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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Single_mothers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Single mothers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Single_mothers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hospital_practices_in_maternity_wards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hospital_practices_in_maternity_wards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Hospital practices in maternity wards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hospital_practices_in_maternity_wards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Children</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li 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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women's_suffrage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Women's suffrage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women's_suffrage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_representation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_representation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Political representation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_representation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_life" class="vector-toc-list-item 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id="toc-People-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rankings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rankings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Rankings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rankings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> 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class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Women in Lebanon</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%80" title="লেবাননৰ নাৰী – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="লেবাননৰ নাৰী" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="زنان در لبنان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زنان در لبنان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condizione_della_donna_in_Libano" title="Condizione della donna in Libano – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Condizione della donna in Libano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98" title="ქალები ლიბანში – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ქალები ლიბანში" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livan_ayollari" title="Livan ayollari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Livan ayollari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%88%DA%86_%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86" title="لبنان وچ خواتین – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لبنان وچ خواتین" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Женщины в Ливане – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Женщины в Ливане" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%88%D9%90%DA%86_%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%BA" title="لبنان وِچ زنانیاں – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="لبنان وِچ زنانیاں" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%BA_%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86" title="لبنان میں خواتین – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لبنان میں خواتین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8031458#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Women in Lebanon</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:A_group_of_women_in_the_town_of_Zefta,_southern_Lebanon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/A_group_of_women_in_the_town_of_Zefta%2C_southern_Lebanon.jpg/220px-A_group_of_women_in_the_town_of_Zefta%2C_southern_Lebanon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/A_group_of_women_in_the_town_of_Zefta%2C_southern_Lebanon.jpg/330px-A_group_of_women_in_the_town_of_Zefta%2C_southern_Lebanon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/A_group_of_women_in_the_town_of_Zefta%2C_southern_Lebanon.jpg/440px-A_group_of_women_in_the_town_of_Zefta%2C_southern_Lebanon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="594" data-file-height="800" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A group of women in <a href="/wiki/Zefta,_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Zefta, Lebanon">Zefta</a>, Lebanon (1960)</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">General Statistics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Maternal_death" title="Maternal death">Maternal mortality</a><span class="nowrap"> (per 100,000)</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="white-space: nowrap;">25 (2010)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Women_in_government" title="Women in government">Women in parliament</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="white-space: nowrap;">6.25% (2022)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Women over 25 with <a href="/wiki/Secondary_education" title="Secondary education">secondary education</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="white-space: nowrap;">53.0% (2010)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Women in labour force</th><td class="infobox-data" style="white-space: nowrap;">22.6% (2011)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Gender_Inequality_Index" title="Gender Inequality Index">Gender Inequality Index</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Value</th><td class="infobox-data" style="white-space: nowrap;">0.432 (2021)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data" style="white-space: nowrap;">108th out of 191</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Global_Gender_Gap_Report" title="Global Gender Gap Report"> Global Gender Gap Index</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Value</th><td class="infobox-data" style="white-space: nowrap;">0.644 (2022)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data" style="white-space: nowrap;">119th out of 146</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="mw-file-description" title="Venus symbol"><img alt="Venus symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg/80px-Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg/120px-Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg/160px-Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#e4daed;padding:0.15em 0 0 0.4em;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Society</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_history" title="Women's history">Women's history</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Legal_rights_of_women_in_history" title="Legal rights of women in history">legal rights</a>)</span></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Woman" title="Woman">Woman</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_and_animal_advocacy" title="Women and animal advocacy">Animal advocacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_business" title="Women in business">Business</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Female_entrepreneurs" title="Female entrepreneurs">Female entrepreneurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_representation_on_corporate_boards_of_directors" title="Gender representation on corporate boards of directors"><span class="wrap">Gender representation on corporate boards of directors</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">Diversity (politics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_development" title="Women in development">Economic development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women_explorers_and_travelers" title="List of women explorers and travelers">Explorers and travelers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_education" title="Female education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Womyn" title="Womyn">Womyn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_government" title="Women in government">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Women in conservatism in the United States">Conservatives in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_elected_and_appointed_female_heads_of_state_and_government" title="List of elected and appointed female heads of state and government">Heads of state or government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_legislatures_by_female_members" title="List of legislatures by female members">Legislators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_regnant" title="Queen regnant">Queen regnant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of women monarchs">List</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_health" title="Women's health">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_journalism" title="Women in journalism">Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_law" title="Women in law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_law_enforcement" title="Women in law enforcement">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_military" title="Women in the military">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother" title="Mother">Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_Nobel_laureates" title="List of female Nobel laureates">Nobel Prize laureates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_piracy" title="Women in piracy">Piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_positions_of_power" title="Women in positions of power">Positions of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">Reproductive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_venture_capital" title="Women in venture capital">Venture capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence and abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">Voting rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_workforce" title="Women in the workforce">Workforce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exchange_of_women" title="Exchange of women">Exchange of women</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#e4daed;padding:0.15em 0 0 0.4em;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_science" title="Women in science">Science</a></li><li>Technology</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_computing" title="Women in computing">Computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_engineering" title="Women in engineering">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_geology" title="Women in geology">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_medicine" title="Women in medicine">Medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_dentistry" title="Women in dentistry">dentistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_dentistry_in_the_United_States" title="Women in dentistry in the United States">in the United States</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_organizations_for_women_in_science" title="List of organizations for women in science">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_science" title="Women in science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_STEM_fields" title="Women in STEM fields"><span class="wrap">Science, technology, engineering and mathematics</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_space" title="Women in space">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_telegraphy" title="Women in telegraphy">Telegraphy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#e4daed;padding:0.15em 0 0 0.4em;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_artists" title="Women artists">Arts</a></li><li>Humanities</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_architecture" title="Women in architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_artists" title="Women artists">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_art_history_field" title="Women in the art history field">Art history field</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_cinema" title="Women's cinema">Women's cinema</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_dance" title="Women in dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_film" title="Women in film">Film</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chick_flick" title="Chick flick">"Chick flicks"</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_artists" title="Women artists">Fine arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_writing_(literary_category)" title="Women's writing (literary category)">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_speculative_fiction" title="Women in speculative fiction">Science fiction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_philosophy" title="Women in philosophy">Philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosophy" title="Feminist philosophy">Feminist philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_photographers" title="Women photographers">Photographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_music" title="Women in music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_jazz" title="Women in jazz">Jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_punk_rock" title="Women in punk rock">Punk rock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Shakespeare%27s_works" title="Women in Shakespeare's works">In Shakespeare's works</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#e4daed;padding:0.15em 0 0 0.4em;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_and_religion" title="Women and religion">Religion</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_as_theological_figures" title="Women as theological figures">Theological figures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_gender_equality" title="Baháʼí Faith and gender equality">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Bible" title="Women in the Bible">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" title="Women in Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Christianity" title="Women in Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Women in the Catholic Church">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_women" title="Mormonism and women">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Opus_Dei" title="Women in Opus Dei">Opus Dei</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Hinduism" title="Women in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Islam" title="Women in Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Judaism" title="Women in Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Sikhism" title="Women in Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Taoism" title="Women in Taoism">Taoism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#e4daed;padding:0.15em 0 0 0.4em;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Popular culture</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Female_comics_creators" title="Female comics creators">Comics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portrayal_of_women_in_American_comics" title="Portrayal of women in American comics">Portrayal in American comics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_film" title="Women in film">Film industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_music" title="Women in music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_piracy#Pirate_women_in_fiction" title="Women in piracy">Fictional pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_speculative_fiction" title="Women in speculative fiction">Speculative fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_and_video_games" title="Women and video games">Video games</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_representation_in_video_games" title="Gender representation in video games">Gender representation in video games</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#e4daed;padding:0.15em 0 0 0.4em;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_sports" title="Women's sports">Sports</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auto_racing" title="Auto racing">Auto racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_baseball" title="Women in baseball">Baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_basketball" title="Women's basketball">Basketball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_boxing" title="Women's boxing">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_cricket" title="Women's cricket">Cricket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curling" title="Curling">Curling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycle_sport" title="Cycle sport">Cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fastpitch_softball" title="Fastpitch softball">Fastpitch softball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_association_football" title="Women's association football">Football / soccer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_major_golf_championships" title="Women's major golf championships">Golf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnastics" title="Gymnastics">Gymnastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">Ice hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_lacrosse" title="Women's lacrosse">Lacrosse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_mixed_martial_arts" title="Women's mixed martial arts">Mixed martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netball" title="Netball">Netball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paralympic_Games" title="Paralympic Games">Paralympic Games</a></li> <li>Rodeo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roller_derby" title="Roller derby">Roller derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rowing" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's rowing">Rowing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_surfing" title="Women's surfing">Surfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swimming_(sport)" title="Swimming (sport)">Swimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_tennis" title="Women's tennis">Tennis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_and_field" title="Track and field">Track and field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volleyball" title="Volleyball">Volleyball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_sports" title="Winter sports">Winter sports</a><br /></li></ul> See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_sports" title="List of sports">List of sports</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#e4daed;padding:0.15em 0 0 0.4em;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Women_by_country" title="Category:Women by country">By country</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Afghanistan" title="Women in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Albania" title="Women in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Algeria" title="Women in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Andorra" title="Women in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Angola" title="Women in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Argentina" title="Women in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Armenia" title="Women in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Australia" title="Women in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Azerbaijan" title="Women in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Bahrain" title="Women in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Bangladesh" title="Women in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Belgium" title="Women in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Benin" title="Women in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Bhutan" title="Women in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Women in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Brunei" title="Women in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Bulgaria" title="Women in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Cambodia" title="Women in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Chad" title="Women in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Chile" title="Women in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_China" title="Women in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Colombia" title="Women in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Comoros" title="Women in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Croatia" title="Women in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Cuba" title="Women in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Cyprus" title="Women in Cyprus">Cyprus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Women_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Women in Northern Cyprus">North</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Denmark" title="Women in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Women in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">DR Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Women in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Ecuador" title="Women in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Egypt" title="Women in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_El_Salvador" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_East_Timor" title="Women in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Ethiopia" title="Women in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Women in the Federated States of Micronesia">FS Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Fiji" title="Women in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Finland" title="Women in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_France" title="Women in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Women in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Germany" title="Women in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Ghana" title="Women in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Greece" title="Women in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Guatemala" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Guyana" title="Women in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Haiti" title="Women in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Honduras" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Iceland" title="Women in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Italy" title="Women in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_India" title="Women in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Indonesia" title="Women in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Iran" title="Women in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Iraq" title="Women in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Israel" title="Women in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Women in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Japan" title="Women in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Jordan" title="Women in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Kazakhstan" title="Women in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Kenya" title="Women in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Kiribati" title="Women in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Kuwait" title="Women in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Women in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Laos" title="Women in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Libya" title="Women in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Madagascar" title="Women in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Malaysia" title="Women in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Maldives" title="Women in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Mali" title="Women in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Women in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Mauritania" title="Women in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Mauritius" title="Women in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Mexico" title="Women in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Mongolia" title="Women in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Morocco" title="Women in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Myanmar" title="Women in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Nepal" title="Women in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_New_Zealand" title="Women in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Niger" title="Women in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Nigeria" title="Women in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_North_Korea" title="Women in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Oman" title="Women in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Pakistan" title="Women in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Palau" title="Women in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Panama" title="Women in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Paraguay" title="Women in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Peru" title="Women in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Philippines" title="Women in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Poland" title="Women in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Portugal" title="Women in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Qatar" title="Women in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Russia" title="Women in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Senegal" title="Women in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Seychelles" title="Women in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Women in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Singapore" title="Women in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Spain" title="Women in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Somalia" title="Women in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_South_Africa" title="Women in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_South_Korea" title="Women in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_South_Sudan" title="Women in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Sudan" title="Women in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Suriname" title="Women in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Women in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Sweden" title="Women in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Syria" title="Women in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Taiwan" title="Women in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Tajikistan" title="Women in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Thailand" title="Women in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Tonga" title="Women in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Tunisia" title="Women in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Turkey" title="Women in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Turkmenistan" title="Women in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Tuvalu" title="Women in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Women in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Uganda" title="Women in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Ukraine" title="Women in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Women in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of women in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_United_States" title="Women in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Uruguay" title="Women in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Uzbekistan" title="Women in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Vanuatu" title="Women in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Vatican_City" title="Women in Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Venezuela" title="Women in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Vietnam" title="Women in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Yemen" title="Women in Yemen">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_women" title="Kurdish women">Kurdistan</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Women_in_society_sidebar" title="Template:Women in society sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Women_in_society_sidebar" title="Template talk:Women in society sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Women_in_society_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Women in society sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Women in Lebanon</b> are treated according to patriarchal norms although the legal status of women has improved since the 20th century. <a href="/wiki/Gender_equality_in_Lebanon" title="Gender equality in Lebanon">Gender equality in Lebanon</a> remains problematic.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Active <a href="/wiki/Feminist" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminist">feminist</a> movements exist in <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> which are trying to overcome the legal and sociopolitical discrimination enshrined in law.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/17_October_Revolution" title="17 October Revolution">17 October Revolution</a>, women called for a reform of the sectarian system in Lebanon and petitioned to acquire equal rights in the spheres of citizenship, inheritance and protection against domestic violence.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Lebanon&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lebanese women obtained <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">women's suffrage</a> on February 8, 1953.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since that time, Lebanese women have made progress towards sustainable empowerment goals.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1997, Lebanon acceded to the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Elimination_of_All_Forms_of_Discrimination_Against_Women" title="Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women">Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women</a> (CEDAW). In 1998, Lebanon established the National Commission for Lebanese Women (NCLW).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>, Lebanese authorities fail to meet their legal obligations towards protecting women from violence and ending discrimination against them.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Trans_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans women">Trans women</a>, female <a href="/wiki/Sex_worker" title="Sex worker">sex workers</a>, refugees, and asylum seekers have endured systemic violence, including rape, in Lebanese detention centers.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Female migrant workers under the <a href="/wiki/Kafala_system" title="Kafala system"><i>Kafala</i> system</a>, with no labor laws to protect them, have faced employer abuse and negligence especially after the spread of <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a>, the economic crisis starting in August 2019, and the August 2020 <a href="/wiki/2020_Beirut_explosion" title="2020 Beirut explosion">Beirut port explosion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During a session with the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council" title="United Nations Human Rights Council">UN Human Rights Council</a> on January 18, 2021, Lebanon's Universal Periodical Review (UPR) submitted recommendations designed to enhance <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> measures and protections in Lebanon.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government of Lebanon, according to <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>, should yield to international pressures to address core issues regarding women's civil, social, and economic rights, especially since only minor improvements were made since its last review in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recommendations made by 47 governments at the UPR Working Group session included the end of torture via authority figures and their impunity, decriminalization of defamation, elimination of the <i>Kafala</i> system, and enhancement of citizens’ rights to protest, assemble, and have freedom of speech.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_framework">Legal framework</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Lebanon&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Legal framework"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The legal system in Lebanon, particularly its civil laws and personal status codes, significantly contributes to reinforcing gender inequality in Lebanese society. The Lebanese legal system draws its inspiration from the French Civil Code and Egyptian legal systems, and states that all citizens should be treated equally. This is articulated in Articles 7 and 12 of the 1926 <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Lebanon" title="Constitution of Lebanon">Lebanese Constitution</a>, which guarantee equal civil, political, and employment rights for all Lebanese citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This, however, is not the case in practice, particularly when it comes to women's rights and the way they continue to be marginalized in society. </p><p>Personal status and civil laws make up the two main categories of Lebanese law, and the former is what plays a vital role in reinforcing gender inequality. Personal status laws, including but not limited to all family-related issues such as inheritance, divorce, and marriage, are enforced by religious courts rather than the state, as members of religious communities are entitled to follow their own laws regarding personal status in accordance with their beliefs as stated in Article 9 and 10 of the Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:9_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, recognized religious groups in Lebanon have their own unique set of personal status codes that they are authorized to legislate and enforce independently of the State.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a lot of cases, these codes, influenced by religious and cultural beliefs, reinforce the notion that women are inferior to men, thereby treating them as second-class citizens which have disproportionate agency over their own lives in comparison to men. This is exacerbated when women enter marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of these religious institutions view the husband and wife as one, with the husband acting as the head and representative of the family. In turn, women effectively lose most of their civil rights after getting married and are instead perceived to be an extension of their husband. This is demonstrated in numerous codes across different religious sects in Lebanon which give more power to the husband in marital issues such as divorce and custody.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Amidst these legal and societal challenges, the debate around citizenship laws exemplifies the complex interplay between gender inequality and sectarian dynamics in Lebanon. "The specter of sectarian balance saturates current debates and efforts to amend Lebanese citizenship law. Political leaders, op-ed writers, and ordinary citizens frame women’s citizenship rights as a back door to the naturalization of Palestinian refugees and more recently Syrian refugees."<sup id="cite_ref-Mikdashi,_Maya_2022._p._35_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mikdashi,_Maya_2022._p._35-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This statement underscores the challenges faced in reforming citizenship laws to grant equal rights to women, highlighting how sectarian and demographic concerns often overshadow gender equality efforts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gender_roles">Gender roles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Lebanon&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Gender roles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gender roles in Lebanon are formed early through <a href="/wiki/Socialization" title="Socialization">socialization</a> within the family during one's childhood. In some regions, boys are taught to be aggressive and domineering, girls are instead taught to be gentle and submissive, in line with <a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">societal norms</a> and values regarding gender, however in most regions boys are raised to be protective and understanding, while girls are raised to be patient and sympathetic.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Married women are expected to prioritize home obligations and are at times criticized by their families or partners for not wanting to stay at home with the children. This creates a power imbalance between men and women, placing men in a more authoritative position which influences the way women are seen and treated in society, in addition to at home. This perception is changing however, with increased discussion and education surrounding gender equality and the marginalization of women in Lebanon. Traditional gender roles continue to be challenged with more women prioritizing their education and careers in attempt to reshape deeply rooted societal expectations.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This deeply entrenched gender disparity is further institutionalized by the Lebanese state through various legal and bureaucratic measures. For instance, "When Syrian or Palestinian women marry Lebanese men, General Security attaches a note to their names in the database of foreigners in the country... These regulations are illegal, racist, and sexist. Still, they have been imposed by General Security and implicitly accepted by civil personal status courts."<sup id="cite_ref-Mikdashi,_Maya_2022._p._35_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mikdashi,_Maya_2022._p._35-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This practice highlights how gender roles and expectations are not only socially constructed but are also legally enforced, reinforcing the notion that women's identities and rights are contingent upon their marital status and husband's nationality, thereby perpetuating gender inequality within the legal framework of the state. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage">Marriage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Lebanon&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Marriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The penal code in Lebanon, and specifically concerning marriage, used to be in favor of the man. However, it has witnessed some reforms. Article 562, which had historically been used to reduce sentences awarded for a non-premeditated honor killing resulting from an "illegitimate" sexual intercourse, was scrapped by the Lebanese Parliament on August 4, 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, in 2014, the Lebanese Parliament finally passed a full-fledged law targeting domestic violence.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, some existing laws still tend to favor men in some aspects. For example, if the male spouse is an adulterer, before being accused, his adulterous act is questioned on whether it was done in the marital home or in public. However, if a woman is accused of adulterous acts, she is automatically convicted. Moreover, if convicted, the sentencing time is less for a male than female (male: one month to one year, female: three months to three years).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recently, there have been talks about decriminalizing adultery altogether, and a draft law submitted by MP <a href="/wiki/Samy_Gemayel" title="Samy Gemayel">Samy Gemayel</a> on the matter is still pending review.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, in Lebanon under article 503 rape is defined as "forced sexual intercourse who is not his wife by violence or threat", through this definition, rape is not recognized in a marital relationship. However, through the 2014 law on domestic violence, there were claims of "marital rights to intercourse" would have penalties including fines but no mention of criminalization.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Draft law for descendants of Lebanese women</b> </p><p>Under the current <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_nationality_law" title="Lebanese nationality law">Lebanese nationality law</a>, descendants of Lebanese <a href="/wiki/Emigration" title="Emigration">emigrants</a> can only receive citizenship from their father; women cannot pass on citizenship to their spouses or children.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On November 7, 2015, <a href="/wiki/Gebran_Bassil" title="Gebran Bassil">Gebran Bassil</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_and_Emigrants_(Lebanon)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Emigrants (Lebanon)">Minister of Foreign Affairs and Emigrants</a> then, "refused to compromise on a draft law that would grant citizenship to the descendants of Lebanese expatriates by expanding it to include the foreign spouses and children of Lebanese women".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This resistance to amending citizenship laws to include women reflects a deeper issue embedded within Lebanon's legal and societal structures. "The challenges of extending the right to pass citizenship status to the children and spouses of Lebanese women are grounded in the structural conditions of sexual difference and the masculinist state. Extending full citizenship rights to women would require a complete overhaul of the census regime and how it defines, regulates, and produces sextarian difference."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The systemic exclusion of women from full citizenship rights demonstrates how deeply sectarianism and gender discrimination are intertwined in Lebanon, affecting not only the legal status of individuals but also perpetuating inequalities that are deeply rooted in the nation's political and social fabric. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Single_mothers">Single mothers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Lebanon&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Single mothers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A large proportion of Lebanese society is still against premarital sex or single mothers, and there have been many cases where Lebanese women were blacklisted by their families for them being pregnant before marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some people have even reached the extent to kill their sister or daughter for having alleged pre-marital sexual relationships, calling it an "honor crime".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Lebanon, the first reach in this situation is usually for the parents to make the man marry their daughter. The second attempt is to convince the women to have an abortion.<sup id="cite_ref-al-monitor.com_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-al-monitor.com-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hospital_practices_in_maternity_wards">Hospital practices in maternity wards</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Lebanon&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Hospital practices in maternity wards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Eight out of 39 hospitals in Lebanon had well established prenatal care classes, however only three actually enrolled all women in these classes. There were other forms of providing, such as information at a low, only having four hospitals giving written information regarding care during the labor as well as delivery. Six healthcare providers reported that inquiring women about their preferences. Furthermore, few gave women any opportunity for procedures such as shaving, enema or fetal monitoring application. Lastly, it was seen that all places had strict mobility for women in the delivery process, including eight who tied their arms and legs.<sup id="cite_ref-heapol.oxfordjournals.org_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heapol.oxfordjournals.org-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Children">Children</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Lebanon&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Children"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Parenting was an important <a href="/wiki/Political" class="mw-redirect" title="Political">political</a> act for some Lebanese in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>. This resulted in the reflection of critical transformations in <a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Lebanon_relations" title="France–Lebanon relations">French-Lebanese relations</a>, but also contributed significantly to the process of the state formation. Literature situating children in any historical context in Lebanon is also liable to frame childhood in highly static terms and to underestimate its significance in a matrix of other social, cultural, political, and economic forces. Those identified as such were variously understood as infants, children, youth, adolescents, boys, or girls, mostly on account of the social and gender roles they played, rather than any other set of factors, but also sometimes by age, biology, and even class. One of the most conflicted domains, however, in which definitions of the child were called into question was the law. Also, for Islamic jurists, the age at which a woman received her first menses was important for several reasons. Not only did it signal her entry into adulthood biologically, but it also meant that her responsibilities as a Muslim increased significantly.<sup id="cite_ref-search.proquest.com_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-search.proquest.com-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_and_legal_status">Religious and legal status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Lebanon&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Religious and legal status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Lebanon personal matters, such as marriage and inheritance, are subject to 15 different personal status laws. These legal statuses had been established along <a href="/wiki/Sectarianism" title="Sectarianism">sectarian</a> lines in the <a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon" title="Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon">French mandate</a> system including <a href="/wiki/Shi%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'a">Shi'a</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maronite_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Maronite Christians">Maronite Christians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a> parties, all of which nowadays "compete to preserve narrow sectarian interests, not those of a unified Lebanon".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to the large number of officially recognized <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Lebanon#Religious_groups" title="Demographics of Lebanon">religions in Lebanon</a>, Lebanese family matters are governed by at least 15 personal status laws.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hence, Lebanese women have legal protection that varies depending on their <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lebanon" title="Religion in Lebanon">religion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Lebanon" title="Islam in Lebanon">Muslim</a> families, <a href="/wiki/Marriageable_age" title="Marriageable age">marriageable age</a> can be as soon as the child reaches puberty and <a href="/wiki/Polygyny_in_Islam" title="Polygyny in Islam">polygamy</a> is allowed. Muslim women can legally marry <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Lebanon" title="Christianity in Lebanon">Christian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebanese Jews">Jewish</a> men. For example, a Lebanese Catholic man may marry a Muslim woman on the condition of getting their children baptized. Otherwise, the couple may opt for civil marriage performed abroad, which can be registered at any Lebanese Embassy, thus giving it official recognition. This, in fact, is a particularly popular option, with Cyprus usually acting as the destination of choice.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Even though the Lebanese constitution includes "equality in rights and obligations between all citizens without distinction or preference", many laws still contain provisions that discriminate against women. This is due to Lebanese personal status laws, through which Lebanese women's citizenship are subject to their husband's and father's personal status.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This personal status depends on men's legal sectarian affiliation. For example, Lebanese women cannot pass on their <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_nationality_law" title="Lebanese nationality law">Lebanese nationality</a> to their non-Lebanese husband or their children.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Lebanon&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Women's_suffrage"><span id="Women.27s_suffrage"></span>Women's suffrage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Lebanon&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Women's suffrage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Lebanon#Women's_voting_rights" title="Human rights in Lebanon">Human rights in Lebanon § Women's voting rights</a></div> <p>France confirmed the electoral system of the former Ottoman Mount Lebanon province in setting up a Representative Council for Greater Lebanon in 1922. Two stage elections, universal adult male suffrage, and multimember multi-communal constituencies continued the situation that prevailed in Mount Lebanon up to 1914.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The women's movement organized in Lebanon with the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian-Lebanese_Women%27s_Union" title="Syrian-Lebanese Women's Union">Syrian-Lebanese Women's Union</a> in 1924; split in the Women's Union led under <a href="/wiki/Ibtihaj_Qaddoura" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibtihaj Qaddoura">Ibtihaj Qaddoura</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lebanese_Women_Solidarity_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lebanese Women Solidarity Association (page does not exist)">Lebanese Women Solidarity Association</a> under <a href="/wiki/Laure_Thabet" title="Laure Thabet">Laure Thabet</a> in 1946, the women's movement united again when the two biggest women's organizations, the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Women%27s_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebanese Women's Union">Lebanese Women's Union</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Women%27s_Solidarity_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christian Women's Solidarity Association (page does not exist)">Christian Women's Solidarity Association</a> created the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Council_of_Women" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebanese Council of Women">Lebanese Council of Women</a> in 1952 to campaign for women's suffrage, a task which finally succeeded, after an intense campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-Arenfeldt_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arenfeldt-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Women in Lebanon gained <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">suffrage</a> in 1952, only five years after men did in the new Republic (in the year 1947). The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Lebanon" title="Constitution of Lebanon">Lebanese constitution</a>—specifically Article 7—proclaimed that "All Lebanese are equal under the law, enjoying equally civil and political rights, and performing duties and public responsibility without any discrimination among them." This however did not protect against <a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">gender discrimination</a> and thus women were not equally protected. Women were refused the right to vote by earlier Lebanese governments, and they were not granted voting rights until they began organizing petitions demanding for equal rights between genders. In 1952, the Women's Political Rights Agreement was signed, and it gave Lebanese women who had at least finished elementary education the right to vote.<sup id="cite_ref-refworld.org_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refworld.org-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The limitation requiring women to at least have an elementary education to vote was lifted five years later in 1957 without much discourse.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_representation">Political representation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Lebanon&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Political representation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Women_in_government" title="Women in government">Women in government</a></div> <p>Women gained the right to vote halfway into the 20th century, thirty years after American women suffragists gained the right in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-refworld.org_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refworld.org-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though the women of Lebanon garnered their right to vote fairly early on, there is still a huge lack of them in Lebanon's political sphere. The political field in Lebanon, like most of the rest of the world, is male dominated.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following her father's passing in 1963, <a href="/wiki/Myrna_Bustani" title="Myrna Bustani">Myrna Bustani</a> became the first woman to be elected to parliament. After the fact, there were no female members in the Lebanese cabinet until 2005, when three women ministers were appointed: Wafaa’ Diqa Hamzeh as Minister of Industry, <a href="/wiki/Leila_Al_Solh" title="Leila Al Solh">Leila Solh Hamadeh</a> as Minister of State and <a href="/wiki/Nayla_Moawad" title="Nayla Moawad">Nayla Moawad</a> as Minister of Social affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the highest number of women in the Lebanese parliament at the time and despite the accomplishment, Lebanon was ranked 125th out of 138 nations concerning women's representation in parliament by the <a href="/wiki/Inter-Parliamentary_Union" title="Inter-Parliamentary Union">Inter-Parliamentary Union</a> due to women making up only 4.7% of its cabinet.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Lebanon, a significant portion of women who have been elected or appointed to important political roles have done so through family ties with existing or former powerful politicians. <a href="/wiki/Nayla_Moawad" title="Nayla Moawad">Nayla Moawad</a> for instance, is the widow of former Lebanese President <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Moawad" title="René Moawad">Rene Moawad</a> who was assassinated; and <a href="/wiki/Bahia_Hariri" title="Bahia Hariri">Bahia Hariri</a>, later elected in 2008 as Minister of Education was the sister of former Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Rafic_Hariri" title="Rafic Hariri">Rafik Hariri</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stereotypes surrounding women's lack of interest in politics and power are frequently used as an excuse for the under representation of women in Lebanese politics; however, it is the lack of faith and support for female leaders in members of society due to societal norms and gender roles that causes this discrepancy in representation.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_40-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2009, there had only been 17 women to serve on <a href="/wiki/Parliament" title="Parliament">parliament</a> since <a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">suffrage</a>. That number is rather dismal, but it paints the perfect picture of what the outlook of women in parliament is. The lack of women in <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Lebanon" title="Politics of Lebanon">politics</a> is chalked up the political exclusivity that is bred in Lebanon, constricting societal norms and <a href="/wiki/Gender_roles" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender roles">gender roles</a>. The political arena in the country is mostly made of a small number of <a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">elite</a> families that have been in power since the 1950s,1960s, and the beginning of suffrage. There is an extreme lack of women in elected and appointed political positions. To combat the low rate of women's participation in politics and government, the Lebanese Women's Council (LWC) planned a conference in 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-refworld.org_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refworld.org-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with other women's NGOs, the LWC proposed a quota system to the government to ensure women's equal representation in elections.<sup id="cite_ref-refworld.org_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refworld.org-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Lebanese constitution is a <a href="/wiki/Law_of_France" title="Law of France">French system</a>, which promotes equality between "all" citizens. However, in Lebanon the governmental power of the country is separated by the religious factions based on the size of each of their populations. These figures are extremely outdated and are based on a census of the country that was taken in the year 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2009 according to Don Duncan of <i>Le Monde Diplomatique</i> (English edition), "With only 3.1% of seats now occupied by women, Lebanon is at the bottom of the table of parliamentary representation of women in the Middle East, down with conservative Gulf states like: <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a> (none), <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> (0.3%) and <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a> (2.7%) (2), whereas neighboring <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> has 12.4%, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a> has 22.8% and Iraq has a 25% quota for women".<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the 2022 Lebanese general elections, a record eight female candidates of different political ideologies were elected to the Lebanese parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Lebanon&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Education was on the colonial agenda from beginning to end and was awarded special attention on account of its perceived ability to effect the greatest change in the greatest number of Lebanese. It was also something that missionaries and colonial administrators believed they could collaborate on together, as they imagined a similar citizen-figure into which Lebanese children were to be crafted by the West. Young people were marked out by foreign missionaries for their potential to transform not just the next generation of Lebanese but also the present generation of parents, especially mothers.<sup id="cite_ref-search.proquest.com_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-search.proquest.com-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Efforts to provide women with education in Lebanon appeared in the 1860s. In 1860, the idea of having a school for girls started to manifest after the <a href="/wiki/1860_civil_conflict_in_Mount_Lebanon_and_Damascus" title="1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus">civil war in Mount Lebanon</a>. Following the war, the need for women to work was recognized to rebuild the struggling post-war economy. During the period 1860 to 1869, the number of schools for girls significantly increased from 4 to 23 schools. Similarly, after <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the need to educate women was further emphasized and a new idea toward women roles was established. Women started to be offered jobs as nurses, technicians, teachers, and office assistance. Accordingly, more women were encouraged to get educated. Moreover, during the first half of the 20th-century colleges started to accept women students. The American Junior College for Women was founded in 1924 being the first college in Lebanon built only for women. At the time only two other colleges admitted women which are the American University of Beirut and Universite St. Joseph.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economic_life">Economic life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Lebanon&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Economic life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Civil_war_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil war in Lebanon">Lebanese Civil War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/1982_Lebanon_War" title="1982 Lebanon War">Israeli Invasion of Lebanon</a> have affected Lebanon's economy tremendously. Since 2008 their economy has grown about 8 percent but not significantly enough as they are still a country highly in debt from war. Women in correlation with the economy have been able to participate since the 1970s but they are still underrepresented in the labor force and are the first to be negatively impacted when the economy fails. Currently in Lebanon, Article 215 of their Law of Contracts and Obligations allow men and women the same right to own and administer property. Married women can even own and manage their property separately regardless of their religious affiliation.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Workforce">Workforce</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Lebanon&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Workforce"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to a report by the <a href="/wiki/International_Foundation_for_Electoral_Systems" title="International Foundation for Electoral Systems">International Foundation for Electoral Systems</a> (IFES) and the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Women%27s_Policy_Research" title="Institute for Women's Policy Research">Institute for Women's Policy Research</a> (IWPR), most women in Lebanon under the age of 25 aspired to at least attend college or university (75% of respondents). The top fields of study for women under 25 were reported to be business administration (15%), hard sciences (11%) and art and design (10%). Despite the majority of women stating their intention to work in the future, only 37% of women actually work (compared to 78% of men). The most common reason, by far (58%), for not working is the women's duties as a housewife.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Feminism_and_activism">Feminism and activism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Lebanon&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Feminism and activism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/17_October_Revolution" title="17 October Revolution">17 October Revolution</a></div> <p>Women who are engaged in political organizations often acquire social stigma. For example, many women within the Palestinian resistance movement live in Lebanese camps. These women "have political meetings at night and often sleep away from home. Many have been called prostitutes for doing so. But they have stood fast saying that their country comes before family".<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Local and regional <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">NGOs</a> have helped to increase awareness of <a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">violence against women</a> in Lebanon.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, government policies regarding this are poor, and attempts to implement new laws that would protect women against violence have been met with resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lebanon's laws do not recognize the concept of spousal rape,<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and attempts to add this to law have been attacked by Lebanese clerics. There are between eight and eleven rapes and murders of spouses reported in the media every year.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2010, a draft version of the Law to Protect Women from Family Violence was proposed, to stop domestic violence against women, including <a href="/wiki/Marital_rape" title="Marital rape">marital rape</a>. Over time, while it was stuck at Parliament, this law was amended continuously due to objections of religious conservatives. Suggestions to amend the law included removal of the segment outlining marital rape as a crime.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 2020, the Lebanese parliament passed a law criminalizing <a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">sexual harassment</a>, in which the perpetrators might spend up to four years in prison.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organizations">Organizations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Lebanon&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Founded in 1947, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=League_for_Lebanese_Women%27s_Rights&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="League for Lebanese Women's Rights (page does not exist)">League for Lebanese Women's Rights</a> (LLWR) is a non-profit democratic and secular organization that works with volunteers in several branches dispersed within Lebanon.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The organization seeks to implement the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Elimination_of_All_Forms_of_Discrimination_Against_Women" title="Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women">Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women</a> (CEDAW) in Lebanon. One convention, as part of CEDAW, seeks to amend Lebanese nationality laws that prevent women from passing their citizenship to their children.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another organization is "The A Project", a feminist sexual health organization founded in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The organization provides a sexuality hotline, solidarity groups, outreach and training, and conducts research into sexuality issues in Lebanon.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016, they received a 20,000 euro grant from Mama Cash, a feminist grant-giving organization that supports services for women, girls, trans and non-binary people, and intersex people.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the COVID-19 pandemic, there have been several female-led initiatives. Lebanon Family Planning Association for Development and Family Empowerment (LFPADE) has provided life-saving services, including pediatric services, and maintained women and girls’ <a href="/wiki/Sexual_and_reproductive_health_and_rights" title="Sexual and reproductive health and rights">Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights</a> (SRHR) by keeping its medical centers open and providing these services to marginalized communities —including refugees.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Palestinian Women's Humanitarian Organization (PWHO) is a non-profit organization founded in 1988 that supports Syrian and Palestinian female refugees and children living in camps in Lebanon.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> PWHO has shared COVID-19 related health information such as symptoms, prevention, and treatment with refugees living in camps in Lebanon via WhatsApp and Facebook. Members from the organization are going door-to-door to provide hard-to-reach displaced persons with health kits, information, and health checkups.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="People">People</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Lebanon&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: People"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Emily_Nasrallah" title="Emily Nasrallah">Emily Nasrallah</a> was a Lebanese author and women's rights activist.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was granted the <a href="/wiki/National_Order_of_the_Cedar" title="National Order of the Cedar">National Order of the Cedar</a> by President of the Republic of Lebanon General <a href="/wiki/Michel_Aoun" title="Michel Aoun">Michel Aoun</a> in recognition of her literary contributions one month before her death.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She documented the women's rights movement during the Lebanese civil war.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Lebanon&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_football_in_Lebanon" title="Women's football in Lebanon">Women's football in Lebanon</a></div> <p>In Lebanon, women in sports have historically faced challenges despite their commitment and passion to compete. This namely includes having to deal with societal norms and perceptions regarding gender roles, limited resources, and insufficient exposure. Despite this, several Lebanese female athletes have achieved great success, not just in Lebanon, but on an international level across different sports.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:11_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of these athletes include <a href="/wiki/Ray_Bassil" title="Ray Bassil">Ray Bassil</a>, a trap shooter; <a href="/wiki/Mahassen_Fattouh" title="Mahassen Fattouh">Mahassen Hala Fattouh</a>, a weightlifter; <a href="/wiki/Gabriella_Doueihy" title="Gabriella Doueihy">Gabriella Douaihy</a>, a swimmer; and <a href="/wiki/Aziza_Sbaity" title="Aziza Sbaity">Aziza Sbaity</a>, a sprinter.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:11_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All these Lebanese athletes competed during the <a href="/wiki/2020_Summer_Olympics" title="2020 Summer Olympics">2020 Olympics in Tokyo</a> except for <a href="/wiki/Aziza_Sbaity" title="Aziza Sbaity">Aziza Sbaity</a>, who plans to achieve her dream of representing Lebanon in the 2024 Olympics.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_64-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Music">Music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Lebanon&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A significant part of Middle Eastern culture is its music, and Lebanon is home to some of the most renowned musicians in the area. There are several Lebanese women artists that have become household names all around Middle East, exhibiting a variety of musical genres and styles over the years. Most notable are <a href="/wiki/Fairuz" title="Fairuz">Fairuz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Ajram" title="Nancy Ajram">Nancy Ajram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elissa_(singer)" title="Elissa (singer)">Elissa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Najwa_Karam" title="Najwa Karam">Najwa Karam</a> and even <a href="/wiki/Shakira" title="Shakira">Shakira</a> who also of Lebanese descent.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rankings">Rankings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Lebanon&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Rankings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/World_Economic_Forum" title="World Economic Forum">World Economic Forum</a>'s 2021 <a href="/wiki/Global_Gender_Gap_Report" title="Global Gender Gap Report">Global Gender Gap Report</a>, in terms of gender equality, Lebanese women (with higher numbers being better) in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> region were behind Israel (.724), Egypt (.639), and tied with Jordan (.638), and ranked 132nd out of 156 countries in the report.<sup id="cite_ref-www3.weforum.org_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www3.weforum.org-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Regarding the GGGR subindex, Lebanon ranked 112 of 156 on political empowerment, 82 of 156 on health and survival, 139 of 156 on economic opportunity, and 113 of 156 on educational attainment.<sup id="cite_ref-www3.weforum.org_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www3.weforum.org-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Lebanon&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Islam" title="Women in Islam">Women in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Arab_societies" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Arab societies">Women in Arab societies</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Lebanon&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf">"Human Development Report 2021/2022"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORTS<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2021%2F2022&rft.pub=HUMAN+DEVELOPMENT+REPORTS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fglobal-report-document%2Fhdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GGGR_2022.pdf">"Global Gender Gap Report 2022"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. World Economic Forum<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=10+Of+The+Greatest+And+Most+Famous+Lebanese+Singers&rft.date=2022-06-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhellomusictheory.com%2Flearn%2Ffamous-lebanese-singers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-www3.weforum.org-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-www3.weforum.org_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-www3.weforum.org_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GGGR_2021.pdf">"Global Gender Gap Report 2021"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+Gender+Gap+Report+2021&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww3.weforum.org%2Fdocs%2FWEF_GGGR_2021.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Lebanon&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lebanon_topics" title="Template:Lebanon topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lebanon_topics" title="Template talk:Lebanon topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lebanon_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lebanon topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lebanon_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Lebanon" title="Outline of Lebanon">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lebanon" title="History of Lebanon">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Lebanon" title="History of ancient Lebanon">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia_under_Hellenistic_rule" title="Phoenicia under Hellenistic rule">Hellenistic era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia_under_Roman_rule" title="Phoenicia under Roman rule">Roman era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lebanon#Arab_rule" title="History of Lebanon">Arab era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lebanon#Crusader_kingdoms" title="History of Lebanon">Crusader era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lebanon#Mamluk_rule" title="History of Lebanon">Mamluk era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Mount_Lebanon" title="Emirate of Mount Lebanon">Emirate of Mount Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Qaim-Maqamate_of_Mount_Lebanon" title="Double Qaim-Maqamate of Mount Lebanon">Double Qaim-Maqamate of Mount Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon_Mutasarrifate" title="Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate">Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Lebanon" title="Greater Lebanon">French mandate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedar_Revolution" title="Cedar Revolution">Cedar Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War_spillover_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War spillover in Lebanon">Syrian Civil War spillover in Lebanon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Lebanon" title="Geography of Lebanon">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Lebanon_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Lebanon Mountains">Anti-Lebanon Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beqaa_Valley" title="Beqaa Valley">Beqaa Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Lebanon" title="Template:Borders of Lebanon">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Lebanon" title="List of cities and towns in Lebanon">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Lebanon" title="Districts of Lebanon">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Lebanon" title="Governorates of Lebanon">Governorates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon" title="Mount Lebanon">Mount Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shebaa_farms" class="mw-redirect" title="Shebaa farms">Shebaa farms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Lebanon" title="Southern Lebanon">Southern Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Lebanon" title="Wildlife of Lebanon">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Lebanon" title="Politics of Lebanon">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Lebanon" title="Constitution of Lebanon">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Lebanon" title="Corruption in Lebanon">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Lebanon" title="Foreign relations of Lebanon">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Lebanon" title="Human rights in Lebanon">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Lebanon" title="Abortion in Lebanon">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Lebanon">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Armed_Forces" title="Lebanese Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Lebanon" title="List of political parties in Lebanon">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Lebanon" title="President of Lebanon">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Lebanon" title="Prime Minister of Lebanon">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_Parliament_of_Lebanon" title="List of speakers of the Parliament of Lebanon">Speaker of Parliament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Lebanon" title="Economy of Lebanon">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Lebanon" title="Agriculture in Lebanon">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banque_du_Liban" title="Banque du Liban">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Lebanon" title="International rankings of Lebanon">International rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_pound" title="Lebanese pound">Pound <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications in Lebanon">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Lebanon" title="Tourism in Lebanon">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Lebanon" title="Transport in Lebanon">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_economy_in_Lebanon" title="Drug economy in Lebanon">Drug industry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Lebanon" title="Culture of Lebanon">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Lebanon" title="Architecture of Lebanon">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Lebanon" title="Cinema of Lebanon">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_cuisine" title="Lebanese cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_wine" title="Lebanese wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Lebanon" title="Demographics of Lebanon">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Lebanon" title="Education in Lebanon">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Lebanon" title="Flag of Lebanon">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Lebanon" title="Languages of Lebanon">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Lebanon" title="Music of Lebanon">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Lebanon" title="Public holidays in Lebanon">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lebanon" title="Religion in Lebanon">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Lebanon" title="Sport in Lebanon">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Lebanon" title="Television in Lebanon">Television</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Lebanon" title="Outline of Lebanon">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Lebanon" title="Outline of Lebanon">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lebanon" title="Category:Lebanon">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Lebanon" title="Portal:Lebanon">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Women_in_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Women_in_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Asia" title="Women in Asia">Women in Asia </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Afghanistan" title="Women in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Armenia" title="Women in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Azerbaijan" title="Women in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Bahrain" title="Women in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Bangladesh" title="Women in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Bhutan" title="Women in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Brunei" title="Women in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Cambodia" title="Women in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_China" title="Women in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Cyprus" title="Women in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_East_Timor" title="Women in East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Egypt" title="Women in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Women in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_India" title="Women in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Indonesia" title="Women in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Iran" title="Women in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Iraq" title="Women in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Israel" title="Women in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Japan" title="Women in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Jordan" title="Women in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Kazakhstan" title="Women in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_North_Korea" title="Women in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_South_Korea" title="Women in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Kuwait" title="Women in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Women in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Laos" title="Women in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Malaysia" title="Women in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Maldives" title="Women in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Mongolia" title="Women in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Myanmar" title="Women in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Nepal" title="Women in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a 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