flows through the city for about 29 km (18 mi), and the Svitava River cuts a 13 km (8 mi) path through the city.<a href="#cite_note-witwib-2">[2]</a> Brno is situated at the crossroads of ancient trade routes which have joined northern and southern European civilizations for centuries, and is a part of the <a href="/wiki/Danube_basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Danube basin">Danube basin</a> region. The city is historically connected with Vienna, which lies 110 km (68 mi) to the south.<a href="#cite_note-guocz-60">[57]</a> Brno is 21.5 km (13.4 mi) across, measured from east to west, and its total area is 230 km2 (89 sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-guocz-60">[57]</a> Within the city limits are the <a href="/wiki/Brno_Reservoir" title="Brno Reservoir">Brno Reservoir</a>, several ponds, and other standing bodies of water, such as the <a href="/wiki/Reservoir" title="Reservoir">reservoirs</a> in the Marian Valley<a href="#cite_note-61">[58]</a> and the Žebětín Pond. Brno is surrounded by wooded hills on three sides; about 6,379 ha (15,763 acres) of the area of the city is forest, 28% of the total. Due to its location between the <a href="/wiki/Bohemian-Moravian_Highlands" title="Bohemian-Moravian Highlands">Bohemian-Moravian Highlands</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dyje-Svratka_Vale" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyje-Svratka Vale">Southern Moravian lowlands (Dyje-Svratka Vale)</a>, Brno has a moderate climate.<a href="#cite_note-witwib-2">[2]</a> Compared to other cities in the country, Brno has a very high air quality, which is ensured by a good natural circulation of air; no severe storms or similar natural disasters have ever been recorded in the city.<a href="#cite_note-witwib-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brno&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a>]</div> Under the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a>, Brno has an <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic climate</a> (Cfb) for −3 °C original isoterm,<a href="#cite_note-62">[59]</a> but near of the (−2.5 °C average temperature in January, month most cold) or include by updated classification in <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">humid continental climate</a> (Dfb) with cold winters and warm to hot summers.<a href="#cite_note-Peel-63">[60]</a> However, in the last 20 years the temperature has increased, and summer days with temperature above 30 °C (86 °F) are quite common.<a href="#cite_note-64">[61]</a> The average temperature is 9.4 °C (49 °F), the average annual precipitation is about 505 mm (19.88 in), the average number of precipitation days is 150, the average annual sunshine is 1,771 hours, and the prevailing wind direction is northwest.<a href="#cite_note-witwib-2">[2]</a> The weather box below shows average data between years 1961 and 1990. Its height above sea level varies from 190 m (623 ft) to 497 m (1,631 ft).<a href="#cite_note-witwib-2">[2]</a> The highest peak in the municipal area is the Kopeček Hill (479 m (1,572 ft)), and the highest point overall lies in <a href="/wiki/Brno-%C3%9At%C4%9Bchov" title="Brno-Útěchov">Útěchov</a> on the border with the municipality of <a href="/wiki/Vranov_(Brno-Country_District)" title="Vranov (Brno-Country District)">Vranov</a>. <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for <a href="/wiki/Brno-Tu%C5%99any_Airport" title="Brno-Tuřany Airport">Brno-Tuřany Airport</a>, Brno Coordinates <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818" /><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Brno&params=49_09_11_N_16_41_20_E_&title=Brno+Turany">49°09′11″N 16°41′20″E / 49.15306°N 16.68889°E / 49.15306; 16.68889 (Brno Turany)</a>; elevation: 241 m (791 ft); <a href="/wiki/Location_identifier#WMO_station_identifiers" title="Location identifier">WMO ID</a>: 11723; 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1959–present </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFB163; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.8 (60.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFA449; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.7 (63.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.3 (75.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.5 (85.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.8 (89.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF2100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.6 (97.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF2300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.4 (97.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF1900; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">37.8 (100.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.0 (89.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF5F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.7 (81.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9327; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.1 (68.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA76; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.4 (57.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF1900; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">37.8 (100.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.9 (35.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.5 (40.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.7 (49.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF5F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.1 (61.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9123; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.4 (68.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.1 (75.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF6700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.5 (79.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.4 (79.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9022; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.5 (68.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFBC7A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.1 (57.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFE8D2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.7 (45.9) </td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.6 (36.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA75; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">14.5 (58.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #E2E2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.8 (30.6) </td> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.9 (33.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFFCF9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.9 (40.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFD3A8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.8 (51.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFB56B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.2 (59.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B38; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.9 (66.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8F1F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.7 (69.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF9022; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.5 (68.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFB46A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.3 (59.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFDAB5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.8 (49.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFFCFA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.8 (40.6) </td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2 (32.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFD8B1; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">10.1 (50.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #D3D3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.5 (25.7) </td> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.5 (27.5) </td> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.8 (33.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFFAF5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.2 (41.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.6 (49.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFC387; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.2 (55.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFB76F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.9 (58.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFB871; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.8 (58.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFD4AA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.6 (51.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFF3E8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.1 (43.0) </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.0 (35.6) </td> <td style="background: #DADAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.3 (27.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFF6EE; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">5.7 (42.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #6464FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−24.1 (−11.4) </td> <td style="background: #6E6EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−22.2 (−8.0) </td> <td style="background: #8282FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−18.6 (−1.5) </td> <td style="background: #C4C4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.3 (20.7) </td> <td style="background: #D8D8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.6 (27.3) </td> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.8 (35.2) </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.6 (38.5) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.0 (37.4) </td> <td style="background: #E2E2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.7 (30.7) </td> <td style="background: #C3C3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.5 (20.3) </td> <td style="background: #A0A0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−13.1 (8.4) </td> <td style="background: #7575FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−20.9 (−5.6) </td> <td style="background: #6464FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−24.1 (−11.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #DCFFDC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.4 (0.92) </td> <td style="background: #DAFFDA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.3 (0.88) </td> <td style="background: #D2FFD2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.0 (1.18) </td> <td style="background: #D4FFD4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.3 (1.07) </td> <td style="background: #A6FFA6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59.1 (2.33) </td> <td style="background: #93FF93; color:#000000;" class="notheme">69.5 (2.74) </td> <td style="background: #94FF94; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71.5 (2.81) </td> <td style="background: #A4FFA4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">60.7 (2.39) </td> <td style="background: #AFFFAF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51.4 (2.02) </td> <td style="background: #CAFFCA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.1 (1.38) </td> <td style="background: #CDFFCD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.2 (1.27) </td> <td style="background: #D2FFD2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.0 (1.18) </td> <td style="background: #BEFFBE; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">512.3 (20.17) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowfall cm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #5353FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">11.5 (4.5) </td> <td style="background: #7272FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">8.6 (3.4) </td> <td style="background: #C6C6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.8 (1.5) </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.5 (0.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #D0D0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.0 (1.2) </td> <td style="background: #7A7AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.9 (3.5) </td> <td style="background: #D1D1FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">36.3 (14.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0mm) </th> <td style="background: #B4B4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.0 </td> <td style="background: #B8B8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.2 </td> <td style="background: #B3B3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.1 </td> <td style="background: #B5B5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.8 </td> <td style="background: #9494FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.6 </td> <td style="background: #9393FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.4 </td> <td style="background: #8888FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.6 </td> <td style="background: #A3A3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.4 </td> <td style="background: #AFAFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.2 </td> <td style="background: #AEAEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.5 </td> <td style="background: #A9A9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.7 </td> <td style="background: #A8A8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.0 </td> <td style="background: #A7A7FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">83.4 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000BE; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">83.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000D4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">77.7 </td> <td style="background: #0000F0; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">70.5 </td> <td style="background: #1010FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">62.4 </td> <td style="background: #0606FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">65.1 </td> <td style="background: #0404FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">65.4 </td> <td style="background: #0A0AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">63.8 </td> <td style="background: #0909FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">64.2 </td> <td style="background: #0000EC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">71.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000CF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">79.2 </td> <td style="background: #0000BA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">84.6 </td> <td style="background: #0000B6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">85.7 </td> <td style="background: #0000E7; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">72.8 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Dew_point" title="Dew point">dew point</a> °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #CCCCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.8 (23.4) </td> <td style="background: #D4D4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.3 (26.1) </td> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.2 (31.6) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.9 (39.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4CA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.3 (46.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFD0A1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.3 (52.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFC68D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.7 (54.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFC78F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.6 (54.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFDCBA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.5 (49.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFFBF8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.0 (41.0) </td> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.9 (33.6) </td> <td style="background: #D6D6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.0 (26.6) </td> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">4.4 (39.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #636363; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">54.7 </td> <td style="background: #AAAAA9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">85.0 </td> <td style="background: #BFBF2A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">139.5 </td> <td style="background: #D9D900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">203.0 </td> <td style="background: #DFDF00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">234.9 </td> <td style="background: #E3E300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">245.2 </td> <td style="background: #E4E400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">257.7 </td> <td style="background: #E3E300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">250.3 </td> <td style="background: #D1D100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">174.1 </td> <td style="background: #B2B276; color:#000000;" class="notheme">111.7 </td> <td style="background: #686868; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">55.4 </td> <td style="background: #4F4F4F; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">43.3 </td> <td style="background: #C7C700; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,854.8 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Percentage <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">possible sunshine</a> </th> <td style="background: #BDBD33; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.32 </td> <td style="background: #D8D800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.16 </td> <td style="background: #E6E600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.30 </td> <td style="background: #F6F61E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">45.00 </td> <td style="background: #FAFA28; color:#000000;" class="notheme">47.49 </td> <td style="background: #FCFC2B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">48.27 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF34; color:#000000;" class="notheme">50.40 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF3C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52.32 </td> <td style="background: #F5F51C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">44.45 </td> <td style="background: #E6E600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.50 </td> <td style="background: #C1C11E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.32 </td> <td style="background: #B6B65F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.15 </td> <td style="background: #E8E800; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">36.64 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_index" title="Ultraviolet index">ultraviolet index</a> </th> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">4 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a> (dew point 1961–1990)<a href="#cite_note-NOAA6190-65">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-NOAA9120-66">[63]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: <a href="/wiki/Czech_Hydrometeorological_Institute" title="Czech Hydrometeorological Institute">Český hydrometeorologický ústav (ČHMU)</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[66]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Brno (<a href="/wiki/Brno-%C5%BDabov%C5%99esky" title="Brno-Žabovřesky">Brno-Žabovřesky</a>), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1987–present </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFAC5A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.4 (61.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F3F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.4 (65.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.2 (73.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.0 (86.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF3600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.6 (92.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF1600; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.2 (100.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF1800; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">37.9 (100.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF1400; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.5 (101.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF3B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.9 (91.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF5E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.8 (82.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9934; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.2 (66.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA76; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.4 (57.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF1400; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">38.5 (101.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.3 (36.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFFCF9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.9 (40.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0 (50.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFA954; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.9 (62.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF8913; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.6 (70.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.4 (77.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.5 (81.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF6200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.2 (81.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.0 (69.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFBC79; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.2 (57.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFE7D0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.9 (46.2) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.9 (37.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFB56C; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">15.1 (59.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #E4E4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.4 (31.3) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.1 (34.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFAF6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.1 (41.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.9 (51.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFB266; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.6 (60.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9831; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.4 (66.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.0 (69.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9022; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.5 (68.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFB56C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.1 (59.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.7 (49.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFFBF8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.0 (41.0) </td> <td style="background: #E9E9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.5 (32.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7AF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">10.3 (50.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #D5D5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.2 (26.2) </td> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.4 (27.7) </td> <td style="background: #EAEAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.7 (33.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFFCF9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.9 (40.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFDCBA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.5 (49.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFC387; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.2 (55.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFB76F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.9 (58.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFB973; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.6 (58.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFD6AD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.4 (50.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFF4EA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.0 (42.8) </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.3 (36.1) </td> <td style="background: #DCDCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.9 (28.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFF6ED; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">5.8 (42.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #6767FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−23.6 (−10.5) </td> <td style="background: #7878FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−20.4 (−4.7) </td> <td style="background: #9595FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−15.0 (5.0) </td> <td style="background: #C6C6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.0 (21.2) </td> <td style="background: #E2E2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.7 (30.7) </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.7 (36.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFEFE0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.7 (44.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.5 (40.1) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.0 (33.8) </td> <td style="background: #C4C4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.4 (20.5) </td> <td style="background: #A2A2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−12.6 (9.3) </td> <td style="background: #6F6FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−22.1 (−7.8) </td> <td style="background: #6767FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−23.6 (−10.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #D8FFD8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.9 (1.02) </td> <td style="background: #D9FFD9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.1 (0.91) </td> <td style="background: #CDFFCD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.9 (1.30) </td> <td style="background: #D2FFD2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.0 (1.14) </td> <td style="background: #ABFFAB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55.7 (2.19) </td> <td style="background: #96FF96; color:#000000;" class="notheme">67.9 (2.67) </td> <td style="background: #93FF93; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72.1 (2.84) </td> <td style="background: #A2FFA2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">62.1 (2.44) </td> <td style="background: #ACFFAC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53.5 (2.11) </td> <td style="background: #C9FFC9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.6 (1.40) </td> <td style="background: #CBFFCB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.5 (1.32) </td> <td style="background: #D1FFD1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.7 (1.21) </td> <td style="background: #BCFFBC; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">522.0 (20.55) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowfall cm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #5E5EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">10.8 (4.3) </td> <td style="background: #7777FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.3 (3.3) </td> <td style="background: #B7B7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.8 (1.9) </td> <td style="background: #F8F8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.4 (0.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">trace </td> <td style="background: #CFCFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.1 (1.2) </td> <td style="background: #7E7EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.6 (3.4) </td> <td style="background: #D1D1FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">36.1 (14.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000C4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">82.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000D9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">76.4 </td> <td style="background: #0000F3; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69.8 </td> <td style="background: #1313FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">61.6 </td> <td style="background: #0E0EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">62.9 </td> <td style="background: #0F0FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">62.6 </td> <td style="background: #1010FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">62.3 </td> <td style="background: #0808FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">64.4 </td> <td style="background: #0000E7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">72.7 </td> <td style="background: #0000CE; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">79.4 </td> <td style="background: #0000BF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">83.2 </td> <td style="background: #0000BB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">84.2 </td> <td style="background: #0000EB; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">71.8 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #575757; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">47.6 </td> <td style="background: #979797; color:#000000;" class="notheme">75.7 </td> <td style="background: #C2C219; color:#000000;" class="notheme">145.8 </td> <td style="background: #DBDB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">209.9 </td> <td style="background: #D8D800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">204.0 </td> <td style="background: #DEDE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">221.1 </td> <td style="background: #E1E100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">244.6 </td> <td style="background: #E1E100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">242.7 </td> <td style="background: #D2D200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">175.7 </td> <td style="background: #AFAF86; color:#000000;" class="notheme">106.0 </td> <td style="background: #676767; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">54.8 </td> <td style="background: #4C4C4C; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.0 </td> <td style="background: #C4C40D; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,769.8 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Percentage <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">possible sunshine</a> </th> <td style="background: #BBBB42; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.59 </td> <td style="background: #D6D600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.41 </td> <td style="background: #ECEC07; color:#000000;" class="notheme">39.35 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF33; color:#000000;" class="notheme">50.17 </td> <td style="background: #F1F113; color:#000000;" class="notheme">42.31 </td> <td style="background: #F9F926; color:#000000;" class="notheme">46.87 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF33; color:#000000;" class="notheme">50.24 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF3F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53.18 </td> <td style="background: #F8F823; color:#000000;" class="notheme">46.31 </td> <td style="background: #E2E200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.24 </td> <td style="background: #C2C214; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.85 </td> <td style="background: #B5B567; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.77 </td> <td style="background: #E8E800; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">36.77 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_index" title="Ultraviolet index">ultraviolet index</a> </th> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">4 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: <a href="/wiki/Czech_Hydrometeorological_Institute" title="Czech Hydrometeorological Institute">Czech Hydrometeorological Institute</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[72]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cityscape">Cityscape</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brno&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cityscape">edit</a>]</div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:2169px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize thumbimage" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Brno_-_panorama_I_-_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Panoramic view of approximately the northeast quarter of the city"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Brno_-_panorama_I_-_2012.jpg/2159px-Brno_-_panorama_I_-_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="2159" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Brno_-_panorama_I_-_2012.jpg/3239px-Brno_-_panorama_I_-_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Brno_-_panorama_I_-_2012.jpg/4318px-Brno_-_panorama_I_-_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="15888" data-file-height="1472" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Brno_-_panorama_I_-_2012.jpg" title="File:Brno - panorama I - 2012.jpg"> </a></div>Panoramic view of approximately the northeast quarter of the city</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administration">Administration</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brno&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Administration">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Justi%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_pal%C3%A1c_v_Brn%C4%9B.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Justi%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_pal%C3%A1c_v_Brn%C4%9B.jpg/250px-Justi%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_pal%C3%A1c_v_Brn%C4%9B.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Justi%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_pal%C3%A1c_v_Brn%C4%9B.jpg/330px-Justi%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_pal%C3%A1c_v_Brn%C4%9B.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Justi%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_pal%C3%A1c_v_Brn%C4%9B.jpg/500px-Justi%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_pal%C3%A1c_v_Brn%C4%9B.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2453" /></a><figcaption>The Palace of Justice, seat of the regional court</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M%C4%9Bstsk%C3%A9_%C4%8D%C3%A1sti_Brna_a_jejich_znaky.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/M%C4%9Bstsk%C3%A9_%C4%8D%C3%A1sti_Brna_a_jejich_znaky.png/250px-M%C4%9Bstsk%C3%A9_%C4%8D%C3%A1sti_Brna_a_jejich_znaky.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/M%C4%9Bstsk%C3%A9_%C4%8D%C3%A1sti_Brna_a_jejich_znaky.png/330px-M%C4%9Bstsk%C3%A9_%C4%8D%C3%A1sti_Brna_a_jejich_znaky.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/M%C4%9Bstsk%C3%A9_%C4%8D%C3%A1sti_Brna_a_jejich_znaky.png/500px-M%C4%9Bstsk%C3%A9_%C4%8D%C3%A1sti_Brna_a_jejich_znaky.png 2x" data-file-width="1449" data-file-height="606" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Brno" title="Administrative divisions of Brno">Administrative divisions of Brno</a> and their coats of arms</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Brno" title="Administrative divisions of Brno">Administrative divisions of Brno</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Mayors_of_Brno" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Mayors of Brno">List of Mayors of Brno</a></div> Legally, Brno is a <a href="/wiki/Statutory_city_(Czech_Republic)" title="Statutory city (Czech Republic)">statutory city</a>, consisting of 29 administrative divisions known as city districts.<a href="#cite_note-76">[73]</a> The highest body of self-government is the Brno City Assembly.<a href="#cite_note-TheAssemblyOfTheCity-77">[74]</a> The city is headed by the <a href="/wiki/Lord_mayor" title="Lord mayor">lord mayor</a>, who has the right to use the mayor's insignia and represents the city externally. As of 2021, the lord mayor is Markéta Vaňková of the <a href="/wiki/Civic_Democratic_Party_(Czech_Republic)" title="Civic Democratic Party (Czech Republic)">Civic Democratic Party</a> (ODS).<a href="#cite_note-78">[75]</a> The executive body is the city council and local councils of the city districts; the city council has 11 members including the lord mayor and her four deputies.<a href="#cite_note-79">[76]</a> The assembly of the city elects the lord mayor and other members of the city council, establishes the local police, and is also entitled to grant citizenship of honour and the Awards of the City of Brno.<a href="#cite_note-TheAssemblyOfTheCity-77">[74]</a> The head of the Assembly of the City of Brno in personal matters is the Chief Executive, who according to certain special regulations carries out the function of employer of the other members of the city management.<a href="#cite_note-80">[77]</a> The Chief Executive is directly responsible to the Lord Mayor.<a href="#cite_note-81">[78]</a> The city itself forms a separate district, the <a href="/wiki/Brno-City_District" title="Brno-City District">Brno-City District</a>, surrounded by the <a href="/wiki/Brno-Country_District" title="Brno-Country District">Brno-Country District</a>. Brno is divided into 29 administrative divisions (city districts) and consists of 48 <a href="/wiki/Cadastre" title="Cadastre">cadastral areas</a>. The "Brno-City District" and "Brno-Country District" are not to be confused with the "city districts" of Brno. The city districts of Brno vary widely in their size by both population and area. The most populated city district of Brno is <a href="/wiki/Brno-Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Brno-Centre">Brno-Centre</a>, which has over 91,000 residents, and the least populated are <a href="/wiki/Brno-O%C5%99e%C5%A1%C3%ADn" title="Brno-Ořešín">Brno-Ořešín</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brno-%C3%9At%C4%9Bchov" title="Brno-Útěchov">Brno-Útěchov</a>, with about 500 residents. By area, the largest district is <a href="/wiki/Brno-Bystrc" title="Brno-Bystrc">Brno-Bystrc</a> (27.24 square kilometres (10.52 sq mi)) and the smallest is <a href="/wiki/Brno-Nov%C3%BD_L%C3%ADskovec" title="Brno-Nový Lískovec">Brno-Nový Lískovec</a> (1.66 square kilometres (0.64 sq mi)). Brno is the home to the highest courts in the <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Judiciary of the Czech Republic">Czech judiciary</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Supreme Court of the Czech Republic">Supreme Court</a> is on Burešova Street,<a href="#cite_note-sccz-82">[79]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Administrative_Court_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Supreme Administrative Court of the Czech Republic">Supreme Administrative Court</a> is on Moravské náměstí (English: Moravian Square),<a href="#cite_note-saccz-83">[80]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Constitutional Court of the Czech Republic">Constitutional Court</a> is on Joštova Street,<a href="#cite_note-cccz-84">[81]</a> and the Supreme Public Prosecutor's Office of the Czech Republic is on Jezuitská street.<a href="#cite_note-ppocz-85">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brno&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261442011">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1869</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">104,977</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1880</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">120,122</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+14.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1890</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">145,782</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+21.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1900</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">176,645</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+21.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1910</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">216,709</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+22.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1921</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">237,659</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+9.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1930</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">283,972</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+19.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1950</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">299,099</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+5.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1961</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">324,173</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+8.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1970</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">344,218</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+6.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1980</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">371,463</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+7.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1991</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">388,296</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+4.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2001</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">376,172</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−3.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2011</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">385,913</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2021</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">398,510</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+3.3%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: Censuses<a href="#cite_note-86">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[84]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> According to the 2021 census, Brno had 398,510 inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-88">[85]</a> The largest ethnic groups reported (without options to choose between) were <a href="/wiki/Czechs" title="Czechs">Czechs</a> (51.6%), <a href="/wiki/Moravians" title="Moravians">Moravians</a> (18.7%), <a href="/wiki/Slovaks" title="Slovaks">Slovaks</a> (1.5%), <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a> (0.9%), <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_people" title="Vietnamese people">Vietnamese</a> (0.4%), and <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a> (0.2%). 23.7% of inhabitants did not write any nationality. In the 2001 census, when the most common nationalities were list to choose between, 76.1% were Czechs and 18.7% Moravians (94.8% Czechs in the broader sense). Brno experienced its largest increases in population during the 19th century at the time of the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, and in 1919 due to a merger with surrounding municipalities. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brno&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> Since 1990, many companies created or spun off as part of privatization from former national enterprises have disappeared.<a href="#cite_note-89">[86]</a> Before 1990, engineering companies were very important in Brno; since then, the city's economy has largely reoriented itself towards light industry, logistics, and services. The city later gained importance in other fields of <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a>, especially in <a href="/wiki/Software_development" title="Software development">software development</a>. After 2000, foreign technology companies began establishing their branches in Brno, and many Czech companies with local or global reach were also founded here.<a href="#cite_note-90">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[88]</a> Companies operating in Brno include <a href="/wiki/Gen_Digital" title="Gen Digital">Gen Digital</a> (one of the headquarters, brand <a href="/wiki/AVG_Technologies" title="AVG Technologies">AVG Technologies</a> still used),<a href="#cite_note-92">[89]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kyndryl" title="Kyndryl">Kyndryl</a> (Client Innovation Centre),<a href="#cite_note-93">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[91]</a> <a href="/wiki/AT%26T" title="AT&T">AT&T</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honeywell" title="Honeywell">Honeywell</a> (Global Design Center),<a href="#cite_note-95">[92]</a> <a href="/wiki/Siemens" title="Siemens">Siemens</a>,<a href="#cite_note-96">[93]</a> <a href="/wiki/Red_Hat" title="Red Hat">Red Hat</a> (Czech headquarters),<a href="#cite_note-97">[94]</a> an office of <a href="/wiki/Zebra_Technologies" title="Zebra Technologies">Zebra Technologies</a>,<a href="#cite_note-98">[95]</a> and formerly <a href="/wiki/Silicon_Graphics_International" title="Silicon Graphics International">Silicon Graphics International</a> (Czech headquarters).<a href="#cite_note-99">[96]</a> In recent years, the quaternary sector of the economy, i.e., activities in science, research, and education, has also begun to develop in Brno. Examples include AdMaS (Advanced Materials, Structures, and Technologies) or CETOCOEN (Center for Research on Toxic Substances in the Environment).<a href="#cite_note-100">[97]</a> The city cultivates this sector via supporting organisations such as the <a href="/wiki/South_Moravian_Innovation_Centre" title="South Moravian Innovation Centre">South Moravian Innovation Centre</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Brno_University_of_Technology" title="Brno University of Technology">VUT</a> Technology Incubator.<a href="#cite_note-101">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brno&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Transport">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Brno" title="Trams in Brno">Trams in Brno</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C5%A0alina_jedouc%C3%AD_od_%C4%8Cesk%C3%A9_vyrez.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/%C5%A0alina_jedouc%C3%AD_od_%C4%8Cesk%C3%A9_vyrez.jpg/250px-%C5%A0alina_jedouc%C3%AD_od_%C4%8Cesk%C3%A9_vyrez.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/%C5%A0alina_jedouc%C3%AD_od_%C4%8Cesk%C3%A9_vyrez.jpg/330px-%C5%A0alina_jedouc%C3%AD_od_%C4%8Cesk%C3%A9_vyrez.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/%C5%A0alina_jedouc%C3%AD_od_%C4%8Cesk%C3%A9_vyrez.jpg/500px-%C5%A0alina_jedouc%C3%AD_od_%C4%8Cesk%C3%A9_vyrez.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2431" data-file-height="1472" /></a><figcaption>Tram service is the backbone of the public transport in Brno.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brno_departure_terminal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Brno_departure_terminal.jpg/250px-Brno_departure_terminal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Brno_departure_terminal.jpg/330px-Brno_departure_terminal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Brno_departure_terminal.jpg/500px-Brno_departure_terminal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="916" /></a><figcaption>Brno-Tuřany Airport is the second busiest airport in the Czech Republic.<a href="#cite_note-102">[99]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brno_-_Hlavn%C3%AD_n%C3%A1dra%C5%BE%C3%AD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Brno_-_Hlavn%C3%AD_n%C3%A1dra%C5%BE%C3%AD.jpg/250px-Brno_-_Hlavn%C3%AD_n%C3%A1dra%C5%BE%C3%AD.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Brno_-_Hlavn%C3%AD_n%C3%A1dra%C5%BE%C3%AD.jpg/330px-Brno_-_Hlavn%C3%AD_n%C3%A1dra%C5%BE%C3%AD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Brno_-_Hlavn%C3%AD_n%C3%A1dra%C5%BE%C3%AD.jpg/500px-Brno_-_Hlavn%C3%AD_n%C3%A1dra%C5%BE%C3%AD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Brno main railway station</figcaption></figure> Public transport in Brno consists of 12 <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Brno" title="Trams in Brno">tram</a> lines, 14 <a href="/wiki/Trolleybus" title="Trolleybus">trolleybus</a> lines (the largest trolleybus network in the Czech Republic) and almost 40 day and 11 night bus lines.<a href="#cite_note-dpmbjr-103">[100]</a> Trams (known locally as šaliny<a href="#cite_note-104">[101]</a>) first appeared on the streets in 1869; this was the first operation of <a href="/wiki/Horse-drawn_tram" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse-drawn tram">horse-drawn trams</a> in the modern-day Czech Republic.<a href="#cite_note-dpmbhistory-39">[36]</a> The local public transport system is interconnected with regional public transport in one integrated system (IDS JMK), and directly connects several nearby municipalities with the city.<a href="#cite_note-105">[102]</a> Its main operator is the Brno City Transport Company (DPmB), which also operates a mostly recreational ferry route at the <a href="/wiki/Brno_Dam_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Brno Dam Lake">Brno Dam Lake</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[103]</a> A tourist <a href="/wiki/Minibus" title="Minibus">minibus</a> provides a brief tour of the city.<a href="#cite_note-107">[104]</a> In 2011, the city announced plans to build a <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">metro system</a> light rail system to alleviate overcrowding of trams and to reduce congestion on the surface.<a href="#cite_note-108">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[107]</a> Railway transport began operating in the city in 1839 on the Brno–Vienna line, the first operating railway line in the modern-day Czech Republic.<a href="#cite_note-thefirsttrain-38">[35]</a> Today, Brno is a transnational railway hub, with nine stations for passenger traffic. The current <a href="/wiki/Brno_main_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Brno main railway station">main railway station</a> is the central hub of regional train services, used by about 50,000 passengers every day, with around 500 trains passing through. The station is operating at full capacity;<a href="#cite_note-bmrs-111">[108]</a> the main station building is outdated and lacks sufficient operating capacity, but the construction of the new station has been postponed several times for various reasons.<a href="#cite_note-bmrs-111">[108]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Brno_central_station_referendum,_2016" class="mw-redirect" title="Brno central station referendum, 2016">referendum</a> over whether to move the station was held on 7 and 8 October 2016, coinciding with <a href="/wiki/Czech_regional_elections,_2016" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech regional elections, 2016">regional elections</a>. Brno is also an international road transport crossroads. There are two <a href="/wiki/Motorway" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorway">motorways</a> on the southern edge of the city: the D1 leading to <a href="/wiki/Ostrava" title="Ostrava">Ostrava</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>, and the D2 leading to <a href="/wiki/Bratislava" title="Bratislava">Bratislava</a>.<a href="#cite_note-highways-112">[109]</a> Not far from the city limits is the <a href="/wiki/D52_motorway" title="D52 motorway">D52 motorway</a> leading to <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>. Another planned motorway, the <a href="/wiki/D43_motorway_(Czech_Republic)" title="D43 motorway (Czech Republic)">D43</a>, will connect Brno to northwestern Moravia.<a href="#cite_note-highways-112">[109]</a> The city is gradually building the large city <a href="/wiki/Ring_road" title="Ring road">ring road</a> (road I/42). Several road tunnels have been built at Pisarky, Husovice, Hlinky, and Královo pole, and more are planned.<a href="#cite_note-113">[110]</a> Due to the congestion in private transport, the city is continuing to try to build more <a href="/wiki/Parking_ramp" class="mw-redirect" title="Parking ramp">parking ramps</a>, including underground, but these efforts have not always been successful.<a href="#cite_note-114">[111]</a> Air transport is enabled by two functional airports. The public international airport, <a href="/wiki/Brno-Tu%C5%99any_Airport" title="Brno-Tuřany Airport">Brno-Tuřany Airport</a>, saw a sharp increase in passenger traffic up to 2011, however the number of passengers declined in the following years, especially during the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Czech Republic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>. The airport also serves as one of the two bases for police helicopters in the Czech Republic. The other airport, <a href="/wiki/Medl%C3%A1nky_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Medlánky Airport">Medlánky Airport</a>, is a small domestic airport serving mainly recreational activities such as flying <a href="/wiki/Hot_air_balloon" title="Hot air balloon">hot air balloons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glider_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Glider aircraft">gliders</a> or aircraft <a href="/wiki/RC_model" class="mw-redirect" title="RC model">RC models</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[114]</a> Cycling is widespread in Brno due to lowland nature of the landscape. Existing tracks for cycling and roller skating in 2011 totalled approximately 38 kilometres (24 mi), and are gradually being expanded.<a href="#cite_note-118">[115]</a> There is also one long <a href="/wiki/Bikeway" class="mw-redirect" title="Bikeway">bikeway</a> leading to <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, approximately 130 kilometres (81 mi) long.<a href="#cite_note-119">[116]</a> Several hiking trails of the Czech Tourist Club also pass through Brno.<a href="#cite_note-120">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brno&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lisenske_slavnosti_vyrez.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Lisenske_slavnosti_vyrez.jpg/250px-Lisenske_slavnosti_vyrez.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Lisenske_slavnosti_vyrez.jpg/330px-Lisenske_slavnosti_vyrez.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Lisenske_slavnosti_vyrez.jpg/500px-Lisenske_slavnosti_vyrez.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1208" /></a><figcaption>People wearing the traditional Moravian <a href="/wiki/Kroje" title="Kroje">kroje</a> (Moravian national folk costumes) at a folk festival in Líšeň</figcaption></figure> The city spends about 30 million euro every year on culture.<a href="#cite_note-121">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[119]</a> A vibrant university city with about 60,000 students, Brno is home to many museums, theatres and other cultural institutions, and also hosts a number of festivals and other cultural events. Since the 1990s Brno has experienced a great cultural "rebirth": façades of historical monuments are being repaired and various exhibitions, shows, etc., are being established or extended. In 2007 a summit of 15 presidents of EU Member States was held in Brno.<a href="#cite_note-123">[120]</a> Despite its urban character, some of the city districts still preserve traditional Moravian folklore, including folk festivals with traditional Moravian costumes, Moravian wines, folk music and dances. Unlike smaller municipalities, in Brno annual traditional Moravian folk festivals are held in several city districts, including <a href="/wiki/Brno-%C5%BDidenice" title="Brno-Židenice">Židenice</a>,<a href="#cite_note-124">[121]</a> <a href="/wiki/Brno-L%C3%AD%C5%A1e%C5%88" title="Brno-Líšeň">Líšeň</a>,<a href="#cite_note-125">[122]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brno-Ivanovice" title="Brno-Ivanovice">Ivanovice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-126">[123]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hantec" class="mw-redirect" title="Hantec">Hantec</a> is a unique <a href="/wiki/Slang" title="Slang">slang</a> that originated in Brno. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Festivals">Festivals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brno&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Festivals">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ignis_Brunensis_2010_Montage_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Ignis_Brunensis_2010_Montage_1.jpg/250px-Ignis_Brunensis_2010_Montage_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Ignis_Brunensis_2010_Montage_1.jpg/330px-Ignis_Brunensis_2010_Montage_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Ignis_Brunensis_2010_Montage_1.jpg/500px-Ignis_Brunensis_2010_Montage_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2311" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Fireworks festival Ignis Brunensis on the <a href="/wiki/Brno_Reservoir" title="Brno Reservoir">Brno Dam Lake</a> (2010)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tram_horse_tram_Brno.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Tram_horse_tram_Brno.jpg/250px-Tram_horse_tram_Brno.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Tram_horse_tram_Brno.jpg/330px-Tram_horse_tram_Brno.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Tram_horse_tram_Brno.jpg/500px-Tram_horse_tram_Brno.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Historical <a href="/wiki/Horse-drawn_tram" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse-drawn tram">horse-drawn tram</a> at the festival called "Brno – City in the Centre of Europe"</figcaption></figure> The biggest festival in Brno is the <a href="/wiki/Fireworks" title="Fireworks">fireworks</a> competition festival, <a href="/wiki/Ignis_Brunensis" title="Ignis Brunensis">Ignis Brunensis</a> (Latin for "Flame of Brno"), held annually in June, part of the "Brno – City in the Centre of Europe" festival.<a href="#cite_note-127">[124]</a> Ignis Brunensis is the biggest show of its kind in Central Europe,<a href="#cite_note-128">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[126]</a> usually attracting 100,000–200,000 visitors to each display.<a href="#cite_note-ibvisitors-13">[13]</a> The international film festival <a href="/wiki/Cinema_Mundi_International_Film_Festival" title="Cinema Mundi International Film Festival">Cinema Mundi</a> screens about 60 films competing for <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award">Oscar</a> nomination in the category of Best Foreign Language Film.<a href="#cite_note-130">[127]</a> Theatre World Brno is another international festival held annually in the city, in which Brno theatres and the city centre stage around 100 performances by national and foreign ensembles.<a href="#cite_note-131">[128]</a> Other festivals held regularly in Brno include the International Music Festival Brno,<a href="#cite_note-132">[129]</a> the Spilberk International Music Festival,<a href="#cite_note-133">[130]</a> and the Summer Shakespeare Festival.<a href="#cite_note-134">[131]</a> Every September, Brno hosts a wine festival, Slavnosti vína, to celebrate the harvest in the surrounding <a href="/wiki/Czech_wine" title="Czech wine">wine-producing</a> region.<a href="#cite_note-135">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theatres">Theatres</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brno&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Theatres">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reduta_Theatre_-_Brno.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Reduta_Theatre_-_Brno.jpg/250px-Reduta_Theatre_-_Brno.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Reduta_Theatre_-_Brno.jpg/330px-Reduta_Theatre_-_Brno.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Reduta_Theatre_-_Brno.jpg/500px-Reduta_Theatre_-_Brno.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Reduta Theatre, the oldest theatre in Central Europe</figcaption></figure> Brno has a long theatre tradition. Brno has the oldest theatre building in Central Europe, the <a href="/wiki/Reduta_Theatre" title="Reduta Theatre">Reduta Theatre</a> on <a href="/wiki/Zeln%C3%BD_trh" title="Zelný trh">Zelný trh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-redutatheatre-136">[133]</a> The first theatre plays in Brno probably took place in the 1660s in the City Tavern, today's Reduta Theatre; however, the first theatre with <a href="/wiki/Box_(theatre)" title="Box (theatre)">boxes</a> was built in this complex in 1733.<a href="#cite_note-redutatheatre-136">[133]</a> The first documented professional Czech performance took place in 1767, again in the Reduta Theatre; the play was called Zamilovaný ponocný (English: Watchman in Love) and was performed by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Venice_Theatre_Company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Venice Theatre Company (page does not exist)">Venice Theatre Company</a>. The same year, <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Mozart</a> performed in the theatre with his elder sister Anna Maria (Nannerl).<a href="#cite_note-redutatheatre-136">[133]</a> In that year the Mozart family spent Christmas in Brno,<a href="#cite_note-137">[134]</a> and their visit is commemorated by a statue of Mozart as a child in front of the Reduta Theatre. The theatre's Mozart Hall was also named after him.<a href="#cite_note-138">[135]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mesto_Brno_-_Mahenovo_divadlo_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Mesto_Brno_-_Mahenovo_divadlo_2.jpg/250px-Mesto_Brno_-_Mahenovo_divadlo_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Mesto_Brno_-_Mahenovo_divadlo_2.jpg/330px-Mesto_Brno_-_Mahenovo_divadlo_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Mesto_Brno_-_Mahenovo_divadlo_2.jpg/500px-Mesto_Brno_-_Mahenovo_divadlo_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1982" data-file-height="1506" /></a><figcaption>Mahen Theatre</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/National_Theatre_(Brno)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Theatre (Brno)">National Theatre of Brno</a> is the leading producer of <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">opera</a>,<a href="#cite_note-139">[136]</a> <a href="/wiki/Drama" title="Drama">drama</a>,<a href="#cite_note-140">[137]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ballet" title="Ballet">ballet</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[138]</a> in the city of Brno. The first permanent seat of NdB was established in 1884, and today this institution owns the <a href="/wiki/Mahen_Theatre" title="Mahen Theatre">Mahen Theatre</a>, built in 1882, <a href="/wiki/Jan%C3%A1%C4%8Dek_Theatre" title="Janáček Theatre">Janáček Theatre</a>, built in 1965, and the <a href="/wiki/Reduta_Theatre" title="Reduta Theatre">Reduta Theatre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-142">[139]</a> The composer <a href="/wiki/Leo%C5%A1_Jan%C3%A1%C4%8Dek" title="Leoš Janáček">Leoš Janáček</a> is also connected with the National Theatre of Brno.<a href="#cite_note-143">[140]</a> The Mahen Theatre was the first theatre building in Europe to be illuminated by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Electric_light_bulb" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric light bulb">electric light bulbs</a>; at that time it was a completely new invention and there were no power plants built in the city, so a small steam power plant was built nearby just to power the theatre, and Edison came to Brno in 1911 to see it.<a href="#cite_note-mahentheatre-144">[141]</a> The most commercially successful theatre in Brno is the <a href="/wiki/Brno_City_Theatre" title="Brno City Theatre">Brno City Theatre</a>, founded in 1945;<a href="#cite_note-145">[142]</a> its performances are usually sold out. They also stage about 150 performances abroad every year.<a href="#cite_note-146">[143]</a> The theatre's repertoire consists primarily of musical and dramatic shows.<a href="#cite_note-147">[144]</a> There are a variety of smaller theatres in Brno, including the <a href="/wiki/Bolek_Polivka" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolek Polivka">Bolek Polivka</a> Theatre, the Goose on a String Theatre ("Divadlo Husa na provázku"), HaDivadlo, Radost Puppet Theatre ("loutkové divadlo Radost"), and Polárka Theatre. The Mahen Theatre was originally called the City Theatre, and until 1918 it performed exclusively in German and was not part of the National Theatre of Brno. Between 1971 and 1978, some plays were performed at the <a href="/wiki/Brno_Exhibition_Centre" title="Brno Exhibition Centre">Brno Exhibition Centre</a> due to reconstruction of the Mahen Theatre.<a href="#cite_note-148">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local_legends">Local legends</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brno&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Local legends">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brn%C4%9Bnsk%C3%A9_kolo_a_drak_(02)_v%C3%BD%C5%99ez.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Brn%C4%9Bnsk%C3%A9_kolo_a_drak_%2802%29_v%C3%BD%C5%99ez.jpg/250px-Brn%C4%9Bnsk%C3%A9_kolo_a_drak_%2802%29_v%C3%BD%C5%99ez.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Brn%C4%9Bnsk%C3%A9_kolo_a_drak_%2802%29_v%C3%BD%C5%99ez.jpg/330px-Brn%C4%9Bnsk%C3%A9_kolo_a_drak_%2802%29_v%C3%BD%C5%99ez.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Brn%C4%9Bnsk%C3%A9_kolo_a_drak_%2802%29_v%C3%BD%C5%99ez.jpg/500px-Brn%C4%9Bnsk%C3%A9_kolo_a_drak_%2802%29_v%C3%BD%C5%99ez.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2161" data-file-height="3039" /></a><figcaption>Brno Dragon and Brno Wheel at the Old Town Hall</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brno-AltesRathaus2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Brno-AltesRathaus2.jpg/250px-Brno-AltesRathaus2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Brno-AltesRathaus2.jpg/330px-Brno-AltesRathaus2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Brno-AltesRathaus2.jpg/500px-Brno-AltesRathaus2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1976" data-file-height="2639" /></a><figcaption>Old Town Hall in Brno</figcaption></figure> There are several legends connected with the City of Brno. One of the best known is the Legend of the Brno Dragon.<a href="#cite_note-brnoinfo-16">[16]</a> According to this legend, a terrible creature was terrorizing the citizens of Brno. The people had never seen this animal before, so they called it a dragon. They lived in fear of the dragon until one citizen managed to kill the monster by tricking it into eating a carcass filled with lime. In reality the "dragon" was a crocodile, the preserved body of which is now displayed at the entrance of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Town_Hall_(Brno)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Old Town Hall (Brno) (page does not exist)">Old Town Hall</a>. Crocodile and dragon motifs are common in Brno. A crocodile (<a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>: krokodýl) is the local stuffed baguette, and the city radio station is known as Radio Krokodýl. One of the local <a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">baseball</a> teams is named <a href="/wiki/Draci_Brno" title="Draci Brno">Draci Brno</a> (English: Brno Dragons) and the local rugby club is named <a href="/wiki/RC_Dragon_Brno" title="RC Dragon Brno">RC Dragon Brno</a>. There is also a local <a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">American football</a> team called the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brno_Alligators&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brno Alligators (page does not exist)">Brno Alligators</a>. An <a href="/wiki/Inter-city_rail" title="Inter-city rail">Intercity</a> train connecting Brno and Prague is called Brněnský drak (English: Brno dragon). Next to the dragon at the Old Town Hall is the town's second well-known emblem, a wagon wheel made from a tree found and cut down 50 miles from the city. According to the legend, a local man made a wager that he could fell the tree, make a wheel out of it, and roll the wheel to the City of Brno, all within a single day. Since the achievement was deemed to be impossible by normal human means, the man was believed to have called on the devil for assistance, and died in poverty as a result.<a href="#cite_note-149">[146]</a> Another local legend relates to the siege of the city by Swedish forces in 1645. The locals and the Swedish army were in a stalemate, and the Swedish general declared that he would withdraw if his army had not won by noon. The bell ringer at Petrov Cathedral tricked him by ringing the bell an hour early, and keeping his word, the general and his army left.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenig200093-150">[147]</a> As a historic tribute to the event, the bell at Petrov Cathedral still rings for noon an hour earlier, at 11 o'clock. At this hour every day, the Brno astronomical clock also releases a glass ball as a souvenir. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums,_libraries_and_galleries">Museums, libraries and galleries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brno&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Museums, libraries and galleries">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moravsk%C3%A1_zemsk%C3%A1_knihovna_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Moravsk%C3%A1_zemsk%C3%A1_knihovna_crop.jpg/250px-Moravsk%C3%A1_zemsk%C3%A1_knihovna_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Moravsk%C3%A1_zemsk%C3%A1_knihovna_crop.jpg/330px-Moravsk%C3%A1_zemsk%C3%A1_knihovna_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Moravsk%C3%A1_zemsk%C3%A1_knihovna_crop.jpg/500px-Moravsk%C3%A1_zemsk%C3%A1_knihovna_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3664" data-file-height="2637" /></a><figcaption>Moravian Library building</figcaption></figure> The most significant museum in Brno is the <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Moravian Museum">Moravian Museum</a>, the largest museum in Moravia and the second largest in the Czech Republic.<a href="#cite_note-mzm-151">[148]</a> The museum was founded in 1817 and its collections include over 6 million pieces.<a href="#cite_note-mzm-151">[148]</a> The biggest public library in Brno is the <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Library" title="Moravian Library">Moravian Library</a>, the second largest library in the Czech Republic with around 4 million volumes.<a href="#cite_note-152">[149]</a> The biggest gallery in Brno is the <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="Moravian Gallery">Moravian Gallery</a>, again the second largest institution of its kind in the Czech Republic and the biggest in Moravia.<a href="#cite_note-153">[150]</a> One section of the Moravian Museum, the <a href="/wiki/Anthropos_Pavilion" title="Anthropos Pavilion">Anthropos Pavilion</a>, is related to the oldest history of mankind and prehistoric Europe. Brno also has a Technical Museum, the largest in Moravia and one of the largest in Czech Republic. The permanent exhibitions chart the advance of science and technology, accompanied by various lifelike models and restored machines. The museum also hosts short-term exhibitions of many different points of interest.<a href="#cite_note-154">[151]</a> In 2016 the Vašulka Kitchen Brno (VKB) was established in Brno for research, artistic experiment and informal education in the field of new media art. Housed in the Brno House of Arts, it consists of the archive of <a href="/wiki/Steina_and_Woody_Vasulka" title="Steina and Woody Vasulka">Steina and Woody Vasulka</a>’ work and presents a permanent exhibition of their selected works. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brno&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kampus_2_(Fotoarchiv_RMU).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Kampus_2_%28Fotoarchiv_RMU%29.jpg/250px-Kampus_2_%28Fotoarchiv_RMU%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Kampus_2_%28Fotoarchiv_RMU%29.jpg/330px-Kampus_2_%28Fotoarchiv_RMU%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Kampus_2_%28Fotoarchiv_RMU%29.jpg/500px-Kampus_2_%28Fotoarchiv_RMU%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="934" data-file-height="630" /></a><figcaption>Masaryk University Campus in Brno-Bohunice</figcaption></figure> In 2019, 62,000 students were enrolled in Brno's higher education institutions.<a href="#cite_note-studentcount-8">[8]</a> The city is also home to a number of <a href="/wiki/Research_and_development" title="Research and development">research and development</a> institutions, including the <a href="/wiki/Central_European_Institute_of_Technology" title="Central European Institute of Technology">Central European Institute of Technology</a> (CEITEC),<a href="#cite_note-155">[152]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/International_Clinical_Research_Center" title="International Clinical Research Center">International Clinical Research Center</a> (ICRC).<a href="#cite_note-156">[153]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zem%C4%9Bd%C4%9Blsk%C3%A1_1,_Brno.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Zem%C4%9Bd%C4%9Blsk%C3%A1_1%2C_Brno.JPG/250px-Zem%C4%9Bd%C4%9Blsk%C3%A1_1%2C_Brno.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Zem%C4%9Bd%C4%9Blsk%C3%A1_1%2C_Brno.JPG/330px-Zem%C4%9Bd%C4%9Blsk%C3%A1_1%2C_Brno.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Zem%C4%9Bd%C4%9Blsk%C3%A1_1%2C_Brno.JPG/500px-Zem%C4%9Bd%C4%9Blsk%C3%A1_1%2C_Brno.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Mendel University</figcaption></figure> With over 40,000 students, <a href="/wiki/Masaryk_University" title="Masaryk University">Masaryk University</a> is the largest university in Brno and the second biggest in the Czech Republic.<a href="#cite_note-157">[154]</a> It consists of nine faculties, with more than 190 departments, institutes, and clinics.<a href="#cite_note-158">[155]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Brno_University_of_Technology" title="Brno University of Technology">Brno University of Technology</a> was established in 1899, and is now among the biggest technical universities in the Czech Republic with over 20,000 students. <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Kaplan" title="Viktor Kaplan">Viktor Kaplan</a>, inventor of the <a href="/wiki/Kaplan_turbine" title="Kaplan turbine">Kaplan turbine</a>, spent nearly 30 years at the <a href="/wiki/German_Technical_University_in_Brno" class="mw-redirect" title="German Technical University in Brno">German Technical University in Brno</a>, which ceased to exist in 1945, its property transferred to Brno University of Technology. <a href="/wiki/Mendel_University_in_Brno" title="Mendel University in Brno">Mendel University</a>, named after the founder of genetics <a href="/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel">Gregor Mendel</a>, who developed his <a href="/wiki/Mendelian_inheritance" title="Mendelian inheritance">revolutionary scientific theories</a> in Brno, has roughly 10,000 students. <a href="/wiki/Jan%C3%A1%C4%8Dek_Academy_of_Music_and_Performing_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Janáček Academy of Music and Performing Arts">Janáček Academy of Music and Performing Arts</a>, named after <a href="/wiki/Leo%C5%A1_Jan%C3%A1%C4%8Dek" title="Leoš Janáček">Leoš Janáček</a>, was founded in 1947 and is one of two academies of music and drama in the Czech Republic.<a href="#cite_note-jamu-159">[156]</a> It holds the annual <a href="/wiki/Leo%C5%A1_Jan%C3%A1%C4%8Dek_Competition" class="mw-redirect" title="Leoš Janáček Competition">Leoš Janáček Competition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-jamu2-160">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sport">Sport</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brno&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Sport">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Start_Superbike_Weltmeisterschaft_2008_Brno.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Start_Superbike_Weltmeisterschaft_2008_Brno.JPG/250px-Start_Superbike_Weltmeisterschaft_2008_Brno.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Start_Superbike_Weltmeisterschaft_2008_Brno.JPG/330px-Start_Superbike_Weltmeisterschaft_2008_Brno.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Start_Superbike_Weltmeisterschaft_2008_Brno.JPG/500px-Start_Superbike_Weltmeisterschaft_2008_Brno.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_racing" title="Motorcycle racing">Motorcycle racing</a> championship at the Masaryk Circuit</figcaption></figure> The city has a long association with <a href="/wiki/Motorsport" title="Motorsport">motor racing</a>; among other events, the <a href="/wiki/Brno_Circuit" title="Brno Circuit">Masaryk Circuit</a> has hosted the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing" title="Grand Prix motorcycle racing">Moto GP</a> championship since 1965. The annual <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic_motorcycle_Grand_Prix" title="Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix">Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix</a>, the most famous motor race in the Czech Republic, has been held in the city since 1950. Since 1968, Brno has been a permanent fixture on the <a href="/wiki/European_Touring_Car_Championship" title="European Touring Car Championship">European Touring Car Championship</a> (ETCC) series.<a href="#cite_note-161">[158]</a> <a href="/wiki/Track_cycling" title="Track cycling">Track</a> and <a href="/wiki/Road_bicycle_racing" title="Road bicycle racing">road cycling</a> have a long history in Brno. The first track races took place here in 1889, and the <a href="/wiki/Velodrome" title="Velodrome">velodrome</a> in Brno ranks among the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cycling_tracks_and_velodromes#List_of_oldest_cycling_tracks_and_velodromes" title="List of cycling tracks and velodromes">oldest velodromes</a> in the world. In 1969 Brno hosted the <a href="/wiki/1969_UCI_Track_Cycling_World_Championships" title="1969 UCI Track Cycling World Championships">UCI Track Cycling World Championships</a> and <a href="/wiki/1969_UCI_Road_World_Championships" title="1969 UCI Road World Championships">UCI Road World Championships</a> for amateurs, <a href="/wiki/1981_UCI_Track_Cycling_World_Championships" title="1981 UCI Track Cycling World Championships">in 1981 the UCI Track Cycling World Championships</a> and <a href="/wiki/2001_UEC_European_Track_Championships" title="2001 UEC European Track Championships">in 2001 the UEC European Track Championships</a> for the U23 category. There are two traditional cycling teams: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.favoritbrno.cz/">TJ Favorit Brno</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.duklabrnosprint.cz/">Dukla Brno</a>. The <a href="/wiki/2010_FIBA_World_Championship_for_Women" title="2010 FIBA World Championship for Women">2010 FIBA World Championship for Women</a> was played in Brno's <a href="/wiki/Arena_Vodova" class="mw-redirect" title="Arena Vodova">Arena Vodova</a>, with the Czech squad taking the silver medal. There is a horse-race course at Brno-Dvorská and an aeroclub airport in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leti%C5%A1t%C4%9B_Medl%C3%A1nky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Letiště Medlánky (page does not exist)">Medlánky</a>. Several sports clubs represent the city in the various Czech leagues, including <a href="/wiki/FC_Zbrojovka_Brno" title="FC Zbrojovka Brno">FC Zbrojovka Brno</a> (<a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a>), <a href="/wiki/HC_Kometa_Brno" title="HC Kometa Brno">HC Kometa Brno</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">ice hockey</a>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=KP_Brno&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KP Brno (page does not exist)">KP Brno</a> (<a href="/wiki/Team_handball" class="mw-redirect" title="Team handball">handball</a>), <a href="/wiki/BC_Brno" class="mw-redirect" title="BC Brno">BC Brno</a> (<a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a>, men) and <a href="/wiki/BK_Brno" title="BK Brno">BK Brno</a> (women), four <a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">baseball</a> teams (<a href="/wiki/Draci_Brno" title="Draci Brno">Draci Brno</a>, Hroši Brno, VSK Technika Brno, MZLU Express Brno), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brno_Ravens_Lacrosse_Club&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brno Ravens Lacrosse Club (page does not exist)">Brno Ravens Lacrosse Club</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lacrosse" title="Lacrosse">lacrosse</a>), Brno Alligators (<a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">American football</a>), two <a href="/wiki/Rugby_football" title="Rugby football">rugby</a> teams (<a href="/wiki/RC_Dragon_Brno" title="RC Dragon Brno">RC Dragon Brno</a>, RC Bystrc) and others. <a href="/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis">Tennis</a> players <a href="/wiki/Barbora_Krej%C4%8D%C3%ADkov%C3%A1" title="Barbora Krejčíková">Barbora Krejčíková</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucie_%C5%A0af%C3%A1%C5%99ov%C3%A1" title="Lucie Šafářová">Lucie Šafářová</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luk%C3%A1%C5%A1_Rosol" title="Lukáš Rosol">Lukáš Rosol</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jana_Novotn%C3%A1" title="Jana Novotná">Jana Novotná</a> are from Brno, as well as <a href="/wiki/Michal_B%C5%99ezina" title="Michal Březina">Michal Březina</a>, one of the top Czech figure skaters. <a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_speedway" title="Motorcycle speedway">Motorcycle speedway</a> events were held at the Winter Stadium, off Na Rybníčku in Králové Pole.<a href="#cite_note-162">[159]</a> The venue hosted a final round of the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic_Individual_Speedway_Championship" title="Czech Republic Individual Speedway Championship">Czechoslovak Individual Speedway Championship</a> in 1949, 1950 and 1954.<a href="#cite_note-163">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sights">Sights</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brno&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sights">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brno_-_Cathedral_of_Saints_Peter_and_Paul_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Brno_-_Cathedral_of_Saints_Peter_and_Paul_II.jpg/250px-Brno_-_Cathedral_of_Saints_Peter_and_Paul_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Brno_-_Cathedral_of_Saints_Peter_and_Paul_II.jpg/330px-Brno_-_Cathedral_of_Saints_Peter_and_Paul_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Brno_-_Cathedral_of_Saints_Peter_and_Paul_II.jpg/500px-Brno_-_Cathedral_of_Saints_Peter_and_Paul_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>The Cathedral of Saint Peter and Paul and Dietrichstein Palace viewed from the tower of the Old Town Hall</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tugendhat_zevnitr_vyrez.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Tugendhat_zevnitr_vyrez.jpg/250px-Tugendhat_zevnitr_vyrez.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Tugendhat_zevnitr_vyrez.jpg/330px-Tugendhat_zevnitr_vyrez.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Tugendhat_zevnitr_vyrez.jpg/500px-Tugendhat_zevnitr_vyrez.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="394" /></a><figcaption>Villa Tugendhat, protected as a UNESCO World Heritage Site</figcaption></figure> Brno has hundreds of historical sights, including one designated a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>,<a href="#cite_note-unesco-164">[161]</a> and eight monuments listed among the national cultural heritage of the Czech Republic.<a href="#cite_note-npunationalsights-165">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[163]</a> Most of the main sights of Brno are situated in the historical centre. The city has the third largest historic preservation zone in the Czech Republic, the largest one being in the Czech capital <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>. However, there is a considerable difference in the number of historical preservation zones of both cities. While Brno has 484 legally protected sites, Prague has as many as 1,330.<a href="#cite_note-npusearch-167">[164]</a> Špilberk Castle, originally a royal castle founded in the 13th century, was from the 17th century a fortress and feared prison (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Carbonari" title="Carbonari">Carbonari</a>). Today it is one of the city's principal monuments.<a href="#cite_note-spilberkhist-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-spilberk-168">[165]</a> Another key landmark is the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_St._Peter_and_Paul,_Brno" title="Cathedral of St. Peter and Paul, Brno">Cathedral of St. Peter and Paul</a>, built during the 14th and 15th centuries in place of an 11th-century chapel.<a href="#cite_note-brnopetrov-169">[166]</a> Its present form with two <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">neo-Gothic</a> towers was completed in 1909. The other large castle near the city is <a href="/wiki/Veve%C5%99%C3%AD_Castle" title="Veveří Castle">Veveří Castle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-veveri-14">[14]</a> The <a href="/wiki/St_Thomas%27s_Abbey,_Brno" title="St Thomas's Abbey, Brno">Abbey of Saint Thomas</a> was the site of <a href="/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel">Gregor Mendel</a>'s experiments establishing the new science of <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetics</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_St._Tomas_(Brno)" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of St. Tomas (Brno)">Church of Saint Tomas</a> houses the tomb of its founder, <a href="/wiki/John_Henry,_Margrave_of_Moravia" title="John Henry, Margrave of Moravia">John Henry</a> and his son <a href="/wiki/Jobst_of_Moravia" title="Jobst of Moravia">Jobst of Moravia</a>, Margraves of Moravia. The <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_the_Assumption_of_Our_Lady,_Brno" title="Basilica of the Assumption of Our Lady, Brno">Basilica of the Assumption of Our Lady</a> houses the grave of its founder Queen <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Richeza_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Elisabeth Richeza of Poland">Elisabeth Richeza</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_St._James_(Brno)" title="Church of St. James (Brno)">Church of Saint James</a> is one of the best preserved and most spectacular <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic</a> churches in Brno. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brno_Parnas_Fountain-02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Brno_Parnas_Fountain-02.jpg/250px-Brno_Parnas_Fountain-02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Brno_Parnas_Fountain-02.jpg/330px-Brno_Parnas_Fountain-02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Brno_Parnas_Fountain-02.jpg/500px-Brno_Parnas_Fountain-02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5588" data-file-height="3725" /></a><figcaption>The Vegetable Market with <a href="/wiki/Parnas_fountain" class="mw-redirect" title="Parnas fountain">Parnas fountain</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Brno_Ossuary" title="Brno Ossuary">Brno Ossuary</a> is the second largest <a href="/wiki/Ossuary" title="Ossuary">ossuary</a> in Europe,<a href="#cite_note-ossuary-170">[167]</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Catacombs_of_Paris" title="Catacombs of Paris">Catacombs of Paris</a>. Another ossuary is the <a href="/wiki/Capuchin_Crypt_in_Brno" title="Capuchin Crypt in Brno">Capuchin crypt</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Mummy" title="Mummy">mummies</a> of Capuchin monks and some of the notable people of their era, including architect <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mo%C5%99ic_Grimm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mořic Grimm (page does not exist)">Mořic Grimm</a> and the mercenary leader <a href="/wiki/Baron_Trenk" class="mw-redirect" title="Baron Trenk">Baron Trenk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mumies-171">[168]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Zeln%C3%BD_trh#Labyrinth_under_Zelný_trh" title="Zelný trh">Labyrinth under Zelný trh</a>, a system of underground corridors and cellars dating back to the Middle Ages, has been recently opened to the public. These cellars have been used mainly for storing food, maturing beer and wine, and as wartime shelters. Originally, they were not interconnected as they are now – this happened later during the reconstruction in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-172">[169]</a> Brno is home to a functionalist Synagogue and the largest <a href="/wiki/Jewish_cemetery" title="Jewish cemetery">Jewish cemetery</a> in Moravia. A Jewish population lived in Brno as early as the 13th century, and remnants of tombstones can be traced back to as early as 1349.<a href="#cite_note-zob.cz-173">[170]</a> The functionalist synagogue was built between 1934 and 1936.<a href="#cite_note-zob.cz-173">[170]</a> While the Brno Jewish community numbered 12,000 in 1938, only 1,000 survived <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazi</a> persecution during Germany's occupation in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-zob.cz-173">[170]</a> Today, the cemetery and synagogue are again maintained by a Brno Jewish community. The only Czech <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosque</a>, founded in 1998, is also located in Brno.<a href="#cite_note-174">[171]</a> The era between the world wars saw a building boom to the city, leaving it with many <a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">modern</a> and especially <a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(architecture)" title="Functionalism (architecture)">functionalist</a> buildings,<a href="#cite_note-functionalism-175">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[173]</a> the most celebrated being <a href="/wiki/Villa_Tugendhat" title="Villa Tugendhat">Villa Tugendhat</a>, designed by architect <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Mies_van_der_Rohe" title="Ludwig Mies van der Rohe">Ludwig Mies van der Rohe</a> in the 1920s for the wealthy family of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Tugendhat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fritz Tugendhat (page does not exist)">Fritz Tugendhat</a>, and finished in 1930. It was designated a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-villa-177">[174]</a> Another renowned architect who significantly shaped Brno was <a href="/wiki/Arno%C5%A1t_Wiesner" class="mw-redirect" title="Arnošt Wiesner">Arnošt Wiesner</a>.<a href="#cite_note-czecot-178">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-leisure-179">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-komor-180">[177]</a> Other functionalist buildings include the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Avion_Hotel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Avion Hotel (page does not exist)">Avion Hotel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morava_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Morava Palace">Morava Palace</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Brno_Exhibition_Centre" title="Brno Exhibition Centre">Brno Exhibition Centre</a> is the city's main attraction for international business visitors, visited by over one million visitors each year, and hosting over 40 professional trade fairs and business conferences. <a href="/wiki/Lu%C5%BE%C3%A1nky" title="Lužánky">Lužánky</a> is the oldest public park in the Czech Republic, established in the late 18th century by the emperor of the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Hungarian Empire">Austro-Hungarian Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-luzanky-181">[178]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Denis_Gardens_(Brno)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Denis Gardens (Brno) (page does not exist)">Denis Gardens</a> were founded in the early 19th century and were the first public park in the present-day Czech Republic founded by public authorities.<a href="#cite_note-182">[179]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0pilberk_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Špilberk Park (page does not exist)">Špilberk Park</a> is classified as a national cultural sight of the Czech Republic, as a unique piece of landscape architecture.<a href="#cite_note-183">[180]</a> One of Brno's more recent additions is the <a href="/wiki/Brno_astronomical_clock" title="Brno astronomical clock">Brno astronomical clock</a>.<a href="#cite_note-184">[181]</a> The <a href="/wiki/AZ_Tower" title="AZ Tower">AZ Tower</a>, opened in 2013 and 111 metres (364 ft) tall, is the tallest building in the Czech Republic.<a href="#cite_note-185">[182]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brno&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notable people">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Brno" title="List of people from Brno">List of people from Brno</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel">Gregor Mendel</a> (1822–1884), scientist; lived and died here</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Mach" title="Ernst Mach">Ernst Mach</a> (1838–1916), physicist and philosopher</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Neruda" title="Maria Neruda">Maria Neruda</a> (1840–1920), violinist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_von_B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk" title="Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk">Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk</a> (1851–1914), economist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Strakosch" title="Ludwig Strakosch">Ludwig Strakosch</a> (1855–1919), operatic baritone</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Loos" title="Adolf Loos">Adolf Loos</a> (1870–1933), architect</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anca_Seidlova" title="Anca Seidlova">Anca Seidlova</a> (1895–1982), pianist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Wolfgang_Korngold" title="Erich Wolfgang Korngold">Erich Wolfgang Korngold</a> (1897–1957), composer and conductor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladislav_V%C3%A1cha" title="Ladislav Vácha">Ladislav Vácha</a> (1899–1943), gymnast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Haas" title="Hugo Haas">Hugo Haas</a> (1901–1968), actor and director</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Gajdo%C5%A1" title="Jan Gajdoš">Jan Gajdoš</a> (1903–1945), gymnast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Placzek" class="mw-redirect" title="Georg Placzek">Georg Placzek</a> (1905–1955), physicist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_G%C3%B6del" title="Kurt Gödel">Kurt Gödel</a> (1906–1978), philosopher, mathematician and physicist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohumil_Hrabal" title="Bohumil Hrabal">Bohumil Hrabal</a> (1914–1997), author</li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADt%C4%9Bzslava_Kapr%C3%A1lov%C3%A1" title="Vítězslava Kaprálová">Vítězslava Kaprálová</a> (1915–1940), composer and conductor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zvi_Dershowitz" title="Zvi Dershowitz">Zvi Dershowitz</a> (1928–2023), American rabbi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milan_Kundera" title="Milan Kundera">Milan Kundera</a> (1929–2023), writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steina_and_Woody_Vasulka" title="Steina and Woody Vasulka">Woody Vasulka</a> (1937–2019), Czech-American artist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Potsch" title="Rudolf Potsch">Rudolf Potsch</a> (born 1937), ice hockey player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_Daler" title="Jiří Daler">Jiří Daler</a> (born 1940), cyclist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubo_Kristek" title="Lubo Kristek">Lubo Kristek</a> (born 1943), artist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_Posp%C3%AD%C5%A1il_(basketball)" title="Jiří Pospíšil (basketball)">Jiří Pospíšil</a> (1950–2019), basketball player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Stejskal" title="Jan Stejskal">Jan Stejskal</a> (born 1962), footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kukleta" title="Roman Kukleta">Roman Kukleta</a> (1964–2011), footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kron" title="Robert Kron">Robert Kron</a> (born 1967), ice hockey player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jana_Novotn%C3%A1" title="Jana Novotná">Jana Novotná</a> (1968–2017), tennis player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarom%C3%ADr_Bla%C5%BEek" title="Jaromír Blažek">Jaromír Blažek</a> (born 1972), footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdalena_Ko%C5%BEen%C3%A1" title="Magdalena Kožená">Magdalena Kožená</a> (born 1973), opera singer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libor_Z%C3%A1bransk%C3%BD_(ice_hockey,_born_1973)" title="Libor Zábranský (ice hockey, born 1973)">Libor Zábranský</a> (born 1973), ice hockey player and coach</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Kosteleck%C3%BD" title="David Kostelecký">David Kostelecký</a> (born 1975), sports shooter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Svoboda" title="Adam Svoboda">Adam Svoboda</a> (1978–2019), ice hockey player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miroslava_Knapkov%C3%A1" title="Miroslava Knapková">Miroslava Knapková</a> (born 1980), rower</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Pol%C3%A1k" title="Jan Polák">Jan Polák</a> (born 1981), footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucie_%C5%A0af%C3%A1%C5%99ov%C3%A1" title="Lucie Šafářová">Lucie Šafářová</a> (born 1987), tennis player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Slav%C3%ADk_(cyclist)" title="Tomáš Slavík (cyclist)">Tomáš Slavík</a> (born 1987), mountain biker</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_Abraham" title="Karel Abraham">Karel Abraham</a> (born 1990), motorcycle racer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_Proch%C3%A1zka" title="Jiří Procházka">Jiří Procházka</a> (born 1992), mixed martial artist; lives here</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Ondra" title="Adam Ondra">Adam Ondra</a> (born 1993), rock climber</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicole_Melichar" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicole Melichar">Nicole Melichar</a> (born 1993), American tennis player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbora_Krej%C4%8D%C3%ADkov%C3%A1" title="Barbora Krejčíková">Barbora Krejčíková</a> (born 1995), tennis player</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_relations">International relations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brno&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: International relations">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twin_towns_–_sister_cities">Twin towns – sister cities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brno&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Twin towns – sister cities">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in the Czech Republic">List of twin towns and sister cities in the Czech Republic</a></div> Brno is <a href="/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city">twinned</a> with:<a href="#cite_note-twins-186">[183]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia"><img alt="Slovakia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bratislava" title="Bratislava">Bratislava</a>, Slovakia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a>, United States</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary"><img alt="Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/40px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/60px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Debrecen" title="Debrecen">Debrecen</a>, Hungary</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania"><img alt="Lithuania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/40px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/60px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kaunas" title="Kaunas">Kaunas</a>, Lithuania</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine"><img alt="Ukraine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kharkiv" title="Kharkiv">Kharkiv</a>, Ukraine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/England" title="England"><img alt="England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/40px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/60px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a>, England, United Kingdom</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a>, Germany</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine"><img alt="Ukraine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv">Lviv</a>, Ukraine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań">Poznań</a>, Poland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/60px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Rennes" title="Rennes">Rennes</a>, France</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria"><img alt="Austria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Sankt_P%C3%B6lten" title="Sankt Pölten">Sankt Pölten</a>, Austria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a>, Germany</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cooperation_agreements">Cooperation agreements</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brno&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Cooperation agreements">edit</a>]</div> Brno also cooperates with:<a href="#cite_note-twins-186">[183]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea"><img alt="South Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/40px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/60px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Daejeon" title="Daejeon">Daejeon</a>, South Korea</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><img alt="Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Utrecht" title="Utrecht">Utrecht</a>, Netherlands</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria"><img alt="Austria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, Austria</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nearby_cities">Nearby cities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brno&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Nearby cities">edit</a>]</div> This tool shows only cities with population over 300,000 in radius of 300 km (186.41 mi). <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Places_adjacent_to_Brno23" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Adjacent_communities" title="Template talk:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Places_adjacent_to_Brno23" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Places adjacent to Brno</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table role="presentation" style="width:100%; margin:0; text-align:center;"><tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a> (≈180 km (111.85 mi)), <a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a> (≈290 km (180.20 mi))</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a> (≈210 km (130.49 mi))</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Katowice" title="Katowice">Katowice</a> (≈210 km (130.49 mi)), <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a> (≈260 km (161.56 mi))</td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/20px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/40px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td style="width:33%"></td> <td style="width:33%;"> <div style="white-space:nowrap;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/20px-Pfeil_links.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/40px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" />Brno<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/17px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/25px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/34px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></div> </td> <td style="width:33%"></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/14px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/21px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/28px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> (≈110 km (68.35 mi)), <a href="/wiki/Bratislava" title="Bratislava">Bratislava</a> (≈125 km (77.67 mi))</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a> (≈260 km (161.56 mi))</td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brno&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Gallery">edit</a>]</div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Brno_View_from_Spilberk_131.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A view from Špilberk Castle"><img alt="A view from Špilberk Castle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Brno_View_from_Spilberk_131.JPG/120px-Brno_View_from_Spilberk_131.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Brno_View_from_Spilberk_131.JPG/250px-Brno_View_from_Spilberk_131.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A view from Špilberk Castle</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Petrov_from_Hybe%C5%A1ova_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Petrov cathedral"><img alt="Petrov cathedral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Petrov_from_Hybe%C5%A1ova_2.JPG/120px-Petrov_from_Hybe%C5%A1ova_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Petrov_from_Hybe%C5%A1ova_2.JPG/250px-Petrov_from_Hybe%C5%A1ova_2.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1200" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Petrov cathedral</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Brno_-_N%C3%A1m%C4%9Bst%C3%AD_Svobody_I.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Liberty Square; in the Middle Ages it was the main square."><img alt="Liberty Square; in the Middle Ages it was the main square." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Brno_-_N%C3%A1m%C4%9Bst%C3%AD_Svobody_I.jpg/120px-Brno_-_N%C3%A1m%C4%9Bst%C3%AD_Svobody_I.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Brno_-_N%C3%A1m%C4%9Bst%C3%AD_Svobody_I.jpg/250px-Brno_-_N%C3%A1m%C4%9Bst%C3%AD_Svobody_I.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Liberty Square; in the Middle Ages it was the main square.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Brno_-_Biskupsk%C3%BD_dv%C5%AFr_I.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Bishop's Palace towards the Cathedral"><img alt="The Bishop's Palace towards the Cathedral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Brno_-_Biskupsk%C3%BD_dv%C5%AFr_I.jpg/120px-Brno_-_Biskupsk%C3%BD_dv%C5%AFr_I.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Brno_-_Biskupsk%C3%BD_dv%C5%AFr_I.jpg/250px-Brno_-_Biskupsk%C3%BD_dv%C5%AFr_I.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2848" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Bishop's Palace towards the Cathedral</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ulice_Veve%C5%99%C3%AD_v_Brn%C4%9B_I.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tivoli"><img alt="Tivoli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Ulice_Veve%C5%99%C3%AD_v_Brn%C4%9B_I.jpg/120px-Ulice_Veve%C5%99%C3%AD_v_Brn%C4%9B_I.jpg" decoding="async" width="79" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Ulice_Veve%C5%99%C3%AD_v_Brn%C4%9B_I.jpg/250px-Ulice_Veve%C5%99%C3%AD_v_Brn%C4%9B_I.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1458" data-file-height="2206" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tivoli</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Brno,_park_Koli%C5%A1t%C4%9B,_vodotrysky_p%C5%99ed_divadlem_(6908).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Janáček Theatre"><img alt="Janáček Theatre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Brno%2C_park_Koli%C5%A1t%C4%9B%2C_vodotrysky_p%C5%99ed_divadlem_%286908%29.jpg/120px-Brno%2C_park_Koli%C5%A1t%C4%9B%2C_vodotrysky_p%C5%99ed_divadlem_%286908%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Brno%2C_park_Koli%C5%A1t%C4%9B%2C_vodotrysky_p%C5%99ed_divadlem_%286908%29.jpg/250px-Brno%2C_park_Koli%C5%A1t%C4%9B%2C_vodotrysky_p%C5%99ed_divadlem_%286908%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3610" data-file-height="2407" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jan%C3%A1%C4%8Dek_Theatre" title="Janáček Theatre">Janáček Theatre</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Brno_-_Hotel_Grand_2015_obr1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hotel Grand"><img alt="Hotel Grand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Brno_-_Hotel_Grand_2015_obr1.jpg/120px-Brno_-_Hotel_Grand_2015_obr1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Brno_-_Hotel_Grand_2015_obr1.jpg/180px-Brno_-_Hotel_Grand_2015_obr1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Brno_-_Hotel_Grand_2015_obr1.jpg/240px-Brno_-_Hotel_Grand_2015_obr1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3632" data-file-height="2266" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hotel Grand</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Brno_-_%C5%BDulov%C3%A9_hodiny.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Brno astronomical clock"><img alt="Brno astronomical clock" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Brno_-_%C5%BDulov%C3%A9_hodiny.jpg/87px-Brno_-_%C5%BDulov%C3%A9_hodiny.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Brno_-_%C5%BDulov%C3%A9_hodiny.jpg/130px-Brno_-_%C5%BDulov%C3%A9_hodiny.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Brno_-_%C5%BDulov%C3%A9_hodiny.jpg/174px-Brno_-_%C5%BDulov%C3%A9_hodiny.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2584" data-file-height="3564" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Brno astronomical clock</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Masarykova_street_in_Brno.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Masarykova Street"><img alt="Masarykova Street" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Masarykova_street_in_Brno.jpg/120px-Masarykova_street_in_Brno.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Masarykova_street_in_Brno.jpg/250px-Masarykova_street_in_Brno.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Masarykova Street</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Brno-L%C3%AD%C5%A1e%C5%88_-_L%C3%AD%C5%A1e%C5%88sk%C3%BD_z%C3%A1mek_ve_Star%C3%A9_L%C3%AD%C5%A1ni_focen%C3%BD_od_Kostel%C3%AD%C4%8Dku_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Líšeň Castle"><img alt="Líšeň Castle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Brno-L%C3%AD%C5%A1e%C5%88_-_L%C3%AD%C5%A1e%C5%88sk%C3%BD_z%C3%A1mek_ve_Star%C3%A9_L%C3%AD%C5%A1ni_focen%C3%BD_od_Kostel%C3%AD%C4%8Dku_%282%29.jpg/120px-Brno-L%C3%AD%C5%A1e%C5%88_-_L%C3%AD%C5%A1e%C5%88sk%C3%BD_z%C3%A1mek_ve_Star%C3%A9_L%C3%AD%C5%A1ni_focen%C3%BD_od_Kostel%C3%AD%C4%8Dku_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Brno-L%C3%AD%C5%A1e%C5%88_-_L%C3%AD%C5%A1e%C5%88sk%C3%BD_z%C3%A1mek_ve_Star%C3%A9_L%C3%AD%C5%A1ni_focen%C3%BD_od_Kostel%C3%AD%C4%8Dku_%282%29.jpg/250px-Brno-L%C3%AD%C5%A1e%C5%88_-_L%C3%AD%C5%A1e%C5%88sk%C3%BD_z%C3%A1mek_ve_Star%C3%A9_L%C3%AD%C5%A1ni_focen%C3%BD_od_Kostel%C3%AD%C4%8Dku_%282%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3015" data-file-height="1021" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Líšeň Castle</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mesto_Brno_-_nadvori_Nove_radnice_v_Brne_pri_pohledu_ze_schodiste.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="New Town Hall"><img alt="New Town Hall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Mesto_Brno_-_nadvori_Nove_radnice_v_Brne_pri_pohledu_ze_schodiste.jpg/120px-Mesto_Brno_-_nadvori_Nove_radnice_v_Brne_pri_pohledu_ze_schodiste.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Mesto_Brno_-_nadvori_Nove_radnice_v_Brne_pri_pohledu_ze_schodiste.jpg/180px-Mesto_Brno_-_nadvori_Nove_radnice_v_Brne_pri_pohledu_ze_schodiste.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Mesto_Brno_-_nadvori_Nove_radnice_v_Brne_pri_pohledu_ze_schodiste.jpg/240px-Mesto_Brno_-_nadvori_Nove_radnice_v_Brne_pri_pohledu_ze_schodiste.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3727" data-file-height="2607" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">New Town Hall</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Pra%C5%BE%C3%A1k%C5%AFv_pal%C3%A1c_III.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Moravian Gallery – Pražák Palace"><img alt="Moravian Gallery – Pražák Palace" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Pra%C5%BE%C3%A1k%C5%AFv_pal%C3%A1c_III.jpg/120px-Pra%C5%BE%C3%A1k%C5%AFv_pal%C3%A1c_III.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Pra%C5%BE%C3%A1k%C5%AFv_pal%C3%A1c_III.jpg/250px-Pra%C5%BE%C3%A1k%C5%AFv_pal%C3%A1c_III.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Moravian Gallery – Pražák Palace</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Brno_-_Denisovy_sady,_obelisk_obr2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Denis Gardens with obelisk"><img alt="Denis Gardens with obelisk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Brno_-_Denisovy_sady%2C_obelisk_obr2.jpg/120px-Brno_-_Denisovy_sady%2C_obelisk_obr2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Brno_-_Denisovy_sady%2C_obelisk_obr2.jpg/250px-Brno_-_Denisovy_sady%2C_obelisk_obr2.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3750" data-file-height="2479" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Denis Gardens with obelisk</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mesto_Brno_-_hrad_Spilberk.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Špilberk Castle"><img alt="Špilberk Castle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Mesto_Brno_-_hrad_Spilberk.jpg/120px-Mesto_Brno_-_hrad_Spilberk.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Mesto_Brno_-_hrad_Spilberk.jpg/180px-Mesto_Brno_-_hrad_Spilberk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Mesto_Brno_-_hrad_Spilberk.jpg/240px-Mesto_Brno_-_hrad_Spilberk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1672" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Špilberk Castle</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Brno_Sko%C5%99epka_Agudas_achim_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Functionalist Agudas Achim Synagogue by Otto Eisler"><img alt="Functionalist Agudas Achim Synagogue by Otto Eisler" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Brno_Sko%C5%99epka_Agudas_achim_3.jpg/120px-Brno_Sko%C5%99epka_Agudas_achim_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Brno_Sko%C5%99epka_Agudas_achim_3.jpg/250px-Brno_Sko%C5%99epka_Agudas_achim_3.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1877" data-file-height="1280" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Functionalist Agudas Achim Synagogue by <a href="/wiki/Otto_Eisler" title="Otto Eisler">Otto Eisler</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%9Ast%C5%99edn%C3%AD_autobusov%C3%A9_n%C3%A1dra%C5%BE%C3%AD_Brno_obr1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Central Bus Station"><img alt="Central Bus Station" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/%C3%9Ast%C5%99edn%C3%AD_autobusov%C3%A9_n%C3%A1dra%C5%BE%C3%AD_Brno_obr1.jpg/120px-%C3%9Ast%C5%99edn%C3%AD_autobusov%C3%A9_n%C3%A1dra%C5%BE%C3%AD_Brno_obr1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/%C3%9Ast%C5%99edn%C3%AD_autobusov%C3%A9_n%C3%A1dra%C5%BE%C3%AD_Brno_obr1.jpg/250px-%C3%9Ast%C5%99edn%C3%AD_autobusov%C3%A9_n%C3%A1dra%C5%BE%C3%AD_Brno_obr1.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3663" data-file-height="2064" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Central Bus Station</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Victory_of_the_Red_Army_over_Fascism,_Brno,_Czechia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Red Army Statue - Park Moravské náměsti"><img alt="Red Army Statue - Park Moravské náměsti" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/The_Victory_of_the_Red_Army_over_Fascism%2C_Brno%2C_Czechia.jpg/120px-The_Victory_of_the_Red_Army_over_Fascism%2C_Brno%2C_Czechia.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/The_Victory_of_the_Red_Army_over_Fascism%2C_Brno%2C_Czechia.jpg/250px-The_Victory_of_the_Red_Army_over_Fascism%2C_Brno%2C_Czechia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="5472" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Red Army Statue - Park Moravské náměsti</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brno&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Brno" title="List of people from Brno">List of people from Brno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churches_of_Brno" title="Churches of Brno">Churches of Brno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Theatre_(Brno)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Theatre (Brno)">National Theatre (Brno)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brno&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> This led to decline in population of Olomouc from over 30,000 people to mere 1,675 and total devastation of the city. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> However, Olomouc also had legal status of capital city, although this title was purely an honorary matter rather than a real role, sometimes it was referred to as "the Secondary Capital". </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> The cathedral of the bishopric of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Brno" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Brno">Roman Catholic Diocese of Brno</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_St._Peter_and_Paul,_Brno" title="Cathedral of St. Peter and Paul, Brno">Cathedral of St. Peter and Paul</a>, is depicted on the 10<a href="/wiki/CZK" class="mw-redirect" title="CZK">CZK</a> coin. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brno&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns 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Schöningh, Paderborn 2010, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-506-77044-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-506-77044-8">978-3-506-77044-8</a>, p. 370. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brnodaily.com/2019/04/16/news/april-16th-marks-100-years-of-greater-brno-when-the-city-added-23-villages-doubling-its-population/">"April 16th Marks 100 Years of "Greater Brno", When The City Added 23 Villages, Doubling Its Population"</a>. 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241110062658/https://brnodaily.com/2019/04/16/news/april-16th-marks-100-years-of-greater-brno-when-the-city-added-23-villages-doubling-its-population/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2024. 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Retrieved 5 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Posledn%C3%AD+n%C3%A1stupi%C5%A1t%C4%9B+Brn%C4%9Bnsk%C3%A9+transporty+%C5%BEid%C5%AF+v+letech+1941%E2%80%931945&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Klementov%C3%A1%2C+T%C3%A1%C5%88a&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fis.muni.cz%2Fth%2F109786%2Fff_m_b1%2FBrnenske_transporty_zidu_1941-1945.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrno" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVlček,_Martin2008" class="citation web cs1">Vlček, Martin (24 May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://is.muni.cz/th/40313/ff_m/">"Spojenecké nálety na Brno v letech 1944–1945"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220308050524/https://is.muni.cz/th/40313/ff_m/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2022. Retrieved 4 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Spojeneck%C3%A9+n%C3%A1lety+na+Brno+v+letech+1944%E2%80%931945&rft.date=2008-05-24&rft.au=Vl%C4%8Dek%2C+Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fis.muni.cz%2Fth%2F40313%2Fff_m%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrno" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyklopedie.brna.cz/home-mmb/?acc=profil_udalosti&load=3994">"Encyklopedie dějin města Brna"</a>. encyklopedie.brna.cz. 2 May 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181105121352/https://encyklopedie.brna.cz/home-mmb/?acc=profil_udalosti&load=3994">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2018. Retrieved 2 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=encyklopedie.brna.cz&rft.atitle=Encyklopedie+d%C4%9Bjin+m%C4%9Bsta+Brna&rft.date=2019-05-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyklopedie.brna.cz%2Fhome-mmb%2F%3Facc%3Dprofil_udalosti%26load%3D3994&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrno" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Bundesministerium für Vertriebene, Flüchtlinge und Kriegsgeschädigte & Theodor Schieder eds.: Die Vertreibung der Deutschen aus Ost-Mitteleuropa. Vorarbeiten Fritz Valjavec. Teil 4: Die Vertreibung der deutschen Bevölkerung aus der Tschechoslowakei. Bonn, 1957, 2 Bände. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTherSiljak2019" class="citation book cs1">Ther, Philipp; Siljak, Ana (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oGmTs2SceAgC&pg=PA206">Redrawing Nations: Ethnic Cleansing in East-Central Europe, 1944–1948</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-1094-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-1094-4"><bdi>978-0-7425-1094-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Redrawing+Nations%3A+Ethnic+Cleansing+in+East-Central+Europe%2C+1944%E2%80%931948&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-1094-4&rft.aulast=Ther&rft.aufirst=Philipp&rft.au=Siljak%2C+Ana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoGmTs2SceAgC%26pg%3DPA206&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrno" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Applebaum, Anne (2012). <a href="//archive.org/details/ironcurtaincrush00appl_0/page/120/mode/2up" class="extiw" title="iarchive:ironcurtaincrush00appl 0/page/120/mode/2up">Iron Curtain: The Crushing of Eastern Europe 1944–1956</a>. 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Retrieved 2 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=280%2F1948+Sb.+Z%C3%A1kon+o+krajsk%C3%A9m+z%C5%99%C3%ADzen%C3%AD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esipa.cz%2Fsbirka%2Fsbsrv.dll%2Fsb%3FCP%3D1948s280%26DR%3DSB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrno" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-guocz-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-guocz_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-guocz_60-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110523092746/http://www2.brno.cz/index.php?nav01=2222&nav02=8">"Geografické údaje a obyvatelstvo – Statutární město Brno"</a> (in Czech). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.brno.cz/index.php?nav01=2222&nav02=8">the original</a> on 23 May 2011. Retrieved 8 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Geografick%C3%A9+%C3%BAdaje+a+obyvatelstvo+%E2%80%93+Statut%C3%A1rn%C3%AD+m%C4%9Bsto+Brno&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.brno.cz%2Findex.php%3Fnav01%3D2222%26nav02%3D8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrno" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jizni-morava.cz/?tpl=48&lang=2&typ=1&id=9101">"South Moravia – Official Tourism Website"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120402082930/http://www.jizni-morava.cz/?tpl=48&lang=2&typ=1&id=9101">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2012. Retrieved 8 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+Moravia+%E2%80%93+Official+Tourism+Website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jizni-morava.cz%2F%3Ftpl%3D48%26lang%3D2%26typ%3D1%26id%3D9101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrno" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=32711&cityname=Brno,+Czech+Republic">"Brno, Czech Republic Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)"</a>. Weatherbase. Retrieved 13 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Weatherbase&rft.atitle=Brno%2C+Czech+Republic+K%C3%B6ppen+Climate+Classification+%28Weatherbase%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weatherbase.com%2Fweather%2Fweather-summary.php3%3Fs%3D32711%26cityname%3DBrno%2C%2BCzech%2BRepublic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrno" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peel-63"><a href="#cite_ref-Peel_63-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPeel,_M._C.Finlayson_B._L.McMahon,_T._A.2007" class="citation journal cs1">Peel, M. C.; Finlayson B. L.; McMahon, T. A. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.pdf">"Updated world map of the Köppen–Geiger climate classification"</a> (PDF). Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 11 (5): 1633–1644. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007HESS...11.1633P">2007HESS...11.1633P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5194%2Fhess-11-1633-2007">10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1027-5606">1027-5606</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120229181440/http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 29 February 2012. Retrieved 1 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hydrol.+Earth+Syst.+Sci.&rft.atitle=Updated+world+map+of+the+K%C3%B6ppen%E2%80%93Geiger+climate+classification&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1633-%3C%2Fspan%3E1644&rft.date=2007&rft.issn=1027-5606&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5194%2Fhess-11-1633-2007&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007HESS...11.1633P&rft.au=Peel%2C+M.+C.&rft.au=Finlayson+B.+L.&rft.au=McMahon%2C+T.+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net%2F11%2F1633%2F2007%2Fhess-11-1633-2007.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrno" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150213055943/http://portal.chmi.cz/portal/dt?action=content&provider=JSPTabContainer&menu=JSPTabContainer%2FP3_0_Informace_pro_Vas%2FP3_9_Historicka_data%2FP3_9_1_Pocasi%2FP3_9_1_9_Mesicni_data&nc=1&portal_lang=en#PP_Mesicni_data">"CHMI Portal : Info for you : Historical Data : Weather : Monthly data"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.chmi.cz/portal/dt?action=content&provider=JSPTabContainer&menu=JSPTabContainer%2FP3_0_Informace_pro_Vas%2FP3_9_Historicka_data%2FP3_9_1_Pocasi%2FP3_9_1_9_Mesicni_data&nc=1&portal_lang=en">the original</a> on 13 February 2015. Retrieved 21 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CHMI+Portal+%3A+Info+for+you+%3A+Historical+Data+%3A+Weather+%3A+Monthly+data&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fportal.chmi.cz%2Fportal%2Fdt%3Faction%3Dcontent%26provider%3DJSPTabContainer%26menu%3DJSPTabContainer%252FP3_0_Informace_pro_Vas%252FP3_9_Historicka_data%252FP3_9_1_Pocasi%252FP3_9_1_9_Mesicni_data%26nc%3D1%26portal_lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrno" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NOAA6190-65"><a href="#cite_ref-NOAA6190_65-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240908103749/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/normals-old/WMO/1961-1990/RA-VI/CZ/11723.TXT">"Brno 4 Turany Climate Normals 1961–1990"</a>. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/normals-old/WMO/1961-1990/RA-VI/CZ/11723.TXT">the original</a> on 8 September 2024. Retrieved 8 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brno+4+Turany+Climate+Normals+1961%E2%80%931990&rft.pub=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncei.noaa.gov%2Fdata%2Fnormals-old%2FWMO%2F1961-1990%2FRA-VI%2FCZ%2F11723.TXT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrno" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NOAA9120-66"><a href="#cite_ref-NOAA9120_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240908103634/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/5.5/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/CzechRepublic/CSV/BrnoTurany_11723.csv">"Brno Turany Normals 1991–2020"</a>. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/5.5/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/CzechRepublic/CSV/BrnoTurany_11723.csv">the original</a> on 8 September 2024. Retrieved 8 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brno+Turany+Normals+1991%E2%80%932020&rft.pub=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncei.noaa.gov%2Fdata%2Foceans%2Farchive%2Farc0216%2F0253808%2F5.5%2Fdata%2F0-data%2FRegion-6-WMO-Normals-9120%2FCzechRepublic%2FCSV%2FBrnoTurany_11723.csv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrno" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.envidata.cz/dataAnalysis/meteoKlima/T.php?ID=B2BTUR01&type=graphMD">"Brno Tuřany (Record mensili dal 1958)"</a> (in Czech). Czech Hydrometeorological Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20250122083610/https://www.envidata.cz/dataAnalysis/meteoKlima/T.php?ID=B2BTUR01&type=graphMD">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2025. Retrieved 3 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brno+Tu%C5%99any+%28Record+mensili+dal+1958%29&rft.pub=Czech+Hydrometeorological+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.envidata.cz%2FdataAnalysis%2FmeteoKlima%2FT.php%3FID%3DB2BTUR01%26type%3DgraphMD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrno" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240908092636/https://www.envidata.cz/dataAnalysis/meteoKlima/N.php?ID=O1MOSN01&type=graphMY">"Množství nového sněhu v jednotlivé měsíce v jednotlivé roky"</a> (in Czech). Czech Hydrometeorological Institute. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.envidata.cz/dataAnalysis/meteoKlima/N.php?ID=B2BTUR01&type=graphMY">the original</a> on 8 September 2024. Retrieved 8 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mno%C5%BEstv%C3%AD+nov%C3%A9ho+sn%C4%9Bhu+v+jednotliv%C3%A9+m%C4%9Bs%C3%ADce+v+jednotliv%C3%A9+roky&rft.pub=Czech+Hydrometeorological+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.envidata.cz%2FdataAnalysis%2FmeteoKlima%2FN.php%3FID%3DB2BTUR01%26type%3DgraphMY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrno" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240908103003/https://www.envidata.cz/dataAnalysis/meteoKlima/H.php?ID=B2BTUR01&type=graphMY">"Průměrná relativní vlhkost vzduchu v jednotlivé měsíce v jednotlivé roky"</a> (in Czech). Czech Hydrometeorological Institute. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.envidata.cz/dataAnalysis/meteoKlima/H.php?ID=B2BTUR01&type=graphMY">the original</a> on 8 September 2024. Retrieved 8 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pr%C5%AFm%C4%9Brn%C3%A1+relativn%C3%AD+vlhkost+vzduchu+v+jednotliv%C3%A9+m%C4%9Bs%C3%ADce+v+jednotliv%C3%A9+roky&rft.pub=Czech+Hydrometeorological+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.envidata.cz%2FdataAnalysis%2FmeteoKlima%2FH.php%3FID%3DB2BTUR01%26type%3DgraphMY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrno" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240908105426/https://www.envidata.cz/dataAnalysis/meteoKlima/T.php?ID=B2BZAB01&type=graphMD">"Teplota vzduchu v jednotlivé kalendářní dny"</a> (in Czech). Czech Hydrometeorological Institute. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.envidata.cz/dataAnalysis/meteoKlima/T.php?ID=B2BZAB01&type=graphMD">the original</a> on 8 September 2024. Retrieved 8 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Teplota+vzduchu+v+jednotliv%C3%A9+kalend%C3%A1%C5%99n%C3%AD+dny&rft.pub=Czech+Hydrometeorological+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.envidata.cz%2FdataAnalysis%2FmeteoKlima%2FT.php%3FID%3DB2BZAB01%26type%3DgraphMD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrno" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240908105232/https://www.envidata.cz/favicon.ico">"Průměrná teplota vzduchu v jednotlivé měsíce v jednotlivé roky"</a> (in Czech). Czech Hydrometeorological Institute. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.envidata.cz/dataAnalysis/meteoKlima/T.php?ID=B2BZAB01&type=graphMY">the original</a> on 8 September 2024. Retrieved 8 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pr%C5%AFm%C4%9Brn%C3%A1+teplota+vzduchu+v+jednotliv%C3%A9+m%C4%9Bs%C3%ADce+v+jednotliv%C3%A9+roky&rft.pub=Czech+Hydrometeorological+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.envidata.cz%2FdataAnalysis%2FmeteoKlima%2FT.php%3FID%3DB2BZAB01%26type%3DgraphMY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrno" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240908105751/https://www.envidata.cz/dataAnalysis/meteoKlima/R.php?ID=B2BZAB01&type=graphMY">"Srážkové úhrny v jednotlivé měsíce v jednotlivé roky"</a> (in Czech). Czech Hydrometeorological Institute. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.envidata.cz/dataAnalysis/meteoKlima/R.php?ID=B2BZAB01&type=graphMY">the original</a> on 8 September 2024. Retrieved 8 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sr%C3%A1%C5%BEkov%C3%A9+%C3%BAhrny+v+jednotliv%C3%A9+m%C4%9Bs%C3%ADce+v+jednotliv%C3%A9+roky&rft.pub=Czech+Hydrometeorological+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.envidata.cz%2FdataAnalysis%2FmeteoKlima%2FR.php%3FID%3DB2BZAB01%26type%3DgraphMY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrno" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240908110858/https://www.envidata.cz/favicon.ico">"Množství nového sněhu v jednotlivé měsíce v jednotlivé roky"</a> (in Czech). Czech Hydrometeorological Institute. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.envidata.cz/dataAnalysis/meteoKlima/N.php?ID=B2BZAB01&type=graphMY">the original</a> on 8 September 2024. Retrieved 8 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mno%C5%BEstv%C3%AD+nov%C3%A9ho+sn%C4%9Bhu+v+jednotliv%C3%A9+m%C4%9Bs%C3%ADce+v+jednotliv%C3%A9+roky&rft.pub=Czech+Hydrometeorological+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.envidata.cz%2FdataAnalysis%2FmeteoKlima%2FN.php%3FID%3DB2BZAB01%26type%3DgraphMY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrno" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240908104022/https://www.envidata.cz/dataAnalysis/meteoKlima/H.php?ID=B2BZAB01&type=graphMY">"Průměrná relativní vlhkost vzduchu v jednotlivé měsíce v jednotlivé roky (Humidity)"</a> (in Czech). Czech Hydrometeorological Institute. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.envidata.cz/dataAnalysis/meteoKlima/H.php?ID=B2BZAB01&type=graphMY">the original</a> on 8 September 2024. Retrieved 8 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pr%C5%AFm%C4%9Brn%C3%A1+relativn%C3%AD+vlhkost+vzduchu+v+jednotliv%C3%A9+m%C4%9Bs%C3%ADce+v+jednotliv%C3%A9+roky+%28Humidity%29&rft.pub=Czech+Hydrometeorological+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.envidata.cz%2FdataAnalysis%2FmeteoKlima%2FH.php%3FID%3DB2BZAB01%26type%3DgraphMY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrno" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240908111107/https://www.envidata.cz/dataAnalysis/meteoKlima/S.php?ID=B2BZAB01&type=graphMY">"Délka slunečního svitu v jednotlivé měsíce v jednotlivé roky"</a> (in Czech). Czech Hydrometeorological Institute. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.envidata.cz/dataAnalysis/meteoKlima/S.php?ID=B2BZAB01&type=graphMY">the original</a> on 8 September 2024. Retrieved 8 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=D%C3%A9lka+slune%C4%8Dn%C3%ADho+svitu+v+jednotliv%C3%A9+m%C4%9Bs%C3%ADce+v+jednotliv%C3%A9+roky&rft.pub=Czech+Hydrometeorological+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.envidata.cz%2FdataAnalysis%2FmeteoKlima%2FS.php%3FID%3DB2BZAB01%26type%3DgraphMY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrno" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110523172648/http://www2.brno.cz/index.php?lan=en&nav01=71&nav02=1696">"Basic data on city districts offices"</a>. The Statutory city of Brno. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.brno.cz/index.php?lan=en&nav01=71&nav02=1696">the original</a> on 23 May 2011. Retrieved 22 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Basic+data+on+city+districts+offices&rft.pub=The+Statutory+city+of+Brno&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.brno.cz%2Findex.php%3Flan%3Den%26nav01%3D71%26nav02%3D1696&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrno" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TheAssemblyOfTheCity-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TheAssemblyOfTheCity_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TheAssemblyOfTheCity_77-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110523131553/http://www2.brno.cz/index.php?lan=en&nav01=34&nav02=198">"Assembly of the City of Brno"</a>. The Statutory city of Brno. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.brno.cz/index.php?lan=en&nav01=34&nav02=198">the original</a> on 23 May 2011. Retrieved 22 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Assembly+of+the+City+of+Brno&rft.pub=The+Statutory+city+of+Brno&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.brno.cz%2Findex.php%3Flan%3Den%26nav01%3D34%26nav02%3D198&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrno" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brno.cz/sprava-mesta/volene-organy-mesta/primatorka-mesta-brna/">"Primátorka města Brna"</a>. Brno.cz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190714113834/https://www.brno.cz/sprava-mesta/volene-organy-mesta/primatorka-mesta-brna/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2019. Retrieved 1 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brno.cz&rft.atitle=Prim%C3%A1torka+m%C4%9Bsta+Brna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brno.cz%2Fsprava-mesta%2Fvolene-organy-mesta%2Fprimatorka-mesta-brna%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrno" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101021023314/http://www2.brno.cz/index.php?lan=en&nav01=34&nav02=205">"Executive Board, Brno City Council"</a>. The Statutory city of Brno. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.brno.cz/index.php?lan=en&nav01=34&nav02=205">the original</a> on 21 October 2010. Retrieved 22 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Executive+Board%2C+Brno+City+Council&rft.pub=The+Statutory+city+of+Brno&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.brno.cz%2Findex.php%3Flan%3Den%26nav01%3D34%26nav02%3D205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrno" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110523141627/http://www2.brno.cz/index.php?lan=en&nav01=34">"Elected bodies"</a>. The Statutory city of Brno. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.brno.cz/index.php?lan=en&nav01=34">the original</a> on 23 May 2011. Retrieved 22 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Elected+bodies&rft.pub=The+Statutory+city+of+Brno&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.brno.cz%2Findex.php%3Flan%3Den%26nav01%3D34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrno" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brno.cz/sprava-mesta/magistrat-mesta-brna/tajemnik-mmb/">"Tajemník Magistrátu města Brna"</a> (in Czech). The Statutory city of Brno. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110807121255/http://www.brno.cz/sprava-mesta/magistrat-mesta-brna/tajemnik-mmb">Archived</a> from the original on 7 August 2011. Retrieved 22 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tajemn%C3%ADk+Magistr%C3%A1tu+m%C4%9Bsta+Brna&rft.pub=The+Statutory+city+of+Brno&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brno.cz%2Fsprava-mesta%2Fmagistrat-mesta-brna%2Ftajemnik-mmb%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrno" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sccz-82"><a href="#cite_ref-sccz_82-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927134340/http://www.nsoud.cz/JudikaturaNS_new/ns_web.nsf/Edit/AbouttheSupremeCourt~Generalinformation?Open&area=About%20the%20Supreme%20Court&grp=General%20information&lng=EN">"The Supreme Court of the Czech Republic"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nsoud.cz/JudikaturaNS_new/ns_web.nsf/Edit/AbouttheSupremeCourt~Generalinformation?Open&area=About%20the%20Supreme%20Court&grp=General%20information&lng=EN">the original</a> on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 8 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Supreme+Court+of+the+Czech+Republic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nsoud.cz%2FJudikaturaNS_new%2Fns_web.nsf%2FEdit%2FAbouttheSupremeCourt~Generalinformation%3FOpen%26area%3DAbout%2520the%2520Supreme%2520Court%26grp%3DGeneral%2520information%26lng%3DEN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrno" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-saccz-83"><a href="#cite_ref-saccz_83-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110905080614/http://www.nssoud.cz/Uvod/art/1">"The Supreme Administrative Court"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nssoud.cz/Uvod/art/1">the original</a> on 5 September 2011. Retrieved 8 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Supreme+Administrative+Court&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nssoud.cz%2FUvod%2Fart%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrno" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cccz-84"><a href="#cite_ref-cccz_84-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.concourt.cz/clanek/urlMethodCall/sessionContext/">"The Constitutional Court of the Czech Republic"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927052509/http://www.concourt.cz/clanek/urlMethodCall/sessionContext/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 8 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Constitutional+Court+of+the+Czech+Republic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.concourt.cz%2Fclanek%2FurlMethodCall%2FsessionContext%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrno" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ppocz-85"><a href="#cite_ref-ppocz_85-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.justice.cz/nsz/hlavni.aspx?j=222&o=29&k=3458">"Nejvyšší státní zastupitelství – Introduction"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120214103507/http://portal.justice.cz/nsz/hlavni.aspx?j=222&o=29&k=3458">Archived</a> from the original on 14 February 2012. 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Retrieved 26 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Port%C3%A1l+Jihomoravsk%C3%A9ho+kraje+%E2%80%93+Z%C3%A1kladn%C3%AD+%C3%BAdaje+o+Jihomoravsk%C3%A9m+kraji+%E2%80%93+Z%C3%A1kladn%C3%AD+%C3%BAdaje+o+Jihomoravsk%C3%A9m+kraji&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kr-jihomoravsky.cz%2FDefault.aspx%3FID%3D27204%26TypeID%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrno" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dpmbjr-103"><a href="#cite_ref-dpmbjr_103-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111012233038/http://idsjmk.cz/EN/linky.aspx">"Timetable of IDS JMK"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idsjmk.cz/EN/linky.aspx">the original</a> on 12 October 2011. Retrieved 7 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Timetable+of+IDS+JMK&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.idsjmk.cz%2FEN%2Flinky.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrno" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.draznivozidla.estranky.cz/fotoalbum/tramvaje---saliny/brno-kt8d5-na-stranske-skale.html">"Dražní vozidla – Fotoalbum – Tramvaje – Šaliny – Brno KT8D5 na Stranské Skale"</a>. draznivozidla.estranky.cz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151210210421/http://www.draznivozidla.estranky.cz/fotoalbum/tramvaje---saliny/brno-kt8d5-na-stranske-skale.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=draznivozidla.estranky.cz&rft.atitle=Dra%C5%BEn%C3%AD+vozidla+%E2%80%93+Fotoalbum+%E2%80%93+Tramvaje+%E2%80%93+%C5%A0aliny+%E2%80%93+Brno+KT8D5+na+Stransk%C3%A9+Skale&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.draznivozidla.estranky.cz%2Ffotoalbum%2Ftramvaje---saliny%2Fbrno-kt8d5-na-stranske-skale.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrno" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110729064318/http://www.idsjmk.cz/en/">"IDS JMK – Integrated public transport system in the City of Brno and the Southern Moravia Region"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idsjmk.cz/EN/">the original</a> on 29 July 2011. Retrieved 7 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IDS+JMK+%E2%80%93+Integrated+public+transport+system+in+the+City+of+Brno+and+the+Southern+Moravia+Region&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.idsjmk.cz%2FEN%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrno" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110911143908/http://www.dpmb.cz/e10.asp">"Dopravní podnik města Brna, a.s."</a> Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dpmb.cz/e10.asp">the original</a> on 11 September 2011. Retrieved 7 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dopravn%C3%AD+podnik+m%C4%9Bsta+Brna%2C+a.s.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dpmb.cz%2Fe10.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrno" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ticbrno.cz/en/sightseeing-minibus-tours">"Sightseeing minibus tours"</a>. 20 October 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230528090151/https://www.ticbrno.cz/en/sightseeing-minibus-tours">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2023. Retrieved 23 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sightseeing+minibus+tours&rft.date=2022-10-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ticbrno.cz%2Fen%2Fsightseeing-minibus-tours&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrno" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zpravy.idnes.cz/brnenske-metro-uz-je-na-stole-uredniku-kraje-penize-na-ne-nejsou-pwz-/domaci.aspx?c=A110824_134335_brno-zpravy_bor">"Brněnské "metro" už je na stole úředníků kraje, peníze na ně nejsou"</a> (in Czech). iDNES.cz. 24 August 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181116174322/https://zpravy.idnes.cz/brnenske-metro-uz-je-na-stole-uredniku-kraje-penize-na-ne-nejsou-pwz-/domaci.aspx?c=A110824_134335_brno-zpravy_bor">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2018. 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The Czech Road and Motorway Directorate. 2009. 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Ředitelsví silnic a dálnic ČR. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110902081348/http://www.mestsky-okruh-brno.cz/useky-vmo-brno">Archived</a> from the original on 2 September 2011. 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Retrieved 7 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aeroklub+Brno+Medl%C3%A1nky&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.akmedlanky.cz%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrno" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091225100110/http://www.frc-er.cz/">"Stránky medláneckých leteckých modelářů"</a> (in Czech). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.frc-er.cz/">the original</a> on 25 December 2009. Retrieved 7 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Str%C3%A1nky+medl%C3%A1neck%C3%BDch+leteck%C3%BDch+model%C3%A1%C5%99%C5%AF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.frc-er.cz%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrno" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120402061201/http://letistecr.cz/zajimavosti/circa-urbem-brunensis-2-netopyrky-za-kominem.aspx">"Zajímavosti: Circa urbem Brunensis 2. – Netopýrky za Komínem"</a> (in Czech). MAGAZÍN LETIŠTĚ ČESKÉ REPUBLIKY. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://letistecr.cz/zajimavosti/circa-urbem-brunensis-2-netopyrky-za-kominem.aspx">the original</a> on 2 April 2012. Retrieved 7 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zaj%C3%ADmavosti%3A+Circa+urbem+Brunensis+2.+%E2%80%93+Netop%C3%BDrky+za+Kom%C3%ADnem&rft.pub=MAGAZ%C3%8DN+LETI%C5%A0T%C4%9A+%C4%8CESK%C3%89+REPUBLIKY&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fletistecr.cz%2Fzajimavosti%2Fcirca-urbem-brunensis-2-netopyrky-za-kominem.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrno" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brnonakole.cz/zmeny-mesta-v-roce-2010/">"Brno na kole » Změny města v roce 2010"</a> (in Czech). 28 January 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110821143255/http://www.brnonakole.cz/zmeny-mesta-v-roce-2010/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2011. Retrieved 6 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brno+na+kole+%C2%BB+Zm%C4%9Bny+m%C4%9Bsta+v+roce+2010&rft.date=2011-01-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brnonakole.cz%2Fzmeny-mesta-v-roce-2010%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrno" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cyklobrnowien.cz/cyklostezka/">"O nás – Cyklostezka Brno Vídeň"</a> (in Czech). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131221144000/http://cyklobrnowien.cz/cyklostezka/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2013. Retrieved 6 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=O+n%C3%A1s+%E2%80%93+Cyklostezka+Brno+V%C3%ADde%C5%88&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cyklobrnowien.cz%2Fcyklostezka%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrno" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDoleželová2019" class="citation web cs1">Doleželová, Martina Fojtů, eng Jana (26 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.em.muni.cz/en/news/12004-discovering-brno-and-its-surroundings-will-keep-you-busy">"Discovering Brno and its surroundings will keep you busy"</a>. em.muni.cz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240131191640/https://www.em.muni.cz/en/news/12004-discovering-brno-and-its-surroundings-will-keep-you-busy">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2024. Retrieved 31 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=em.muni.cz&rft.atitle=Discovering+Brno+and+its+surroundings+will+keep+you+busy&rft.date=2019-08-26&rft.aulast=Dole%C5%BEelov%C3%A1&rft.aufirst=Martina+Fojt%C5%AF%2C+eng+Jana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.em.muni.cz%2Fen%2Fnews%2F12004-discovering-brno-and-its-surroundings-will-keep-you-busy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrno" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brno.cz/fileadmin/user_upload/sprava_mesta/magistrat_mesta_brna/ORF/SR2011/Vydaje.xls">"Schválený rozpočet provozních a kapitálových výdajů – Rekapitulace dle oddílů a paragrafů"</a> (in Czech). Retrieved 28 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Schv%C3%A1len%C3%BD+rozpo%C4%8Det+provozn%C3%ADch+a+kapit%C3%A1lov%C3%BDch+v%C3%BDdaj%C5%AF+%E2%80%93+Rekapitulace+dle+odd%C3%ADl%C5%AF+a+paragraf%C5%AF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brno.cz%2Ffileadmin%2Fuser_upload%2Fsprava_mesta%2Fmagistrat_mesta_brna%2FORF%2FSR2011%2FVydaje.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrno" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brno.cz/fileadmin/user_upload/sprava_mesta/magistrat_mesta_brna/ORF/Souhrnny_rozpocet_2010/Rozpocet_2010.xls">"Souhrnný rozpočet statutárního města Brna na rok 2010 – Rozpočet výdajů statutárního města Brna"</a> (in Czech). Retrieved 28 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Souhrnn%C3%BD+rozpo%C4%8Det+statut%C3%A1rn%C3%ADho+m%C4%9Bsta+Brna+na+rok+2010+%E2%80%93+Rozpo%C4%8Det+v%C3%BDdaj%C5%AF+statut%C3%A1rn%C3%ADho+m%C4%9Bsta+Brna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brno.cz%2Ffileadmin%2Fuser_upload%2Fsprava_mesta%2Fmagistrat_mesta_brna%2FORF%2FSouhrnny_rozpocet_2010%2FRozpocet_2010.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrno" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110916094646/http://www.moraviaconvention.cz/reference/">"Reference – Moravia Convention Bureau"</a> (in Czech). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moraviaconvention.cz/reference/">the original</a> on 16 September 2011. Retrieved 26 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reference+%E2%80%93+Moravia+Convention+Bureau&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.moraviaconvention.cz%2Freference%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrno" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kalendarakci.atlasceska.cz/zidenicke-hody-brno-zidenice-7165/">"Židenické hody – Brno Židenice – www.kalendarakci.atlasceska.cz"</a> (in Czech). 5 October 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111025062329/http://www.kalendarakci.atlasceska.cz/zidenicke-hody-brno-zidenice-7165/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2011. Retrieved 26 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C5%BDidenick%C3%A9+hody+%E2%80%93+Brno+%C5%BDidenice+%E2%80%93+www.kalendarakci.atlasceska.cz&rft.date=2009-10-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kalendarakci.atlasceska.cz%2Fzidenicke-hody-brno-zidenice-7165%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrno" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090830051550/http://www.vlisni.cz/lisenske-hody">"Líšeňské hody – portál vlisni.cz"</a> (in Czech). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vlisni.cz/lisenske-hody">the original</a> on 30 August 2009. Retrieved 26 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=L%C3%AD%C5%A1e%C5%88sk%C3%A9+hody+%E2%80%93+port%C3%A1l+vlisni.cz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vlisni.cz%2Flisenske-hody&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrno" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120121001651/http://www.ivanovice.brno.cz/clanky/20070926-ci-jsou-hody-nase/">"ČÍ JSOU HODY? NAŠE! » Městská část Brno Ivanovice"</a> (in Czech). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ivanovice.brno.cz/clanky/20070926-ci-jsou-hody-nase/">the original</a> on 21 January 2012. Retrieved 26 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C4%8C%C3%8D+JSOU+HODY%3F+NA%C5%A0E%21+%C2%BB+M%C4%9Bstsk%C3%A1+%C4%8D%C3%A1st+Brno+Ivanovice&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ivanovice.brno.cz%2Fclanky%2F20070926-ci-jsou-hody-nase%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrno" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ignisbrunensis.cz/about-the-festival--579--eng.html">"About the festival"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110904055748/http://www.ignisbrunensis.cz/about-the-festival--579--eng.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2011. Retrieved 24 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+the+festival&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ignisbrunensis.cz%2Fabout-the-festival--579--eng.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrno" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibrno.cz/kultura/35533-mesto-chysta-velkolepe-ohnostroje-jejich-festival-by-mohl-videt-milion-divaku.html">"Brno chystá velkolepé ohňostroje, festival by mohl vidět milion diváků"</a> (in Czech). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120402232423/http://www.ibrno.cz/kultura/35533-mesto-chysta-velkolepe-ohnostroje-jejich-festival-by-mohl-videt-milion-divaku.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2012. Retrieved 26 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brno+chyst%C3%A1+velkolep%C3%A9+oh%C5%88ostroje%2C+festival+by+mohl+vid%C4%9Bt+milion+div%C3%A1k%C5%AF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibrno.cz%2Fkultura%2F35533-mesto-chysta-velkolepe-ohnostroje-jejich-festival-by-mohl-videt-milion-divaku.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrno" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110824151333/http://www.concentus-moraviae.cz/VenueDetail.aspx?venueId=hpgagnkbiifaeohglnohcngenfkgnbnp">"Brno – Concentus Moraviae"</a> (in Czech). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.concentus-moraviae.cz/VenueDetail.aspx?venueId=hpgagnkbiifaeohglnohcngenfkgnbnp">the original</a> on 24 August 2011. Retrieved 26 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brno+%E2%80%93+Concentus+Moraviae&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.concentus-moraviae.cz%2FVenueDetail.aspx%3FvenueId%3Dhpgagnkbiifaeohglnohcngenfkgnbnp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrno" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110810103557/http://www.cinemamundi.info/eng/About-the-festival/About-the-festival">"About the festival / About the festival / Cinema Mundi returns to Brno after one year - www.cinemamundi.info"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cinemamundi.info/eng/About-the-festival/About-the-festival">the original</a> on 10 August 2011. Retrieved 26 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+the+festival+%2F+About+the+festival+%2F+Cinema+Mundi+returns+to+Brno+after+one+year+-+www.cinemamundi.info&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cinemamundi.info%2Feng%2FAbout-the-festival%2FAbout-the-festival&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrno" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120402232430/http://www.theatreworld.cz/en/about-festival">"Festival – DIVADELNÍ SVĚT BRNO"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theatreworld.cz/en/about-festival">the original</a> on 2 April 2012. Retrieved 26 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Festival+%E2%80%93+DIVADELN%C3%8D+SV%C4%9AT+BRNO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatreworld.cz%2Fen%2Fabout-festival&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrno" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081005042031/http://www.mhf-brno.cz/moravsky-podzim/en/informace.asp">"Moravian autumn – Introduction"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mhf-brno.cz/moravsky-podzim/en/informace.asp">the original</a> on 5 October 2008. Retrieved 26 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Moravian+autumn+%E2%80%93+Introduction&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mhf-brno.cz%2Fmoravsky-podzim%2Fen%2Finformace.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrno" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160109125426/http://www.filharmonie-brno.cz/en/spilberk-festival-p290.html">"Spilberk Festival – Brno Philharmonic Orchestra"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.filharmonie-brno.cz/en/spilberk-festival-p290.html">the original</a> on 9 January 2016. Retrieved 26 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Spilberk+Festival+%E2%80%93+Brno+Philharmonic+Orchestra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.filharmonie-brno.cz%2Fen%2Fspilberk-festival-p290.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrno" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shakespeare.cz/en/welcome-to-summer-shakespeare-festival-2011/1/">"Welcome to Summer Shakespeare Festival 2011, Summer Shakespeare Festival 2011, AGENTURA SCHOK, spol. s r.o., Praha"</a>. Retrieved 26 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welcome+to+Summer+Shakespeare+Festival+2011%2C+Summer+Shakespeare+Festival+2011%2C+AGENTURA+SCHOK%2C+spol.+s+r.o.%2C+Praha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shakespeare.cz%2Fen%2Fwelcome-to-summer-shakespeare-festival-2011%2F1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrno" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110513171336/http://www.slavnostivina.cz/?id=home&lang=en">"Slavnostivina"</a>. slavnostivina.cz. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slavnostivina.cz/?id=home&lang=en">the original</a> on 13 May 2011. Retrieved 4 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Slavnostivina&rft.pub=slavnostivina.cz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slavnostivina.cz%2F%3Fid%3Dhome%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrno" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-redutatheatre-136">^ <a href="#cite_ref-redutatheatre_136-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-redutatheatre_136-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-redutatheatre_136-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120306160447/http://www.ndbrno.cz/o-divadle/historie-divadla-reduta">"Historie divadla Reduta, Národní divadlo Brno"</a> (in Czech). The National Theatre Brno. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ndbrno.cz/o-divadle/historie-divadla-reduta">the original</a> on 6 March 2012. Retrieved 21 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historie+divadla+Reduta%2C+N%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD+divadlo+Brno&rft.pub=The+National+Theatre+Brno&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndbrno.cz%2Fo-divadle%2Fhistorie-divadla-reduta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrno" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121015143405/http://www.brno.cz/sprava-mesta/magistrat-mesta-brna/usek-organizacni/odbor-zahranicnich-vztahu/mezinarodni-vztahy/mezinarodni-site-mest/evropske-mozartovy-cesty/evropske-mozartovy-cesty/mozart-v-brne/">"Brno – Mozart v Brně"</a> (in Czech). The Statutory City of Brno. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brno.cz/sprava-mesta/magistrat-mesta-brna/usek-organizacni/odbor-zahranicnich-vztahu/mezinarodni-vztahy/mezinarodni-site-mest/evropske-mozartovy-cesty/evropske-mozartovy-cesty/mozart-v-brne/">the original</a> on 15 October 2012. Retrieved 22 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brno+%E2%80%93+Mozart+v+Brn%C4%9B&rft.pub=The+Statutory+City+of+Brno&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brno.cz%2Fsprava-mesta%2Fmagistrat-mesta-brna%2Fusek-organizacni%2Fodbor-zahranicnich-vztahu%2Fmezinarodni-vztahy%2Fmezinarodni-site-mest%2Fevropske-mozartovy-cesty%2Fevropske-mozartovy-cesty%2Fmozart-v-brne%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrno" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120322134259/http://www.ndbrno.cz/photo_full/divadlo-reduta-mozartuv-sal">"Divadlo Reduta, Mozartův sál, Národní divadlo Brno"</a> (in Czech). The National Theatre Brno. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ndbrno.cz/photo_full/divadlo-reduta-mozartuv-sal">the original</a> on 22 March 2012. Retrieved 22 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Divadlo+Reduta%2C+Mozart%C5%AFv+s%C3%A1l%2C+N%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD+divadlo+Brno&rft.pub=The+National+Theatre+Brno&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndbrno.cz%2Fphoto_full%2Fdivadlo-reduta-mozartuv-sal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrno" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ndbrno.cz/opera?lang=2">"Opera, Národní divadlo Brno"</a>. The National Theatre Brno. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110912104000/http://www.ndbrno.cz/opera?lang=2">Archived</a> from the original on 12 September 2011. Retrieved 22 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Opera%2C+N%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD+divadlo+Brno&rft.pub=The+National+Theatre+Brno&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndbrno.cz%2Fopera%3Flang%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrno" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ndbrno.cz/drama?lang=2">"Drama, Národní divadlo Brno"</a>. The National Theatre Brno. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120322134419/http://www.ndbrno.cz/drama?lang=2">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2012. Retrieved 22 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Drama%2C+N%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD+divadlo+Brno&rft.pub=The+National+Theatre+Brno&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndbrno.cz%2Fdrama%3Flang%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrno" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ndbrno.cz/ballet?lang=2">"Ballet, Národní divadlo Brno"</a>. The National Theatre Brno. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120201224045/http://www.ndbrno.cz/ballet?lang=2">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2012. Retrieved 22 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ballet%2C+N%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD+divadlo+Brno&rft.pub=The+National+Theatre+Brno&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndbrno.cz%2Fballet%3Flang%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrno" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ndbrno.cz/about-us/buildings">"Buildings, Národní divadlo Brno"</a> (in Czech). The National Theatre Brno. Retrieved 21 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Buildings%2C+N%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD+divadlo+Brno&rft.pub=The+National+Theatre+Brno&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndbrno.cz%2Fabout-us%2Fbuildings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrno" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120310202753/http://www.ndbrno.cz/o-divadle/leos-janacek-a-narodni-divadlo-v-brne-1884-1928">"Leoš Janáček a Národní divadlo v Brně 1884–1928, Národní divadlo Brno"</a> (in Czech). The National Theatre Brno. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ndbrno.cz/o-divadle/leos-janacek-a-narodni-divadlo-v-brne-1884-1928">the original</a> on 10 March 2012. Retrieved 21 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Leo%C5%A1+Jan%C3%A1%C4%8Dek+a+N%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD+divadlo+v+Brn%C4%9B+1884%E2%80%931928%2C+N%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD+divadlo+Brno&rft.pub=The+National+Theatre+Brno&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndbrno.cz%2Fo-divadle%2Fleos-janacek-a-narodni-divadlo-v-brne-1884-1928&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrno" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mahentheatre-144"><a href="#cite_ref-mahentheatre_144-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111118155119/http://www.ndbrno.cz/o-divadle/historie-mahenova-divadla">"Historie Mahenova divadla, Národní divadlo Brno"</a> (in Czech). The National Theatre Brno. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ndbrno.cz/o-divadle/historie-mahenova-divadla">the original</a> on 18 November 2011. Retrieved 21 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historie+Mahenova+divadla%2C+N%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD+divadlo+Brno&rft.pub=The+National+Theatre+Brno&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndbrno.cz%2Fo-divadle%2Fhistorie-mahenova-divadla&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrno" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120804030838/http://www.mdb.cz/history-of-brno-city-theatre-71/">"Městské divadlo Brno – Theatre / History"</a>. The Brno City Theatre. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mdb.cz/history-of-brno-city-theatre-71/">the original</a> on 4 August 2012. Retrieved 22 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M%C4%9Bstsk%C3%A9+divadlo+Brno+%E2%80%93+Theatre+%2F+History&rft.pub=The+Brno+City+Theatre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdb.cz%2Fhistory-of-brno-city-theatre-71%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrno" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120903213412/http://www.mdb.cz/brno-city-theatre-today-70/">"Městské divadlo Brno – Theatre / Today"</a>. The Brno City Theatre. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mdb.cz/brno-city-theatre-today-70/">the original</a> on 3 September 2012. Retrieved 22 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M%C4%9Bstsk%C3%A9+divadlo+Brno+%E2%80%93+Theatre+%2F+Today&rft.pub=The+Brno+City+Theatre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdb.cz%2Fbrno-city-theatre-today-70%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrno" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120804053653/http://www.mdb.cz/performances-61/">"Městské divadlo Brno – Performances"</a>. The Brno City Theatre. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mdb.cz/performances-61/">the original</a> on 4 August 2012. Retrieved 22 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M%C4%9Bstsk%C3%A9+divadlo+Brno+%E2%80%93+Performances&rft.pub=The+Brno+City+Theatre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdb.cz%2Fperformances-61%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrno" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://is.muni.cz/th/75405/ff_m/DP_Fenomen_Mestskeho_divadla_Brno.pdf">"Fenomén Městského divadla v Brno v brněnské kultuře"</a> (PDF) (in Czech). Masarykova univerzita, Filozofická fakulta, Ústav hudební vědy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120320132419/https://is.muni.cz/th/75405/ff_m/DP_Fenomen_Mestskeho_divadla_Brno.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 22 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fenom%C3%A9n+M%C4%9Bstsk%C3%A9ho+divadla+v+Brno+v+brn%C4%9Bnsk%C3%A9+kultu%C5%99e&rft.pub=Masarykova+univerzita%2C+Filozofick%C3%A1+fakulta%2C+%C3%9Astav+hudebn%C3%AD+v%C4%9Bdy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fis.muni.cz%2Fth%2F75405%2Fff_m%2FDP_Fenomen_Mestskeho_divadla_Brno.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrno" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160802001559/http://www.brno.cz/en/tourist-leisure/history/brno-tales/the-wheel-bet">"Brno – the Wheel Bet"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brno.cz/en/tourist-leisure/history/brno-tales/the-wheel-bet/">the original</a> on 2 August 2016. Retrieved 29 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brno+%E2%80%93+the+Wheel+Bet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brno.cz%2Fen%2Ftourist-leisure%2Fhistory%2Fbrno-tales%2Fthe-wheel-bet%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrno" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenig200093-150"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenig200093_150-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHenig2000">Henig 2000</a>, p. 93. </li> <li id="cite_note-mzm-151">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mzm_151-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mzm_151-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927190624/http://www.mzm.cz/Default-en.htm">"The Moravian Museum"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mzm.cz/Default-en.htm">the original</a> on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 26 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Moravian+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mzm.cz%2FDefault-en.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrno" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mzk.cz/en/about-library">"About the Library"</a>. The Moravian Library in Brno. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110911131046/http://www.mzk.cz/en/about-library">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2011. Retrieved 26 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+the+Library&rft.pub=The+Moravian+Library+in+Brno&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mzk.cz%2Fen%2Fabout-library&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrno" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120320161136/http://www.moravska-galerie.cz/moravska-galerie/o-galerii/historie.aspx?lang=en">"The Moravian Gallery in Brno – History"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moravska-galerie.cz/moravska-galerie/o-galerii/historie.aspx?lang=en">the original</a> on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 26 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Moravian+Gallery+in+Brno+%E2%80%93+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.moravska-galerie.cz%2Fmoravska-galerie%2Fo-galerii%2Fhistorie.aspx%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrno" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFs.r.o" class="citation web cs1">s.r.o, Pixelfield. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.technicalmuseum.cz/en/akce/enamelling/">"The Art of Enamelling / The Enamelling Technique"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190502133812/http://www.technicalmuseum.cz/en/akce/enamelling/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2019. Retrieved 2 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Enamelling+%2F+The+Enamelling+Technique&rft.aulast=s.r.o&rft.aufirst=Pixelfield&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.technicalmuseum.cz%2Fen%2Fakce%2Fenamelling%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrno" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ceitec.eu/">"CEITEC"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111006191355/http://www.ceitec.eu/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2011. 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Retrieved 13 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=blog.foreigners.cz&rft.atitle=Tip+for+a+Trips%3A+Brno%27s+Underground&rft.date=2020-08-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.foreigners.cz%2Ftip-trip-brno-underground%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrno" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-zob.cz-173">^ <a href="#cite_ref-zob.cz_173-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-zob.cz_173-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-zob.cz_173-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927132500/http://www.zob.cz/historie_en.html">"The History of the Jewish Community in Brno"</a> (in Czech). 27 September 2007. 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Boston: Houghton Mifflin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-97765-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-395-97765-1"><bdi>978-0-395-97765-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Monk+in+the+Garden%3A+The+Lost+and+Found+Genius+of+Gregor+Mendel%2C+the+Father+of+Genetics&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-395-97765-1&rft.aulast=Henig&rft.aufirst=Robin+Marantz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmonkingardenlost00heni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrno" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Gödel, Alois (2006). "Brünn 1679–1684". Brno: ITEM. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/80-902297-8-6" title="Special:BookSources/80-902297-8-6">80-902297-8-6</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brno&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Brno" class="extiw" title="voy:Brno">Travel guides</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Administrative_seats_of_Czech_regions_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=168" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Czech_Seats" title="Template:Czech Seats"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Czech_Seats" title="Template talk:Czech Seats"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Czech_Seats" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Czech Seats"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Administrative_seats_of_Czech_regions_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=168" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Administrative seats of <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Regions of the Czech Republic">Czech regions</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cesk%C3%A9_Bud%C4%9Bjovice" title="České Budějovice">České Budějovice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hradec_Kr%C3%A1lov%C3%A9" title="Hradec Králové">Hradec Králové</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihlava" title="Jihlava">Jihlava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlovy_Vary" title="Karlovy Vary">Karlovy Vary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberec" title="Liberec">Liberec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olomouc" title="Olomouc">Olomouc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrava" title="Ostrava">Ostrava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardubice" title="Pardubice">Pardubice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plze%C5%88" title="Plzeň">Plzeň</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Ast%C3%AD_nad_Labem" title="Ústí nad Labem">Ústí nad Labem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zl%C3%ADn" title="Zlín">Zlín</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Czech flag"><img alt="Czech flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14960#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2166" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14960#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000403972593">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/315717300">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1204954/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmTvKtrWMcPXkHBM7VV4q">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4008456-5">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79042101">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119372372">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119372372">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge134084&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX457486">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000586119&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=494/12099">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007559655505171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/6e997717-e806-4ee9-aa9e-9cd8b11f7e9b">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027300315">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10045668">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=37824">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a 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