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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Casting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Casting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Filming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Filming </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Filming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Locations_and_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Locations_and_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.1 Locations and design </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Locations_and_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Principal_photography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Principal_photography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.2 Principal photography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Principal_photography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cinematography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cinematography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.3 Cinematography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cinematography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visual_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visual_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Visual effects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visual_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.1 Overview </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital_extras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_extras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.2 Digital extras </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_extras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Closing_sequence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Closing_sequence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.3 Closing sequence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Closing_sequence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Themes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Themes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Themes </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Themes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Themes subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Themes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Disempowerment_of_women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disempowerment_of_women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Disempowerment of women </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disempowerment_of_women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Corruption_in_political_hierarchies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corruption_in_political_hierarchies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Corruption in political hierarchies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Corruption_in_political_hierarchies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Children_and_violence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Children_and_violence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Children and violence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Children_and_violence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Release" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Release"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Release </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Release-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Release subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Release-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Strategy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strategy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Strategy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Strategy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Box_office" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Box_office"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Box office </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Box_office-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Home_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Home_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Home media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Home_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Reception </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reception-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Reception subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Critical_response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critical_response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Critical response </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Critical_response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Awards and honors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Changeling (film)</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" > 44 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84_(%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%85_2008)" title="استبدال (فيلم 2008) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="استبدال (فيلم 2008)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82_(%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0)" title="চেঞ্জলিং (চলচ্চিত্র) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চেঞ্জলিং (চলচ্চিত্র)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Подмяната – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Подмяната" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27intercanvi" title="L'intercanvi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="L'intercanvi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%BDm%C4%9Bna_(film)" title="Výměna (film) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Výměna (film)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changeling" title="Changeling – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Changeling" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changeling" title="Changeling – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Changeling" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_fremde_Sohn" title="Der fremde Sohn – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Der fremde Sohn" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changeling_(pel%C3%ADcula)" title="Changeling (película) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Changeling (película)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changeling_(filma)" title="Changeling (filma) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Changeling (filma)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DA%86%D9%87_%D8%AC%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%86_(%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%85)" title="بچه جایگزین (فیلم) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بچه جایگزین (فیلم)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changeling" title="Changeling – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Changeling" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27%C3%89change_(film,_2008)" title="L'Échange (film, 2008) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="L'Échange (film, 2008)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B2%B4%EC%9D%B8%EC%A7%88%EB%A7%81_(%EC%98%81%ED%99%94)" title="체인질링 (영화) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="체인질링 (영화)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%B8%D5%AD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4_(%D6%86%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%B4,_2008)" title="Փոխարինում (ֆիլմ, 2008) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Փոխարինում (ֆիլմ, 2008)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="चेंजलिंग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चेंजलिंग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changeling_(film)" title="Changeling (film) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Changeling (film)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changeling_(film_2008)" title="Changeling (film 2008) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Changeling (film 2008)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%94%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%94" title="ההחלפה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ההחלפה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changeling_(filem)" title="Changeling (filem) – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Changeling (filem)" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%95%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_(2008_%E1%83%AC%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98)" title="ჩანაცვლებული (2008 წლის ფილმი) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩანაცვლებული (2008 წლის ფილმი)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samain%C4%ABtais" title="Samainītais – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Samainītais" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elcser%C3%A9lt_%C3%A9letek" title="Elcserélt életek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Elcserélt életek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5_(%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BC)" title="Подметнување (филм) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Подметнување (филм)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84" title="استبدال – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="استبدال" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changeling_(2008)" title="Changeling (2008) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Changeling (2008)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%82%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B8%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0_(2008%E5%B9%B4%E3%81%AE%E6%98%A0%E7%94%BB)" title="チェンジリング (2008年の映画) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チェンジリング (2008年の映画)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changeling" title="Changeling – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Changeling" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9A%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97_(%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%AE)" title="ਚੇਂਜਲਿੰਗ (ਫ਼ਿਲਮ) – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਚੇਂਜਲਿੰਗ (ਫ਼ਿਲਮ)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oszukana" title="Oszukana – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Oszukana" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Troca" title="A Troca – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="A Troca" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schimbul_(film_din_2008)" title="Schimbul (film din 2008) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Schimbul (film din 2008)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC,_2008)" title="Подмена (фильм, 2008) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Подмена (фильм, 2008)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changeling_(film)" title="Changeling (film) – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Changeling (film)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BC_%D0%B8%D0%B7_2008)" title="Замена (филм из 2008) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Замена (филм из 2008)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changeling_(film)" title="Changeling (film) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Changeling (film)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changeling_%E2%80%93_vaihdokas" title="Changeling – vaihdokas – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Changeling – vaihdokas" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changeling" title="Changeling – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Changeling" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87" title="กระชากปมปริศนาคดีอำพราง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กระชากปมปริศนาคดีอำพราง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahtekar_(film,_2008)" title="Sahtekar (film, 2008) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sahtekar (film, 2008)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC,_2008)" title="Підміна (фільм, 2008) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Підміна (фільм, 2008)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changeling_(phim)" title="Changeling (phim) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Changeling (phim)" 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">2008 film by Clint Eastwood</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the 2008 film directed by Clint Eastwood. For the 1980 film, see <a href="/wiki/The_Changeling_(film)" title="The Changeling (film)">The Changeling (film)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;">Changeling</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Changeling_poster.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="On a white background, the top left of the poster is dominated by a woman's head looking down on a much smaller silhouette of a child in the bottom right corner. The woman is pale with prominent red lips and is wearing a brown cloche hat. Across the top of the poster are the names "Angelina Jolie" and "John Malkovich" in uppercase white. Adjacent to the child is the title "Changeling" in uppercase black. Above are the words "A true story" in uppercase red. Underneath is the tagline in uppercase black: "To find her son, she did what no one else dared.""><img alt="On a white background, the top left of the poster is dominated by a woman's head looking down on a much smaller silhouette of a child in the bottom right corner. The woman is pale with prominent red lips and is wearing a brown cloche hat. Across the top of the poster are the names "Angelina Jolie" and "John Malkovich" in uppercase white. Adjacent to the child is the title "Changeling" in uppercase black. Above are the words "A true story" in uppercase red. Underneath is the tagline in uppercase black: "To find her son, she did what no one else dared."" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/43/Changeling_poster.jpg/220px-Changeling_poster.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/43/Changeling_poster.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="259" data-file-height="383" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Theatrical release poster</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Directed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Clint_Eastwood" title="Clint Eastwood">Clint Eastwood</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Written by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Straczynski" title="J. Michael Straczynski">J. Michael Straczynski</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Produced by</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Clint Eastwood</li><li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Grazer" title="Brian Grazer">Brian Grazer</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Howard" title="Ron Howard">Ron Howard</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lorenz" title="Robert Lorenz">Robert Lorenz</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Starring</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angelina_Jolie" title="Angelina Jolie">Angelina Jolie</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/John_Malkovich" title="John Malkovich">John Malkovich</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Cinematography</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Stern_(cinematographer)" title="Tom Stern (cinematographer)">Tom Stern</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Edited by</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Cox" title="Joel Cox">Joel Cox</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gary_D._Roach" title="Gary D. Roach">Gary D. Roach</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Music by</th><td class="infobox-data">Clint Eastwood</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Production companies</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="vertical-align: middle;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imagine_Entertainment" title="Imagine Entertainment">Imagine Entertainment</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Malpaso_Productions" title="Malpaso Productions">Malpaso Productions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Relativity_Media" title="Relativity Media">Relativity Media</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Distributed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Universal_Pictures" title="Universal Pictures">Universal Pictures</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Release date</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist film-date"> <ul><li>October 24, 2008 (2008-10-24)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Running time</div></th><td class="infobox-data">142 minutes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Language</th><td class="infobox-data">English</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Budget</th><td class="infobox-data">$55 million</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Box office</th><td class="infobox-data">$113.4 million</td></tr></tbody></table> Changeling is a 2008 American <a href="/wiki/Mystery_film" title="Mystery film">mystery</a> <a href="/wiki/Crime_film#Crime_drama" title="Crime film">crime drama</a> film directed, produced, and scored by <a href="/wiki/Clint_Eastwood" title="Clint Eastwood">Clint Eastwood</a> and written by <a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Straczynski" title="J. Michael Straczynski">J. Michael Straczynski</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Changeling-1">[1]</a> The story was based on real-life events, specifically the 1928 <a href="/wiki/Wineville_Chicken_Coop_murders" title="Wineville Chicken Coop murders">Wineville Chicken Coop murders</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mira_Loma,_California" title="Mira Loma, California">Mira Loma, California</a>. It stars <a href="/wiki/Angelina_Jolie" title="Angelina Jolie">Angelina Jolie</a> as a woman united with a boy who she realizes is not her missing son. When she tries to demonstrate that to the police and city authorities, she is vilified as delusional, labeled as an unfit mother and confined to a psychiatric ward. The film explores themes of <a href="/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">child endangerment</a>, female disempowerment, <a href="/wiki/Political_corruption" title="Political corruption">political corruption</a>, and mistreatment of mental health patients. Working in 1983 as a special correspondent for the now defunct TV-Cable Week magazine, Straczynski first learned the story of <a href="/wiki/Christine_Collins" class="mw-redirect" title="Christine Collins">Christine Collins</a> and her son from a Los Angeles City Hall contact.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Over the ensuing years he kept researching the story but never felt he was ready to tackle it. Out of television writing for several years and known to be difficult to work with, he returned to researching and then finally writing the story in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Almost all of the film's script was drawn from thousands of pages of documentation.<a href="#cite_note-4">[Note 1]</a> His first draft became the <a href="/wiki/Shooting_script" title="Shooting script">shooting script</a>; it was his first film <a href="/wiki/Screenplay" title="Screenplay">screenplay</a> to be produced. <a href="/wiki/Ron_Howard" title="Ron Howard">Ron Howard</a> had intended to direct the film, but scheduling conflicts led to his replacement by Eastwood. Howard and his <a href="/wiki/Imagine_Entertainment" title="Imagine Entertainment">Imagine Entertainment</a> partner <a href="/wiki/Brian_Grazer" title="Brian Grazer">Brian Grazer</a> produced Changeling alongside <a href="/wiki/Malpaso_Productions" title="Malpaso Productions">Malpaso Productions</a>' <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lorenz" title="Robert Lorenz">Robert Lorenz</a> and Eastwood. <a href="/wiki/Universal_Pictures" title="Universal Pictures">Universal Pictures</a> financed and distributed the film. Several actors campaigned for the leading role; ultimately, Eastwood decided that Jolie's face would suit the 1920s period setting. The film also stars <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Donovan" title="Jeffrey Donovan">Jeffrey Donovan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jason_Butler_Harner" title="Jason Butler Harner">Jason Butler Harner</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Malkovich" title="John Malkovich">John Malkovich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Kelly_(American_actor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Kelly (American actor)">Michael Kelly</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amy_Ryan" title="Amy Ryan">Amy Ryan</a>. While some characters are <a href="/wiki/Composite_character" title="Composite character">composites</a>, most are based on actual people. <a href="/wiki/Principal_photography" title="Principal photography">Principal photography</a>, which began on October 15, 2007 and concluded a few weeks later in December, took place in Los Angeles and other locations in <a href="/wiki/Southern_California" title="Southern California">southern California</a>. Actors and crew noted that Eastwood's low-key direction resulted in a calm set and short working days. In <a href="/wiki/Post_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Post production">post production</a>, scenes were supplemented with computer-generated skylines, backgrounds, vehicles and people. Changeling premiered to critical acclaim at the <a href="/wiki/2008_Cannes_Film_Festival" title="2008 Cannes Film Festival">61st Cannes Film Festival</a> on May 20, 2008. Additional festival screenings preceded a limited release in the United States on October 24, 2008, followed by a general release in North America on October 31, 2008; in the United Kingdom on November 26, 2008; and in Australia on February 5, 2009. Critical reaction was more mixed than at Cannes. While the acting and story were generally praised, the film's "conventional staging" and "lack of nuance" were criticized. Changeling earned $113 million in box-office revenue worldwide—of which $35.7 million came from the United States and Canada.<a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a> Changeling earned Jolie numerous award nominations including the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Actress" title="Academy Award for Best Actress">Academy Award for Best Actress</a>, the <a href="/wiki/BAFTA_Award_for_Best_Actress_in_a_Leading_Role" title="BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role">BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Critics%27_Choice_Movie_Award_for_Best_Actress" title="Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Actress">Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Actress</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Actress_in_a_Motion_Picture_%E2%80%93_Drama" title="Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama">Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild_Award_for_Outstanding_Performance_by_a_Female_Actor_in_a_Leading_Role" title="Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role">Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Plot">Plot</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Changeling_(film)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Plot">edit</a>]</div> In 1928 <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, single mother <a href="/wiki/Disappearance_of_Walter_Collins" title="Disappearance of Walter Collins">Christine Collins</a> returns home to find her 9-year-old son, Walter, missing. Reverend Gustav Briegleb publicizes Christine's plight and rails against the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Police_Department" title="Los Angeles Police Department">LAPD</a> for incompetence, corruption and the <a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_punishment" title="Extrajudicial punishment">extrajudicial punishment</a> meted out by its "Gun Squad," led by <a href="/wiki/James_E._Davis_(police)" class="mw-redirect" title="James E. Davis (police)">Chief James E. Davis</a>. Some six months later, the LAPD tells Christine that Walter has been found alive and organizes a reunion in front of the press. The boy claims to be Walter but Christine knows he is not. Captain J.J. Jones, the head of the LAPD's Juvenile Division, insists he is and pressures Christine into taking him home "on a trial basis." Christine finds the boy – unlike Walter – is <a href="/wiki/Circumcision" title="Circumcision">circumcised</a> and is several inches shorter. Jones has a doctor tell her that trauma has shrunk his spine, and that whoever took Walter must have had him circumcised. A newspaper story implies that Christine is an unfit mother; Briegleb says it was planted by police to discredit her. Walter's teacher and dentist both sign letters asserting the boy is not Walter. When Christine tells her story to the press Jones has her committed to <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County-USC_Medical_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Angeles County-USC Medical Center">Los Angeles County Hospital</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_ward" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychiatric ward">psychopathic ward</a>. Inmate Carol tells Christine she is one of several women sent there for challenging police authority. Dr. Steele diagnoses Christine as delusional, forces her to take medication, and says he will only release her if she signs an admission that she was mistaken about Walter's identity. Detective Lester Ybarra travels to a <a href="/wiki/Mira_Loma,_California" title="Mira Loma, California">Wineville</a> ranch to deport 15-year-old Sanford Clark to Canada. Clark's uncle, <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Stewart_Northcott" title="Gordon Stewart Northcott">Gordon Stewart Northcott</a>, has fled. Clark tells Ybarra that Northcott forced him to help kidnap and murder 20 children. He identifies Walter as one of them, and digs up body parts. Briegleb secures Christine's release with a newspaper story naming Walter as a possible victim in the Wineville killings. Walter's impostor (Arthur Hutchins) reveals that the police told him to lie about being Christine's son. The police capture Northcott in <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a>, Canada. Famed attorney Sammy "S.S." Hahn takes on Christine's case <a href="/wiki/Pro_bono" title="Pro bono">pro bono</a> and secures the release of the other women whom the police wanted to silence. Christine, Hahn, and Briegleb arrive at Los Angeles City Hall for the city council's hearing, where crowds are protesting. The council concludes that Jones and Davis be removed from duty and that extrajudicial internments by police must stop. Northcott's jury finds him guilty of murder and he is sentenced to death by hanging. In 1930, Northcott sends Christine a message saying if she visits him, he will admit to killing Walter. When she visits, Northcott refuses to tell her. He is executed the next day. In 1935, David Clay, assumed to have been one of those murdered, is found alive. He reveals that he was imprisoned with Walter and that Walter helped him escape. They became separated and David does not know if Walter was recaptured, but Christine gains hope that he could still be alive. Epilogue text states that Captain Jones was suspended, Chief Davis was demoted, and Mayor <a href="/wiki/George_E._Cryer" title="George E. Cryer">George Cryer</a> did not run for re-election; that California made it illegal to commit people to psychiatric facilities based solely on the word of authorities; that Rev. Briegleb continued to use his radio show to expose police misconduct and political corruption; that Wineville changed its name to <a href="/wiki/Mira_Loma" class="mw-redirect" title="Mira Loma">Mira Loma</a> to escape the stigma of the murders; and that Christine Collins never stopped searching for her son. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cast">Cast</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Changeling_(film)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Cast">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;min-width: min(25em, 100%);"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angelina_Jolie" title="Angelina Jolie">Angelina Jolie</a> as <a href="/wiki/Christine_Collins" class="mw-redirect" title="Christine Collins">Christine Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Malkovich" title="John Malkovich">John Malkovich</a> as Reverend Gustav Briegleb</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Donovan" title="Jeffrey Donovan">Jeffrey Donovan</a> as Captain J.J. Jones</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Kelly_(actor)" title="Michael Kelly (actor)">Michael Kelly</a> as Detective Lester Ybarra</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colm_Feore" title="Colm Feore">Colm Feore</a> as <a href="/wiki/James_E._Davis_(police_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="James E. Davis (police officer)">Chief James E. Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Butler_Harner" title="Jason Butler Harner">Jason Butler Harner</a> as <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Stewart_Northcott" title="Gordon Stewart Northcott">Gordon Stewart Northcott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddie_Alderson" title="Eddie Alderson">Eddie Alderson</a> as Sanford Wesley Clark</li> <li>Wendy Worthington as Reception Nurse</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riki_Lindhome" title="Riki Lindhome">Riki Lindhome</a> as Examination Nurse</li> <li>Hope Shapiro as Medication Nurse</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Ryan" title="Amy Ryan">Amy Ryan</a> as Carol Dexter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoff_Pierson" title="Geoff Pierson">Geoff Pierson</a> as Sammy "S.S." Hahn</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_O%27Hare" title="Denis O'Hare">Denis O'Hare</a> as Dr. Jonathan Steele</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wood_(actor)" title="Frank Wood (actor)">Frank Wood</a> as Ben Harris</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Gerety" title="Peter Gerety">Peter Gerety</a> as Dr. Earl W. Tarr</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reed_Birney" title="Reed Birney">Reed Birney</a> as <a href="/wiki/George_E._Cryer" title="George E. Cryer">Mayor George E. Cryer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gattlin_Griffith" title="Gattlin Griffith">Gattlin Griffith</a> as <a href="/wiki/Walter_Collins" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Collins">Walter Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dale_Dickey" title="Dale Dickey">Dale Dickey</a> as Patient</li> <li>Jim Cantafio as Desk Sergeant</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devon_Gearhart" title="Devon Gearhart">Devon Gearhart</a> as Winslow Boy</li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_context">Historical context</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Changeling_(film)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Historical context">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Disappearance_of_Walter_Collins" title="Disappearance of Walter Collins">Disappearance of Walter Collins</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wineville_Chicken_Coop_murders" title="Wineville Chicken Coop murders">Wineville Chicken Coop murders</a></div> In 1926, 13-year-old Sanford Clark was taken from his home in <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a> (with the permission of his mother and reluctant father) by his uncle, 19-year-old Gordon Stewart Northcott.<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a> Northcott took Clark to a ranch in Wineville, California, where he regularly beat and sexually abused the boy—until August 1928, when the police took Clark into custody after his sister, 19-year-old Jessie Clark, informed them of the situation.<a href="#cite_note-stokley-7">[6]</a> Clark revealed that he was forced to help Northcott and his mother, Sarah Louise Northcott, in killing four young boys after Northcott had kidnapped and molested them.<a href="#cite_note-stokley-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-howells-8">[7]</a> The police found no bodies at the ranch—Clark said they were dumped in the desert. However, Clark told police where the bodies had initially been buried on the Northcott property. Clark pointed out the initial burial location on the property and police discovered body parts, blood-stained axes and personal effects belonging to missing children. The Northcotts fled to Canada, but were arrested and extradited to the United States. Sarah Louise initially confessed to murdering Walter Collins, but she later retracted her statement which was rejected by the Judge; Gordon, who had confessed to killing four boys, did likewise.<a href="#cite_note-howells-8">[7]</a> Christine Collins (the mother of Walter Collins) was placed in Los Angeles County Hospital by Captain Jones. After her release, she sued the police department twice, winning the second lawsuit. Although Captain Jones was ordered to pay Collins $10,800, he never did.<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> A city council welfare hearing recommended that Jones and Chief of Police <a href="/wiki/James_E._Davis_(police)" class="mw-redirect" title="James E. Davis (police)">James E. Davis</a> leave their posts, but both were later reinstated. The <a href="/wiki/California_State_Legislature" title="California State Legislature">California State Legislature</a> later made it illegal for the police to commit someone to a psychiatric facility without a warrant.<a href="#cite_note-revisits-10">[9]</a> Northcott was convicted of the murders of Lewis Winslow (12), Nelson Winslow (10) and an unidentified Mexican boy;<a href="#cite_note-stokley-7">[6]</a> after his conviction, Northcott was reported to have admitted to up to 20 murders, though he later denied the claim.<a href="#cite_note-stokley-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-revisits-10">[9]</a> Northcott was executed by hanging in 1930 at the age of 23. Sarah Louise was convicted of Walter Collins' murder and was sentenced to life in prison, but was paroled after 12 years of incarceration.<a href="#cite_note-stokley-7">[6]</a> In 1930, the residents of Wineville changed the town's name to <a href="/wiki/Mira_Loma" class="mw-redirect" title="Mira Loma">Mira Loma</a> to escape the notoriety brought by the case.<a href="#cite_note-howells-8">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Changeling_(film)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Production">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development">Development</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Changeling_(film)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Development">edit</a>]</div> Several years before writing Changeling, television screenwriter and former journalist <a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Straczynski" title="J. Michael Straczynski">J. Michael Straczynski</a> was contacted by a source at <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_City_Hall" title="Los Angeles City Hall">Los Angeles City Hall</a>. The source told him that officials were planning to burn numerous archive documents,<a href="#cite_note-united-11">[10]</a> among them "something [Straczynski] should see". The source had discovered a transcript of the city council welfare hearings concerning Collins and the aftermath of her son's disappearance.<a href="#cite_note-amc-12">[11]</a> Straczynski became fascinated with the case;<a href="#cite_note-post-gazette-13">[12]</a> he carried out some research<a href="#cite_note-wga-14">[13]</a> and wrote a <a href="/wiki/Spec_script" title="Spec script">spec script</a> titled The Strange Case of Christine Collins. Several studios and independent producers <a href="/wiki/Option_(filmmaking)" title="Option (filmmaking)">optioned</a> the script, but it never found a buyer.<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> Straczynski felt he lacked the time needed to devote to making the story work and only returned to the project following the cancellation of his television series <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_(TV_series)" title="Jeremiah (TV series)">Jeremiah</a> in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-wga-14">[13]</a> After 20 years as a screenwriter and producer for television, Straczynski felt he needed a break from the medium,<a href="#cite_note-post-gazette-13">[12]</a> so he spent a year researching the Collins case through archived criminal, county courthouse, city hall and city morgue records.<a href="#cite_note-gnerre-16">[15]</a> He said he collected around 6,000 pages of documentation on Collins and the Wineville murders,<a href="#cite_note-united-11">[10]</a> before learning enough to "figure out how to tell it".<a href="#cite_note-post-gazette-13">[12]</a> He wrote the first draft of the new script in 11 days.<a href="#cite_note-wga-14">[13]</a> Straczynski's agent passed the script to producer Jim Whitaker. He forwarded it to <a href="/wiki/Ron_Howard" title="Ron Howard">Ron Howard</a>,<a href="#cite_note-gnerre-16">[15]</a> who optioned it immediately.<a href="#cite_note-post-gazette-13">[12]</a> In June 2006, Universal Studios and Howard's Imagine Entertainment bought the script for Howard to direct. The film was on a short list of projects for Howard after coming off the commercial success of <a href="/wiki/The_Da_Vinci_Code_(film)" title="The Da Vinci Code (film)">The Da Vinci Code</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> In March 2007, Universal fast-tracked the production. When Howard chose <a href="/wiki/Frost/Nixon_(film)" title="Frost/Nixon (film)">Frost/Nixon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Angels_%26_Demons_(film)" title="Angels & Demons (film)">Angels & Demons</a> as his next two directing projects, it became clear he could not direct Changeling until 2009.<a href="#cite_note-variety2-18">[17]</a> After Howard stepped down, it looked as if the film would not be made, despite admiration for the script in the industry.<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> Howard and Imagine partner <a href="/wiki/Brian_Grazer" title="Brian Grazer">Brian Grazer</a> began looking for a new director to helm the project;<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> they pitched the film to Eastwood in February 2007,<a href="#cite_note-united-11">[10]</a> and immediately after reading the script he agreed to direct.<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> It would be Eastwood's first production for <a href="/wiki/Universal_Pictures" title="Universal Pictures">Universal Pictures</a> since <a href="/wiki/The_Eiger_Sanction_(film)" title="The Eiger Sanction (film)">The Eiger Sanction</a> in <a href="/wiki/1975" title="1975">1975</a>. After that film's production, Eastwood relocated to <a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros." title="Warner Bros.">Warner Bros.</a>, where he has been (with a few exceptions) since <a href="/wiki/1976" title="1976">1976</a>. Eastwood said his memories of growing up during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> meant that whenever a project dealing with the era landed in his hands, he "redoubled his attention" to it.<a href="#cite_note-le_monde-22">[21]</a> He also cited the script's focus on Collins—rather than the "<a href="/wiki/Freddy_Krueger" title="Freddy Krueger">Freddy Krueger</a>" story of Northcott's crimes—as a factor in deciding to make the film.<a href="#cite_note-united-11">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Writing">Writing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Changeling_(film)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Writing">edit</a>]</div> Straczynski viewed "sitting down and ferreting out [the] story" as a return to his journalistic roots. He also drew on his experience writing crime drama for the <a href="/wiki/Police_procedural" title="Police procedural">procedural</a> elements of the plot.<a href="#cite_note-wga-14">[13]</a> Straczynski said he had gathered so much information about the case that it was difficult to work out how to tell it. To let the story develop at its own pace, he put the project aside to allow himself to forget the less essential elements and bring into focus the parts he wanted to tell. He described what he saw as two overlaid triangles: "the first triangle, with the point up, is Collins' story. You start with her, and her story gets broader and broader and begins having impact from all kinds of places. The overlay on that was an upside down triangle with the base on top, which is the panorama of Los Angeles at that time—1928. And it begins getting narrower and narrower toward the bottom, bearing down on her." Once Straczynski saw this structure, he felt he could write the story.<a href="#cite_note-creative-23">[22]</a> He chose to avoid focusing on the atrocities of the Wineville murders in favor of telling the story from Collins' perspective;<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> Straczynski said she was the only person in the story without a hidden agenda,<a href="#cite_note-creative-23">[22]</a> and it was her tenacity—as well as the legacy the case left throughout California's legal system—that had attracted him to the project. He said, "My intention was very simple: to honor what Christine Collins did."<a href="#cite_note-notes-25">[24]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:35%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> "The story is just so bizarre that you need something to remind you that I'm not making this stuff up. So it seemed important to me to put in those clippings because you reach the part of the story where you go, 'Come on he's got to have gone off the rails with this.' Turn the page and there is indeed an article confirming it, which is why, in terms of writing the script, I [hewed] very close to the facts. The story is already extraordinary enough." </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">—Screenwriter J. Michael Straczynski placed newspaper clippings into physical copies of the script to remind people it was a true story.<a href="#cite_note-amc-12">[11]</a></cite></div> </div> With Collins as the inspiration, Straczynski said he was left with a strong desire "to get it right"; he approached it more like "an article for cinema" than a regular film.<a href="#cite_note-wga-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-creative-23">[22]</a> He stuck close to the historical record because he felt the story was bizarre enough that adding too many fictional elements would call into question its integrity.<a href="#cite_note-creative-23">[22]</a> Straczynski claimed that 95% of the script's content came from the historical record;<a href="#cite_note-gnerre-16">[15]</a> he said there were only two moments at which he had to "figure out what happened", due to the lack of information in the records. One was the sequence set in the psychopathic ward, for which there was only limited after-the-fact testimony.<a href="#cite_note-amc-12">[11]</a> Straczynski originally wrote a shorter account of Collins' incarceration. His agent suggested the sequence needed development, so Straczynski extrapolated events based on standard practice in such institutions at the time. It was at this stage he created composite character Carol Dexter, who was intended to symbolize the women of the era who had been unjustly committed.<a href="#cite_note-creative-23">[22]</a> Straczynski cited his academic background, including <a href="/wiki/Academic_major" title="Academic major">majors</a> in psychology and sociology, as beneficial to writing the scenes, specifically one in which Steele distorts Collins' words to make her appear delusional.<a href="#cite_note-wga-14">[13]</a> Straczynski worked at making the dialogue authentic, while avoiding an archaic tone. He cited his experience imagining alien psyches when writing <a href="/wiki/Babylon_5" title="Babylon 5">Babylon 5</a> as good practice for putting himself in the cultural mindset of the 1920s.<a href="#cite_note-creative-23">[22]</a> Straczynski described specific visual cues in the screenplay, such as in Sanford Clark's confession scene. Clark's flashback to a falling axe is juxtaposed with the crumbling ash from Detective Ybarra's cigarette. The image served two purposes: it was an aesthetic correlation between the axe and the cigarette, and it suggested that Ybarra was so shocked by Clark's confession that he had not moved or even smoked in the 10 minutes Clark took to tell his story. As with most of the cues, Eastwood shot the scene as written.<a href="#cite_note-creative-23">[22]</a> To ensure the veracity of the story, Straczynski incorporated quotes from the historical record, including court testimony, into the dialogue. He also included photocopies of news clippings every 15–20 pages in the script to remind people the story was a true one.<a href="#cite_note-notes-25">[24]</a> So the credits could present the film as "a true story" rather than as "based on" one, Straczynski went through the script with Universal's legal department, providing attribution for every scene.<a href="#cite_note-cruz-26">[25]</a> Straczynski believed the only research error he made was in a scene that referenced <a href="/wiki/Scrabble" title="Scrabble">Scrabble</a>, pre-dating its appearance on the market by two years. He changed the reference to a crossword puzzle.<a href="#cite_note-wga-14">[13]</a> He did not alter the <a href="/wiki/Shooting_script" title="Shooting script">shooting script</a> any further from his first draft;<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> though Straczynski had written two more drafts for Howard, Eastwood insisted the first draft be filmed as he felt it had the clearest voice of the three.<a href="#cite_note-creative-23">[22]</a> Straczynski said, "Clint's funny—if he likes it, he'll do it, that's the end of the discussion. When I met with him to ask, 'Do you want any changes, do you want any things cut, added to, subtracted from, whatever', he said, 'No. The draft is fine. Let's shoot the draft.'"<a href="#cite_note-amc-12">[11]</a> Among the changes Straczynski made from the historical record was to omit Northcott's mother—who participated in the murders—from the story, as well as the fact that Northcutt had sexually abused his victims. He also depicted Northcott's trial as taking place in Los Angeles, though it was held in <a href="/wiki/Riverside,_California" title="Riverside, California">Riverside</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> The title is derived from Western European <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a> and refers to a creature—a "<a href="/wiki/Changeling" title="Changeling">changeling</a>"—left by <a href="/wiki/Fairie" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairie">fairies</a> in place of a human child. Due to the word's association with the supernatural, Straczynski intended it only as a temporary title, believing he would be able to change it later on.<a href="#cite_note-cruz-26">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Casting">Casting</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Changeling_(film)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Casting">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Angelina_Jolie_on_the_set_of_Changeling_by_Monique_Autrey_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="From waist–up, a pale skinned, red-lipped slender woman in a cloche hat and fastened fur-trimmed coat, both brown" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Angelina_Jolie_on_the_set_of_Changeling_by_Monique_Autrey_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Angelina_Jolie_on_the_set_of_Changeling_by_Monique_Autrey_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Angelina_Jolie_on_the_set_of_Changeling_by_Monique_Autrey_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Angelina_Jolie_on_the_set_of_Changeling_by_Monique_Autrey_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Angelina_Jolie_on_the_set_of_Changeling_by_Monique_Autrey_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Angelina_Jolie_on_the_set_of_Changeling_by_Monique_Autrey_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="493" data-file-height="647" /></a><figcaption>Jolie was cast partly because Eastwood believed her face evoked the period in which the film is set.<a href="#cite_note-mtv-29">[28]</a></figcaption></figure> The filmmakers retained the names of the real-life protagonists, though several supporting characters were <a href="/wiki/Composite_character" title="Composite character">composites</a> of people and types of people from the era.<a href="#cite_note-notes-25">[24]</a> <a href="/wiki/Angelina_Jolie" title="Angelina Jolie">Angelina Jolie</a> plays Christine Collins; five actresses campaigned for the role,<a href="#cite_note-revisits-10">[9]</a> including <a href="/wiki/Reese_Witherspoon" title="Reese Witherspoon">Reese Witherspoon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hilary_Swank" title="Hilary Swank">Hilary Swank</a>.<a href="#cite_note-horn-30">[29]</a> Howard and Grazer suggested Jolie; Eastwood agreed, believing that her face fit the period setting.<a href="#cite_note-mtv-29">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> Jolie joined the production in March 2007.<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> She was initially reluctant because, as a mother, she found the subject matter distressing.<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> She said she was persuaded by Eastwood's involvement,<a href="#cite_note-united-11">[10]</a> and the screenplay's depiction of Collins as someone who recovered from adversity and had the strength to fight the odds.<a href="#cite_note-notes-25">[24]</a> Jolie found playing Collins very emotional. She said the most difficult part was relating to the character, because Collins was relatively passive. Jolie ultimately based her performance on her own mother, who died in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> For scenes at the telephone exchange, Jolie learned to roller skate in high heels, a documented practice of the period.<a href="#cite_note-notes-25">[24]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Donovan" title="Jeffrey Donovan">Jeffrey Donovan</a> portrays Captain J. J. Jones, a character Donovan became fascinated with because of the power Jones wielded in the city. The character quotes the real Jones' public statements throughout the film, including the scene in which he has Collins committed.<a href="#cite_note-notes-25">[24]</a> Donovan's decision to play Jones with a slight Irish accent was his own.<a href="#cite_note-united-11">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Malkovich" title="John Malkovich">John Malkovich</a> joined the production in October 2007 as Reverend Gustav Briegleb.<a href="#cite_note-hr1-35">[34]</a> Eastwood cast Malkovich against <a href="/wiki/Typecasting_(acting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Typecasting (acting)">type</a> as he felt this would bring "a different shading" to the character.<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jason_Butler_Harner" title="Jason Butler Harner">Jason Butler Harner</a> plays Gordon Stewart Northcott, whom Harner described as "a horrible, horrible, wonderful person".<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> He said Northcott believes he shares a connection with Collins due to their both being in the headlines: "In his eyes, they're kindred spirits."<a href="#cite_note-notes-25">[24]</a> Harner landed the role after one taped audition. Casting director <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Chenoweth" title="Ellen Chenoweth">Ellen Chenoweth</a> explained that Eastwood chose Harner over more well-known actors who wanted the part because Harner displayed "more depth and variety" and was able to project "a slight craziness" without evoking <a href="/wiki/Charles_Manson" title="Charles Manson">Charles Manson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> Eastwood was surprised by the resemblance between Northcott and Harner, saying they looked "very much" alike when Harner was in makeup.<a href="#cite_note-notes-25">[24]</a> As Harner did for the Northcott role, <a href="/wiki/Amy_Ryan" title="Amy Ryan">Amy Ryan</a> auditioned via tape for the role of Carol Dexter.<a href="#cite_note-ventura-39">[38]</a> She cited the filming of a fight scene during which Eastwood showed her "how to throw a movie punch" as her favorite moment of the production.<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Kelly_(American_actor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Kelly (American actor)">Michael Kelly</a> portrays Detective Lester Ybarra, who is a composite of several people from the historical record.<a href="#cite_note-notes-25">[24]</a> Kelly was chosen based on a taped audition; he worked around scheduling conflicts with the television series <a href="/wiki/Generation_Kill_(TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Generation Kill (TV series)">Generation Kill</a>, which he was filming in Africa at the same time.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> <a href="/wiki/Geoff_Pierson" title="Geoff Pierson">Geoff Pierson</a> plays Sammy Hahn, a <a href="/wiki/Attorney_at_law_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Attorney at law (United States)">defense attorney</a> known for taking high-profile cases. He represents Collins and in doing so plants the seeds for overturning "Code 12" internments, used by police to jail or commit those deemed difficult or an inconvenience. Code 12 was often used to commit women without <a href="/wiki/Due_process" title="Due process">due process</a>. <a href="/wiki/Colm_Feore" title="Colm Feore">Colm Feore</a> portrays <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_police#United_States" title="Chief of police">Chief of Police</a> James E. Davis, whose backstory was changed from that of his historical counterpart. Reed Birney plays Mayor <a href="/wiki/George_Edward_Cryer" class="mw-redirect" title="George Edward Cryer">George E. Cryer</a>; <a href="/wiki/Denis_O%27Hare" title="Denis O'Hare">Denis O'Hare</a> plays composite character Doctor Jonathan Steele; <a href="/wiki/Gattlin_Griffith" title="Gattlin Griffith">Gattlin Griffith</a> plays Walter Collins; and Devon Conti plays his supplanter, Arthur Hutchins. <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Alderson" title="Eddie Alderson">Eddie Alderson</a> plays Northcott's nephew and accomplice, Sanford Clark.<a href="#cite_note-notes-25">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Filming">Filming</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Changeling_(film)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Filming">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Locations_and_design">Locations and design</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Changeling_(film)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Locations and design">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pacific_Electric_Railway_1299.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A 1930s streetcar, bright red, showing its front and right side" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Pacific_Electric_Railway_1299.JPG/200px-Pacific_Electric_Railway_1299.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Pacific_Electric_Railway_1299.JPG/300px-Pacific_Electric_Railway_1299.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Pacific_Electric_Railway_1299.JPG/400px-Pacific_Electric_Railway_1299.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>The production used two functioning replica <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Electric_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Electric Railway">Pacific Electric Railway</a> streetcars for some scenes.<a href="#cite_note-partners-42">[41]</a> The visual effects team added further streetcars to background shots.<a href="#cite_note-notes-25">[24]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/James_J._Murakami" title="James J. Murakami">James J. Murakami</a> supervised the production design. <a href="/wiki/Location_scouting" title="Location scouting">Location scouting</a> revealed that many of the older buildings in Los Angeles had been torn down, including the entire neighborhood where Collins lived. Suburban areas in <a href="/wiki/San_Dimas,_California" title="San Dimas, California">San Dimas</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Bernardino,_California" title="San Bernardino, California">San Bernardino</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pasadena,_California" title="Pasadena, California">Pasadena</a> doubled for 1920s Los Angeles instead. The Old Town district of San Dimas stood in for Collins' neighborhood and some adjacent locales. Murakami said Old Town was chosen because very little had changed since the 1920s. It was used for interiors and exteriors; the crew decorated the area with a subdued color palette to evoke feelings of comfort.<a href="#cite_note-notes-25">[24]</a> For some exterior shots they renovated derelict properties in neighborhoods of Los Angeles that still possessed 1920s architecture.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> The crew staged the third floor of the Park Plaza Hotel in Los Angeles into a replica of the 1920s <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_City_Council" title="Los Angeles City Council">Los Angeles City Council</a> chambers.<a href="#cite_note-asc-44">[43]</a> The 1918 Santa Fe Depot in San Bernardino doubled for the site of Collins' reunion with "Walter".<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> The production filmed scenes set at <a href="/wiki/San_Quentin,_California" title="San Quentin, California">San Quentin</a> in the community.<a href="#cite_note-united-11">[10]</a> A small farm on the outskirts of <a href="/wiki/Lancaster,_California" title="Lancaster, California">Lancaster, California</a>, stood in for the Wineville chicken ranch. The crew recreated the entire ranch, referencing archive newspaper photographs and visits to the original ranch to get a feel for the topography and layout.<a href="#cite_note-notes-25">[24]</a> Steve Lech, president of the Riverside Historical Society, was employed as a consultant and accompanied the crew on its visits.<a href="#cite_note-stokley-7">[6]</a> The production sourced around 150 vintage motor cars, dating from 1918 to 1928, from collectors throughout Southern California. In some cases the cars were in too good a condition, so the crew modified them to make the cars appear like they were in everyday use; they sprayed dust and water onto the bodywork and to "age" some of the cars they applied a coating that simulated rust and scratches.<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> The visual effects team retouched shots of Los Angeles City Hall—on which construction was completed in 1928—to remove weathering and newer surrounding architecture.<a href="#cite_note-notes-25">[24]</a> Costume designer <a href="/wiki/Deborah_Hopper" title="Deborah Hopper">Deborah Hopper</a> researched old <a href="/wiki/Sears,_Roebuck_and_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Sears, Roebuck and Company">Sears department store</a> catalogs, back issues of <a href="/wiki/Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)">Life magazine</a> and high-school yearbooks to ensure the costumes were historically accurate.<a href="#cite_note-brisbane-47">[46]</a> Hopper sourced 1920s clothing for up to 1,000 people; this was difficult because the fabrics of the period were not resilient. She found sharp wool suits for the police officers. The style for women of all classes was to dress to create a boyish silhouette, using <a href="/wiki/Waistline_(clothing)" title="Waistline (clothing)">dropped waist</a> dresses, <a href="/wiki/Cloche_hat" title="Cloche hat">cloche hats</a> that complemented <a href="/wiki/Bob_cut" title="Bob cut">bob cut</a> hairstyles, fur-trimmed coats and knitted gloves.<a href="#cite_note-notes-25">[24]</a> Jolie said the costumes her Collins character wore formed an integral part of her approach to the character. Hopper consulted historians and researched archive footage of Collins to replicate her look. Hopper dressed Jolie in austere grays and browns with knitted gloves, wool <a href="/wiki/Serge_(fabric)" title="Serge (fabric)">serge</a> skirts accompanying cotton blouses, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Jane_(shoe)" title="Mary Jane (shoe)">Mary Jane shoes</a>, crocheted <a href="/wiki/Corsage_(bodice)" class="mw-redirect" title="Corsage (bodice)">corsages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a> jewelry.<a href="#cite_note-brisbane-47">[46]</a> In the 1930s sequences at the end of the film, Jolie's costumes become more shapely and feminine, with a decorative stitching around the waistline that was popular to the era.<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Principal_photography">Principal photography</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Changeling_(film)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Principal photography">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Principal_photography" title="Principal photography">Principal photography</a> began on October 15, 2007,<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> finishing two days ahead of its 45-day schedule on December 14, 2007.<a href="#cite_note-united-11">[10]</a> Universal Pictures provided a budget of $55 million.<a href="#cite_note-mojo-50">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> The film was Eastwood's first for a studio other than <a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros." title="Warner Bros.">Warner Bros.</a> since <a href="/wiki/Absolute_Power_(film)" title="Absolute Power (film)">Absolute Power</a> (1997).<a href="#cite_note-la_weekly-52">[51]</a> Filming mainly took place on the Universal Studios <a href="/wiki/Backlot" title="Backlot">backlot</a> in Los Angeles.<a href="#cite_note-vfx-53">[52]</a> The backlot's New York Street and Tenement Street depicted <a href="/wiki/Downtown" title="Downtown">downtown</a> Los Angeles. Tenement Street also stood in for the exterior of Northcott's sister's Vancouver apartment; visual effects added the city to the background.<a href="#cite_note-united-11">[10]</a> The production also used the Warner Bros. backlot in <a href="/wiki/Burbank,_California" title="Burbank, California">Burbank</a>, California.<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> Eastwood had clear childhood memories of 1930s Los Angeles and attempted to recreate several details in the film: the town hall, at the time one of the tallest buildings in the city; the city center, which was one of the busiest in the world; and the "perfectly functioning" <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Electric_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Electric Railway">Pacific Electric Railway</a>, the distinctive red <a href="/wiki/Streetcars" class="mw-redirect" title="Streetcars">streetcars</a> of which feature closely in two scenes.<a href="#cite_note-le_monde-22">[21]</a> The production used two functioning replica streetcars for these shots,<a href="#cite_note-partners-42">[41]</a> with visual effects employed for streetcars in the background.<a href="#cite_note-notes-25">[24]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:35%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> "One day we were shooting a scene where [Collins and Briegleb] talk about her case ... We started shooting at 9:30 a.m. and it was seven or eight pages, which is usually an 18-hour day. Around 2:30, [Eastwood] goes, 'That's lunch and that's a wrap.' ... I've made close to 100 films now and that's certainly a phrase I've never heard in my entire life." </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">—John Malkovich discusses Eastwood's famously economical directing style, which extended to Changeling's set.<a href="#cite_note-ew-55">[54]</a></cite></div> </div> Eastwood is known for his economical film shoots;<a href="#cite_note-ew-55">[54]</a> his regular camera operator, Steve Campanelli, indicated the rapid pace at which Eastwood films—and his intimate, near-wordless direction—also featured during Changeling's shoot.<a href="#cite_note-canada-56">[55]</a> Eastwood limited rehearsals and <a href="/wiki/Takes" class="mw-redirect" title="Takes">takes</a> to garner more authentic performances.<a href="#cite_note-notes-25">[24]</a> Jolie said, "You've got to get your stuff together and get ready because he doesn't linger ... He expects people to come prepared and get on with their work."<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> Campanelli sometimes had to tell Jolie what Eastwood wanted from a scene, as Eastwood talked too softly.<a href="#cite_note-canada-56">[55]</a> To provide <a href="/wiki/Verisimilitude" title="Verisimilitude">verisimilitude</a> to certain scenes, Eastwood sometimes asked Jolie to play them quietly, as if just for him. At the same time he would ask his camera operator to start filming discreetly, without Jolie's seeing it.<a href="#cite_note-le_monde-22">[21]</a> Malkovich noted Eastwood's direction as "redefining economical", saying Eastwood was quiet and did not use the phrases "action" and "cut". He said, "Some [directors]—like Clint Eastwood or Woody Allen—don't really like to be tortured by a million questions. They hire you, and they figure you know what to do and you should do it ... And that's fine by me."<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> Ryan also noted the calmness of the set,<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> observing that her experiences working with director <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Lumet" title="Sidney Lumet">Sidney Lumet</a> on <a href="/wiki/100_Centre_Street" title="100 Centre Street">100 Centre Street</a> and <a href="/wiki/Before_the_Devil_Knows_You%27re_Dead" title="Before the Devil Knows You're Dead">Before the Devil Knows You're Dead</a> were useful due to his sharing Eastwood's preference for filming a small number of takes.<a href="#cite_note-ventura-39">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> Donovan said Eastwood seldom gave him direction other than to "go ahead", and that Eastwood did not even comment on his decision to play Jones with a slight Irish accent: "Actors are insecure and they want praise, but he's not there to praise you or make you feel better ... All he's there to do is tell the story and he hired actors to tell their story."<a href="#cite_note-united-11">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gaffer_(filmmaking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaffer (filmmaking)">Gaffer</a> Ross Dunkerley said he often had to work on a scene without having seen a rehearsal: "Chances are we'll talk about it for a minute or two and then we're executing it."<a href="#cite_note-asc-44">[43]</a> The original edit was almost three hours long; to hone it to 141 minutes, Eastwood cut material from the first part of the film to get to Collins' story sooner. To improve the pacing he also cut scenes that focused on Reverend Briegleb.<a href="#cite_note-creative-23">[22]</a> Eastwood deliberately left the ending of the film ambiguous to reflect the uncertain fates of several characters in the history. He said that while some stories aimed to finish at the end of a film, he preferred to leave it open-ended.<a href="#cite_note-le_monde-22">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cinematography">Cinematography</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Changeling_(film)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Cinematography">edit</a>]</div> Changeling was director of photography <a href="/wiki/Tom_Stern_(cinematographer)" title="Tom Stern (cinematographer)">Tom Stern</a>'s sixth film with Eastwood.<a href="#cite_note-asc-44">[43]</a> Despite the muted palette, the film is more colorful than some previous Stern–Eastwood collaborations. Stern referenced a large book of period images. He attempted to evoke <a href="/wiki/Conrad_Hall" title="Conrad Hall">Conrad Hall</a>'s work on <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Depression</a>-set film <a href="/wiki/The_Day_of_the_Locust_(film)" title="The Day of the Locust (film)">The Day of the Locust</a>, as well as match what he called the "leanness" of <a href="/wiki/Mystic_River_(film)" title="Mystic River (film)">Mystic River</a>'s look. Stern said the challenge was to make Changeling as simple as possible to shoot. To focus more on Jolie's performance, he tended to avoid the use of <a href="/wiki/Fill_light" title="Fill light">fill lighting</a>.<a href="#cite_note-asc-44">[43]</a> Eastwood did not want the flashbacks to Northcott's ranch to be too much like a horror film—he said the focus of the scene was the effect of the crimes on Sanford Clark—so he avoided graphic imagery in favor of casting the murders in shadow.<a href="#cite_note-andrew-61">[60]</a> Stern shot Changeling in <a href="/wiki/Anamorphic_format" title="Anamorphic format">anamorphic format</a> on <a href="/wiki/35mm_movie_film" class="mw-redirect" title="35mm movie film">35mm film</a> using <a href="/wiki/List_of_motion_picture_film_stocks#VISION_color_negative_(ECN-2_process_1996–2002)" title="List of motion picture film stocks">Kodak Vision 500T 5279</a> film stock. The film was shot on <a href="/wiki/Panavision" title="Panavision">Panavision</a> cameras and C-Series lenses. Due to the large number of sets, the lighting rigs were more extensive than on other Eastwood productions. The crew made several ceilings from bleached <a href="/wiki/Muslin" title="Muslin">muslin</a> tiles. Stern lit the tiles from above to produce a soft, warm light that was intended to evoke the period through tones close to antique and <a href="/wiki/Sepia_(color)" title="Sepia (color)">sepia</a>. The crew segregated the tiles using fire safety fabric Duvatyn to prevent light spilling onto neighboring clusters. The <a href="/wiki/Key_light" title="Key light">key light</a> was generally softer to match the warm tones given off by the toplights. Stern used stronger <a href="/wiki/Skypan" title="Skypan">skypans</a>—more intense than is commonly used for key lighting—to reduce contrasts when applying daytime rain effects, as a single light source tended to produce harder shadows.<a href="#cite_note-asc-44">[43]</a> Stern lit scenes filmed at the Park Plaza Hotel using dimmable <a href="/wiki/Hydrargyrum_medium-arc_iodide_lamp" title="Hydrargyrum medium-arc iodide lamp">HMI</a> and tungsten lights rigged within <a href="/wiki/Balloon_light" title="Balloon light">balloon lights</a>. This setup allowed him to "dial in" the color he wanted, as the blend of tones from the tungsten fixtures, wooden walls and natural daylight made it difficult to illuminate the scenes using HMIs or daylight exclusively. Stern said the period setting had little effect overall on his lighting choices because the look was mostly applied in the production design and during <a href="/wiki/Digital_intermediate" title="Digital intermediate">digital intermediate</a> (DI), the post-production digital manipulation of color and lighting. <a href="/wiki/Thomson_SA" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomson SA">Technicolor Digital Intermediates</a> carried out the DI. Stern supervised most of the work via e-mailed reference images as he was in Russia shooting another film at the time. He was present at the laboratory for the application of the finishing touches.<a href="#cite_note-asc-44">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visual_effects">Visual effects</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Changeling_(film)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Visual effects">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Overview">Overview</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Changeling_(film)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Overview">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Los_Angeles_City_Hall_(color)_edit2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A tall, white, stone building set against a cloudless blue sky. The base is thicker than the top and is surrounded by smaller buildings of a similar material" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Los_Angeles_City_Hall_%28color%29_edit2.jpg/200px-Los_Angeles_City_Hall_%28color%29_edit2.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Los_Angeles_City_Hall_%28color%29_edit2.jpg/300px-Los_Angeles_City_Hall_%28color%29_edit2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Los_Angeles_City_Hall_%28color%29_edit2.jpg/400px-Los_Angeles_City_Hall_%28color%29_edit2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="903" data-file-height="1160" /></a><figcaption>Scenes set outside <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_City_Hall" title="Los Angeles City Hall">Los Angeles City Hall</a> were retouched by the effects team to make the building appear new.<a href="#cite_note-notes-25">[24]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Rainmaker_Digital_Effects" title="Rainmaker Digital Effects">CIS Vancouver</a> and Pac Title created most of the visual effects, under the overall supervision of Michael Owens. CIS' work was headed by Geoff Hancock and Pac Title's by Mark Freund. Each studio created around 90 shots. Pac Title focused primarily on 2D imagery;<a href="#cite_note-vfx-53">[52]</a> VICON House of Moves handled the <a href="/wiki/Motion_capture" title="Motion capture">motion capture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-vfx2-62">[61]</a> The effects work consisted mainly of peripheral additions: architecture, vehicles, crowds and furniture.<a href="#cite_note-vfx-53">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-cg-63">[62]</a> CIS used 3D modeling package <a href="/wiki/Maya_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maya (software)">Maya</a> to animate city scenes before <a href="/wiki/Rendering_(computer_graphics)" title="Rendering (computer graphics)">rendering</a> them in <a href="/wiki/Mental_ray" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental ray">mental ray</a>; they generated <a href="/wiki/Matte_painting" title="Matte painting">matte paintings</a> in <a href="/wiki/Softimage_XSI" class="mw-redirect" title="Softimage XSI">Softimage XSI</a> and Maya and used <a href="/wiki/Eyeon_Fusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Eyeon Fusion">Digital Fusion</a> for some 2D shots. The team's work began with research into 1928 Los Angeles; they referenced historical photographs and data on the urban core's population density.<a href="#cite_note-vfx-53">[52]</a> CIS had to generate mostly new computer models, textures and motion capture because the company's existing effects catalog consisted primarily of modern era elements.<a href="#cite_note-cg-63">[62]</a> CIS supplemented exteriors with skylines and detailed backdrops.<a href="#cite_note-notes-25">[24]</a> They created set extensions digitally and with matte paintings.<a href="#cite_note-cg-63">[62]</a> CIS created city blocks by using shared elements of period architecture that could be combined, rearranged and restacked to make buildings of different widths and heights; that way, the city could look diverse with a minimum of textural variation. CIS referenced vintage aerial photographs of downtown Los Angeles so shots would better reflect the geography of the city, as Hancock felt it important to have a consistency that would allow audiences to understand and become immersed in the environment.<a href="#cite_note-vfx-53">[52]</a> To maintain the rapid shooting pace Eastwood demanded, Owens chose to mostly avoid using <a href="/wiki/Chroma_key" title="Chroma key">bluescreen</a> technology, as the process can be time-consuming and difficult to light. He instead used <a href="/wiki/Rotoscoping" title="Rotoscoping">rotoscoping</a>, the process whereby effects are drawn directly onto live action shots.<a href="#cite_note-cg-63">[62]</a> Rotoscoping is more expensive than bluescreen, but the technique had proved reliable for Eastwood when he made extensive use of it on <a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Our_Fathers_(film)" title="Flags of Our Fathers (film)">Flags of Our Fathers</a> (2006) to avoid shooting against bluescreen on a mountaintop. For Owens, the lighting was better, and he considered rotoscoping to be "faster, easier and more natural".<a href="#cite_note-vfx-53">[52]</a> Owens used bluescreen in only a few locations, such as at the ends of backlot streets where it would not impact the lighting.<a href="#cite_note-cg-63">[62]</a> The Universal Studios backlot had been used for so many films that Owens thought it important to disguise familiar architecture as much as possible, so some foreground and middle distance buildings were swapped. One of his favorite effects shots was a scene in which Collins exits a taxi in front of the police station. The scene was filmed almost entirely against bluescreen; only Jolie, the <a href="/wiki/Sidewalk" title="Sidewalk">sidewalk</a>, the taxi cab and an extra were real. The completed shot features the full range of effects techniques used in the film: digital extras in the foreground, set extensions and computer-generated vehicles.<a href="#cite_note-vfx-53">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Digital_extras">Digital extras</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Changeling_(film)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Digital extras">edit</a>]</div> For crowd scenes, CIS supplemented the live-action extras with digital pedestrians created using motion capture.<a href="#cite_note-vfx-53">[52]</a> House of Moves captured the movements of five men and four women during a two-day shoot supervised by Hancock.<a href="#cite_note-vfx2-62">[61]</a> The motion capture performers were coached to make the "small, formal and refined" movements that Owens said reflected the general public's conduct at the time.<a href="#cite_note-vfx-53">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-cg-63">[62]</a> CIS combined the motion data with the <a href="/wiki/Massive_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Massive (software)">Massive</a> software package to generate the interactions of the digital pedestrians. The use of Massive presented a challenge when it came to blending digital pedestrians with live-action extras who had to move from the foreground into the digital crowd.<a href="#cite_note-cg-63">[62]</a> Massive worked well until this stage, when the effects team had to move the digital pedestrians to avoid taking the live-action extras out of the shot.<a href="#cite_note-vfx-53">[52]</a> To allow close-ups of individual Massive extras, the effects team focused on their faces and walking characteristics. Hancock explained, "We wanted to be able to push Massive right up to the camera and see how well it held up. In a couple of shots the characters might be 40 feet away from the camera, about 1⁄5 screen height. The bigger the screen is, the bigger the character. He could be 10 feet tall, so everything, even his hair, better look good!"<a href="#cite_note-cg-63">[62]</a> Typically, a limited number of motion performances are captured and Massive is used to create further variety, such as in height and walking speed. Because the digital extras were required to be close to the foreground,<a href="#cite_note-vfx2-62">[61]</a> and to integrate them properly with the live action extras, House of Moves captured twice as much motion data than CIS had used on any other project.<a href="#cite_note-vfx-53">[52]</a> CIS created nine distinct digital characters. To eliminate inaccuracies that develop when creating a digital extra of different proportions to the motion capture performer, CIS sent nine skeleton rigs to House of Moves before work began. This gave House of Moves time to properly adapt the rigs to its performers, resulting in motion capture data that required very little editing in Massive.<a href="#cite_note-vfx2-62">[61]</a> CIS wrote <a href="/wiki/Shader" title="Shader">shaders</a> for their clothing; <a href="/wiki/Displacement_mapping" title="Displacement mapping">displacement maps</a> in the air shader were linked with the motion capture to animate wrinkles in trousers and jackets.<a href="#cite_note-vfx-53">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Closing_sequence">Closing sequence</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Changeling_(film)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Closing sequence">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Changeling_closing_sequence.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Elevated daytime view of a busy city crossroads, looking down one street along which a series of tall buildings recede into the distance. Pedestrians line the sidewalks, cars litter the streets; a bright red electric streetcar features in the foreground" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cf/Changeling_closing_sequence.png/300px-Changeling_closing_sequence.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cf/Changeling_closing_sequence.png/450px-Changeling_closing_sequence.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/cf/Changeling_closing_sequence.png 2x" data-file-width="493" data-file-height="202" /></a><figcaption>In the final shot, the perspective slowly lifts to take in the city scene. The sequence was introduced to give the audience room for emotional reflection after previous versions of the film ended with a <a href="/wiki/Fade_(lighting)" title="Fade (lighting)">cut to black</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cg-63">[62]</a> The streetcars, tracks, power lines and most of the extras were computer generated.<a href="#cite_note-vfx-53">[52]</a> The buildings in the distance were created digitally with <a href="/wiki/Matte_painting" title="Matte painting">matte paintings</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cg-63">[62]</a></figcaption></figure> Forgoing the <a href="/wiki/Closure_(psychology)" title="Closure (psychology)">closure</a> favored by its contemporaries, Changeling's final sequence reflects Collins' renewed hope that Walter is alive.<a href="#cite_note-cg-63">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-hanks-64">[63]</a> The shot is a two-and-a-half-minute sequence showing Collins' walking off to become lost in a crowd.<a href="#cite_note-cg-63">[62]</a> The sequence is representative of the range of effects that feature throughout the film; Los Angeles itself is presented as a major character,<a href="#cite_note-vfx-53">[52]</a> brought to life by unobtrusive peripheral imagery that allows the viewer to focus on the story and the emotional cues. The "hustle and bustle" of the sequence was required to convey that downtown Los Angeles in 1935 was a congested urban center. In the closing shot, the camera tilts up to reveal miles of city blocks,<a href="#cite_note-cg-63">[62]</a> pedestrians on the streets, cars going by and streetcars running along their tracks.<a href="#cite_note-vfx-53">[52]</a> The version of the film that screened at <a href="/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival" title="Cannes Film Festival">Cannes</a> did not include this sequence; the scene faded to black as Collins walked away. The new 4,000-frame shot was Owens' idea. He felt the abrupt cut to black pulled the viewer out of the film too quickly, and that it left no room for emotional reflection. Owens said, "There is a legend at the end before the credits. The legend speaks to what happened after the fact, and I think you need to just swallow that for a few moments with the visual still with you." Owens told Eastwood the film should end like <a href="/wiki/Chinatown_(1974_film)" title="Chinatown (1974 film)">Chinatown</a> (1974), in which the camera lifts to take in the scene: "The camera booms up and she walks away from us from a very emotional, poignant scene at the end, walks away into this mass of people and traffic. It's very hopeful and sad at the same time."<a href="#cite_note-cg-63">[62]</a> Owens did not have time to complete the shot before the Cannes screenings, but afterwards he used <a href="/wiki/CineSync" title="CineSync">cineSync</a> to conduct most of the work from home. The shot includes two blocks of computer-generated buildings that recede into the distance of a downtown set extension. As Collins disappears into the crowd about a minute into the shot, the live footage is gradually joined with more digital work.<a href="#cite_note-cg-63">[62]</a> The streetcars, tracks and power lines were all computer generated. Live-action extras appear for the first minute of the shot before being replaced by digital ones. The shot was made more complicated by the need to add <a href="/wiki/Massive_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Massive (software)">Massive</a> extras.<a href="#cite_note-vfx-53">[52]</a> Owens constructed the scene by first building the digital foreground around the live action footage. He then added the background before filling the scene with vehicles and people.<a href="#cite_note-cg-63">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Changeling_(film)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Changeling_(soundtrack)" title="Changeling (soundtrack)">Changeling (soundtrack)</a></div> Eastwood composed Changeling's <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>-influenced score. Featuring lilting guitars and strings, it remains largely low-key throughout. The introduction of <a href="/wiki/Brass_instrument" title="Brass instrument">brass instruments</a> evokes film noir, playing to the film's setting in a city controlled by corrupt police. The theme shifts from piano to a full orchestra, and as the story develops, the strings become more imposing, with an increasing number of <a href="/wiki/Sustain" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustain">sustains</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melodic_motion" title="Melodic motion">rises</a>. Eastwood introduces voices reminiscent of those in a horror film score during the child murder flashbacks.<a href="#cite_note-musicmag-65">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> The score was orchestrated and conducted by <a href="/wiki/Lennie_Niehaus" title="Lennie Niehaus">Lennie Niehaus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> It was released on CD in North America on November 4, 2008, through record label <a href="/wiki/Var%C3%A8se_Sarabande" title="Varèse Sarabande">Varèse Sarabande</a>.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Themes">Themes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Changeling_(film)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Themes">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disempowerment_of_women">Disempowerment of women</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Changeling_(film)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Disempowerment of women">edit</a>]</div> Changeling begins with an abduction, but largely avoids framing the story as a family drama to concentrate on a portrait of a woman whose desire for independence is seen as a threat to male-dominated society.<a href="#cite_note-le_monde-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-liberation-69">[68]</a> The film depicts 1920s Los Angeles as a city in which the judgment of men takes precedence; women are labeled "hysterical and unreliable" if they dare to question it.<a href="#cite_note-honeycutt-70">[69]</a> Rather than "an expression of feminist awareness", <a href="/wiki/David_Denby_(film_critic)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Denby (film critic)">David Denby</a> argues, the film—like Eastwood's <a href="/wiki/Million_Dollar_Baby" title="Million Dollar Baby">Million Dollar Baby</a>—is "a case of awed respect for a woman who was strong and enduring".<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> The portrait of a vulnerable woman whose mental state is manipulated by the authorities was likened to the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Ingrid_Bergman" title="Ingrid Bergman">Ingrid Bergman</a>'s character in <a href="/wiki/Gaslight_(1944_film)" title="Gaslight (1944 film)">Gaslight</a> (1944), who also wondered if she might be insane;<a href="#cite_note-le_monde-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> Eastwood cited photographs that show Collins smiling with the child she knows is not hers.<a href="#cite_note-le_monde-22">[21]</a> Like many other women of the period who were deemed disruptive, Collins is forced into the secret custody of a mental institution. The film shows that psychiatry became a tool in the gender politics of the era, only a few years after <a href="/wiki/History_of_women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of women's suffrage in the United States">women's suffrage in the United States</a> was guaranteed by the ratification of the <a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Nineteenth Amendment</a>. As women ceased to be second-class citizens and began to assert their independence, the male establishment used mental institutions in an effort to disempower them; in common with other unmanageable women, Collins is subjected to medical treatment designed to break her spirit and compel obedience, though some of the treatments, specifically the <a href="/wiki/Electroconvulsive_therapy" title="Electroconvulsive therapy">electroconvulsive therapy</a> depicted in the film, did not exist ca. 1928–1930. The film quotes the testimony of the psychiatrist who treated Collins. Eastwood said the testimony evidenced how women were prejudged and that the behavior of the police reflected how women were seen at the time. He quoted the words of the officer who sent Collins to the mental facility: "'Something is wrong with you. You're an independent woman.'" Clint Eastwood said, "The period could not accept [it]".<a href="#cite_note-le_monde-22">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Corruption_in_political_hierarchies">Corruption in political hierarchies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Changeling_(film)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Corruption in political hierarchies">edit</a>]</div> Romantic notions of the 1920s as a more innocent period are put aside in favor of depicting Los Angeles as ruled by a despotic political infrastructure, steeped in sadistic, systematic corruption throughout the city government, police force and medical establishment.<a href="#cite_note-notes-25">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-honeycutt-70">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-time-73">[72]</a> In addition to being a <a href="/wiki/Kafkaesque" class="mw-redirect" title="Kafkaesque">Kafkaesque</a> drama about the search for a missing child,<a href="#cite_note-hanks-64">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-new_man-74">[73]</a> the film also focuses on issues relevant to the modern era.<a href="#cite_note-yahoo-75">[74]</a> Eastwood noted a correlation between the corruption of 1920s Los Angeles and that of the modern era, manifesting in the egos of a police force that thinks it cannot be wrong and the way in which powerful organizations justify the use of corruption.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> "[The] Los Angeles police department every so often seems to go into a period of corruption," he said, "It's happened even in recent years ... so it was nice to comment [on that] by going back to real events in 1928."<a href="#cite_note-yahoo-75">[74]</a> Eastwood said that Los Angeles had always been seen as "glamorous",<a href="#cite_note-andrew-61">[60]</a> but he believed there had never been a "golden age" in the city.<a href="#cite_note-le_monde-22">[21]</a> In Changeling, this dissonance manifests in the actions of Arthur Hutchins, who travels to the city in the hope of meeting his favorite actor. Eastwood said that given the corruption that the story covers, Hutchins' naïveté seemed "bizarre".<a href="#cite_note-andrew-61">[60]</a> As a lesson in democratic activism, the film shows what it takes to provoke people to speak against unchecked authority, no matter the consequences. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Brody" title="Richard Brody">Richard Brody</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a> said this rang as true for 1928 Los Angeles as it did for <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Agreement" title="Gdańsk Agreement">Poland in 1980</a> or <a href="/wiki/2008_Pakistani_general_election" title="2008 Pakistani general election">Pakistan in 2008</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> The film directly quotes chief of police James E. Davis: "We will hold trial on gunmen in the streets of Los Angeles. I want them brought in dead, not alive, and I will reprimand any officer who shows the least bit of mercy to a criminal."<a href="#cite_note-notes-25">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Children_and_violence">Children and violence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Changeling_(film)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Children and violence">edit</a>]</div> Changeling sits with other late-period Eastwood films in which parenting—and the search for family—is a theme. It makes literal the parental struggle to communicate with children. It can also be seen as a variation of the Eastwood "revenge movie" ethic; in this case, the "avenging grunt" transforms into a courteous woman who only once makes a foul-mouthed outburst.<a href="#cite_note-new_man-74">[73]</a> Eastwood dealt with themes of child endangerment in <a href="/wiki/A_Perfect_World" title="A Perfect World">A Perfect World</a> (1993) and <a href="/wiki/Mystic_River_(film)" title="Mystic River (film)">Mystic River</a> (2003).<a href="#cite_note-herald-78">[77]</a> Changeling is a thematic companion piece to Mystic River,<a href="#cite_note-le_monde-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-mccarthy-79">[78]</a> which also depicted a community contaminated by an isolated, violent act against a child—a comparison with which Eastwood agreed.<a href="#cite_note-le_monde-22">[21]</a> He said that showing a child in danger was "about the highest form of drama you can have", as crimes against them were to him the most horrible.<a href="#cite_note-herald-78">[77]</a> Eastwood explained that crimes against children represented a theft of lives and innocence.<a href="#cite_note-andrew-61">[60]</a> He said, "When [a crime] comes along quite as big as this one, you question humanity. It never ceases to surprise me how cruel humanity can be."<a href="#cite_note-herald-78">[77]</a> Samuel Blumenfeld of <a href="/wiki/Le_Monde" title="Le Monde">Le Monde</a> said the scene featuring Northcott's execution by hanging was "unbearable" due to its attention to detail; he believed it one of the most convincing pleas against the death penalty imaginable. Eastwood noted that for a supporter of capital punishment, Northcott was an ideal candidate and that in a perfect world the death penalty might be an appropriate punishment for such a crime.<a href="#cite_note-le_monde-22">[21]</a> He said that crimes against children would be at the top of his list for justifications of capital punishment,<a href="#cite_note-revisits-10">[9]</a> but that whether one were pro- or anti-capital punishment, the barbarism of public executions must be recognized. Eastwood argued that in putting the guilty party before his victims' families, justice may be done, but after such a spectacle the family would find it hard to find peace. The scene's realism was deliberate: the audience hears Northcott's neck breaking, his body swings and his feet shake. It was Eastwood's intention to make it unbearable to watch.<a href="#cite_note-le_monde-22">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Release">Release</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Changeling_(film)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Release">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Strategy">Strategy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Changeling_(film)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Strategy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ClintEastwoodCannesMay08.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An older man is at the center of the image smiling and looking off to the right of the image. He is wearing a white jacket and a tan shirt and tie. The number 61 can be seen behind him on a background wall." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/ClintEastwoodCannesMay08.jpg/170px-ClintEastwoodCannesMay08.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/ClintEastwoodCannesMay08.jpg/255px-ClintEastwoodCannesMay08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/ClintEastwoodCannesMay08.jpg/340px-ClintEastwoodCannesMay08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1866" /></a><figcaption>Eastwood attending an event for the film at the <a href="/wiki/2008_Cannes_Film_Festival" title="2008 Cannes Film Festival">2008 Cannes Film Festival</a></figcaption></figure> Changeling premiered in competition at the <a href="/wiki/2008_Cannes_Film_Festival" title="2008 Cannes Film Festival">61st Cannes Film Festival</a> on May 20, 2008.<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> The film was Eastwood's fifth to enter competition at the festival.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> Its appearance was not part of the original release plan. Universal executives had been looking forward to the festival without the worry associated with screening a film, until Eastwood made arrangements for Changeling's appearance.<a href="#cite_note-masters-82">[81]</a> He was pleased with the critical and commercial success that followed <a href="/wiki/Mystic_River_(film)" title="Mystic River (film)">Mystic River</a>'s appearance at the festival in 2003 and wanted to generate the same "positive buzz" for Changeling.<a href="#cite_note-horn-30">[29]</a> The film was still in <a href="/wiki/Post-production" title="Post-production">post-production</a> one week before the start of the festival.<a href="#cite_note-masters-82">[81]</a> It appeared at the 34th <a href="/wiki/Deauville_American_Film_Festival" title="Deauville American Film Festival">Deauville American Film Festival</a>, held September 5–14, 2008,<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> and had its North American premiere on October 4, 2008 as the centerpiece of the 46th <a href="/wiki/New_York_Film_Festival" title="New York Film Festival">New York Film Festival</a>, screening at the <a href="/wiki/Ziegfeld_Theatre_(1969)" title="Ziegfeld Theatre (1969)">Ziegfeld Theatre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> The producers and Universal considered opening Changeling wide in its first weekend to capitalize on Jolie's perceived <a href="/wiki/Box_office" title="Box office">box office</a> appeal, but they ultimately modeled the release plan after those of other Eastwood-directed films, Mystic River in particular. While the usual strategy is to open films by notable directors in every major city in the United States to ensure a large opening gross, in what the industry calls a "platform release", Eastwood's films generally open in a small number of theaters before opening wide a week later.<a href="#cite_note-horn-30">[29]</a> Changeling was released in 15 theaters<a href="#cite_note-85">[Note 2]</a> in nine markets in the United States on October 24, 2008.<a href="#cite_note-limited-86">[84]</a> The marketing strategy involved trailers that promoted Eastwood's involvement and the more commercial mystery thriller elements of the story. Universal hoped the limited release would capitalize on good word-of-mouth support from "serious movie fans" rather than those in the 18–25-year-old <a href="/wiki/Demographic_profile" title="Demographic profile">demographic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-horn-30">[29]</a> The film was released across North America on October 31, 2008, playing at 1,850 theaters,<a href="#cite_note-wide-87">[85]</a> expanding to 1,896 theaters by its fourth week.<a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a> Changeling was released in the United Kingdom on November 26, 2008,<a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a> in Ireland on November 28, 2008,<a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a> and in Australia on February 5, 2009.<a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Box_office">Box office</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Changeling_(film)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Box office">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cinema_projecting_differents_movies_in_Edinburgh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Cinema_projecting_differents_movies_in_Edinburgh.jpg/220px-Cinema_projecting_differents_movies_in_Edinburgh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Cinema_projecting_differents_movies_in_Edinburgh.jpg/330px-Cinema_projecting_differents_movies_in_Edinburgh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Cinema_projecting_differents_movies_in_Edinburgh.jpg/440px-Cinema_projecting_differents_movies_in_Edinburgh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>A screening of the film at the Cameo Cinema in <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh, Scotland</a></figcaption></figure> Changeling performed modestly at the box office,<a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a> grossing more internationally than in North America.<a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a> The worldwide gross revenue was $113 million.<a href="#cite_note-mojo-50">[49]</a> The film's limited American release saw it take $502,000—$33,441 per theater—in its first two days.<a href="#cite_note-limited-86">[84]</a> Exit polling showed strong commercial potential across a range of audiences.<a href="#cite_note-finke-95">[93]</a> <a href="/wiki/CinemaScore" title="CinemaScore">CinemaScore</a> polls conducted during the opening weekend revealed the average grade cinemagoers gave Changeling was A− on an A+ to F scale.<a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a> Audiences were mostly older; 68% were over 30 and 61% were women.<a href="#cite_note-var-weekend-97">[95]</a> Audience evaluations of "excellent" and "definitely recommended" were above average. The main reasons given for seeing the film were its story (65%), Jolie (53%), Eastwood (43%) and that it was based on fact (42%).<a href="#cite_note-finke-95">[93]</a> The film made $2.3 million in its first day of wide release,<a href="#cite_note-wide-87">[85]</a> going on to take fourth place in the weekend box office chart with $9.4 million—a per-theater average of $5,085.<a href="#cite_note-var-weekend-97">[95]</a> This return surpassed Universal's expectations for the weekend.<a href="#cite_note-finke-95">[93]</a> Changeling's link to the <a href="/wiki/Inland_Empire_(California)" class="mw-redirect" title="Inland Empire (California)">Inland Empire</a>—the locale of the Wineville killings—generated additional local interest, causing it to outperform the national box office by 45% in its opening weekend.<a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[Note 3]</a> The film surpassed expectations in its second weekend of wide release,<a href="#cite_note-100">[97]</a> declining 22% to take $7.3M.<a href="#cite_note-101">[98]</a> By the fourth week, Changeling had dropped to fifth place at the box office, having taken $27.6M overall.<a href="#cite_note-102">[99]</a> In its sixth week the number of theaters narrowed to 1,010,<a href="#cite_note-numbers-103">[100]</a> and Changeling dropped out of the national top ten, though it remained in ninth place on the Inland chart.<a href="#cite_note-104">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[Note 4]</a> Changeling completed its theatrical run in North America on January 8, 2009, having earned $35.7 million overall.<a href="#cite_note-mojo-50">[49]</a> Changeling made its international debut in four European markets on November 12–14, 2008,<a href="#cite_note-int-106">[102]</a> opening in 727 theaters to strong results.<a href="#cite_note-107">[103]</a> Aided by a positive critical reaction, the film took $1.6 million in Italy from 299 theaters (a per-location average of $5,402),<a href="#cite_note-europe-108">[104]</a> and $209,000 from 33 screens in Belgium.<a href="#cite_note-school-109">[105]</a> Changeling had a slower start in France, but improved to post $2.8 million from 417 theaters in its first five days,<a href="#cite_note-europe-108">[104]</a> and finished the weekend in second place at the box office.<a href="#cite_note-school-109">[105]</a> The second week in France saw the box office drop by just 27%, for a total gross of $5.4 million.<a href="#cite_note-110">[106]</a> By November 23, 2008, the film had taken $8.6 million outside North America.<a href="#cite_note-111">[107]</a> The weekend of November 28–30 saw Changeling take $4.4 million from 1,040 theaters internationally;<a href="#cite_note-112">[108]</a> this included its expansion into the United Kingdom, where it opened in third place at the box office, taking $1.9 million from 349 theaters.<a href="#cite_note-segers-113">[109]</a> It took $1.5 million from the three-day weekend, but the total was boosted by the film's opening two days earlier to avoid competition from previews of <a href="/wiki/Madagascar:_Escape_2_Africa" title="Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa">Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-114">[110]</a> The return marked the best opening of any Eastwood-directed film in the United Kingdom to that point.<a href="#cite_note-segers-113">[109]</a> Its second week of release in the United Kingdom saw a drop of 27% to $1.1 million.<a href="#cite_note-115">[111]</a> Changeling earned $7.6 million in Ireland and the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-int-106">[102]</a> Changeling's release in other European markets continued throughout December 2008.<a href="#cite_note-116">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-hy-117">[113]</a> By December 8, the film had opened in 1,167 theaters in nine markets for an international gross of $19.1 million.<a href="#cite_note-hy-117">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-enthralling-118">[114]</a> Changeling's next significant international release came in Spain on December 19, 2008,<a href="#cite_note-enthralling-118">[114]</a> where it opened in first place at the box office with $2 million from 326 theaters. This figure marked the best opening for an Eastwood-directed film in the country to that point;<a href="#cite_note-screen1-119">[115]</a> after six weeks it had earned $11 million. In January 2009, major markets in which the film opened included Germany, South Korea and Russia. In Germany, it opened in ninth place at the box office with $675,000 from 194 theaters. South Korea saw a "solid" opening of $450,000 from 155 theaters.<a href="#cite_note-screen2-120">[116]</a> In Russia, it opened in eighth place with $292,000 from 95 theaters.<a href="#cite_note-121">[117]</a> By January 26, 2009, the film had taken $47.2 million from 1,352 international theaters.<a href="#cite_note-screen2-120">[116]</a> Aided by strong word-of-mouth support, Changeling's Australian release yielded $3.8M from 74 screens after eight weeks.<a href="#cite_note-122">[118]</a> The film opened in Japan on February 20, 2009,<a href="#cite_note-int-106">[102]</a> where it topped the chart in its first week with $2.4 million from 301 screens.<a href="#cite_note-numbers-conf-123">[119]</a> After six weeks, it had earned $12.8 million in the country.<a href="#cite_note-124">[120]</a> The film's last major market release was in Mexico on February 27, 2009,<a href="#cite_note-numbers-conf-123">[119]</a> where it earned $1.4 million. The international gross was $77.3 million.<a href="#cite_note-int-106">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Home_media">Home media</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Changeling_(film)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Home media">edit</a>]</div> Changeling was released on <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Blu-ray Disc">Blu-ray Disc</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a> and <a href="/wiki/Video_on_demand" title="Video on demand">Video on Demand</a> in North America on February 17, 2009,<a href="#cite_note-125">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-dvdsales-126">[122]</a> and in the United Kingdom on March 30, 2009.<a href="#cite_note-127">[123]</a> After its first week of release, Changeling placed fourth in the DVD sales chart with 281,000 units sold for $4.6 million;<a href="#cite_note-128">[124]</a> by its fourth week of release, the film had dropped out of the top 10, having earned $10.1 million.<a href="#cite_note-dvdsales-126">[122]</a> As of the latest figures, 762,000 units have been sold, translating to $12,638,223 in revenue.<a href="#cite_note-dvdsales-126">[122]</a> The DVD release included two <a href="/wiki/Featurette" title="Featurette">featurettes</a>: Partners in Crime: Clint Eastwood and Angelina Jolie and The Common Thread: Angelina Jolie Becomes Christine Collins. The Blu-ray Disc release included two additional features: Archives and Los Angeles: Then and Now.<a href="#cite_note-129">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Changeling_(film)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Reception">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Critical_response">Critical response</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Changeling_(film)&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Critical response">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Angelina_Jolie_Global_Summit_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Angelina_Jolie_Global_Summit_2014.jpg/170px-Angelina_Jolie_Global_Summit_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Angelina_Jolie_Global_Summit_2014.jpg/255px-Angelina_Jolie_Global_Summit_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Angelina_Jolie_Global_Summit_2014.jpg/340px-Angelina_Jolie_Global_Summit_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="674" data-file-height="1025" /></a><figcaption>Jolie's performance garnered critical acclaim, earning her a nomination for the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Actress" title="Academy Award for Best Actress">Academy Award for Best Actress</a>.</figcaption></figure> The film's screening at Cannes met with critical acclaim, prompting speculation it could be awarded the <a href="/wiki/Palme_d%27Or" title="Palme d'Or">Palme d'Or</a>.<a href="#cite_note-creative-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[126]</a> The award eventually went to <a href="/wiki/Entre_les_murs" class="mw-redirect" title="Entre les murs">Entre les murs</a> (The Class).<a href="#cite_note-131">[127]</a> Straczynski claimed that Changeling's loss by two votes was due to the judges' not believing the story was based on fact. He said they did not believe the police would treat someone as they had Collins. The loss led to Universal's request that Straczynski annotate the script with sources.<a href="#cite_note-creative-23">[22]</a> Although the positive critical notices from Cannes generated speculation that the film would be a serious contender at the 2009 Academy Awards, the North American theatrical release met with a more mixed response.<a href="#cite_note-132">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[129]</a> As of June 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Changeling_(film)&action=edit">[update]</a>, the film holds a 62% approval rating on <a href="/wiki/Review_aggregator" title="Review aggregator">review aggregator</a> <a href="/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes" title="Rotten Tomatoes">Rotten Tomatoes</a>, based on 210 critical reviews, with an average rating of 6.3/10. The website's critical consensus states, "Beautifully shot and well-acted, Changeling is a compelling story that unfortunately gives in to convention too often."<a href="#cite_note-rotten-134">[130]</a> <a href="/wiki/Metacritic" title="Metacritic">Metacritic</a>, which assigns a <a href="/wiki/Standard_score" title="Standard score">weighted average</a> rating to reviews from mainstream critics, reported a score of 63 out of 100 based on 38 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".<a href="#cite_note-135">[131]</a> The film's reception in several European countries was more favorable,<a href="#cite_note-europe-108">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[132]</a> and in the United Kingdom 83% of critics listed by Rotten Tomatoes gave Changeling positive reviews.<a href="#cite_note-137">[133]</a> <a href="/wiki/Todd_McCarthy" title="Todd McCarthy">Todd McCarthy</a> of <a href="/wiki/Variety_(magazine)" title="Variety (magazine)">Variety</a> said Jolie was more affecting than in <a href="/wiki/A_Mighty_Heart_(film)" title="A Mighty Heart (film)">A Mighty Heart</a> (2007) because she relied less on artifice. He also noted a surfeit of good supporting performances, Michael Kelly's in particular.<a href="#cite_note-mccarthy-79">[78]</a> Oliver Séguret of <a href="/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration" title="Libération">Libération</a> said the cast was the film's best feature. He praised the supporting actors and said Jolie's performance was forceful yet understated.<a href="#cite_note-liberation-69">[68]</a> Kirk Honeycutt of <a href="/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter" title="The Hollywood Reporter">The Hollywood Reporter</a> said Jolie shunned her "movie star" persona to appear vulnerable and resolute. He perceived the supporting characters—Amy Ryan's excepted—as having few shades of gray.<a href="#cite_note-honeycutt-70">[69]</a> David Ansen, writing in <a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a>, echoed the sentiment, but said that "some stories really are about the good guys and the bad". He said that with the distractions of Jolie's celebrity and beauty put aside, she carried the role with restraint and intensity.<a href="#cite_note-ansen-138">[134]</a> <a href="/wiki/Manohla_Dargis" title="Manohla Dargis">Manohla Dargis</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> felt that Jolie's celebrity was distracting enough to render her unconvincing,<a href="#cite_note-dargis-139">[135]</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Denby_(film_critic)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Denby (film critic)">David Denby</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a> said that, while Jolie showed skill and selflessness, the performance and character were uninteresting; he said Collins was one-dimensional, lacking desires or temperament. He cited similar problems with Malkovich's Briegleb, concluding, "The two of them make a very proper and dull pair of collaborators."<a href="#cite_note-denby-140">[136]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:35%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> "Jolie puts on a powerful emotional display as a tenacious woman who gathers strength from the forces that oppose her. She reminds us that there is nothing so fierce as a mother protecting her cub." </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">—Kirk Honeycutt of The Hollywood Reporter<a href="#cite_note-honeycutt-70">[69]</a></cite></div> </div> McCarthy admired the "outstanding" script, calling it ambitious and deceptively simple. He said Eastwood respected the script by not playing to the melodramatic aspects and not telegraphing the story's scope from the start.<a href="#cite_note-mccarthy-79">[78]</a> Honeycutt wrote that due to its close adherence to the history the drama sagged at one point, but that the film did not feel as long as its 141 minutes because the filmmakers were "good at cutting to the chase".<a href="#cite_note-honeycutt-70">[69]</a> Ansen said Straczynski's dialogue tended to the obvious, but that while the film lacked the moral nuance of Eastwood's others, the well-researched screenplay was "a model of sturdy architecture", each layer of which built audience disgust into a "fine fury". He said, "when the tale is this gripping, why resist the moral outrage?"<a href="#cite_note-ansen-138">[134]</a> Séguret said the film presented a solid recreation of the era, but that Eastwood did not seem inspired by the challenge. Séguret noted that Eastwood kept the embers of the story alight, but that it seldom burst into flames. He likened the experience to being in a luxury car: comfortable yet boring.<a href="#cite_note-liberation-69">[68]</a> Denby and Ansen commented that Eastwood left the worst atrocities to audiences' imaginations. Ansen said this was because Eastwood was less interested in the lurid aspects of the case.<a href="#cite_note-ansen-138">[134]</a> McCarthy praised the thoughtful, unsensationalized treatment,<a href="#cite_note-mccarthy-79">[78]</a> while Denby cited problems with the austere approach, saying it left the film "both impressive and monotonous". He said Eastwood was presented with the problem of not wanting to exploit the "gruesome" material because this would contrast poorly with the delicate emotions of a woman's longing for her missing son. Denby said Eastwood and Straczynski should have explored more deeply the story's perverse aspects. Instead, he said, the narrative methodically settled the emotional and dramatic issues—"reverently chronicling Christine's apotheosis"—before "[ambling] on for another forty minutes".<a href="#cite_note-denby-140">[136]</a> Ansen said the classical approach lifted the story to another level and that it embraced horror film conventions only in the process of transcending them.<a href="#cite_note-ansen-138">[134]</a> McCarthy said Changeling was one of Eastwood's most vividly realized films, noting Stern's cinematography, the set and costume design, and CGI landscapes that merged seamlessly with location shots.<a href="#cite_note-mccarthy-79">[78]</a> Dargis was not impressed by the production design; she cited the loss of Eastwood's regular collaborator <a href="/wiki/Henry_Bumstead" title="Henry Bumstead">Henry Bumstead</a>—who died in 2006—as a factor in Changeling's "overly pristine" look.<a href="#cite_note-dargis-139">[135]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:35%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> "J. Michael Straczynski's disjointed script manages to ring false at almost every significant turn ... and Clint Eastwood's ponderous direction—a disheartening departure from his sure touch in 'Letters From Iwo Jima' and 'The Bridges of Madison County'—magnifies the flaws." </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">—<a href="/wiki/Joe_Morgenstern" title="Joe Morgenstern">Joe Morgenstern</a>, writing for <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[137]</a></cite></div> </div> Damon Wise of <a href="/wiki/Empire_(magazine)" title="Empire (magazine)">Empire</a> called Changeling "flawless",<a href="#cite_note-142">[138]</a> and McCarthy said it was "emotionally powerful and stylistically sure-handed". He stated that Changeling was a more complex and wide-ranging work than Eastwood's <a href="/wiki/Mystic_River_(film)" title="Mystic River (film)">Mystic River</a>, saying the characters and social commentary were brought into the story with an "almost breathtaking deliberation". He said that as "a sorrowful critique of the city's political culture", Changeling sat in the company of films such as <a href="/wiki/Chinatown_(1974_film)" title="Chinatown (1974 film)">Chinatown</a> and <a href="/wiki/L.A._Confidential_(film)" title="L.A. Confidential (film)">L.A. Confidential</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mccarthy-79">[78]</a> Honeycutt said the film added a "forgotten chapter to the L.A. noir" of those films and that Eastwood's melodic score contributed to an evocation of a city and a period "undergoing galvanic changes". Honeycutt said, "[the] small-town feel to the street and sets ... captures a society resistant to seeing what is really going on".<a href="#cite_note-honeycutt-70">[69]</a> Séguret said that while Changeling had few defects, it was mystifying that other critics had such effusive praise for it.<a href="#cite_note-liberation-69">[68]</a> Denby said it was beautifully made, but that it shared the chief fault of other "righteously indignant" films in congratulating the audience for feeling contempt for the "long-discredited" attitudes depicted.<a href="#cite_note-denby-140">[136]</a> Ansen concluded that the story was told in such a sure manner that only a hardened cynic would be left unmoved by the "haunting, sorrowful saga".<a href="#cite_note-ansen-138">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Awards_and_honors">Awards and honors</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Changeling_(film)&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Awards and honors">edit</a>]</div> In addition to the following list of awards and nominations, the <a href="/wiki/National_Board_of_Review_of_Motion_Pictures" class="mw-redirect" title="National Board of Review of Motion Pictures">National Board of Review of Motion Pictures</a> named Changeling one of the 10 best films of 2008,<a href="#cite_note-143">[139]</a> as did the <a href="/wiki/International_Press_Academy" title="International Press Academy">International Press Academy</a>, which presents the annual <a href="/wiki/Satellite_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Satellite Award">Satellite Awards</a>.<a href="#cite_note-144">[140]</a> Several critics included the film on their lists of the top 10 best films of 2008. <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Lane" title="Anthony Lane">Anthony Lane</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a> named it second best, <a href="/wiki/Empire_(magazine)" title="Empire (magazine)">Empire</a> magazine named it fourth best and Rene Rodriguez of <a href="/wiki/The_Miami_Herald" class="mw-redirect" title="The Miami Herald">The Miami Herald</a> named it joint fourth best with Eastwood's <a href="/wiki/Gran_Torino_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gran Torino (film)">Gran Torino</a>.<a href="#cite_note-145">[141]</a> Japanese film critic <a href="/wiki/Shigehiko_Hasumi" title="Shigehiko Hasumi">Shigehiko Hasumi</a> listed the film as one of the best films of 2000–2009.<a href="#cite_note-146">[142]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Award </th> <th>Category </th> <th>Nominee </th> <th>Result </th> <th><abbr title="References">Ref.</abbr> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/81st_Academy_Awards" title="81st Academy Awards">81st Academy Awards</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Actress" title="Academy Award for Best Actress">Best Actress in a Leading Role</a> </td> <td>Angelina Jolie </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="no table-no2 notheme">Nominated </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="#cite_note-147">[143]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Production_Design" title="Academy Award for Best Production Design">Best Art Direction</a> </td> <td>James Murakami, Gary Fettis </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="no table-no2 notheme">Nominated </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Cinematography" title="Academy Award for Best Cinematography">Best Cinematography</a> </td> <td>Tom Stern </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="no table-no2 notheme">Nominated </td></tr> <tr> <td>2008 <a href="/wiki/African_American_Film_Critics_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="African American Film Critics Association">African American Film Critics Association</a> Awards </td> <td>Best Actress </td> <td>Angelina Jolie </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-148">[144]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2009 <a href="/wiki/Casting_Society_of_America" title="Casting Society of America">Artios Award Nominations for Outstanding Achievement in Casting</a> </td> <td>Big Budget Feature – Drama </td> <td>Ellen Chenoweth </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="no table-no2 notheme">Nominated </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-149">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[146]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Art_Directors_Guild_Awards_2008" title="Art Directors Guild Awards 2008">2008 Art Directors Guild Awards</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Art_Directors_Guild_Award_for_Excellence_in_Production_Design_for_a_Period_Film" title="Art Directors Guild Award for Excellence in Production Design for a Period Film">Excellence in Production Design for a Period Film</a> </td> <td>James Murakami </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="no table-no2 notheme">Nominated </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-151">[147]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="8"><a href="/wiki/62nd_British_Academy_Film_Awards" title="62nd British Academy Film Awards">62nd British Academy Film Awards</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/BAFTA_Award_for_Best_Actress_in_a_Leading_Role" title="BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role">Best Actress in a Leading Role</a> </td> <td>Angelina Jolie </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="no table-no2 notheme">Nominated </td> <td rowspan="8"><a href="#cite_note-152">[148]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/BAFTA_Award_for_Best_Cinematography" title="BAFTA Award for Best Cinematography">Best Cinematography</a> </td> <td>Tom Stern </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="no table-no2 notheme">Nominated </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/BAFTA_Award_for_Best_Costume_Design" title="BAFTA Award for Best Costume Design">Best Costume Design</a> </td> <td>Deborah Hopper </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="no table-no2 notheme">Nominated </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/BAFTA_Award_for_Best_Direction" title="BAFTA Award for Best Direction">Best Direction</a> </td> <td>Clint Eastwood </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="no table-no2 notheme">Nominated </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/BAFTA_Award_for_Best_Editing" title="BAFTA Award for Best Editing">Best Editing</a> </td> <td>Joel Cox, Gary D. Roach </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="no table-no2 notheme">Nominated </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/BAFTA_Award_for_Best_Original_Screenplay" title="BAFTA Award for Best Original Screenplay">Best Original Screenplay</a> </td> <td>J. Michael Straczynski </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="no table-no2 notheme">Nominated </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/BAFTA_Award_for_Best_Production_Design" title="BAFTA Award for Best Production Design">Best Production Design</a> </td> <td>James Murakami, Gary Fettis </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="no table-no2 notheme">Nominated </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/BAFTA_Award_for_Best_Sound" title="BAFTA Award for Best Sound">Best Sound</a> </td> <td>Walt Martin, Alan Robert Murray, John Reitz, Gregg Rudloff </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="no table-no2 notheme">Nominated </td></tr> <tr> <td>2008 <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Film_Critics_Association" title="Chicago Film Critics Association">Chicago Film Critics Association</a> Awards </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Film_Critics_Association_Award_for_Best_Actress" title="Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress">Best Actress</a> </td> <td>Angelina Jolie </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="no table-no2 notheme">Nominated </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-153">[149]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>60th <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Award" title="Christopher Award">Christopher Awards</a> </td> <td>Feature Films </td> <td> </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-154">[150]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Costume_Designers_Guild_Awards_2008" title="Costume Designers Guild Awards 2008">2008 Costume Designers Guild Awards</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Costume_Designers_Guild_Award_for_Excellence_in_Period_Film" title="Costume Designers Guild Award for Excellence in Period Film">Excellence in Period Film</a> </td> <td>Deborah Hopper </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="no table-no2 notheme">Nominated </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-155">[151]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/14th_Critics%27_Choice_Awards" title="14th Critics' Choice Awards">14th Critics' Choice Awards</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Critics%27_Choice_Movie_Award_for_Best_Picture" title="Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Picture">Best Picture</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="no table-no2 notheme">Nominated </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="#cite_note-156">[152]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Critics%27_Choice_Movie_Award_for_Best_Actress" title="Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Actress">Best Actress</a> </td> <td>Angelina Jolie </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="no table-no2 notheme">Nominated </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Critics%27_Choice_Movie_Award_for_Best_Score" title="Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Score">Best Score</a> </td> <td>Clint Eastwood </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="no table-no2 notheme">Nominated </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Empire_Awards_2009" class="mw-redirect" title="Empire Awards 2009">2009 Empire Awards</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Empire_Awards_2009#Best_Actress" class="mw-redirect" title="Empire Awards 2009">Best Actress</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">Angelina Jolie </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="no table-no2 notheme">Nominated </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-157">[153]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/66th_Golden_Globe_Awards" title="66th Golden Globe Awards">66th Golden Globe Awards</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Actress_%E2%80%93_Motion_Picture_Drama" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Drama">Best Actress – Motion Picture Drama</a> </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="no table-no2 notheme">Nominated </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="#cite_note-158">[154]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Original_Score" title="Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score">Best Original Score</a> </td> <td>Clint Eastwood </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="no table-no2 notheme">Nominated </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/The_6th_Annual_Irish_Film_%26_Television_Awards_2009" class="mw-redirect" title="The 6th Annual Irish Film & Television Awards 2009">6th Irish Film and Television Academy Awards</a> </td> <td>Best International Actress </td> <td>Angelina Jolie </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="no table-no2 notheme">Nominated </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-159">[155]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Japan_Academy_Prize_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Japan Academy Prize (film)">2009 Japan Academy Prize</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Japan_Academy_Prize_for_Outstanding_Foreign_Language_Film" class="mw-redirect" title="Japan Academy Prize for Outstanding Foreign Language Film">Japan Academy Prize for Outstanding Foreign Language Film</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="no table-no2 notheme">Nominated </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-160">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[157]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2008 <a href="/wiki/London_Film_Critics%27_Circle" title="London Film Critics' Circle">London Film Critics' Circle</a> Awards </td> <td><a href="/wiki/London_Film_Critics%27_Circle_Award_for_Actress_of_the_Year" title="London Film Critics' Circle Award for Actress of the Year">Actress of the Year</a> </td> <td>Angelina Jolie </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="no table-no2 notheme">Nominated </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="#cite_note-162">[158]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/London_Film_Critics%27_Circle_Award_for_Director_of_the_Year" title="London Film Critics' Circle Award for Director of the Year">Director of the Year</a> </td> <td>Clint Eastwood </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="no table-no2 notheme">Nominated </td></tr> <tr> <td>2009 <a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rembrandt_Award" class="extiw" title="nl:Rembrandt Award">Rembrandt Awards</a> </td> <td>Best International Actress </td> <td rowspan="2">Angelina Jolie </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="no table-no2 notheme">Nominated </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-163">[159]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Satellite_Awards_2008" class="mw-redirect" title="Satellite Awards 2008">2008 Satellite Awards</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Satellite_Award_for_Best_Actress_%E2%80%93_Motion_Picture" class="mw-redirect" title="Satellite Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture">Best Actress – Motion Picture Drama</a> </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="#cite_note-164">[160]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Satellite_Award_for_Best_Cinematography" title="Satellite Award for Best Cinematography">Best Cinematography</a> </td> <td>Tom Stern </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="no table-no2 notheme">Nominated </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="6">35th <a href="/wiki/Saturn_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturn Award">Saturn Awards</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saturn_Award_for_Best_Action_or_Adventure_Film" title="Saturn Award for Best Action or Adventure Film">Best Action, Adventure or Thriller Film</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="no table-no2 notheme">Nominated </td> <td rowspan="6"><a href="#cite_note-165">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[162]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Saturn_Award_for_Best_Actress" title="Saturn Award for Best Actress">Best Actress</a> </td> <td>Angelina Jolie </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Saturn_Award_for_Best_Costume_Design" title="Saturn Award for Best Costume Design">Best Costume Design</a> </td> <td>Deborah Hopper </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="no table-no2 notheme">Nominated </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Saturn_Award_for_Best_Director" title="Saturn Award for Best Director">Best Director</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">Clint Eastwood </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="no table-no2 notheme">Nominated </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Saturn_Award_for_Best_Music" title="Saturn Award for Best Music">Best Music</a> </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="no table-no2 notheme">Nominated </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Saturn_Award_for_Best_Writing" title="Saturn Award for Best Writing">Best Writing</a> </td> <td>J. Michael Straczynski </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="no table-no2 notheme">Nominated </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/15th_Screen_Actors_Guild_Awards" title="15th Screen Actors Guild Awards">15th Screen Actors Guild Awards</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild_Award_for_Outstanding_Performance_by_a_Female_Actor_in_a_Leading_Role" title="Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role">Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role</a> </td> <td>Angelina Jolie </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="no table-no2 notheme">Nominated </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-167">[163]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2008 <a href="/wiki/Visual_Effects_Society#VES_Awards" title="Visual Effects Society">Visual Effects Society Awards</a> </td> <td>Outstanding Matte Paintings in a Feature Motion Picture </td> <td>Romain Bayle, Abel Milanes, Allan Lee, Debora Dunphy </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="#cite_note-168">[164]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Outstanding Supporting Visual Effects in a Motion Picture </td> <td>Michael Owens, Geoffrey Hancock, Jinnie Pak, Dennis Hoffman </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2008 <a href="/wiki/Women_Film_Critics_Circle" title="Women Film Critics Circle">Women Film Critics' Circle Awards</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adrienne_Shelly_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrienne Shelly Award">Adrienne Shelly Award</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-169">[165]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Best Film About Women </td> <td> </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Changeling_(film)&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Straczynski described 95% of the script as being drawn from around 6,000 pages of documentation. </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> The theater count refers to individual <a href="/wiki/Movie_theater" title="Movie theater">movie theaters</a> that may include multiple auditoriums. The screen count refers to individual auditoriums. </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> Changeling took $117,862 in 16 Inland Empire theaters, for an average of $7,366 per location. </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> In the film's sixth week of release in the Inland Empire, it earned $20,540 on 14 screens. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Changeling_(film)&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Changeling-1"><a href="#cite_ref-Changeling_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/676834/Changeling/full-credits.html">"Changeling"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Turner_Classic_Movies" title="Turner Classic Movies">Turner Classic Movies</a>. <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>: <a href="/wiki/Turner_Broadcasting_System" title="Turner Broadcasting System">Turner Broadcasting System</a> (<a href="/wiki/Time_Warner" class="mw-redirect" title="Time Warner">Time Warner</a>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161117144744/http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/676834/Changeling/full-credits.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 17, 2016. 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Retrieved November 25, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=%27Quantum%27+posts+Bond%27s+best+opening&rft.date=2008-11-16&rft.au=Pamela+McClintock&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvariety.com%2F2008%2Ffilm%2Fbox-office%2Fquantum-posts-bond-s-best-opening-1117995955%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChangeling+%28film%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff2008" class="citation news cs1">Staff (November 18, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7734948.stm">"Jolie's tears for her late mother"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News_Online" title="BBC News Online">BBC News Online</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090106220235/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7734948.stm">Archived</a> from the original on January 6, 2009. 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Retrieved December 24, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Age&rft.atitle=Modern+morality+tales&rft.date=2008-12-24&rft.au=Jim+Schembri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theage.com.au%2Fnews%2Fentertainment%2Ffilm%2Fmodern-morality-tales%2F2008%2F12%2F23%2F1229998532682.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChangeling+%28film%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeoffrey_Macnab2009" class="citation news cs1">Geoffrey Macnab (March 13, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/julia-roberts--has-cinemas-queen-lost-her-crown-1643714.html">"Julia Roberts – Has cinema's queen lost her crown?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090316113136/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/julia-roberts--has-cinemas-queen-lost-her-crown-1643714.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 16, 2009. 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H. Belo Corporation">A. H. Belo Corporation</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pe.com/localnews/inland/stories/PE_News_Local_S_boxoffice02.1dcd2e2.html">the original</a> on September 6, 2012. Retrieved December 22, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Press-Enterprise&rft.atitle=It%27s+very+merry+at+box+office+for+%27Four+Christmases%27&rft.date=2008-12-01&rft.au=Fielding+Buck&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pe.com%2Flocalnews%2Finland%2Fstories%2FPE_News_Local_S_boxoffice02.1dcd2e2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChangeling+%28film%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-int-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-int_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-int_106-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-int_106-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-int_106-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=intl&id=changeling08.htm">"Changeling (2008) International Box Office Results"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Box_Office_Mojo" title="Box Office Mojo">Box Office Mojo</a>. <a href="/wiki/Amazon.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon.com">Amazon.com</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090216073537/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=intl&id=changeling08.htm">Archived</a> from the original on February 16, 2009. Retrieved June 5, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Box+Office+Mojo&rft.atitle=Changeling+%282008%29+International+Box+Office+Results&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boxofficemojo.com%2Fmovies%2F%3Fpage%3Dintl%26id%3Dchangeling08.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChangeling+%28film%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDave_McNary2008" class="citation journal cs1">Dave McNary (December 16, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://variety.com/2008/film/box-office/solace-continues-world-domination-1117995954/">"'Solace' continues world domination"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Variety_(magazine)" title="Variety (magazine)">Variety</a>. Retrieved November 25, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=%27Solace%27+continues+world+domination&rft.date=2008-12-16&rft.au=Dave+McNary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvariety.com%2F2008%2Ffilm%2Fbox-office%2Fsolace-continues-world-domination-1117995954%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChangeling+%28film%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-europe-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-europe_108-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-europe_108-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-europe_108-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPamela_McClintock,_Archie_Thomas2008" class="citation journal cs1">Pamela McClintock, Archie Thomas (November 21, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://variety.com/2008/film/box-office/burn-after-reading-on-fire-overseas-2-1117996322/">"'Burn After Reading' on fire overseas"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Variety_(magazine)" title="Variety (magazine)">Variety</a>. 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Nash Information Services. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081219015750/http://www.the-numbers.com/interactive/newsStory.php?newsID=3844">Archived</a> from the original on December 19, 2008. Retrieved December 23, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Numbers&rft.atitle=School+Climbing+Higher&rft.date=2008-11-23&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.the-numbers.com%2Finteractive%2FnewsStory.php%3FnewsID%3D3844&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChangeling+%28film%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArchie_Thomas2008" class="citation journal cs1">Archie Thomas (November 25, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://variety.com/2008/film/box-office/bond-still-boss-in-europe-1117996452/">"Bond still boss in Europe"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Variety_(magazine)" title="Variety (magazine)">Variety</a>. Retrieved December 23, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=Bond+still+boss+in+Europe&rft.date=2008-11-25&rft.au=Archie+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvariety.com%2F2008%2Ffilm%2Fbox-office%2Fbond-still-boss-in-europe-1117996452%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChangeling+%28film%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank_Segers2008" class="citation journal cs1">Frank Segers (November 23, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/solace-still-going-strong-overseas-123422">"'Solace' still going strong overseas"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter" title="The Hollywood Reporter">The Hollywood Reporter</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151004133125/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/solace-still-going-strong-overseas-123422">Archived</a> from the original on October 4, 2015. Retrieved November 25, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hollywood+Reporter&rft.atitle=%27Solace%27+still+going+strong+overseas&rft.date=2008-11-23&rft.au=Frank+Segers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hollywoodreporter.com%2Fnews%2Fsolace-still-going-strong-overseas-123422&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChangeling+%28film%29" class="Z3988"> (registration required for online access) </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDave_McNary2008" class="citation journal cs1">Dave McNary (November 30, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://variety.com/2008/film/box-office/quantum-still-rules-overseas-1117996589/">"'Quantum' still rules overseas"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Variety_(magazine)" title="Variety (magazine)">Variety</a>. 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Retrieved November 30, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hollywood+Reporter&rft.atitle=%27Quantum%27+takes+int%27l+b.o.+for+fifth+week&rft.date=2008-11-30&rft.au=Frank+Segers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hollywoodreporter.com%2Fnews%2Fquantum-takes-intl-bo-fifth-123636&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChangeling+%28film%29" class="Z3988"> (registration required for online access) </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Gant2008" class="citation news cs1">Charles Gant (December 2, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/film/filmblog/2008/dec/02/uk-box-office">"Santa smashes Bond for UK box-office crown"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151004131928/http://www.theguardian.com/film/filmblog/2008/dec/02/uk-box-office">Archived</a> from the original on October 4, 2015. Retrieved December 2, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Santa+smashes+Bond+for+UK+box-office+crown&rft.date=2008-12-02&rft.au=Charles+Gant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ffilm%2Ffilmblog%2F2008%2Fdec%2F02%2Fuk-box-office&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChangeling+%28film%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArchie_Thomas2008" class="citation journal cs1">Archie Thomas (December 9, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://variety.com/2008/film/box-office/escape-2-africa-heats-up-europe-1117997076/">"'Escape 2 Africa' heats up Europe"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Variety_(magazine)" title="Variety (magazine)">Variety</a>. Retrieved December 23, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=%27Escape+2+Africa%27+heats+up+Europe&rft.date=2008-12-09&rft.au=Archie+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvariety.com%2F2008%2Ffilm%2Fbox-office%2Fescape-2-africa-heats-up-europe-1117997076%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChangeling+%28film%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen_Fritz,_Dave_McNary2008" class="citation journal cs1">Ben Fritz, Dave McNary (December 4, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://variety.com/2008/film/box-office/punisher-to-hit-box-office-zone-1117996868/">"'Punisher' to hit box office zone"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Variety_(magazine)" title="Variety (magazine)">Variety</a>. 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Retrieved December 23, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hollywood+Reporter&rft.atitle=Madagascar%27+sequel+marks+its+territory&rft.date=2008-12-08&rft.au=Hy+Hollinger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hollywoodreporter.com%2Fnews%2Fmadagascar-sequel-marks-territory-124064&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChangeling+%28film%29" class="Z3988"> (registration required for online access) </li> <li id="cite_note-enthralling-118">^ <a href="#cite_ref-enthralling_118-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-enthralling_118-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff2008" class="citation news cs1">Staff (December 14, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.the-numbers.com/interactive/newsStory.php?newsID=3891">"International Releases are Enthralling"</a>. The Numbers. Nash Information Services. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081216080421/http://www.the-numbers.com/interactive/newsStory.php?newsID=3891">Archived</a> from the original on December 16, 2008. Retrieved December 23, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Numbers&rft.atitle=International+Releases+are+Enthralling&rft.date=2008-12-14&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.the-numbers.com%2Finteractive%2FnewsStory.php%3FnewsID%3D3891&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChangeling+%28film%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-screen1-119"><a href="#cite_ref-screen1_119-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeremy_Kay2008" class="citation news cs1">Jeremy Kay (December 22, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.screendaily.com/ScreenDailyArticle.aspx?intStoryID=42458">"Madagascar 2 soars past $200m after $33.5m weekend for PPI"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Screen_International" title="Screen International">Screen Daily</a>. <a href="/wiki/EMAP" class="mw-redirect" title="EMAP">East Midland Allied Press</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612163435/https://www.screendaily.com/ScreenDailyArticle.aspx?intStoryID=42458">Archived</a> from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved December 23, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Screen+Daily&rft.atitle=Madagascar+2+soars+past+%24200m+after+%2433.5m+weekend+for+PPI&rft.date=2008-12-22&rft.au=Jeremy+Kay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.screendaily.com%2FScreenDailyArticle.aspx%3FintStoryID%3D42458&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChangeling+%28film%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-screen2-120">^ <a href="#cite_ref-screen2_120-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-screen2_120-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeremy_Kay2009" class="citation news cs1">Jeremy Kay (January 26, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.screendaily.com/ScreenDailyArticle.aspx?intStoryID=42833">"Valkyrie leads international box office with $13.2m in 13 markets"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Screen_International" title="Screen International">Screen Daily</a>. <a href="/wiki/EMAP" class="mw-redirect" title="EMAP">East Midland Allied Press</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612162527/https://www.screendaily.com/ScreenDailyArticle.aspx?intStoryID=42833">Archived</a> from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved February 12, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Screen+Daily&rft.atitle=Valkyrie+leads+international+box+office+with+%2413.2m+in+13+markets&rft.date=2009-01-26&rft.au=Jeremy+Kay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.screendaily.com%2FScreenDailyArticle.aspx%3FintStoryID%3D42833&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChangeling+%28film%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff2009" class="citation news cs1">Staff (January 25, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.the-numbers.com/interactive/newsStory.php?newsID=3981">"International Details – Escaping the Top Five"</a>. The Numbers. Nash Information Services. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090205185102/http://www.the-numbers.com/interactive/newsStory.php?newsID=3981">Archived</a> from the original on February 5, 2009. Retrieved February 12, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Numbers&rft.atitle=International+Details+%E2%80%93+Escaping+the+Top+Five&rft.date=2009-01-25&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.the-numbers.com%2Finteractive%2FnewsStory.php%3FnewsID%3D3981&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChangeling+%28film%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJim_Schembri2009" class="citation news cs1">Jim Schembri (March 31, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.theage.com.au/schembri/archives/2009/03/post_16.html">"'Knowing' hits while 'Two Fists' tanks"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Age" title="The Age">The Age</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fairfax_Media" title="Fairfax Media">Fairfax Media</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090402122311/http://blogs.theage.com.au/schembri/archives/2009/03/post_16.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 2, 2009. 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Nash Information Services. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090307222032/http://www.the-numbers.com/interactive/newsStory.php?newsID=4066">Archived</a> from the original on March 7, 2009. 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Retrieved January 16, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=Costume+designers+unveil+nominees&rft.date=2009-01-13&rft.au=Andrew+Stewart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvariety.com%2F2009%2Ffilm%2Fawards%2Fcostume-designers-unveil-nominees-3-1117998450%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChangeling+%28film%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDade_Hayes2008" class="citation journal cs1">Dade Hayes (December 9, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.variety.com/VR1117997072.html">"Broadcast critics favour 'Milk,' 'Button'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Variety_(magazine)" title="Variety (magazine)">Variety</a>. Retrieved December 9, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=Broadcast+critics+favour+%27Milk%2C%27+%27Button%27&rft.date=2008-12-09&rft.au=Dade+Hayes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.variety.com%2FVR1117997072.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChangeling+%28film%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090508031015/http://www.bauermedia.co.uk/Press-Office/News/Jameson-Empire-Awards-2009---Nominations">"Jameson Empire Awards 2009 – Nominations"</a>. bauermedia.co.uk. <a href="/wiki/Bauer_Media_Group" title="Bauer Media Group">Bauer Media Group</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bauermedia.co.uk/Press-Office/News/Jameson-Empire-Awards-2009---Nominations/">the original</a> on May 8, 2009. Retrieved April 3, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bauermedia.co.uk&rft.atitle=Jameson+Empire+Awards+2009+%E2%80%93+Nominations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bauermedia.co.uk%2FPress-Office%2FNews%2FJameson-Empire-Awards-2009---Nominations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChangeling+%28film%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff2008" class="citation journal cs1">Staff (December 11, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.variety.com/VR1117997209.html">"Golden Globe nominations list"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Variety_(magazine)" title="Variety (magazine)">Variety</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081214010123/http://www.variety.com/VR1117997209.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 14, 2008. Retrieved December 11, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=Golden+Globe+nominations+list&rft.date=2008-12-11&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.variety.com%2FVR1117997209.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChangeling+%28film%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifta.ie/winners2009/index.htm">"Winners of the 6th Annual Irish Film & Television Awards"</a>. ifta.ie. <a href="/wiki/Irish_Film_and_Television_Awards" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Film and Television Awards">Irish Film and Television Awards</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090322062750/http://www.ifta.ie/winners2009/index.htm">Archived</a> from the original on March 22, 2009. Retrieved March 14, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ifta.ie&rft.atitle=Winners+of+the+6th+Annual+Irish+Film+%26+Television+Awards&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ifta.ie%2Fwinners2009%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChangeling+%28film%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung2009" class="citation news cs1">Young, Irene (December 23, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.altfg.com/blog/awards/japanese-academy-award-nominations-2009-894/">"2009 Japanese Academy Award Nominations"</a>. Alt Film Guide. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091226221911/http://www.altfg.com/blog/awards/japanese-academy-award-nominations-2009-894/">Archived</a> from the original on December 26, 2009. Retrieved December 24, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alt+Film+Guide&rft.atitle=2009+Japanese+Academy+Award+Nominations&rft.date=2009-12-23&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Irene&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.altfg.com%2Fblog%2Fawards%2Fjapanese-academy-award-nominations-2009-894%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChangeling+%28film%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100309013158/http://wildgrounds.com/index.php/2010/03/05/33rd-japan-academy-awards-results/">"33rd Japan Academy Awards: Results!"</a>. Wildgrounds: Treasures of Asian Cinema. March 5, 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wildgrounds.com/index.php/2010/03/05/33rd-japan-academy-awards-results/">the original</a> on March 9, 2010. Retrieved March 5, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wildgrounds%3A+Treasures+of+Asian+Cinema&rft.atitle=33rd+Japan+Academy+Awards%3A+Results%21&rft.date=2010-03-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwildgrounds.com%2Findex.php%2F2010%2F03%2F05%2F33rd-japan-academy-awards-results%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChangeling+%28film%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArchie_Thomas2008" class="citation journal cs1">Archie Thomas (December 18, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.variety.com/VR1117997595.html">"'Slumdog' tops with London critics"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Variety_(magazine)" title="Variety (magazine)">Variety</a>. 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Retrieved March 14, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brabants+Dagblad&rft.atitle=Filmwereld+bijeen+voor+Rembrandt+Awards&rft.date=2009-03-09&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brabantsdagblad.nl%2Falgemeen%2Fkunst%2Ffilm%2F4630875%2FFilmwereld-bijeen-voor-Rembrandt-Awards.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChangeling+%28film%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081202035312/http://www.pressacademy.com/satawards/awards2008.shtml">"2008 13th Annual Satellite Awards"</a>. pressacademy.com. <a href="/wiki/International_Press_Academy" title="International Press Academy">International Press Academy</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pressacademy.com/satawards/awards2008.shtml">the original</a> on December 2, 2008. Retrieved January 16, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pressacademy.com&rft.atitle=2008+13th+Annual+Satellite+Awards&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pressacademy.com%2Fsatawards%2Fawards2008.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChangeling+%28film%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120221234527/http://www.saturnawards.org/nominations.html">"Nominations for the 35th Annual Saturn Awards"</a>. saturnawards.org. <a href="/wiki/Saturn_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturn Award">Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror Films</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saturnawards.org/nominations.html">the original</a> on February 21, 2012. Retrieved March 10, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=saturnawards.org&rft.atitle=Nominations+for+the+35th+Annual+Saturn+Awards&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saturnawards.org%2Fnominations.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChangeling+%28film%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080509062056/http://www.saturnawards.org/index.html">"The Winners of the 35th Annual Saturn Awards"</a>. saturnawards.org. <a href="/wiki/Saturn_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturn Award">Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror Films</a>. 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Retrieved December 18, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=%27Doubt%27+leads+SAG+awards+race&rft.date=2008-12-18&rft.au=Dave+McNary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.variety.com%2FVR1117997589.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChangeling+%28film%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSusan_King2009" class="citation news cs1">Susan King (February 21, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/awards/2009/02/the-curious-cas.html">"Benjamin Button' and 'Dark Knight' win VES Awards"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090227005907/http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/awards/2009/02/the-curious-cas.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 27, 2009. Retrieved February 23, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Benjamin+Button%27+and+%27Dark+Knight%27+win+VES+Awards&rft.date=2009-02-21&rft.au=Susan+King&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flatimesblogs.latimes.com%2Fawards%2F2009%2F02%2Fthe-curious-cas.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChangeling+%28film%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff2008" class="citation news cs1">Staff (December 15, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upi.com/Entertainment_News/2008/12/15/UPI_NewsTrack_Entertainment_News/UPI-66551229367600/">"WFCC: 'Changeling' best movie about women"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Press_International" title="United Press International">United Press International</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110524140706/http://www.upi.com/Entertainment_News/2008/12/15/UPI_NewsTrack_Entertainment_News/UPI-66551229367600/">Archived</a> from the original on May 24, 2011. Retrieved December 22, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=United+Press+International&rft.atitle=WFCC%3A+%27Changeling%27+best+movie+about+women&rft.date=2008-12-15&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FEntertainment_News%2F2008%2F12%2F15%2FUPI_NewsTrack_Entertainment_News%2FUPI-66551229367600%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChangeling+%28film%29" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Changeling_(film)&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Changeling_(film)" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Changeling (film)">Changeling (film)</a>.</div></div> </div> <link 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Clint_Eastwood" title="Template:Clint Eastwood"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Clint_Eastwood" title="Template talk:Clint Eastwood"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Clint_Eastwood" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Clint Eastwood"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Clint_Eastwood" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Clint_Eastwood" title="Clint Eastwood">Clint Eastwood</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_life_and_work_of_Clint_Eastwood" title="Early life and work of Clint Eastwood">Early life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_life_of_Clint_Eastwood" title="Personal life of Clint Eastwood">Personal life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_life_of_Clint_Eastwood" title="Political life of Clint Eastwood">Political life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clint_Eastwood_filmography" title="Clint Eastwood filmography">Filmography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clint_Eastwood_bibliography" title="Clint Eastwood bibliography">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clint_Eastwood_discography" title="Clint Eastwood discography">Discography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_Clint_Eastwood" title="List of awards and nominations received by Clint Eastwood">Accolades</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films directed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Play_Misty_for_Me" title="Play Misty for Me">Play Misty for Me</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Plains_Drifter" title="High Plains Drifter">High Plains Drifter</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breezy" title="Breezy">Breezy</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Eiger_Sanction_(film)" title="The Eiger Sanction (film)">The Eiger Sanction</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Outlaw_Josey_Wales" title="The Outlaw Josey Wales">The Outlaw Josey Wales</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gauntlet_(film)" title="The Gauntlet (film)">The Gauntlet</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronco_Billy" title="Bronco Billy">Bronco Billy</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefox_(film)" title="Firefox (film)">Firefox</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honkytonk_Man" title="Honkytonk Man">Honkytonk Man</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudden_Impact" title="Sudden Impact">Sudden Impact</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pale_Rider" title="Pale Rider">Pale Rider</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heartbreak_Ridge" title="Heartbreak Ridge">Heartbreak Ridge</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_(1988_film)" title="Bird (1988 film)">Bird</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Hunter_Black_Heart" title="White Hunter Black Heart">White Hunter Black Heart</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rookie_(1990_film)" title="The Rookie (1990 film)">The Rookie</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unforgiven" title="Unforgiven">Unforgiven</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Perfect_World" title="A Perfect World">A Perfect World</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bridges_of_Madison_County_(film)" title="The Bridges of Madison County (film)">The Bridges of Madison County</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_Power_(film)" title="Absolute Power (film)">Absolute Power</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midnight_in_the_Garden_of_Good_and_Evil_(film)" title="Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil (film)">Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_Crime_(1999_film)" title="True Crime (1999 film)">True Crime</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Cowboys" title="Space Cowboys">Space Cowboys</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_Work_(film)" title="Blood Work (film)">Blood Work</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_Blues_(film)" title="Piano Blues (film)">Piano Blues</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystic_River_(film)" title="Mystic River (film)">Mystic River</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Million_Dollar_Baby" title="Million Dollar Baby">Million Dollar Baby</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Our_Fathers_(film)" title="Flags of Our Fathers (film)">Flags of Our Fathers</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letters_from_Iwo_Jima" title="Letters from Iwo Jima">Letters from Iwo Jima</a> (2006)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Changeling</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gran_Torino" title="Gran Torino">Gran Torino</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invictus_(film)" title="Invictus (film)">Invictus</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereafter_(film)" title="Hereafter (film)">Hereafter</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Edgar" title="J. Edgar">J. Edgar</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Boys_(film)" title="Jersey Boys (film)">Jersey Boys</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sniper" title="American Sniper">American Sniper</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sully_(film)" title="Sully (film)">Sully</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_15:17_to_Paris" title="The 15:17 to Paris">The 15:17 to Paris</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mule_(2018_film)" title="The Mule (2018 film)">The Mule</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Jewell_(film)" title="Richard Jewell (film)">Richard Jewell</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cry_Macho_(film)" title="Cry Macho (film)">Cry Macho</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juror_No._2" title="Juror No. 2">Juror #2</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Characters <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Man_with_No_Name" title="Man with No Name">Man with No Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirty_Harry_(character)" title="Dirty Harry (character)">Harry Callahan</a></li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Go_ahead,_make_my_day" title="Go ahead, make my day">Go ahead, make my day</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malpaso_Productions" title="Malpaso Productions">Malpaso Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clint_Eastwood_at_the_2012_Republican_National_Convention" title="Clint Eastwood at the 2012 Republican National Convention">Eastwood at the 2012 RNC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastwood_After_Hours:_Live_at_Carnegie_Hall" title="Eastwood After Hours: Live at Carnegie Hall">Eastwood After Hours: Live at Carnegie Hall</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Bar_Room_Buddies" title="Bar Room Buddies">Bar Room Buddies</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Make_My_Day_(T._G._Sheppard_and_Clint_Eastwood_song)" title="Make My Day (T. G. Sheppard and Clint Eastwood song)">Make My Day</a>" (song)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clint_Eastwood_(song)" title="Clint Eastwood (song)">"Clint Eastwood" (song)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dina_Eastwood" title="Dina Eastwood">Dina Ruiz (second wife)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyle_Eastwood" title="Kyle Eastwood">Kyle Eastwood (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alison_Eastwood" title="Alison Eastwood">Alison Eastwood (daughter)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Eastwood" title="Scott Eastwood">Scott Eastwood (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesca_Eastwood" title="Francesca Eastwood">Francesca Eastwood (daughter)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sondra_Locke" title="Sondra Locke">Sondra Locke (ex-partner)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Clint_Eastwood" title="Category:Clint Eastwood">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Works_by_J._Michael_Straczynski" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:J._Michael_Straczynski" title="Template:J. Michael Straczynski"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:J._Michael_Straczynski" title="Template talk:J. Michael Straczynski"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:J._Michael_Straczynski" title="Special:EditPage/Template:J. Michael Straczynski"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Works_by_J._Michael_Straczynski" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Works by <a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Straczynski" title="J. Michael Straczynski">J. Michael Straczynski</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films written</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Changeling</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninja_Assassin" title="Ninja Assassin">Ninja Assassin</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor_(film)" title="Thor (film)">Thor</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underworld:_Awakening" title="Underworld: Awakening">Underworld: Awakening</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_Z_(film)" title="World War Z (film)">World War Z</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylon_5:_The_Road_Home" title="Babylon 5: The Road Home">Babylon 5: The Road Home</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babylon_5" title="Babylon 5">Babylon 5</a> (1993–1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_(TV_series)" title="Crusade (TV series)">Crusade</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_(TV_series)" title="Jeremiah (TV series)">Jeremiah</a> (2002–2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sense8" title="Sense8">Sense8</a> (2015–2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Creator and writer</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rising_Stars_(comics)" title="Rising Stars (comics)">Rising Stars</a> (1999–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midnight_Nation" title="Midnight Nation">Midnight Nation</a> (2000–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squadron_Supreme_(Supreme_Power)" class="mw-redirect" title="Squadron Supreme (Supreme Power)">Supreme Power</a> (2003–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dream_Police_(comics)" title="Dream Police (comics)">Dream Police</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Lost_Souls" title="The Book of Lost Souls">The Book of Lost Souls</a> (2005–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullet_Points_(comics)" title="Bullet Points (comics)">Bullet Points</a> (2006–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Twelve_(comics)" title="The Twelve (comics)">The Twelve</a> (2008–2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Resistance_(AWA_Studios)" title="The Resistance (AWA Studios)">The Resistance</a> (2020–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writer</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Amazing_Spider-Man" title="The Amazing Spider-Man">The Amazing Spider-Man</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Spider-Man:_The_Other" title="Spider-Man: The Other">The Other</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Spider-Man:_Back_in_Black" title="Spider-Man: Back in Black">Back in Black</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Spider-Man:_One_More_Day" title="Spider-Man: One More Day">One More Day</a>") (2001–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_Four" title="Fantastic Four">Fantastic Four</a> (2005–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor_(Marvel_Comics)" title="Thor (Marvel Comics)">Thor</a> (2007–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Brave_and_the_Bold" title="The Brave and the Bold">The Brave and the Bold</a> (2009–2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superman_(comic_book)" title="Superman (comic book)">Superman</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Superman:_Grounded" title="Superman: Grounded">Grounded</a>") (2010–2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wonder_Woman" title="Wonder Woman">Wonder Woman</a> (2010–2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superman:_Earth_One" title="Superman: Earth One">Superman: Earth One</a> (2010–2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ron_Howard" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ron_Howard" title="Template:Ron Howard"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ron_Howard" title="Template talk:Ron Howard"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ron_Howard" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ron Howard"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ron_Howard" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ron_Howard" title="Ron Howard">Ron Howard</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_Ron_Howard" title="List of awards and nominations received by Ron Howard">Accolades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Howard_filmography" title="Ron Howard filmography">Filmography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Howard%27s_unrealized_projects" title="Ron Howard's unrealized projects">Unrealized projects</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Feature films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Directed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Theft_Auto_(film)" title="Grand Theft Auto (film)">Grand Theft Auto</a> (1977, also wrote)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_Candy_(1978_film)" title="Cotton Candy (1978 film)">Cotton Candy</a> (1978, also wrote)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skyward_(film)" title="Skyward (film)">Skyward</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_Shift_(1982_film)" title="Night Shift (1982 film)">Night Shift</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splash_(film)" title="Splash (film)">Splash</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocoon_(film)" title="Cocoon (film)">Cocoon</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gung_Ho_(film)" title="Gung Ho (film)">Gung Ho</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willow_(1988_film)" title="Willow (1988 film)">Willow</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parenthood_(film)" title="Parenthood (film)">Parenthood</a> (1989, also wrote)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backdraft_(film)" title="Backdraft (film)">Backdraft</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_and_Away" title="Far and Away">Far and Away</a> (1992, also wrote)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Paper_(film)" title="The Paper (film)">The Paper</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_13_(film)" title="Apollo 13 (film)">Apollo 13</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ransom_(1996_film)" title="Ransom (1996 film)">Ransom</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EDtv" title="EDtv">EDtv</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/How_the_Grinch_Stole_Christmas_(2000_film)" title="How the Grinch Stole Christmas (2000 film)">How the Grinch Stole Christmas</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Beautiful_Mind_(film)" title="A Beautiful Mind (film)">A Beautiful Mind</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Missing_(2003_film)" title="The Missing (2003 film)">The Missing</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinderella_Man" title="Cinderella Man">Cinderella Man</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Da_Vinci_Code_(film)" title="The Da Vinci Code (film)">The Da Vinci Code</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frost/Nixon_(film)" title="Frost/Nixon (film)">Frost/Nixon</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_%26_Demons_(film)" title="Angels & Demons (film)">Angels & Demons</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dilemma" title="The Dilemma">The Dilemma</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rush_(2013_film)" title="Rush (2013 film)">Rush</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_the_Heart_of_the_Sea_(film)" title="In the Heart of the Sea (film)">In the Heart of the Sea</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferno_(2016_film)" title="Inferno (2016 film)">Inferno</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solo:_A_Star_Wars_Story" title="Solo: A Star Wars Story">Solo: A Star Wars Story</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillbilly_Elegy_(film)" title="Hillbilly Elegy (film)">Hillbilly Elegy</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Lives" title="Thirteen Lives">Thirteen Lives</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eden_(2024_film)" title="Eden (2024 film)">Eden</a> (2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Shrinking_of_Treehorn_(film)" title="The Shrinking of Treehorn (film)">The Shrinking of Treehorn</a> (TBA)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Produced</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clean_and_Sober" title="Clean and Sober">Clean and Sober</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Chamber_(1996_film)" title="The Chamber (1996 film)">The Chamber</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inventing_the_Abbotts" title="Inventing the Abbotts">Inventing the Abbotts</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Alamo_(2004_film)" title="The Alamo (2004 film)">The Alamo</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curious_George_(film)" title="Curious George (film)">Curious George</a> (2006)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Changeling</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restless_(2011_film)" title="Restless (2011 film)">Restless</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowboys_%26_Aliens" title="Cowboys & Aliens">Cowboys & Aliens</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Good_Lie" title="The Good Lie">The Good Lie</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dark_Tower_(2017_film)" title="The Dark Tower (2017 film)">The Dark Tower</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tick,_Tick..._Boom!_(film)" title="Tick, Tick... Boom! (film)">Tick, Tick... Boom!</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Beanie_Bubble" title="The Beanie Bubble">The Beanie Bubble</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Documentaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Directed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Made_in_America_(2013_film)" title="Made in America (2013 film)">Made in America</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Beatles:_Eight_Days_a_Week" title="The Beatles: Eight Days a Week">The Beatles: Eight Days a Week</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavarotti_(film)" title="Pavarotti (film)">Pavarotti</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebuilding_Paradise" title="Rebuilding Paradise">Rebuilding Paradise</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/We_Feed_People" title="We Feed People">We Feed People</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Henson_Idea_Man" title="Jim Henson Idea Man">Jim Henson Idea Man</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Produced</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beyond_the_Mat" title="Beyond the Mat">Beyond the Mat</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katy_Perry:_Part_of_Me" title="Katy Perry: Part of Me">Katy Perry: Part of Me</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_by_John_Williams" title="Music by John Williams">Music by John Williams</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imagine_Entertainment" title="Imagine Entertainment">Imagine Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Grazer" title="Brian Grazer">Brian Grazer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Brian_Grazer" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Brian_Grazer" title="Template:Brian Grazer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Brian_Grazer" title="Template talk:Brian Grazer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Brian_Grazer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Brian Grazer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Brian_Grazer" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Grazer" title="Brian Grazer">Brian Grazer</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films produced</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Night_Shift_(1982_film)" title="Night Shift (1982 film)">Night Shift</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Genius" title="Real Genius">Real Genius</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spies_Like_Us" title="Spies Like Us">Spies Like Us</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Like_Father_Like_Son_(1987_film)" title="Like Father Like Son (1987 film)">Like Father Like Son</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parenthood_(film)" title="Parenthood (film)">Parenthood</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindergarten_Cop" title="Kindergarten Cop">Kindergarten Cop</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closet_Land" title="Closet Land">Closet Land</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_Girl_(film)" title="My Girl (film)">My Girl</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_and_Away" title="Far and Away">Far and Away</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boomerang_(1992_film)" title="Boomerang (1992 film)">Boomerang</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/For_Love_or_Money_(1993_film)" title="For Love or Money (1993 film)">For Love or Money</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_Girl_2" title="My Girl 2">My Girl 2</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greedy_(film)" title="Greedy (film)">Greedy</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Paper_(film)" title="The Paper (film)">The Paper</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cowboy_Way_(film)" title="The Cowboy Way (film)">The Cowboy Way</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_13_(film)" title="Apollo 13 (film)">Apollo 13</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sgt._Bilko" title="Sgt. Bilko">Sgt. Bilko</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_(1996_film)" title="Fear (1996 film)">Fear</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Nutty_Professor_(1996_film)" title="The Nutty Professor (1996 film)">The Nutty Professor</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Chamber_(1996_film)" title="The Chamber (1996 film)">The Chamber</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ransom_(1996_film)" title="Ransom (1996 film)">Ransom</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liar_Liar" title="Liar Liar">Liar Liar</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inventing_the_Abbotts" title="Inventing the Abbotts">Inventing the Abbotts</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_Rising" title="Mercury Rising">Mercury Rising</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psycho_(1998_film)" title="Psycho (1998 film)">Psycho</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EDtv" title="EDtv">EDtv</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_(1999_film)" title="Life (1999 film)">Life</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowfinger" title="Bowfinger">Bowfinger</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beyond_the_Mat" title="Beyond the Mat">Beyond the Mat</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutty_Professor_II:_The_Klumps" title="Nutty Professor II: The Klumps">Nutty Professor II: The Klumps</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/How_the_Grinch_Stole_Christmas_(2000_film)" title="How the Grinch Stole Christmas (2000 film)">How the Grinch Stole Christmas</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Beautiful_Mind_(film)" title="A Beautiful Mind (film)">A Beautiful Mind</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undercover_Brother" title="Undercover Brother">Undercover Brother</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Crush" title="Blue Crush">Blue Crush</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/8_Mile_(film)" title="8 Mile (film)">8 Mile</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intolerable_Cruelty" title="Intolerable Cruelty">Intolerable Cruelty</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cat_in_the_Hat_(film)" title="The Cat in the Hat (film)">The Cat in the Hat</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Missing_(2003_film)" title="The Missing (2003 film)">The Missing</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friday_Night_Lights_(film)" title="Friday Night Lights (film)">Friday Night Lights</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inside_Deep_Throat" title="Inside Deep Throat">Inside Deep Throat</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinderella_Man" title="Cinderella Man">Cinderella Man</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flightplan" title="Flightplan">Flightplan</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fun_with_Dick_and_Jane_(2005_film)" title="Fun with Dick and Jane (2005 film)">Fun with Dick and Jane</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inside_Man" title="Inside Man">Inside Man</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Da_Vinci_Code_(film)" title="The Da Vinci Code (film)">The Da Vinci Code</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Gangster_(film)" title="American Gangster (film)">American Gangster</a> (2007)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Changeling</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frost/Nixon_(film)" title="Frost/Nixon (film)">Frost/Nixon</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_%26_Demons_(film)" title="Angels & Demons (film)">Angels & Demons</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Hood_(2010_film)" title="Robin Hood (2010 film)">Robin Hood</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dilemma" title="The Dilemma">The Dilemma</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restless_(2011_film)" title="Restless (2011 film)">Restless</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowboys_%26_Aliens" title="Cowboys & Aliens">Cowboys & Aliens</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Edgar" title="J. Edgar">J. Edgar</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_Heist" title="Tower Heist">Tower Heist</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katy_Perry:_Part_of_Me" title="Katy Perry: Part of Me">Katy Perry: Part of Me</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rush_(2013_film)" title="Rush (2013 film)">Rush</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Get_on_Up_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Get on Up (film)">Get on Up</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Good_Lie" title="The Good Lie">The Good Lie</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_the_Heart_of_the_Sea_(film)" title="In the Heart of the Sea (film)">In the Heart of the Sea</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowriders_(film)" title="Lowriders (film)">Lowriders</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferno_(2016_film)" title="Inferno (2016 film)">Inferno</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Made_(film)" title="American Made (film)">American Made</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Spy_Who_Dumped_Me" title="The Spy Who Dumped Me">The Spy Who Dumped Me</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavarotti_(film)" title="Pavarotti (film)">Pavarotti</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dads_(film)" title="Dads (film)">Dads</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebuilding_Paradise" title="Rebuilding Paradise">Rebuilding Paradise</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillbilly_Elegy_(film)" title="Hillbilly Elegy (film)">Hillbilly Elegy</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tick,_Tick..._Boom!_(film)" title="Tick, Tick... Boom! (film)">Tick, Tick... Boom!</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Lives" title="Thirteen Lives">Thirteen Lives</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Beanie_Bubble" title="The Beanie Bubble">The Beanie Bubble</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candy_Cane_Lane_(film)" title="Candy Cane Lane (film)">Candy Cane Lane</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eden_(2024_film)" title="Eden (2024 film)">Eden</a> (2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_by_John_Williams" title="Music by John Williams">Music by John Williams</a> (2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/After_the_Hunt" title="After the Hunt">After the Hunt</a> (TBA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Shrinking_of_Treehorn_(film)" title="The Shrinking of Treehorn (film)">The Shrinking of Treehorn</a> (TBA)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films produced and written</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Splash_(film)" title="Splash (film)">Splash</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_and_Dangerous_(1986_film)" title="Armed and Dangerous (1986 film)">Armed and Dangerous</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housesitter" title="Housesitter">Housesitter</a> (1992)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">TV series created</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Chasers" title="Shadow Chasers">Shadow Chasers</a> (1985)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imagine_Entertainment" title="Imagine Entertainment">Imagine Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Howard" title="Ron Howard">Ron Howard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q275553#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q275553#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q275553#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/174071879">VIAF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2009100898">United States</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Changeling_(film)&oldid=1259792426">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Changeling_(film)&oldid=1259792426</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2008_films" title="Category:2008 films">2008 films</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2008_crime_drama_films" title="Category:2008 crime drama films">2008 crime drama films</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2008_thriller_films" title="Category:2008 thriller films">2008 thriller films</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_films_based_on_actual_events" title="Category:American films based on actual events">American films based on actual events</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_crime_drama_films" title="Category:American crime drama films">American crime drama films</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_thriller_films" title="Category:American thriller films">American thriller films</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Crime_films_based_on_actual_events" title="Category:Crime films based on actual events">Crime films based on actual events</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Drama_films_based_on_actual_events" title="Category:Drama films based on actual events">Drama films based on actual events</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fictional_portrayals_of_the_Los_Angeles_Police_Department" title="Category:Fictional portrayals of the Los Angeles Police Department">Fictional portrayals of the Los Angeles Police Department</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Films_about_child_abduction_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Films about child abduction in the United States">Films about child abduction in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Films_about_capital_punishment" title="Category:Films about capital punishment">Films about capital punishment</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Films_about_children" title="Category:Films about children">Films about children</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Films_about_child_sexual_abuse" title="Category:Films about child sexual abuse">Films about child sexual abuse</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Films_about_death" title="Category:Films about death">Films about death</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Films_about_missing_people" title="Category:Films about missing people">Films about missing people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Films_about_pedophilia" title="Category:Films about pedophilia">Films about pedophilia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Films_about_psychiatry" title="Category:Films about psychiatry">Films about psychiatry</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Films_directed_by_Clint_Eastwood" title="Category:Films directed by Clint Eastwood">Films directed by Clint Eastwood</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Films_produced_by_Clint_Eastwood" title="Category:Films produced by Clint Eastwood">Films produced by Clint Eastwood</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Films_produced_by_Brian_Grazer" title="Category:Films produced by Brian Grazer">Films produced by Brian Grazer</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Films_produced_by_Ron_Howard" title="Category:Films produced by Ron Howard">Films produced by Ron Howard</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Films_produced_by_Robert_Lorenz" title="Category:Films produced by Robert Lorenz">Films produced by Robert Lorenz</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Films_scored_by_Clint_Eastwood" title="Category:Films scored by Clint Eastwood">Films scored by Clint Eastwood</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Films_set_in_1928" title="Category:Films set in 1928">Films set in 1928</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Films_set_in_1935" title="Category:Films set in 1935">Films set in 1935</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Films_set_in_Los_Angeles" title="Category:Films set in Los Angeles">Films set in Los Angeles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Films_set_in_psychiatric_hospitals" title="Category:Films set in psychiatric hospitals">Films set in psychiatric hospitals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Films_set_in_Vancouver" title="Category:Films set in Vancouver">Films set in Vancouver</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Films_shot_in_Los_Angeles" title="Category:Films shot in Los Angeles">Films shot in Los Angeles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Films_with_screenplays_by_J._Michael_Straczynski" title="Category:Films with screenplays by J. 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