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id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%81_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%83" title="أدولف فون هارناك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أدولف فون هارناك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_von_Harnack" title="Adolf von Harnack – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Adolf von Harnack" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_von_Harnack" title="Adolf von Harnack – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Adolf von Harnack" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_von_Harnack" title="Adolf von Harnack – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Adolf von Harnack" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_von_Harnack" title="Adolf von Harnack – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Adolf von Harnack" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_von_Harnack" title="Adolf von Harnack – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Adolf von Harnack" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_von_Harnack" title="Adolf von Harnack – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Adolf von Harnack" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_von_Harnack" title="Adolf von Harnack – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Adolf von Harnack" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_von_Harnack" title="Adolf von Harnack – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Adolf von Harnack" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%81_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="آدولف فون هارناک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آدولف فون هارناک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_von_Harnack" title="Adolf von Harnack – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Adolf von Harnack" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%8F%8C%ED%94%84_%ED%8F%B0_%ED%95%98%EB%A5%B4%EB%82%98%ED%81%AC" title="아돌프 폰 하르나크 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아돌프 폰 하르나크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_von_Harnack" title="Adolf von Harnack – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Adolf von Harnack" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_von_Harnack" title="Adolf von Harnack – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Adolf von Harnack" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A4_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="ადოლფ ფონ ჰარნაკი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ადოლფ ფონ ჰარნაკი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolphus_de_Harnack" title="Adolphus de Harnack – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Adolphus de Harnack" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80dolfs_fon_Harnaks" title="Ādolfs fon Harnaks – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ādolfs fon Harnaks" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BE%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BA_%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D" title="അഡോൾഫ് വോൺ ഹാർനാക് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അഡോൾഫ് വോൺ ഹാർനാക്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%81_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%83" title="ادولف فون هارناك – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ادولف فون هارناك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_von_Harnack" title="Adolf von Harnack – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Adolf von Harnack" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%89%E3%83%AB%E3%83%95%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8A%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF" title="アドルフ・フォン・ハルナック – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アドルフ・フォン・ハルナック" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_von_Harnack" title="Adolf von Harnack – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Adolf von Harnack" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Harnack" title="Adolf Harnack – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Adolf Harnack" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_von_Harnack" title="Adolf von Harnack – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Adolf von Harnack" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA,_%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Гарнак, Адольф фон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гарнак, Адольф фон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_von_Harnack" title="Adolf von Harnack – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Adolf von Harnack" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_von_Harnack" title="Adolf von Harnack – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Adolf von Harnack" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_von_Harnack" title="Adolf von Harnack – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Adolf von Harnack" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_von_Harnack" title="Adolf von Harnack – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Adolf von Harnack" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_von_Harnack" title="Adolf von Harnack – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Adolf von Harnack" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Адольф фон Гарнак – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Адольф фон Гарнак" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E7%BA%B3%E5%85%8B" title="阿道夫·哈纳克 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿道夫·哈纳克" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q164699#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Baltic German theologian and church historian (1851–1930)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Adolf von Harnack</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Adolf_Harnack.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Adolf_Harnack.jpg/220px-Adolf_Harnack.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="347" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Adolf_Harnack.jpg/330px-Adolf_Harnack.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Adolf_Harnack.jpg/440px-Adolf_Harnack.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1431" data-file-height="2256" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Carl Gustav Adolf Harnack</div><br />7 May [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 25 April] 1851<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Dorpat" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorpat">Dorpat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kreis_Dorpat" class="mw-redirect" title="Kreis Dorpat">Kreis Dorpat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Livonia" title="Governorate of Livonia">Governorate of Livonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a><br />(present-day Tartu, <a href="/wiki/Tartu_County" title="Tartu County">Tartu County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">10 June 1930<span style="display:none">(1930-06-10)</span> (aged 79)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Heidelberg" title="Heidelberg">Heidelberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Baden" title="Republic of Baden">Republic of Baden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Adolf Harnack</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Dorpat" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Dorpat">University of Dorpat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Erlangen%E2%80%93Nuremberg" title="University of Erlangen–Nuremberg">University of Erlangen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Leipzig" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Leipzig">University of Leipzig</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role">theologian and church historian</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Notable work</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><i>The Essence of Christianity</i> (<i>Das Wesen des Christentums</i>)</li> <li><i>The History of Dogma</i></li> <li><i>The History of Ancient Christian Literature</i></li> <li><i>The Mission and Expansion of Christianity in the First Three Centuries</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Amalie Thiersch (1858–1937)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">7, including <a href="/wiki/Agnes_von_Zahn-Harnack" title="Agnes von Zahn-Harnack">Agnus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ernst_von_Harnack" title="Ernst von Harnack">Ernst</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_Harnack" title="Theodosius Harnack">Theodosius Harnack</a> (father)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Axel_Harnack" title="Carl Gustav Axel Harnack">Axel</a> (brother)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Arvid_Harnack" title="Arvid Harnack">Arvid Harnack</a> (nephew)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data org"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Leipzig" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Leipzig">University of Leipzig</a> (1874—1879)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Giessen" title="University of Giessen">University of Giessen</a> (1879—1886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Marburg" title="University of Marburg">University of Marburg</a> (1886—1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Berlin" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Berlin">University of Berlin</a> (1888—1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable students</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Barth" title="Karl Barth">Karl Barth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Bousset" title="Wilhelm Bousset">Wilhelm Bousset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Adams_Brown" title="William Adams Brown">William Adams Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Keller" title="Adolf Keller">Adolf Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Handmann" title="Rudolf Handmann">Rudolf Handmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Hirsch" title="Emanuel Hirsch">Emanuel Hirsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Miller_Macmillan" title="William Miller Macmillan">William Miller Macmillan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Cushman_McGiffert" title="Arthur Cushman McGiffert">Arthur Cushman McGiffert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Loofs" title="Friedrich Loofs">Friedrich Loofs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Pauck" title="Wilhelm Pauck">Wilhelm Pauck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Rittelmeyer" title="Friedrich Rittelmeyer">Friedrich Rittelmeyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmidt_(Coptologist)" title="Carl Schmidt (Coptologist)">Carl Schmidt (Coptologist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Schmidt" title="Nathaniel Schmidt">Nathaniel Schmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Schmitz" title="Elisabeth Schmitz">Elisabeth Schmitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Scholz" title="Heinrich Scholz">Heinrich Scholz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Nelson_Wieman" title="Henry Nelson Wieman">Henry Nelson Wieman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Carl Gustav Adolf von<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Harnack</b> (born <b>Harnack</b>; 7 May 1851 – 10 June 1930) was a <a href="/wiki/Baltic_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic German">Baltic German</a> <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran theology">Lutheran theologian</a> and prominent <a href="/wiki/Church_historian" class="mw-redirect" title="Church historian">Church historian</a>. He produced many religious publications from 1873 to 1912 (in which he is sometimes credited as <b>Adolf Harnack</b>). He was ennobled (with the addition of von to his name) in 1914. </p><p>Harnack traced the influence of <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_philosophy" title="Hellenistic philosophy">Hellenistic philosophy</a> on <a href="/wiki/Early_Christian_writings" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Christian writings">early Christian writings</a> and called on Christians to question the authenticity of doctrines that arose in the <a href="/wiki/Early_Christian_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Christian church">early Christian church</a>. He rejected the historicity of the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Gospel of John</a> in favor of the <a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic Gospels</a>, criticized the <a href="/wiki/Apostles%27_Creed" title="Apostles' Creed">Apostles' Creed</a>, and promoted the <a href="/wiki/Social_Gospel" title="Social Gospel">Social Gospel</a>. </p><p>In the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Higher_criticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher criticism">higher criticism</a> flourished in Germany, establishing the <a href="/wiki/Historical-critical_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical-critical method">historical-critical method</a> as an academic standard for <a href="/wiki/Exegesis" title="Exegesis">interpreting the Bible</a> and understanding the <a href="/wiki/Historical_Jesus" title="Historical Jesus">historical Jesus</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">.mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(see <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCbingen_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Tübingen school">Tübingen school</a>)</span>. Harnack's work is part of a reaction to Tübingen, and represents a reappraisal of tradition. </p><p>Besides his theological activities, Harnack was a distinguished organizer of sciences. He played an important role in the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Kaiser_Wilhelm_Gesellschaft" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaiser Wilhelm Gesellschaft">Kaiser Wilhelm Gesellschaft</a> and became its first president. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adolf_von_Harnack&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He was born at <a href="/wiki/Tartu" title="Tartu">Dorpat</a> (today Tartu) in <a href="/wiki/Livonia" title="Livonia">Livonia</a> (then a province of <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a>, now in <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>) where his father, <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_Harnack" title="Theodosius Harnack">Theodosius Harnack</a>, held a professorship of <a href="/wiki/Pastoral_theology" title="Pastoral theology">pastoral theology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He married Amalie Thiersch on 27 December 1879. Their daughter <a href="/wiki/Agnes_von_Zahn-Harnack" title="Agnes von Zahn-Harnack">Agnes von Zahn-Harnack</a> became an activist in the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's movement">Women's movement</a>. </p><p>Harnack studied at the local <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tartu" title="University of Tartu">Imperial University of Dorpat</a> (1869–72) and at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Leipzig" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Leipzig">University of Leipzig</a>, where he took his degree; soon afterwards, in 1874, he began lecturing as a <i>Privatdozent</i>. These lectures, which dealt with such special subjects as <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Apocalypse" title="Apocalypse">Apocalypse</a>, attracted considerable attention, and in 1876 he was appointed <i>professor extraordinarius</i>. In the same year he began the publication, in conjunction with <a href="/wiki/Oskar_Leopold_von_Gebhardt" class="mw-redirect" title="Oskar Leopold von Gebhardt">Oscar Leopold von Gebhardt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Zahn" title="Theodor Zahn">Theodor Zahn</a>, of an edition of the works of the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic Fathers</a>, <i>Patrum apostolicorum opera</i>, a smaller edition of which appeared in 1877.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1879 he was called to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Giessen" title="University of Giessen">University of Giessen</a> as <i>professor ordinarius</i> of <a href="/wiki/Church_history" title="Church history">church history</a>. There he collaborated with Gebhardt in <i>Texte und Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der altchristlichen Litteratur</i> (1882 sqq.), an irregular <a href="/wiki/Periodical" class="mw-redirect" title="Periodical">periodical</a>, containing only essays in <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> and <a href="/wiki/Patristic" class="mw-redirect" title="Patristic">patristic</a> fields. In 1881 he published a work on <a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">monasticism</a>, <i>Das Mönchtum – seine Ideale und seine Geschichte</i> (5th ed., 1900; English translation, 1901), and became joint editor with <a href="/wiki/Emil_Sch%C3%BCrer" title="Emil Schürer">Emil Schürer</a> of the <i>Theologische Literaturzeitung</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1885 he published the first volume of his <i>Lehrbuch der Dogmengeschichte</i> (3rd ed. in three volumes, 1894–1898; English translation in seven volumes, 1894–1899). In this work Harnack traced the rise of <a href="/wiki/Dogma" title="Dogma">dogma</a>, which he understood as the authoritative <a href="/wiki/Doctrinal" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctrinal">doctrinal</a> system of the church and its development from the 4th century down to the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>. He considered that from its earliest origins, Christian faith and Greek philosophy were so closely intermingled that the resultant system included many beliefs and practices that were not authentically Christian. Therefore, <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestants</a> are not only free, but bound, to criticize it; Protestantism could be understood as a rejection of this <a href="/wiki/Dogma" title="Dogma">dogma</a> and a return to the pure faith that characterized the original church. An abridgment of this appeared in 1889 with the title <i>Grundriss der Dogmengeschichte</i> (3rd ed., 1898).<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1886 Harnack was called to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Marburg" title="University of Marburg">University of Marburg</a> and in 1888, in spite of violent opposition from the conservative church authorities, to Berlin. In 1890 he became a member of the Academy of Sciences. In Berlin, somewhat against his will, he was drawn into a controversy on the <a href="/wiki/Apostles%27_Creed" title="Apostles' Creed">Apostles' Creed</a>, in which the partisan antagonisms within the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian Church">Prussian Church</a> had found expression. Harnack's view was that the creed contains both too much and too little to be a satisfactory test for candidates for <a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">ordination</a>; he preferred a briefer declaration of faith which could be rigorously applied to all (cf. his <i>Das Apostolische Glaubensbekenntnis. Ein geschichtlicher Bericht nebst einer Einleitung und einem Nachwort</i>, 1892).<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Berlin, Harnack continued writing. In 1893 he published a history of <a href="/wiki/Patristics" title="Patristics">early</a> <a href="/wiki/Christian_literature" title="Christian literature">Christian literature</a> down to <a href="/wiki/Eusebius_of_Caesarea" class="mw-redirect" title="Eusebius of Caesarea">Eusebius of Caesarea</a>, <i>Geschichte der altkirchlichen Literatur bis Eusebius</i> (part 2 of vol. 5., 1897); and in his popular lectures, <i>Das Wesen des Christentums</i> appeared in 1900 (5th ed., 1901; English translation, <i>What is Christianity?</i> 1901). One of his later historical works, <i>Die Mission und Ausbreitung des Christentums in den ersten drei Jahrhunderten</i> (1902; English translation, <i>The Mission and Expansion of Christianity in the First Three Centuries</i>, in two volumes, 1904–1905), was followed by some important <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> studies (<i>Beitrage zur Einleitung in das neue Testament</i>, 1906 sqq.; Engl. trans.: <i>Luke the Physician</i>, 1907; <i>The Sayings of Jesus</i>, 1908).<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R15350,_Einweihung_des_Kaiser-Wilhelm-Instituts_in_Dahlem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R15350%2C_Einweihung_des_Kaiser-Wilhelm-Instituts_in_Dahlem.jpg/238px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R15350%2C_Einweihung_des_Kaiser-Wilhelm-Instituts_in_Dahlem.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R15350%2C_Einweihung_des_Kaiser-Wilhelm-Instituts_in_Dahlem.jpg/357px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R15350%2C_Einweihung_des_Kaiser-Wilhelm-Instituts_in_Dahlem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R15350%2C_Einweihung_des_Kaiser-Wilhelm-Instituts_in_Dahlem.jpg/476px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R15350%2C_Einweihung_des_Kaiser-Wilhelm-Instituts_in_Dahlem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="603" /></a><figcaption>Adolf von Harnack (right) close to <a href="/wiki/Kaiser_Wilhelm_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaiser Wilhelm II">Kaiser Wilhelm II</a> on the occasion of the inauguration of a new <a href="/wiki/Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut">Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut</a> (1913).</figcaption></figure> <p>Harnack was one of the most prolific and stimulating of modern critical scholars, and brought up in his "Seminar" a whole generation of teachers who carried his ideas and methods throughout the whole of Germany and beyond.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1905 to 1921, Harnack was the General Director of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Library_at_Berlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Library at Berlin">Royal Library at Berlin</a> (from 1918 called the Prussian State Library). </p><p>Like many liberal professors in Germany, Harnack welcomed <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> in 1914, and signed a public statement endorsing Germany's war-aims (the <a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_the_Ninety-Three" title="Manifesto of the Ninety-Three">Manifesto of the Ninety-Three</a>). It was this statement, with his teacher Harnack's signature on it, that <a href="/wiki/Karl_Barth" title="Karl Barth">Karl Barth</a> cited as a major impetus for his rejection of liberal theology. </p><p>Harnack was one of the moving spirits in the foundation, in 1911, of the Kaiser Wilhelm Gesellschaft (KWG), and became its first President. The Society's activities were much constrained by the First World War, but in the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a> period Harnack guided it to be a major vehicle for overcoming the isolation of German academics felt as a result of the war and its aftermath. The society's flagship conference centre in Berlin, the <a href="/wiki/Harnack_House" title="Harnack House">Harnack House</a>, which opened in 1929, was named in his honour. After a long period in <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army">U.S. Army</a> hands after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> it has now resumed the role Harnack envisaged, as a centre for international intellectual life in the German capital, under the management of the KWG's successor organisation, the <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Gesellschaft" class="mw-redirect" title="Max Planck Gesellschaft">Max Planck Gesellschaft</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biblical_Criticism_and_Theology">Biblical Criticism and Theology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adolf_von_Harnack&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Biblical Criticism and Theology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Among the distinctive characteristics of Harnack's work were his insistence on absolute freedom in the study of church history and the New Testament (i.e. there were no taboo areas of research that could not be critically examined); his distrust of speculative theology, whether <a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">orthodox</a> or <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Christianity" title="Liberal Christianity">liberal</a>; and his interest in practical Christianity as a religious life and not a system of theology. Some of his addresses on social matters were published under the heading "Essays on the Social Gospel" (1907). </p><p>Harnack regarded all four gospels to be "not altogether useless as sources of history", but still, "not written with the simple object of giving the facts as they were; they are books composed for the work of evangelisation."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Harnack's suggested view on Biblical miracles was nuanced, and distinguished between certain types thusly: </p><p>"In the fourth place, and lastly, although the order of Nature be inviolable, we are not yet by any means acquainted with all the forces working in it and acting reciprocally with other forces. Our acquaintance even with the forces inherent in matter, and with the field of their action, is incomplete; while of psychic forces we know very much less. We see that a strong will and a firm faith exert an influence upon the life of the body, and produce phenomena which strike us as marvellous. Who is there up to now that has set any sure bounds to the province of the possible and the actual? No one. Who can say how far the influence of soul upon soul and of soul upon body reaches ? No one. Who can still maintain that any extraordinary phenomenon that may appear in this domain is entifely based on error and delusion ? Miracles, it is true, do not happen; but of the marvellous and the inexplicable there is plenty. In our present state of knowledge we have become more careful, more hesitating in our judgment, in regard to the stories of the miraculous which we have received from antiquity. That the earth in its course stood still; that a she-ass spoke; that a storm was quieted by a word, we do not believe, and we shall never again believe; but that the lame walked, the blind saw, and the deaf heard, will not be so summarily dismissed as an illusion."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adolf_von_Harnack&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Kurt Nowak et al., (eds.), <i>Adolf von Harnack. Christentum, Wissenschaft und Gesellschaft</i>, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2003, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-525-35854-7" title="Special:BookSources/3-525-35854-7">3-525-35854-7</a> is the best recent assessment of Harnack and his impact from a variety of perspectives.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selected_works">Selected works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adolf_von_Harnack&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Selected works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarnack1904" class="citation book cs1">Harnack, Adolf (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oc1CAAAAIAAJ"><i>The Expansion of Christianity in the First Three Centuries</i></a>. Vol. 1. New York: Putnam's Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Expansion+of+Christianity+in+the+First+Three+Centuries&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Putnam%27s+Sons&rft.date=1904&rft.aulast=Harnack&rft.aufirst=Adolf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Doc1CAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdolf+von+Harnack" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarnack1905" class="citation book cs1">Harnack, Adolf (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fc5CAAAAIAAJ"><i>The Expansion of Christianity in the First Three Centuries</i></a>. Vol. 2. New York: Putnam's Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Expansion+of+Christianity+in+the+First+Three+Centuries&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Putnam%27s+Sons&rft.date=1905&rft.aulast=Harnack&rft.aufirst=Adolf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFc5CAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdolf+von+Harnack" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adolf_von_Harnack&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harnack_medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Harnack medal">Harnack medal</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adolf_von_Harnack&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adolf_von_Harnack&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> personal names, <i><a href="/wiki/Von" title="Von">von</a></i> is a <a href="/wiki/Preposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Preposition">preposition</a> which approximately means 'of' or 'from' and usually denotes some sort of <a href="/wiki/German_nobility" title="German nobility">nobility</a>. While <i>von</i> (always lower case) is part of the family name or territorial designation, not a first or middle name, if the noble is referred to by their last name, use <i><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Schiller</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Carl_von_Clausewitz" title="Carl von Clausewitz">Clausewitz</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a></i>, not <i>von Schiller</i>, etc.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Harnack,_Adolf" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Harnack, Adolf">Harnack, Adolf</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Harnack%2C+Adolf&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=10&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdolf+von+Harnack" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harnack, Adolf; Trans. Saunders, Thomas Bailey, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whatischristiani00harnuoft/page/n35/mode/2up">"What Is Christianity?", "Theological Translation Library, Vol. XIV"</a>, p. 20, Williams and Norgate, London, 1901.]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harnack, Adolf; Trans. Saunders, Thomas Bailey, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whatischristiani00harnuoft/page/n35/mode/2up">"What Is Christianity?", "Theological Translation Library, Vol. XIV"</a>, pp. 27-28, Williams and Norgate, London, 1901.]</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adolf_von_Harnack&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Glick, G. Wayne. "Nineteenth Century Theological and Cultural Influences on Adolph Harnack. <i>Church History</i> (1959) 28#2 157-182</li> <li>Pauck, Wilhelm. <i>Harnack and Troeltsch: Two historical theologians</i> (Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2015)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adolf_von_Harnack&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Adolf_von_Harnack" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Adolf von Harnack">Adolf von Harnack</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about:<br /><b style="text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Carl_Gustav_Adolf_von_Harnack" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Carl Gustav Adolf von Harnack">Adolf von Harnack</a></i></b></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Harnack%2C%20Adolf%20von%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Harnack%2C%20Adolf%20v%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Harnack%2C%20A%2E%20v%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Adolf%20von%20Harnack%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Adolf%20v%2E%20Harnack%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22A%2E%20v%2E%20Harnack%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Harnack%2C%20Adolf%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Adolf%20Harnack%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Adolf%20von%20Harnack%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Adolf%20v%2E%20Harnack%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22A%2E%20v%2E%20Harnack%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22A%2E%20von%20Harnack%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Harnack%2C%20Adolf%20von%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Harnack%2C%20Adolf%20v%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Harnack%2C%20A%2E%20v%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Harnack%2C%20A%2E%20von%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Adolf%20Harnack%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Harnack%2C%20Adolf%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Adolf%20von%20Harnack%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Adolf%20v%2E%20Harnack%22%20OR%20title%3A%22A%2E%20v%2E%20Harnack%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Adolf%20Harnack%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Adolf%20von%20Harnack%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Adolf%20v%2E%20Harnack%22%20OR%20description%3A%22A%2E%20v%2E%20Harnack%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Harnack%2C%20Adolf%20von%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Harnack%2C%20Adolf%20v%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Adolf%20Harnack%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Harnack%2C%20Adolf%22%29%20OR%20%28%221851-1930%22%20AND%20Harnack%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Adolf von Harnack</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.harnack-forum.de/">Harnack-Forum (German Website)</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarnack" class="citation cs2">Harnack, Adolf von, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/h/harnack/"><i>Works</i></a>, CCEL</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Works&rft.pub=CCEL&rft.aulast=Harnack&rft.aufirst=Adolf+von&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fh%2Fharnack%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdolf+von+Harnack" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarnack1924" class="citation book cs1">Harnack, Adolf von (1924) [1902]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121102042741/http://www.sas.upenn.edu/religious_studies/rak/courses/535/Harnack/bk0-TOC.htm"><i>The Mission and Expansion of Christianity in the First Three Centuries</i></a>. U. Penn. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sas.upenn.edu/religious_studies/rak/courses/535/Harnack/bk0-TOC.htm">the original</a> on 2 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mission+and+Expansion+of+Christianity+in+the+First+Three+Centuries&rft.pub=U.+Penn.&rft.date=1924&rft.aulast=Harnack&rft.aufirst=Adolf+von&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sas.upenn.edu%2Freligious_studies%2Frak%2Fcourses%2F535%2FHarnack%2Fbk0-TOC.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdolf+von+Harnack" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.dnb.de/opac.htm?method=simpleSearch&cqlMode=true&query=idn%3D118546058">Adolf von Harnack</a> in the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library" title="German National Library">German National Library</a> catalogue</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/8782">Works by Adolf von Harnack</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=67327">Adolf von Harnack</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Mathematics_Genealogy_Project" title="Mathematics Genealogy Project">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/007154">Newspaper clippings about Adolf von Harnack</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/851172">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118546058.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118546058">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/030091667">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6tv95h3">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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