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Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%85-1" title="كوانتم-1 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كوانتم-1" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82-1_(%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%80)" title="Квант-1 (модул на Мир) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Квант-1 (модул на Мир)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvant-1" title="Kvant-1 – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kvant-1" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwant" title="Kwant – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kwant" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvant-1" title="Kvant-1 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kvant-1" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvant-1" title="Kvant-1 – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Kvant-1" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvant-1" title="Kvant-1 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kvant-1" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%90%E3%83%B3%E3%83%881" title="クバント1 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クバント1" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvant-1" title="Kvant-1 – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kvant-1" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwant-1" title="Kwant-1 – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kwant-1" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvant-1" title="Kvant-1 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Kvant-1" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82-1" title="Квант-1 – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Квант-1" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvant-1" title="Kvant-1 – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kvant-1" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvant-1" title="Kvant-1 – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kvant-1" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82_(%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%97_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97_%C2%AB%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%80%C2%BB)" title="Квант (модуль орбітальної станції «Мир») – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Квант (модуль орбітальної станції «Мир»)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%901%E5%8F%B7" title="量子1号 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="量子1号" data-language-autonym="中文" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Soviet space module</div> <table class="toccolours" style="width: 25em; float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em;"> <caption style="margin-left: inherit; font-size: larger;"><b>Kvant-1 Module (<a href="/wiki/Mir" title="Mir">Mir</a>)</b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kvant-1_(1995-02-06)_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kvant-1 in 1995"><img alt="Kvant-1 in 1995" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Kvant-1_%281995-02-06%29_cropped.jpg/200px-Kvant-1_%281995-02-06%29_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Kvant-1_%281995-02-06%29_cropped.jpg/300px-Kvant-1_%281995-02-06%29_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Kvant-1_%281995-02-06%29_cropped.jpg/400px-Kvant-1_%281995-02-06%29_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="915" data-file-height="762" /></a></span><br />Kvant-1 in 1995 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background: #FFDEAD;">Module statistics </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>Mission name</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mir" title="Mir">Mir</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td><b>Launch</b></td> <td>March 31, 1987<br />00:06:16 <a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_200" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 200">LC-200/39</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome">Baikonur Cosmodrome</a>, USSR </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td><b>Launch vehicle</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Proton-K" title="Proton-K">Proton-K</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td><b>Docked</b></td> <td>April 9, 1987<br />00:35:58 <a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td><b>Re-entry</b></td> <td>March 23, 2001<br />05:50:00 UTC </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td><b>Time in Orbit</b></td> <td>5106 days, 5 hours <sup id="cite_ref-Manned_Astronautics_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manned_Astronautics-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td><b>Length</b></td> <td>5.3 m </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td><b>Diameter</b></td> <td>4.35 m <sup id="cite_ref-RussianSpaceweb.com_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RussianSpaceweb.com-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td><b>Launch Mass (includes FSM):</b></td> <td>20,600 kg<sup id="cite_ref-MHH_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MHH-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td><b>Module Mass</b></td> <td>11,000 kg (at launch)<sup id="cite_ref-MHH_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MHH-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td><b>FSM Mass</b></td> <td>9,600 kg (at launch)<sup id="cite_ref-MHH_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MHH-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td><b>Habitable volume</b></td> <td>40 m<sup>3</sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Kvant-1</b> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Квант-1</span>; <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>: <b>Quantum-I/1</b>) (37KE) was the first module to be attached in 1987 to the <a href="/wiki/Mir_Core_Module" title="Mir Core Module">Mir Core Module</a>, which formed the core of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> <a href="/wiki/Space_station" title="Space station">space station</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Mir" title="Mir">Mir</a></i>. It remained attached to <i>Mir</i> until the entire space station was deorbited in 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-RSWtks_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RSWtks-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Kvant-1 module contained scientific instruments for astrophysical observations and materials science experiments. It was used to conduct research into the physics of active galaxies, quasars and neutron stars and it was uniquely positioned for studies of the Supernova <a href="/wiki/SN_1987A" title="SN 1987A">SN 1987A</a>. Furthermore, it supported biotechnology experiments in anti-viral preparations and fractions. Some additions to Kvant-1 during its lifetime were solar arrays and the <i>Sofora</i> and <i>Rapana</i> girders. </p><p>The Kvant-1 module was based on the <a href="/wiki/TKS_(spacecraft)" title="TKS (spacecraft)">TKS spacecraft</a> and was the first, experimental version of a planned series of '37K' type modules. The 37K modules featured a jettisonable TKS-E type propulsion module, also called the Functional Service Module (FSM). The control system of Kvant-1 had been developed by <a href="/wiki/Khartron" title="Khartron">NPO "Electropribor"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kharkiv" title="Kharkiv">Kharkiv</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After previous engineering tests with the <a href="/wiki/Salyut_6" title="Salyut 6">Salyut 6</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salyut_7" title="Salyut 7">Salyut 7</a> space stations (and temporarily attached TKS-derived space station modules like <a href="/wiki/Kosmos_1267" title="Kosmos 1267">Kosmos 1267</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kosmos_1443" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosmos 1443">Kosmos 1443</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kosmos_1686" title="Kosmos 1686">Kosmos 1686</a>) it became the first space station module to be attached semi-permanently to the first modular space station in the history of space flight.<sup id="cite_ref-MHH_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MHH-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kvant-1 was originally planned to be docked to the Salyut 7 space station, the plans however evolved to launch to <i>Mir</i>, initially considered on board the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Buran" class="mw-redirect" title="Space Shuttle Buran"><i>Buran</i></a> space shuttle, which finally changed to a launch to <i>Mir</i> by the <a href="/wiki/Proton-K" title="Proton-K">Proton-K</a> rocket. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvant-1&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mir-kvant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7f/Mir-kvant.jpg/300px-Mir-kvant.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/7f/Mir-kvant.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="343" data-file-height="290" /></a><figcaption>Kvant-1 docked to the <a href="/wiki/Mir_Core_Module" title="Mir Core Module">Mir Core Module</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-3" title="Soyuz TM-3">Soyuz TM-3</a> docked to its aft port.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Kvant spacecraft represented the first use of a new kind of Soviet space station module, designated 37K. An order authorising the beginning of development was issued on 17 September 1979. The basic 37K design consisted of a 4.2 m diameter pressurised cylinder with a docking port at the forward end. It was not equipped with its own propulsion system. The original authorisation was for a total of eight 37K's of various configurations: </p> <ul><li>One experimental 37KE (using a surplus FGB module of the cancelled Chelomei TKS crewed ferry as a tug) which would be docked to the front port of the Salyut 7 space station.</li> <li>Four 37KS modules for Mir. These would be delivered and docked to the station by a new lighter-weight FGO tug.</li> <li>Three 37KB modules. These would be carried in the payload bay of the Buran space shuttle. They could remain attached to the bay or (modified to the 37KBI configuration) be docked to the Mir or Mir-2 space stations using the Buran manipulator arm.</li></ul> <p>The 37KE was designated Kvant and was equipped with an astrophysics payload. It also used the Salyut-5B digital flight control computer and Gyrodyne flywheel orientation system developed for <a href="/wiki/Almaz" title="Almaz">Almaz</a>. As the module neared completion Salyut 7 experienced numerous technical problems and Kvant was retargeted for docking with Mir. But at that time Mir was planned to be in a 65-degree orbit, and Kvant was 800 kg too heavy for the Proton launch vehicle to place in such an orbit. In January 1985 Mir was changed to a 51.6-degree orbit, which solved one problem. But now it was planned that Kvant would dock with the rear port of Mir, requiring the addition of lines to conduct rocket propellant from the Progress tanker spacecraft to Mir's storage tanks. This increased weight again, forcing the FGB to have its propellant load reduced to 60% in the high-pressure tanks and empty low-pressure tanks. With a reported total launch weight varying between 20,600 and 22,797 kilograms (45,415 and 50,259 lb),<sup id="cite_ref-MHH_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MHH-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EncyA_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncyA-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kvant-1 was supposedly at that time the heaviest payload lifted by Proton, requiring special custom modifications to its launch vehicle.<sup id="cite_ref-EncyA_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncyA-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvant-1&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mir_Kvant-1_module.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Mir_Kvant-1_module.gif/200px-Mir_Kvant-1_module.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Mir_Kvant-1_module.gif/300px-Mir_Kvant-1_module.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Mir_Kvant-1_module.gif/400px-Mir_Kvant-1_module.gif 2x" data-file-width="505" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption>Cut-away view of Kvant-1</figcaption></figure> <p>Kvant-1 consisted of two pressurized working compartments, one unpressurized experiment compartment and one small airlock for access to the telescopes and film change and retrieval. It also carried additional life support systems including an Elektron oxygen generator and equipment for removing carbon dioxide from the air.<sup id="cite_ref-MHH_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MHH-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scientific equipment on board Kvant-1 included:<sup id="cite_ref-MHH_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MHH-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EncyA_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncyA-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The <i>Roentgen</i> X-ray astronomy telescope suite with four instruments: <ul><li>TTM, a coded mask imaging spectrometer / wide-angle camera (Dutch/British)</li> <li><i>Sirene 2</i>, a gas scintillation proportional spectrometer (ESA)</li> <li>HEXE, the High Energy X-ray Experiment (German)</li> <li><i>Pulsar X-1</i>, an X-ray/gamma ray (20-1300 keV) detector</li></ul></li> <li><i>Glazar</i>, an ultraviolet telescope</li> <li><i>Mariya</i>, a magnetic spectrometer</li> <li><i>Svetlana</i>, an electrophoresis unit</li> <li>and finally <i>Arfa-E</i>, installed on the exterior of the module in January 1990 to investigate the Earth's ionosphere and magnetosphere</li></ul> <p>To allow astronomical observations, Kvant-1 carried – in addition to two Earth horizon sensors, two star sensors, and three star trackers<sup id="cite_ref-EncyA_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncyA-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – six <a href="/wiki/Gyroscope" title="Gyroscope">gyrodines</a> which permitted extremely accurate pointing of the entire Mir complex. As the gyrodines were powered by electricity, they also reduced significantly the amount of attitude control propellant needed by the Mir base block's control thrusters – saving 15 tons of propellant in the first two years. They did, however, use a great deal of electricity – the average consumption of the Kvant-1 module was estimated to have been 6.90 kW.<sup id="cite_ref-MHH_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MHH-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EncyA_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncyA-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Launch_and_docking">Launch and docking</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvant-1&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Launch and docking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mir_EO-2" title="Mir EO-2">Mir EO-2</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kvant_module_and_FSM_drawing.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Kvant_module_and_FSM_drawing.png/200px-Kvant_module_and_FSM_drawing.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Kvant_module_and_FSM_drawing.png/300px-Kvant_module_and_FSM_drawing.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Kvant_module_and_FSM_drawing.png/400px-Kvant_module_and_FSM_drawing.png 2x" data-file-width="1830" data-file-height="1284" /></a><figcaption>Kvant-1 (on the left) attached to the FSM orbital tug.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kvant_module_drawing.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Kvant_module_drawing.png/200px-Kvant_module_drawing.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Kvant_module_drawing.png/300px-Kvant_module_drawing.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Kvant_module_drawing.png/400px-Kvant_module_drawing.png 2x" data-file-width="916" data-file-height="953" /></a><figcaption>Isolated view of Kvant-1</figcaption></figure> <p>Kvant-1 was originally intended to be launched and docked to <a href="/wiki/Salyut_7" title="Salyut 7">Salyut 7</a>, but delays forced it to be launched to Mir instead. Kvant-1 did not have any propulsion systems of its own and to reach Mir, Kvant-1 was mated with a Functional Service Module (FSM) – carrying propulsion and electrical systems – to act as a space tug. The FSM was derived from the <a href="/wiki/TKS_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="TKS spacecraft">TKS spacecraft</a>, which would later form the basis for the <a href="/wiki/Functional_Cargo_Block" title="Functional Cargo Block">Functional Cargo Block</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kvant-2" title="Kvant-2">Kvant-2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kristall" title="Kristall">Kristall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spektr" title="Spektr">Spektr</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Priroda" title="Priroda">Priroda</a> modules. </p><p>Kvant-1 and its FSM were launched on March 30, 1987 – at the time of the launch, the Mir station was staffed by the EO-2 crew, which had already docked on the front port with the <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-2" title="Soyuz TM-2">Soyuz TM-2</a> spacecraft. On April 9, Kvant-1 achieved a soft dock with the aft port on Mir. However, the Kvant-1 was not able to achieve a hard dock which meant that the two spacecraft were only loosely connected – in this configuration, Mir could not orient itself or else damage would occur. </p><p>The EO-2 crew conducted an emergency <a href="/wiki/Extra-vehicular_activity" class="mw-redirect" title="Extra-vehicular activity">EVA</a> on April 11 to investigate the problem. The crew found a piece of debris, probably a trash bag, that was left by Progress 28. After removing it, Kvant-1 was finally able to achieve a hard dock with the station on the same day. The Kvant-FSM, which contained the now unneeded propulsion of the Kvant-1 module, was finally jettisoned on April 12, revealing Kvant-1's rear docking port.<sup id="cite_ref-MHH_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MHH-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Initial_operation">Initial operation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvant-1&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Initial operation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After finally achieving hard-dock and jettisoning of the Kvant-FSM, tests of the onboard systems of Kvant-1 were conducted until the end of April. May was spent in preparation for the extension of the electrical power with activities which required little electricity, like medical experiments and Earth resources photography – much-needed additional electrical power would enable experiments like the Korund 1-M kiln, which was used to conduct melts lasting several days, and to power Kvant-1's gyrodines, needed for astronomical observations. For this, Kvant had carried stowed solar arrays, which were attached to the Mir base block during an EVA on June 12.<sup id="cite_ref-MHH_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MHH-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the testing of Kvant-1 concluded, additional solar panels installed and Kvant's gyrodines available, a major step in the construction of the Mir space station was achieved. The X-ray telescope onboard Kvant-1 could start with a bang: it was uniquely placed to study Supernova <a href="/wiki/SN_1987A" title="SN 1987A">SN 1987A</a> in the Large Magellanic Cloud, the peak of its light reaching Earth in May 1987. The cosmonauts onboard Mir could examine the exploding star during 115 sessions between June and September 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-MHH_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MHH-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_modifications">Later modifications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvant-1&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Later modifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In January 1991, support structures that were designed to hold solar arrays were installed on Kvant-1. In July 1991, the crew constructed the Sofora girder during four EVAs. The Sofora girder was designed to test new construction techniques, mount a propulsion unit, and act as a place to hold experiments outside the station. In September 1992, the crew installed the VDU propulsion unit on the end of the Sofora girder. It was delivered earlier by <a href="/wiki/Progress_M-14" title="Progress M-14">Progress M-14</a>. The VDU was designed to increase the station's attitude control capability. The then-six-year-old VDU propulsion unit was finally replaced in April 1998 by a new one that was delivered by Progress M-38. </p><p>In September 1993, the Rapana girder was constructed on Kvant-1 during two EVAs. The Rapana girder was designed to test girder assembly experiments for a possible Mir 2 space station. External experiments were also later held on the Rapana girder. In June, 1996, the Rapana girder was extended during an EVA. </p><p>On May 22, 1995, one of <a href="/wiki/Kristall" title="Kristall">Kristall</a>'s solar panels was redeployed on Kvant-1. In May 1996, the Mir Cooperative Solar Array, which was delivered with the <a href="/wiki/Mir_Docking_Module" title="Mir Docking Module">Mir Docking Module</a>, was deployed on Kvant-1. In November 1997, Kristall's old solar panel that was attached to Kvant-1 was disposed of and the all-Russian solar array, which was also delivered with the Docking Module, was attached in its place. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1997_fire">1997 fire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvant-1&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1997 fire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On February 23, 1997, a <a href="/wiki/Vika_oxygen_generator" title="Vika oxygen generator">backup solid-fuel oxygen canister</a> caught fire in the Kvant-1 module.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fire spewed molten metal, and the crew was concerned that it could melt through the hull of the space station.<sup id="cite_ref-OffPlanet_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OffPlanet-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smoke filled the station, and the crew donned respirators to continue breathing, although some respirators were faulty and did not supply oxygen. After burning for fourteen minutes and using up three fire extinguishers, the fire died out.<sup id="cite_ref-OffPlanet_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OffPlanet-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ellis_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ellis-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The smoke remained thick for forty-five minutes after the fire was extinguished. After the respirators ran out of oxygen and the smoke began to clear the crew switched to using filter masks.<sup id="cite_ref-OffPlanet_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OffPlanet-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SSSM_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SSSM-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvant-1&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Manned_Astronautics-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Manned_Astronautics_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAnikeev" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aldexander_Anikeev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aldexander Anikeev (page does not exist)">Anikeev, Alexander</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070216005725/http://space.kursknet.ru/cosmos/english/dos/kvant.sht">"Module "Kvant" of orbital station "Mir"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Manned Astronautics. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://space.kursknet.ru/cosmos/english/dos/kvant.sht">the original</a> on 2007-02-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-04-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Module+%22Kvant%22+of+orbital+station+%22Mir%22&rft.pub=Manned+Astronautics&rft.aulast=Anikeev&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspace.kursknet.ru%2Fcosmos%2Fenglish%2Fdos%2Fkvant.sht&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKvant-1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RussianSpaceweb.com-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RussianSpaceweb.com_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZak" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatoly_Zak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anatoly Zak (page does not exist)">Zak, Anatoly</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.russianspaceweb.com/mir_kvant.html">"Spacecraft: Manned: Mir: Kvant-1 Module"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ston.jsc.nasa.gov/collections/TRS/_techrep/RP1357.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 7 September 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mir+Hardware+Heritage&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=1995&rft.au=D.S.F.Portree&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fston.jsc.nasa.gov%2Fcollections%2FTRS%2F_techrep%2FRP1357.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKvant-1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RSWtks-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RSWtks_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120817070740/http://www.russianspaceweb.com/tks.html">"TKS transport ship 11F72"</a>. RussianSpaceWeb.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.russianspaceweb.com/tks.html">the original</a> on 17 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TKS+transport+ship+11F72&rft.pub=RussianSpaceWeb.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.russianspaceweb.com%2Ftks.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKvant-1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/slava/space/essays/essay-krivonosov.htm">Krivonosov, Khartron: Computers for rocket guidance systems</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EncyA-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EncyA_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EncyA_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EncyA_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EncyA_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EncyA_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081015201118/http://astronautix.com/craft/kvant.htm">"Kvant"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Astronautica" title="Encyclopedia Astronautica">Encyclopedia Astronautica</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astronautix.com/craft/kvant.htm">the original</a> on 15 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kvant&rft.pub=Encyclopedia+Astronautica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astronautix.com%2Fcraft%2Fkvant.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKvant-1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilcuttHarkins2011" class="citation web cs1">Wilcutt, Terry; Harkins, Wilson B. (November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sma.nasa.gov/docs/default-source/safety-messages/safetymessage-2011-11-07-spacestationmironboardfire-vits.pdf">"Trial by Fire: Space Station Mir: On-Board Fire"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>sma.nasa.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sma.nasa.gov&rft.atitle=Trial+by+Fire%3A+Space+Station+Mir%3A+On-Board+Fire&rft.date=2011-11&rft.aulast=Wilcutt&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft.au=Harkins%2C+Wilson+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsma.nasa.gov%2Fdocs%2Fdefault-source%2Fsafety-messages%2Fsafetymessage-2011-11-07-spacestationmironboardfire-vits.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKvant-1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OffPlanet-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OffPlanet_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OffPlanet_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OffPlanet_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJerry_Linenger2001" class="citation book cs1">Jerry Linenger (1 January 2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/offplanetsurvivi00line"><i>Off the Planet: Surviving Five Perilous Months Aboard the Space Station Mir</i></a></span>. New York, US: McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-137230-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-137230-5"><bdi>978-0-07-137230-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Off+the+Planet%3A+Surviving+Five+Perilous+Months+Aboard+the+Space+Station+Mir&rft.place=New+York%2C+US&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2001-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-07-137230-5&rft.au=Jerry+Linenger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foffplanetsurvivi00line&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKvant-1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ellis-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ellis_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/pdf/602090main_44s_international_life_support.pdf">Kerry Ellis - <b>International Life Support</b> - Ask Magazine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SSSM-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SSSM_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Harland2004" class="citation book cs1">David Harland (30 November 2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/storyofspacestat0000harl"><i>The Story of Space Station Mir</i></a></span>. New York: Springer-Verlag New York Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-23011-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-23011-5"><bdi>978-0-387-23011-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Space+Station+Mir&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag+New+York+Inc&rft.date=2004-11-30&rft.isbn=978-0-387-23011-5&rft.au=David+Harland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstoryofspacestat0000harl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKvant-1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvant-1&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Components_of_Mir" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse 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4em">Components of <i><a href="/wiki/Mir" title="Mir">Mir</a></i></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Soviet modules</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mir_Core_Module" title="Mir Core Module">Core module</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Kvant</i>-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kvant-2" title="Kvant-2"><i>Kvant</i>-2</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kristall" title="Kristall">Kristall</a></i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Mir_insignia.svg/120px-Mir_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Mir_insignia.svg/180px-Mir_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Mir_insignia.svg/240px-Mir_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="305" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russian/American modules</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Spektr" title="Spektr">Spektr</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_Docking_Module" title="Mir Docking Module">Docking module</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Priroda" title="Priroda">Priroda</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other subsystems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lyappa_arm" title="Lyappa arm"><i>Lyappa</i> arm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strela_(crane)" title="Strela (crane)"><i>Strela</i> crane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androgynous_Peripheral_Attach_System" title="Androgynous Peripheral Attach System">APAS-89</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luch_(satellite)" title="Luch (satellite)"><i>Luch</i> satellites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_Environmental_Effects_Payload" title="Mir Environmental Effects Payload">Mir Environmental Effects Payload</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Visiting spacecraft</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_(spacecraft)" title="Soyuz (spacecraft)">Soyuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_(spacecraft)" title="Progress (spacecraft)">Progress</a> (<a href="/wiki/VBK-Raduga" title="VBK-Raduga">VBK-Raduga</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle-Mir_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuttle-Mir Program">Shuttle-<i>Mir</i> programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deorbit_of_Mir" title="Deorbit of Mir">Deorbit of Mir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MirCorp" class="mw-redirect" title="MirCorp">MirCorp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_human_spaceflights_to_Mir" title="List of human spaceflights to Mir">List of human spaceflights to Mir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_uncrewed_spaceflights_to_Mir" title="List of uncrewed spaceflights to Mir">List of uncrewed spaceflights to Mir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mir_expeditions" title="List of Mir expeditions">List of Mir expeditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mir_spacewalks" title="List of Mir spacewalks">List of Mir spacewalks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mir_visitors" title="List of Mir visitors">List of Mir visitors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="TKS_spacecraft" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="4"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:TKS_spacecraft" title="Template:TKS spacecraft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:TKS_spacecraft" title="Template talk:TKS spacecraft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:TKS_spacecraft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:TKS spacecraft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="TKS_spacecraft" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/TKS_(spacecraft)" title="TKS (spacecraft)">TKS spacecraft</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 2px 0 0"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TKS_spacecraft_drawing_(svg).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/TKS_spacecraft_drawing_%28svg%29.svg/110px-TKS_spacecraft_drawing_%28svg%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/TKS_spacecraft_drawing_%28svg%29.svg/165px-TKS_spacecraft_drawing_%28svg%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/TKS_spacecraft_drawing_%28svg%29.svg/220px-TKS_spacecraft_drawing_%28svg%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="412" data-file-height="249" /></a></span></div></td><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/TKS_(spacecraft)#Missions" title="TKS (spacecraft)">TKS spacecraft test missions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_929" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosmos 929">Kosmos 929</a> (TKS-1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_1267" title="Kosmos 1267">Kosmos 1267</a> (TKS-2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_1443" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosmos 1443">Kosmos 1443</a> (TKS-3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_1686" title="Kosmos 1686">Kosmos 1686</a> (TKS-4)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TKS_cutaway.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/TKS_cutaway.png/200px-TKS_cutaway.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/TKS_cutaway.png/300px-TKS_cutaway.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/TKS_cutaway.png/400px-TKS_cutaway.png 2x" data-file-width="2646" data-file-height="1009" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/VA_spacecraft#Test_flights" title="VA spacecraft">VA spacecraft test flights</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_881&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 881 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 881</a> & <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_882&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 882 (page does not exist)">882</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VA_spacecraft#VA_#009" title="VA spacecraft">VA #009</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_997&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 997 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 997</a> & <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_998&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 998 (page does not exist)">998</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1100&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1100 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1100</a> & <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1101&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1101 (page does not exist)">1101</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Functional_Cargo_Block" title="Functional Cargo Block">Functional Cargo Block</a> (FGB)<br /> derived hardware</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Mir: <a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Kvant</i>-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kvant-2" title="Kvant-2"><i>Kvant</i>-2</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kristall" title="Kristall">Kristall</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spektr" title="Spektr">Spektr</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Priroda" title="Priroda">Priroda</a></i></li> <li>ISS: <i><a href="/wiki/Zarya_(ISS_module)" title="Zarya (ISS module)">Zarya</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauka_(ISS_module)" title="Nauka (ISS module)"><i>Nauka</i></a></li> <li>Free flying: <a href="/wiki/Polyus_(spacecraft)_(Template)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyus (spacecraft) (Template)"><i>Polyus</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="←_1986Orbital_launches_in_19871988_→" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Orbital_launches_in_1987" title="Template:Orbital launches in 1987"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Orbital_launches_in_1987" title="Template talk:Orbital launches in 1987"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Orbital_launches_in_1987" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Orbital launches in 1987"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="←_1986Orbital_launches_in_19871988_→" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div style="float: left;"><a href="/wiki/1986_in_spaceflight" title="1986 in spaceflight">← 1986</a></div><a href="/wiki/1987_in_spaceflight" title="1987 in spaceflight"><span class="vevent"><span class="summary">Orbital launches in <span class="dtstart">1987</span></span></span></a><div style="float: right;"><a href="/wiki/1988_in_spaceflight" title="1988 in spaceflight">1988 →</a></div></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">January</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meteor-2_No.17&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meteor-2 No.17 (page does not exist)">Meteor-2 No.17</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1811&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1811 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1811</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1812&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1812 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1812</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1813&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1813 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1813</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_27" title="Progress 27">Progress 27</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1814&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1814 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1814</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1815&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1815 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1815</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya-3_No.42&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya-3 No.42 (page does not exist)">Molniya-3 No.42</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1816&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1816 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1816</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1817&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1817 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1817</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">February</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_1818" title="Kosmos 1818">Kosmos 1818</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginga_(satellite)" title="Ginga (satellite)">Ginga</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-2" title="Soyuz TM-2">Soyuz TM-2</a></u></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1819&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1819 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1819</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-21&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-21 (page does not exist)">USA-21</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1820&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1820 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1820</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1821&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1821 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1821</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Momo_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Momo 1 (page does not exist)">Momo 1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1822&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1822 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1822</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1823&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1823 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1823</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1824&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1824 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1824</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOES_7" title="GOES 7">GOES 7</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">March</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progress_28" title="Progress 28">Progress 28</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1825&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1825 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1825</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1826&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1826 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1826</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1827&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1827 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1827</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1828&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1828 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1828</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1829&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1829 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1829</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1830&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1830 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1830</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1831&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1831 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1831</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1832&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1832 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1832</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1833&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1833 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1833</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gran%27_No.31L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gran' No.31L (page does not exist)">Gran' No.31L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palapa_B2P" class="mw-redirect" title="Palapa B2P">Palapa B2P</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=SROSS-A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SROSS-A (page does not exist)">SROSS-A</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=FLTSATCOM-6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FLTSATCOM-6 (page does not exist)">FLTSATCOM-6</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kvant-1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">April</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1834&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1834 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1834</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1835&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1835 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1835</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1836&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1836 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1836</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_29" title="Progress 29">Progress 29</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1837&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1837 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1837</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1838&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1838 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1838</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1839&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1839 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1839</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1840&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1840 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1840</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1841&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1841 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1841</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1842&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1842 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1842</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">May</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1843&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1843 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1843</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gorizont_No.23L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gorizont No.23L (page does not exist)">Gorizont No.23L</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1844&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1844 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1844</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1845&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1845 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1845</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-22&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-22 (page does not exist)">USA-22</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Living_Plume_Shield_3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Living Plume Shield 3 (page does not exist)">LIPS-3</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-23&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-23 (page does not exist)">USA-23</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-24&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-24 (page does not exist)">USA-24</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-25&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-25 (page does not exist)">USA-25</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Polyus_(spacecraft)" title="Polyus (spacecraft)">Polyus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_30" title="Progress 30">Progress 30</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1846&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1846 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1846</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1847&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1847 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1847</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1848&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1848 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1848</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">June</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_1849" title="Kosmos 1849">Kosmos 1849</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1850&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1850 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_1851" title="Kosmos 1851">Kosmos 1851</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1852&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1852 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1852</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1853&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1853 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1853</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1854&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1854 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1854</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1855&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1855 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1855</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1856&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1856 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1856</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1857&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1857 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1857</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1858&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1858 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1858</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1859&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1859 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1859</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resurs-F1_No.105&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Resurs-F1 No.105 (page does not exist)">Resurs-F1 No.105</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1860&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1860 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1860</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-26&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-26 (page does not exist)">USA-26</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1861&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1861 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1861</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">July</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1862&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1862 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1862</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1863&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1863 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1863</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1864&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1864 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1864</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1865&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1865 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1865</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1866&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1866 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_1867" title="Kosmos 1867">Kosmos 1867</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1868&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1868 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1868</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1869&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1869 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1869</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-3" title="Soyuz TM-3">Soyuz TM-3</a></u></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1870&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1870 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1870</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">August</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1871&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1871 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1871</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_31" title="Progress 31">Progress 31</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fanhui_Shi_Weixing_10&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fanhui Shi Weixing 10 (page does not exist)">Fanhui Shi Weixing 10</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meteor-2_No.21&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meteor-2 No.21 (page does not exist)">Meteor-2 No.21</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1872&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1872 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1872</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiku_No.5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kiku No.5 (page does not exist)">Kiku No.5</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1873&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1873 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1873</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">September</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1874&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1874 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1874</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekran_No.29L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekran No.29L (page does not exist)">Ekran No.29L</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1875&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1875 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1875</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1876&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1876 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1876</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1877&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1877 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1877</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1878&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1878 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1878</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1879&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1879 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1879</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1880&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1880 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1880</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fanhui_Shi_Weixing_I-01&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fanhui Shi Weixing I-01 (page does not exist)">Fanhui Shi Weixing I-01</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1881&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1881 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1881</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1882&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1882 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1882</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optus_A3" class="mw-redirect" title="Optus A3">Aussat A3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eutelsat_I_F-4" title="Eutelsat I F-4">ECS-4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1883&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1883 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1883</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1884&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1884 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1884</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1885&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1885 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1885</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transit-O_27&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transit-O 27 (page does not exist)">Transit-O 27</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Transit-O_29&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transit-O 29 (page does not exist)">Transit-O 29</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1886&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1886 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1886</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_32" title="Progress 32">Progress 32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_1887" title="Kosmos 1887">Kosmos 1887</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">October</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1888&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1888 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1888</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1889&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1889 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1889</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1890&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1890 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1890</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1891&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1891 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1891</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1892&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1892 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1892</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1893&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1893 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1893</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-27&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-27 (page does not exist)">USA-27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_1894" title="Kosmos 1894">Kosmos 1894</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">November</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1895&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1895 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1895</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1896&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1896 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_33" title="Progress 33">Progress 33</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV-SAT_1" title="TV-SAT 1">TV-SAT 1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1897&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1897 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1897</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-28&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-28 (page does not exist)">USA-28</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">December</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1898&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1898 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1898</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1899&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1899 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1899</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gran%27_No.32L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gran' No.32L (page does not exist)">Gran' No.32L</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1900&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1900 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1900</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1901&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1901 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1901</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1902&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1902 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1902</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-4" title="Soyuz TM-4">Soyuz TM-4</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_1903" title="Kosmos 1903">Kosmos 1903</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1904&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1904 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1904</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1905&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1905 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1905</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1906&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1906 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1906</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekran-M_No.13L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekran-M No.13L (page does not exist)">Ekran-M No.13L</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1907&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1907 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1907</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Launches are separated by dots ( • ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ).<br /><u>Crewed flights</u> are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the † sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses).</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kvant-1&oldid=1252296513">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kvant-1&oldid=1252296513</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mir" title="Category:Mir">Mir</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1987_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:1987 in the Soviet Union">1987 in the Soviet Union</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Astrophysics" title="Category:Astrophysics">Astrophysics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Crewed_space_observatories" title="Category:Crewed space observatories">Crewed space observatories</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spacecraft_which_reentered_in_2001" title="Category:Spacecraft which reentered in 2001">Spacecraft which reentered in 2001</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spacecraft_launched_in_1987" title="Category:Spacecraft launched in 1987">Spacecraft launched in 1987</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Russian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Russian-language text">Articles containing Russian-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 20 October 2024, at 18:32<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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