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navigation"> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Lava</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Lava" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.main">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Lava" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list minerva-icon-only-menu"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large 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id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Lava flow" redirects here. For the programming anti-pattern, see <a href="/wiki/Lava_flow_(programming)" title="Lava flow (programming)">Lava flow (programming)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Lava_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Lava (disambiguation)">Lava (disambiguation)</a>.</div> Lava is molten or partially molten rock (<a href="/wiki/Magma" title="Magma">magma</a>) that has been expelled from the interior of a <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_planet" title="Terrestrial planet">terrestrial planet</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>) or a <a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">moon</a> onto its surface. Lava may be erupted at a <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcano</a> or through a <a href="/wiki/Fissure_vent" title="Fissure vent">fracture</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Crust_(geology)" title="Crust (geology)">crust</a>, on land or underwater, usually at temperatures from 800 to 1,200 °C (1,470 to 2,190 °F). The <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_rock" title="Volcanic rock">volcanic rock</a> resulting from subsequent cooling is often also called lava. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:001_Volcano_eruption_of_Litli-Hr%C3%BAtur_in_Iceland_in_2023_Photo_by_Giles_Laurent.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/001_Volcano_eruption_of_Litli-Hr%C3%BAtur_in_Iceland_in_2023_Photo_by_Giles_Laurent.jpg/330px-001_Volcano_eruption_of_Litli-Hr%C3%BAtur_in_Iceland_in_2023_Photo_by_Giles_Laurent.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/001_Volcano_eruption_of_Litli-Hr%C3%BAtur_in_Iceland_in_2023_Photo_by_Giles_Laurent.jpg/500px-001_Volcano_eruption_of_Litli-Hr%C3%BAtur_in_Iceland_in_2023_Photo_by_Giles_Laurent.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/001_Volcano_eruption_of_Litli-Hr%C3%BAtur_in_Iceland_in_2023_Photo_by_Giles_Laurent.jpg/960px-001_Volcano_eruption_of_Litli-Hr%C3%BAtur_in_Iceland_in_2023_Photo_by_Giles_Laurent.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3041" data-file-height="2027"></a><figcaption>Fresh lava from <a href="/wiki/Fagradalsfjall" title="Fagradalsfjall">Fagradalsfjall</a> volcano eruption in Iceland, 2023</figcaption></figure> A lava flow is an outpouring of lava during an <a href="/wiki/Effusive_eruption" title="Effusive eruption">effusive eruption</a>. (An <a href="/wiki/Explosive_eruption" title="Explosive eruption">explosive eruption</a>, by contrast, produces a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_ash" title="Volcanic ash">volcanic ash</a> and other fragments called <a href="/wiki/Tephra" title="Tephra">tephra</a>, not lava flows.) The <a href="/wiki/Viscosity" title="Viscosity">viscosity</a> of most lava is about that of <a href="/wiki/Ketchup" title="Ketchup">ketchup</a>, roughly 10,000 to 100,000 times that of water. Even so, lava can flow great distances before cooling causes it to solidify, because lava exposed to air quickly develops a solid crust that insulates the remaining liquid lava, helping to keep it hot and inviscid enough to continue flowing.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Etymology">1 Etymology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Properties_of_lava">2 Properties of lava</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Composition">2.1 Composition</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-4"><a href="#Silicate_lavas">2.1.1 Silicate lavas</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-5"><a href="#Felsic_lava">2.1.1.1 Felsic lava</a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-6"><a href="#Intermediate_lava">2.1.1.2 Intermediate lava</a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-7"><a href="#Mafic_lava">2.1.1.3 Mafic lava</a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-8"><a href="#Ultramafic_lava">2.1.1.4 Ultramafic lava</a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-9"><a href="#Alkaline_lavas">2.1.1.5 Alkaline lavas</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#Non-silicate_lavas">2.1.2 Non-silicate lavas</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Rheology">2.2 Rheology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Temperature">2.3 Temperature</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Lava_morphology">3 Lava morphology</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#%CA%BBA%CA%BB%C4%81">3.1 ʻAʻā</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#P%C4%81hoehoe">3.2 Pāhoehoe</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Block_lava_flows">3.3 Block lava flows</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Pillow_lava">3.4 Pillow lava</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Lava_landforms">4 Lava landforms</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Volcanoes">4.1 Volcanoes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Cinder_and_spatter_cones">4.2 Cinder and spatter cones</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#K%C4%ABpukas">4.3 Kīpukas</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Lava_domes_and_coul%C3%A9es">4.4 Lava domes and coulées</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Lava_tubes">4.5 Lava tubes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Lava_lakes">4.6 Lava lakes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Lava_delta">4.7 Lava delta</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#Lava_fountains">5 Lava fountains</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#Hazards">6 Hazards</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Towns_destroyed_by_lava_flows">6.1 Towns destroyed by lava flows</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Towns_damaged_by_lava_flows">6.2 Towns damaged by lava flows</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Towns_destroyed_by_tephra">6.3 Towns destroyed by tephra</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="#See_also">7 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="#References">8 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="#External_links">9 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> The word lava comes from <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> and is probably derived from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> word labes, which means a fall or slide.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> An early use of the word in connection with extrusion of magma from below the surface is found in a short account of the 1737 eruption of <a href="/wiki/Vesuvius" class="mw-redirect" title="Vesuvius">Vesuvius</a>, written by <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Serao" title="Francesco Serao">Francesco Serao</a>, who described "a flow of fiery lava" as an analogy to the flow of water and mud down the flanks of the volcano (a <a href="/wiki/Lahar" title="Lahar">lahar</a>) after heavy <a href="/wiki/Rain" title="Rain">rain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Properties_of_lava">Properties of lava</h2></div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Composition">Composition</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/007_Volcano_eruption_of_Litli-Hr%C3%BAtur_in_Iceland_in_2023_Video_by_Giles_Laurent.webm/220px--007_Volcano_eruption_of_Litli-Hr%C3%BAtur_in_Iceland_in_2023_Video_by_Giles_Laurent.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="24" data-mwtitle="007_Volcano_eruption_of_Litli-Hrútur_in_Iceland_in_2023_Video_by_Giles_Laurent.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:007_Volcano_eruption_of_Litli-Hr%C3%BAtur_in_Iceland_in_2023_Video_by_Giles_Laurent.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/53/007_Volcano_eruption_of_Litli-Hr%C3%BAtur_in_Iceland_in_2023_Video_by_Giles_Laurent.webm/007_Volcano_eruption_of_Litli-Hr%C3%BAtur_in_Iceland_in_2023_Video_by_Giles_Laurent.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/53/007_Volcano_eruption_of_Litli-Hr%C3%BAtur_in_Iceland_in_2023_Video_by_Giles_Laurent.webm/007_Volcano_eruption_of_Litli-Hr%C3%BAtur_in_Iceland_in_2023_Video_by_Giles_Laurent.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/53/007_Volcano_eruption_of_Litli-Hr%C3%BAtur_in_Iceland_in_2023_Video_by_Giles_Laurent.webm/007_Volcano_eruption_of_Litli-Hr%C3%BAtur_in_Iceland_in_2023_Video_by_Giles_Laurent.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/007_Volcano_eruption_of_Litli-Hr%C3%BAtur_in_Iceland_in_2023_Video_by_Giles_Laurent.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-width="3840" data-height="2160"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/53/007_Volcano_eruption_of_Litli-Hr%C3%BAtur_in_Iceland_in_2023_Video_by_Giles_Laurent.webm/007_Volcano_eruption_of_Litli-Hr%C3%BAtur_in_Iceland_in_2023_Video_by_Giles_Laurent.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/53/007_Volcano_eruption_of_Litli-Hr%C3%BAtur_in_Iceland_in_2023_Video_by_Giles_Laurent.webm/007_Volcano_eruption_of_Litli-Hr%C3%BAtur_in_Iceland_in_2023_Video_by_Giles_Laurent.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/53/007_Volcano_eruption_of_Litli-Hr%C3%BAtur_in_Iceland_in_2023_Video_by_Giles_Laurent.webm/007_Volcano_eruption_of_Litli-Hr%C3%BAtur_in_Iceland_in_2023_Video_by_Giles_Laurent.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/53/007_Volcano_eruption_of_Litli-Hr%C3%BAtur_in_Iceland_in_2023_Video_by_Giles_Laurent.webm/007_Volcano_eruption_of_Litli-Hr%C3%BAtur_in_Iceland_in_2023_Video_by_Giles_Laurent.webm.360p.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"' data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360"></source></video><figcaption>Video of lava agitating and bubbling in the volcano eruption of Litli-Hrútur, 2023</figcaption></figure> Solidified lava on the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_crust" title="Earth's crust">Earth's crust</a> is predominantly <a href="/wiki/Silicate_minerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Silicate minerals">silicate minerals</a>: mostly <a href="/wiki/Feldspar" title="Feldspar">feldspars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feldspathoid" title="Feldspathoid">feldspathoids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olivine" title="Olivine">olivine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyroxene" title="Pyroxene">pyroxenes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amphibole" title="Amphibole">amphiboles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mica" title="Mica">micas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">quartz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue200919-6">[6]</a> Rare nonsilicate lavas can be formed by local melting of nonsilicate mineral deposits<a href="#cite_note-ChileIronOxideLava-7">[7]</a> or by separation of a magma into <a href="/wiki/Immiscible" class="mw-redirect" title="Immiscible">immiscible</a> silicate and nonsilicate liquid <a href="/wiki/State_of_matter" title="State of matter">phases</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IronOxidelava-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Silicate_lavas">Silicate lavas</h4></div> Silicate lavas are molten mixtures dominated by <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust" title="Abundance of elements in Earth's crust">most abundant elements of the Earth's crust</a>, with smaller quantities of <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a> and minor amounts of many other elements.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue200919-6">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/Petrologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrologist">Petrologists</a> routinely express the composition of a silicate lava in terms of the weight or <a href="/wiki/Molar_mass" title="Molar mass">molar mass</a> fraction of the oxides of the major elements (other than oxygen) present in the lava.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009132%E2%80%93133-9">[9]</a> The silica component dominates the physical behavior of silicate magmas. Silicon ions in lava strongly bind to four oxygen ions in a tetrahedral arrangement. If an oxygen ion is bound to two silicon ions in the melt, it is described as a bridging oxygen, and lava with many clumps or chains of silicon ions connected by bridging oxygen ions is described as partially polymerized. Aluminium in combination with alkali metal oxides (sodium and potassium) also tends to polymerize the lava.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue200925-10">[10]</a> Other <a href="/wiki/Ion#Anions_and_cations" title="Ion">cations</a>, such as ferrous iron, calcium, and magnesium, bond much more weakly to oxygen and reduce the tendency to polymerize.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Partial polymerization makes the lava viscous, so lava high in silica is much more viscous than lava low in silica.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue200925-10">[10]</a> Because of the role of silica in determining viscosity and because many other properties of a lava (such as its temperature) are observed to correlate with silica content, silicate lavas are divided into four chemical types based on silica content: <a href="#Felsic_lava">felsic</a>, <a href="#Intermediate_lava">intermediate</a>, <a href="#Mafic_lava">mafic</a>, and <a href="#Ultramafic_lava">ultramafic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Felsic_lava">Felsic lava</h5></div> Felsic or <a href="/wiki/Silicon_dioxide" title="Silicon dioxide">silicic</a> lavas have a silica content greater than 63%. They include <a href="/wiki/Rhyolite" title="Rhyolite">rhyolite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dacite" title="Dacite">dacite</a> lavas. With such a high silica content, these lavas are extremely viscous, ranging from 108 <a href="/wiki/Centipoise" class="mw-redirect" title="Centipoise">cP</a> (105 Pa⋅s) for hot rhyolite lava at 1,200 °C (2,190 °F) to 1011 cP (108 Pa⋅s) for cool rhyolite lava at 800 °C (1,470 °F).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue200923-13">[13]</a> For comparison, water has a viscosity of about 1 cP (0.001 Pa⋅s). Because of this very high viscosity, felsic lavas usually erupt explosively to produce <a href="/wiki/Pyroclastic_rock" title="Pyroclastic rock">pyroclastic</a> (fragmental) deposits. However, rhyolite lavas occasionally erupt effusively to form <a href="/wiki/Lava_spine" title="Lava spine">lava spines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lava_dome" title="Lava dome">lava domes</a> or "coulees" (which are thick, short lava flows).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue200970%E2%80%9377-14">[14]</a> The lavas typically fragment as they extrude, producing block lava flows. These often contain <a href="/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian">obsidian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmincke2003132-15">[15]</a> Felsic magmas can erupt at temperatures as low as 800 °C (1,470 °F).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue200920-16">[16]</a> Unusually hot (>950 °C; >1,740 °F) rhyolite lavas, however, may flow for distances of many tens of kilometres, such as in the <a href="/wiki/Snake_River_Plain" title="Snake River Plain">Snake River Plain</a> of the northwestern United States.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Intermediate_lava">Intermediate lava</h5></div> Intermediate or <a href="/wiki/Andesite" title="Andesite">andesitic</a> lavas contain 52% to 63% silica, and are lower in aluminium and usually somewhat richer in <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> than felsic lavas. Intermediate lavas form andesite domes and block lavas and may occur on steep <a href="/wiki/Composite_volcano" class="mw-redirect" title="Composite volcano">composite volcanoes</a>, such as in the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmincke200321%E2%80%9324,_132,_143-18">[18]</a> They are also commonly hotter than felsic lavas, in the range of 850 to 1,100 °C (1,560 to 2,010 °F). Because of their lower silica content and higher eruptive temperatures, they tend to be much less viscous, with a typical viscosity of 3.5 × 106 cP (3,500 Pa⋅s) at 1,200 °C (2,190 °F). This is slightly greater than the viscosity of smooth <a href="/wiki/Peanut_butter" title="Peanut butter">peanut butter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue200923%E2%80%93611-19">[19]</a> Intermediate lavas show a greater tendency to form <a href="/wiki/Phenocrysts" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenocrysts">phenocrysts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Higher iron and magnesium tends to manifest as a darker <a href="/wiki/Groundmass" class="mw-redirect" title="Groundmass">groundmass</a>, including amphibole or pyroxene phenocrysts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue20091376%E2%80%93377-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Mafic_lava">Mafic lava</h5></div> Mafic or <a href="/wiki/Basaltic" class="mw-redirect" title="Basaltic">basaltic</a> lavas are typified by relatively high magnesium oxide and iron oxide content (whose molecular formulas provide the consonants in mafic) and have a silica content limited to a range of 52% to 45%. They generally erupt at temperatures of 1,100 to 1,200 °C (2,010 to 2,190 °F) and at relatively low viscosities, around 104 to 105 cP (10 to 100 Pa⋅s). This is similar to the viscosity of <a href="/wiki/Ketchup" title="Ketchup">ketchup</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue200923%E2%80%9325-22">[22]</a> although it is still many orders of magnitude higher than that of water. Mafic lavas tend to produce low-profile <a href="/wiki/Shield_volcano" title="Shield volcano">shield volcanoes</a> or <a href="/wiki/Flood_basalt" title="Flood basalt">flood basalts</a>, because the less viscous lava can flow for long distances from the vent. The thickness of a solidified basaltic lava flow, particularly on a low slope, may be much greater than the thickness of the moving molten lava flow at any one time, because basaltic lavas may "inflate" by a continued supply of lava and its pressure on a solidified crust.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue200953%E2%80%9355,_59%E2%80%9364-23">[23]</a> Most basaltic lavas are of ʻaʻā or pāhoehoe types, rather than block lavas. Underwater, they can form <a href="/wiki/Pillow_lavas" class="mw-redirect" title="Pillow lavas">pillow lavas</a>, which are rather similar to entrail-type pahoehoe lavas on land.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmincke2003128%E2%80%93132-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Ultramafic_lava">Ultramafic lava</h5></div> Ultramafic lavas, such as <a href="/wiki/Komatiite" title="Komatiite">komatiite</a> and highly magnesian magmas that form <a href="/wiki/Boninite" title="Boninite">boninite</a>, take the composition and temperatures of eruptions to the extreme. All have a silica content under 45%. Komatiites contain over 18% magnesium oxide and are thought to have erupted at temperatures of 1,600 °C (2,910 °F). At this temperature there is practically no polymerization of the mineral compounds, creating a highly mobile liquid.<a href="#cite_note-Condie1994-25">[25]</a> Viscosities of komatiite magmas are thought to have been as low as 100 to 1000 cP (0.1 to 1 Pa⋅s), similar to that of light motor oil.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue200923-13">[13]</a> Most ultramafic lavas are no younger than the <a href="/wiki/Proterozoic" title="Proterozoic">Proterozoic</a>, with a few ultramafic magmas known from the <a href="/wiki/Phanerozoic" title="Phanerozoic">Phanerozoic</a> in Central America that are attributed to a hot <a href="/wiki/Mantle_plume" title="Mantle plume">mantle plume</a>. No modern komatiite lavas are known, as the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_mantle" title="Earth's mantle">Earth's mantle</a> has cooled too much to produce highly magnesian magmas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009399%E2%80%93400-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Alkaline_lavas">Alkaline lavas</h5></div> Some silicate lavas have an elevated content of <a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal_oxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkali metal oxide">alkali metal oxides</a> (sodium and potassium), particularly in regions of <a href="/wiki/Continental_rifting" class="mw-redirect" title="Continental rifting">continental rifting</a>, areas overlying deeply <a href="/wiki/Subduction" title="Subduction">subducted</a> <a href="/wiki/Tectonic_plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectonic plate">plates</a>, or at intraplate <a href="/wiki/Hotspot_(geology)" title="Hotspot (geology)">hotspots</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009139%E2%80%93148-27">[27]</a> Their silica content can range from ultramafic (<a href="/wiki/Nephelinite" title="Nephelinite">nephelinites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basanite" title="Basanite">basanites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tephrite" title="Tephrite">tephrites</a>) to felsic (<a href="/wiki/Trachyte" title="Trachyte">trachytes</a>). They are more likely to be generated at greater depths in the mantle than subalkaline magmas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009606%E2%80%93607-28">[28]</a> Olivine <a href="/wiki/Nephelinite" title="Nephelinite">nephelinite</a> lavas are both ultramafic and highly alkaline, and are thought to have come from much deeper in the <a href="/wiki/Mantle_(geology)" title="Mantle (geology)">mantle</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> than other lavas.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <table style="border:0px solid black;"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th valign="top"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;"> <caption>Examples of lava compositions (wt%)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009145-30">[30]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Component </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Nephelinite" title="Nephelinite">Nephelinite</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Tholeiitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Tholeiitic">Tholeiitic</a> <a href="/wiki/Picrite" class="mw-redirect" title="Picrite">picrite</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Tholeiitic_basalt" class="mw-redirect" title="Tholeiitic basalt">Tholeiitic basalt</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Andesite" title="Andesite">Andesite</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Rhyolite" title="Rhyolite">Rhyolite</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/SiO2" class="mw-redirect" title="SiO2">SiO2</a> </td> <td>39.7 </td> <td>46.4 </td> <td>53.8 </td> <td>60.0 </td> <td>73.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/TiO2" class="mw-redirect" title="TiO2">TiO2</a> </td> <td>2.8 </td> <td>2.0 </td> <td>2.0 </td> <td>1.0 </td> <td>0.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Al2O3" class="mw-redirect" title="Al2O3">Al2O3</a> </td> <td>11.4 </td> <td>8.5 </td> <td>13.9 </td> <td>16.0 </td> <td>14.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fe2O3" class="mw-redirect" title="Fe2O3">Fe2O3</a> </td> <td>5.3 </td> <td>2.5 </td> <td>2.6 </td> <td>1.9 </td> <td>0.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/FeO" class="mw-redirect" title="FeO">FeO</a> </td> <td>8.2 </td> <td>9.8 </td> <td>9.3 </td> <td>6.2 </td> <td>1.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/MnO" class="mw-redirect" title="MnO">MnO</a> </td> <td>0.2 </td> <td>0.2 </td> <td>0.2 </td> <td>0.2 </td> <td>0.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/MgO" class="mw-redirect" title="MgO">MgO</a> </td> <td>12.1 </td> <td>20.8 </td> <td>4.1 </td> <td>3.9 </td> <td>0.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/CaO" class="mw-redirect" title="CaO">CaO</a> </td> <td>12.8 </td> <td>7.4 </td> <td>7.9 </td> <td>5.9 </td> <td>1.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Na2O" class="mw-redirect" title="Na2O">Na2O</a> </td> <td>3.8 </td> <td>1.6 </td> <td>3.0 </td> <td>3.9 </td> <td>3.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/K2O" class="mw-redirect" title="K2O">K2O</a> </td> <td>1.2 </td> <td>0.3 </td> <td>1.5 </td> <td>0.9 </td> <td>4.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/P2O5" class="mw-redirect" title="P2O5">P2O5</a> </td> <td>0.9 </td> <td>0.2 </td> <td>0.4 </td> <td>0.2 </td> <td>0.0 </td></tr></tbody></table> </th> <th valign="top"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1279587269">.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie{display:none;position:relative;width:100px;height:100px;border-radius:50%;background-color:yellowgreen;color:black;border:1px solid black}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie div{position:absolute;transform-origin:left bottom;background-color:#655;color:black;top:0;left:50%;width:50%;height:50%;border-radius:0 500%0 0}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie50{transform-origin:left center;height:100%;border-radius:0 100%100%0/50%}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie12-5{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,100%0%,0 100%)}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie5{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,32.49197%0%,0 100%)}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie7{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,47.056428%0%,0 100%)}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie1{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,6.2914667%0%,0 100%)}@supports(clip-path:circle(50%)){.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie{display:block}}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-container{display:flex;align-items:flex-start;gap:1em;flex-wrap:wrap}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend{list-style-type:none!important;margin:0!important;padding:0!important}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend>li{display:flex;align-items:baseline;gap:.5em;margin:0;margin-bottom:0.1em}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend>li>span{display:block;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend>li>.l-color{border:1px solid var(--color-base,black);width:.8em;height:.8em;flex-shrink:0}.mw-parser-output .pie-thumb .smooth-pie-container{padding:.5em;padding-bottom:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .pie-thumb .smooth-pie-caption{margin-bottom:1em;font-size:94%}.mw-parser-output .thumbinner>.smooth-pie-container{flex-direction:column-reverse}@media screen and (min-width:641px){.mw-parser-output .thumbinner>.smooth-pie-container{width:min-content}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-container{break-inside:avoid-page}}body.mw-mf .mw-parser-output .thumbinner .smooth-pie-container{align-items:center}body.mw-mf .mw-parser-output .thumbinner .smooth-pie-legend-container{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.5;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .thumbinner .smooth-pie-legend{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fill,minmax(190px,1fr));gap:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .thumbinner .smooth-pie-footer{margin-top:.5em}}</style> <div class="pie-thumb thumb t"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="smooth-pie-container" style=""> <div class="smooth-pie-legend-container"><div class="smooth-pie-caption">Tholeiitic basalt lava</div> <ol class="smooth-pie-legend"> <li>SiO2 (53.8%)</li> <li>Al2O3 (13.9%)</li> <li>FeO (9.3%)</li> <li>CaO (7.9%)</li> <li>MgO (4.1%)</li> <li>Na2O (3%)</li> <li>Fe2O3 (2.6%)</li> <li>TiO2 (2%)</li> <li>K2O (1.5%)</li> <li>P2O5 (0.4%)</li> <li>MnO (0.2%)</li> </ol> </div> <div class="smooth-pie" style="width:200px;height:200px;background:#fff;color:#000;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;" title="Other (1.30%)" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="pie50" style="background:#1b7837;color:#000" title="SiO2 (53.8%)"></div> <div class="pie50" style="background:#1b7837;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.038turn)" title="SiO2 (53.8%)"></div> <div class="pie12-5" style="background:#7fbf7b;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.538turn)" title="Al2O3 (13.9%)"></div> <div class="pie12-5" style="background:#7fbf7b;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.552turn)" title="Al2O3 (13.9%)"></div> <div class="pie7" style="background:#d9f0d3;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.677turn)" title="FeO (9.3%)"></div> <div class="pie7" style="background:#d9f0d3;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.700turn)" title="FeO (9.3%)"></div> <div class="pie7" style="background:#762a83;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.770turn)" title="CaO (7.9%)"></div> <div class="pie7" style="background:#762a83;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.779turn)" title="CaO (7.9%)"></div> <div style="transform: rotate(0.849turn); background:#af8dc3;color:#000; clip-path: polygon(0% 0%, 26.34646677% 0%, 0 100%)" title="MgO (4.1%)"></div> <div style="transform: rotate(0.890turn); background:#e7d4e8;color:#000; clip-path: polygon(0% 0%, 19.07602022% 0%, 0 100%)" title="Na2O (3%)"></div> <div style="transform: rotate(0.920turn); background:#d73027;color:#000; clip-path: polygon(0% 0%, 16.48317442% 0%, 0 100%)" title="Fe2O3 (2.6%)"></div> <div style="transform: rotate(0.946turn); background:#fc8d59;color:#000; clip-path: polygon(0% 0%, 12.63293784% 0%, 0 100%)" title="TiO2 (2%)"></div> <div style="transform: rotate(0.966turn); background:#fee090;color:#000; clip-path: polygon(0% 0%, 9.45278312% 0%, 0 100%)" title="K2O (1.5%)"></div> <div style="transform: rotate(0.981turn); background:#4575b4;color:#000; clip-path: polygon(0% 0%, 2.51380343% 0%, 0 100%)" title="P2O5 (0.4%)"></div> <div style="transform: rotate(0.985turn); background:#91bfdb;color:#000; clip-path: polygon(0% 0%, 1.25670321% 0%, 0 100%)" title="MnO (0.2%)"></div> </div> </div></div></div> </th> <th valign="top"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279587269"> <div class="pie-thumb thumb t"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="smooth-pie-container" style=""> <div class="smooth-pie-legend-container"><div class="smooth-pie-caption">Rhyolite lava</div> <ol class="smooth-pie-legend"> <li>SiO2 (73.2%)</li> <li>Al2O3 (14%)</li> <li>FeO (1.7%)</li> <li>CaO (1.3%)</li> <li>MgO (0.4%)</li> <li>Na2O (3.9%)</li> <li>Fe2O3 (0.6%)</li> <li>TiO2 (0.2%)</li> <li>K2O (4.1%)</li> <li>P2O5 (0%)</li> <li>MnO (0%)</li> </ol> </div> <div class="smooth-pie" style="width:200px;height:200px;background:#fff;color:#000;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;" title="Other (0.60%)" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="pie50" style="background:#1b7837;color:#000" title="SiO2 (73.2%)"></div> <div class="pie50" style="background:#1b7837;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.232turn)" title="SiO2 (73.2%)"></div> <div class="pie12-5" style="background:#7fbf7b;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.732turn)" title="Al2O3 (14%)"></div> <div class="pie12-5" style="background:#7fbf7b;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.747turn)" title="Al2O3 (14%)"></div> <div style="transform: rotate(0.872turn); background:#d9f0d3;color:#000; clip-path: polygon(0% 0%, 10.72222363% 0%, 0 100%)" title="FeO (1.7%)"></div> <div style="transform: rotate(0.889turn); background:#762a83;color:#000; clip-path: polygon(0% 0%, 8.18635505% 0%, 0 100%)" title="CaO (1.3%)"></div> <div style="transform: rotate(0.902turn); background:#af8dc3;color:#000; clip-path: polygon(0% 0%, 2.51380343% 0%, 0 100%)" title="MgO (0.4%)"></div> <div style="transform: rotate(0.906turn); background:#e7d4e8;color:#000; clip-path: polygon(0% 0%, 25.00696627% 0%, 0 100%)" title="Na2O (3.9%)"></div> <div style="transform: rotate(0.945turn); background:#d73027;color:#000; clip-path: polygon(0% 0%, 3.77169816% 0%, 0 100%)" title="Fe2O3 (0.6%)"></div> <div style="transform: rotate(0.951turn); background:#fc8d59;color:#000; clip-path: polygon(0% 0%, 1.25670321% 0%, 0 100%)" title="TiO2 (0.2%)"></div> <div style="transform: rotate(0.953turn); background:#fee090;color:#000; clip-path: polygon(0% 0%, 26.34646677% 0%, 0 100%)" title="K2O (4.1%)"></div> </div> </div></div></div> </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Non-silicate_lavas">Non-silicate lavas</h4></div> Some lavas of unusual composition have erupted onto the surface of the Earth. These include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbonatite" title="Carbonatite">Carbonatite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natrocarbonatite" title="Natrocarbonatite">natrocarbonatite</a> lavas are known from <a href="/wiki/Ol_Doinyo_Lengai" title="Ol Doinyo Lengai">Ol Doinyo Lengai</a> volcano in <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>, which is the sole example of an active carbonatite volcano.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Carbonatites in the geologic record are typically 75% carbonate minerals, with lesser amounts of silica-undersaturated silicate minerals (such as <a href="/wiki/Mica" title="Mica">micas</a> and olivine), <a href="/wiki/Apatite" title="Apatite">apatite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnetite" title="Magnetite">magnetite</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pyrochlore" title="Pyrochlore">pyrochlore</a>. This may not reflect the original composition of the lava, which may have included <a href="/wiki/Sodium_carbonate" title="Sodium carbonate">sodium carbonate</a> that was subsequently removed by hydrothermal activity, though laboratory experiments show that a calcite-rich magma is possible. Carbonatite lavas show <a href="/wiki/Stable_isotope_ratio" title="Stable isotope ratio">stable isotope ratios</a> indicating they are derived from the highly alkaline silicic lavas with which they are always associated, probably by separation of an immiscible phase.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009396%E2%80%93397-32">[32]</a> Natrocarbonatite lavas of Ol Doinyo Lengai are composed mostly of sodium carbonate, with about half as much calcium carbonate and half again as much potassium carbonate, and minor amounts of halides, fluorides, and sulphates. The lavas are extremely fluid, with viscosities only slightly greater than water, and are very cool, with measured temperatures of 491 to 544 °C (916 to 1,011 °F).<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_oxide" title="Iron oxide">Iron oxide</a> lavas are thought to be the source of the <a href="/wiki/Iron_ore" title="Iron ore">iron ore</a> at <a href="/wiki/Kiruna" title="Kiruna">Kiruna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> which formed during the <a href="/wiki/Proterozoic" title="Proterozoic">Proterozoic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IronOxidelava-8">[8]</a> Iron oxide lavas of <a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a> age occur at the <a href="/wiki/El_Laco_(volcano)" class="mw-redirect" title="El Laco (volcano)">El Laco</a> volcanic complex on the Chile-Argentina border.<a href="#cite_note-ChileIronOxideLava-7">[7]</a> Iron oxide lavas are thought to be the result of <a href="/wiki/Miscibility" title="Miscibility">immiscible</a> separation of iron oxide magma from a parental magma of <a href="/wiki/Calc-alkaline_magma_series" title="Calc-alkaline magma series">calc-alkaline</a> or alkaline composition.<a href="#cite_note-IronOxidelava-8">[8]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">Sulfur</a> lava flows up to 250 metres (820 feet) long and 10 metres (33 feet) wide occur at <a href="/wiki/Lastarria" title="Lastarria">Lastarria</a> volcano, Chile. They were formed by the melting of sulfur deposits at temperatures as low as 113 °C (235 °F).<a href="#cite_note-ChileIronOxideLava-7">[7]</a></li></ul> The term "lava" can also be used to refer to molten "ice mixtures" in eruptions on the icy <a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">satellites</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Giant_planet" title="Giant planet">giant planets</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rheology">Rheology</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PahoehoeLava.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/PahoehoeLava.jpg/250px-PahoehoeLava.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="272" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 272px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/PahoehoeLava.jpg/250px-PahoehoeLava.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="272" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/PahoehoeLava.jpg/330px-PahoehoeLava.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/PahoehoeLava.jpg/500px-PahoehoeLava.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Toes of a pāhoehoe advance across a road in <a href="/wiki/Kalapana,_Hawaii" title="Kalapana, Hawaii">Kalapana</a> on the east rift zone of <a href="/wiki/Kilauea" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilauea">Kīlauea</a> Volcano in <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii, United States</a></figcaption></figure> The lava's viscosity mostly determines the behavior of lava flows. While the temperature of common silicate lava ranges from about 800 °C (1,470 °F) for felsic lavas to 1,200 °C (2,190 °F) for mafic lavas,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue200920-16">[16]</a> its viscosity ranges over seven orders of magnitude, from 1011 cP (108 Pa⋅s) for felsic lavas to 104 cP (10 Pa⋅s) for mafic lavas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue200920-16">[16]</a> Lava viscosity is mostly determined by composition but also depends on temperature<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue200923-13">[13]</a> and shear rate.<a href="#cite_note-Sonder-35">[35]</a> Lava viscosity determines the <a href="/wiki/Types_of_volcanic_eruptions" class="mw-redirect" title="Types of volcanic eruptions">kind of volcanic activity</a> that takes place when the lava is erupted. The greater the viscosity, the greater the tendency for eruptions to be explosive rather than effusive. As a result, most lava flows on Earth, Mars, and Venus are composed of basalt lava.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmincke2003128-36">[36]</a> On Earth, 90% of lava flows are mafic or ultramafic, with intermediate lava making up 8% of flows and felsic lava making up just 2% of flows.<a href="#cite_note-umass-37">[37]</a> Viscosity also determines the aspect (thickness relative to lateral extent) of flows, the speed with which flows move, and the surface character of the flows.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue200923-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-PetersonTilling1980-38">[38]</a> When highly viscous lavas erupt effusively rather than in their more common explosive form, they almost always erupt as high-aspect flows or domes. These flows take the form of block lava rather than ʻaʻā or pāhoehoe. Obsidian flows are common.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmincke2003132%E2%80%93138-39">[39]</a> Intermediate lavas tend to form steep stratovolcanoes, with alternating beds of lava from effusive eruptions and tephra from explosive eruptions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmincke2003143%E2%80%93144-40">[40]</a> Mafic lavas form relatively thin flows that can move great distances, forming shield volcanoes with gentle slopes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmincke2003127%E2%80%93128-41">[41]</a> In addition to melted rock, most lavas contain solid crystals of various minerals, fragments of exotic rocks known as <a href="/wiki/Xenolith" title="Xenolith">xenoliths</a>, and fragments of previously solidified lava. The crystal content of most lavas gives them <a href="/wiki/Thixotropy" title="Thixotropy">thixotropic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shear_thinning" title="Shear thinning">shear thinning</a> properties.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> In other words, most lavas do not behave like Newtonian fluids, in which the rate of flow is proportional to the <a href="/wiki/Shear_stress" title="Shear stress">shear stress</a>. Instead, a typical lava is a <a href="/wiki/Bingham_fluid" class="mw-redirect" title="Bingham fluid">Bingham fluid</a>, which shows considerable resistance to flow until a stress threshold, called the yield stress, is crossed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmincke200339%E2%80%9340-43">[43]</a> This results in <a href="/wiki/Plug_flow" title="Plug flow">plug flow</a> of partially crystalline lava. A familiar example of plug flow is toothpaste squeezed out of a toothpaste tube. The toothpaste comes out as a semisolid plug, because shear is concentrated in a thin layer in the toothpaste next to the tube and only there does the toothpaste behave as a fluid. Thixotropic behavior also hinders crystals from settling out of the lava.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue200940-44">[44]</a> Once the crystal content reaches about 60%, the lava ceases to behave like a fluid and begins to behave like a solid. Such a mixture of crystals with melted rock is sometimes described as crystal mush.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue200916-45">[45]</a> Lava flow speeds vary based primarily on viscosity and slope. In general, lava flows slowly, with typical speeds for Hawaiian basaltic flows of 0.40 km/h (0.25 mph) and maximum speeds of 10 to 48 km/h (6 to 30 mph) on steep slopes.<a href="#cite_note-umass-37">[37]</a> An exceptional speed of 32 to 97 km/h (20 to 60 mph) was recorded following the collapse of a lava lake at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Nyiragongo" title="Mount Nyiragongo">Mount Nyiragongo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-umass-37">[37]</a> The scaling relationship for lavas is that the average speed of a flow scales as the square of its thickness divided by its viscosity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue200971-46">[46]</a> This implies that a rhyolite flow would have to be about a thousand times thicker than a basalt flow to flow at a similar speed. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Temperature">Temperature</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giant%27s_Causeway_2006_08.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Giant%27s_Causeway_2006_08.jpg/220px-Giant%27s_Causeway_2006_08.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="228" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1038" data-file-height="1075"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 228px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Giant%27s_Causeway_2006_08.jpg/220px-Giant%27s_Causeway_2006_08.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="228" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Giant%27s_Causeway_2006_08.jpg/330px-Giant%27s_Causeway_2006_08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Giant%27s_Causeway_2006_08.jpg/440px-Giant%27s_Causeway_2006_08.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Columnar jointing in <a href="/wiki/Giant%27s_Causeway" title="Giant's Causeway">Giant's Causeway</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></figcaption></figure> The temperature of most types of molten lava ranges from about 800 °C (1,470 °F) to 1,200 °C (2,190 °F)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue200920-16">[16]</a> depending on the lava's chemical composition. This temperature range is similar to the hottest temperatures achievable with a forced air charcoal forge.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Lava is most fluid when first erupted, becoming much more viscous as its temperature drops.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue200923-13">[13]</a> Lava flows quickly develop an insulating crust of solid rock as a result of radiative loss of heat. Thereafter, the lava cools by a very slow conduction of heat through the rocky crust. For instance, geologists of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a> regularly drilled into the Kilauea Iki lava lake, formed in an eruption in 1959. After three years, the solid surface crust, whose base was at a temperature of 1,065 °C (1,949 °F), was still only 14 m (46 ft) thick, even though the lake was about 100 m (330 ft) deep. Residual liquid was still present at depths of around 80 m (260 ft) nineteen years after the eruption.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue200920-16">[16]</a> A cooling lava flow shrinks, and this fractures the flow. Basalt flows show a characteristic pattern of fractures. The uppermost parts of the flow show irregular downward-splaying fractures, while the lower part of the flow shows a very regular pattern of fractures that break the flow into five- or six-sided columns. The irregular upper part of the solidified flow is called the entablature, while the lower part that shows <a href="/wiki/Columnar_jointing" title="Columnar jointing">columnar jointing</a> is called the colonnade. (The terms are borrowed from Greek temple architecture.) Likewise, regular vertical patterns on the sides of columns, produced by cooling with periodic fracturing, are described as chisel marks. Despite their names, these are natural features produced by cooling, thermal contraction, and fracturing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue200955%E2%80%9356-48">[48]</a> As lava cools, crystallizing inwards from its edges, it expels gases to form vesicles at the lower and upper boundaries. These are described as pipe-stem vesicles or pipe-stem amygdales. Liquids expelled from the cooling crystal mush rise upwards into the still-fluid center of the cooling flow and produce vertical vesicle cylinders. Where these merge towards the top of the flow, they form sheets of vesicular basalt and are sometimes capped with gas cavities that sometimes fill with secondary minerals. The beautiful <a href="/wiki/Amethyst" title="Amethyst">amethyst</a> geodes found in the flood basalts of South America formed in this manner.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue200958%E2%80%9359-49">[49]</a> Flood basalts typically crystallize little before they cease flowing, and, as a result, flow textures are uncommon in less silicic flows.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue200948-50">[50]</a> On the other hand, <a href="/wiki/Flow_banding" title="Flow banding">flow banding</a> is common in felsic flows.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue200972-51">[51]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Lava_morphology">Lava morphology</h2></div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lava_entering_sea_-_Hawaii.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Lava_entering_sea_-_Hawaii.png/250px-Lava_entering_sea_-_Hawaii.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1145"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 123px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Lava_entering_sea_-_Hawaii.png/250px-Lava_entering_sea_-_Hawaii.png" data-width="220" data-height="123" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Lava_entering_sea_-_Hawaii.png/330px-Lava_entering_sea_-_Hawaii.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Lava_entering_sea_-_Hawaii.png/500px-Lava_entering_sea_-_Hawaii.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Lava entering the sea to expand the <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_(island)" title="Hawaii (island)">big island of Hawaii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawai%CA%BBi_Volcanoes_National_Park" title="Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park">Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park</a></figcaption></figure> The morphology of lava describes its surface form or texture. More fluid basaltic lava flows tend to form flat sheet-like bodies, whereas viscous rhyolite lava flows form knobbly, blocky masses of rock. Lava erupted underwater has its own distinctive characteristics. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Three_Waikupanaha_and_one_Ki_lava_ocean_entries_w-edit2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Three_Waikupanaha_and_one_Ki_lava_ocean_entries_w-edit2.jpg/220px-Three_Waikupanaha_and_one_Ki_lava_ocean_entries_w-edit2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1648" data-file-height="1073"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 143px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Three_Waikupanaha_and_one_Ki_lava_ocean_entries_w-edit2.jpg/220px-Three_Waikupanaha_and_one_Ki_lava_ocean_entries_w-edit2.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="143" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Three_Waikupanaha_and_one_Ki_lava_ocean_entries_w-edit2.jpg/330px-Three_Waikupanaha_and_one_Ki_lava_ocean_entries_w-edit2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Three_Waikupanaha_and_one_Ki_lava_ocean_entries_w-edit2.jpg/440px-Three_Waikupanaha_and_one_Ki_lava_ocean_entries_w-edit2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Lava enters the <a href="/wiki/Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific">Pacific</a> at <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_(island)" title="Hawaii (island)">the Big Island of Hawaii</a>. </figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ʻAʻā">ʻAʻā</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">The following subsection is about the types of lava flow. For the sculpture of a god from the Pacific island of Rurutu, see <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_A%27a_from_Rurutu" title="Statue of A'a from Rurutu">Statue of A'a from Rurutu</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aa_large.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Aa_large.jpg/250px-Aa_large.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 138px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Aa_large.jpg/250px-Aa_large.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="138" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Aa_large.jpg/330px-Aa_large.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Aa_large.jpg/500px-Aa_large.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Glowing ʻaʻā flow front advancing over pāhoehoe on the coastal plain of <a href="/wiki/K%C4%ABlauea" title="Kīlauea">Kīlauea</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, United States</figcaption></figure> ʻAʻā (also spelled aa, aʻa, ʻaʻa, and a-aa, and pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hawaiian" title="Help:IPA/Hawaiian">[ʔəˈʔaː]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈɑː(ʔ)ɑː/</a>) is one of three basic types of flow lava. ʻAʻā is basaltic lava characterized by a rough or rubbly surface composed of broken lava blocks called clinker. The word is <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a> meaning "stony rough lava", but also to "burn" or "blaze";<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> it was introduced as a technical term in geology by <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Dutton" title="Clarence Dutton">Clarence Dutton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kemp-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-dutton-54">[54]</a> The loose, broken, and sharp, spiny surface of an ʻaʻā flow makes <a href="/wiki/Hiking" title="Hiking">hiking</a> difficult and slow. The clinkery surface actually covers a massive dense core, which is the most active part of the flow. As pasty lava in the core travels downslope, the clinkers are carried along at the surface. At the leading edge of an ʻaʻā flow, however, these cooled fragments tumble down the steep front and are buried by the advancing flow. This produces a layer of lava fragments both at the bottom and top of an ʻaʻā flow.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmincke2003131%E2%80%93132-55">[55]</a> Accretionary lava balls as large as 3 metres (10 feet) are common on ʻaʻā flows.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> ʻAʻā is usually of higher viscosity than pāhoehoe. Pāhoehoe can turn into ʻaʻā if it becomes turbulent from meeting impediments or steep slopes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmincke2003131%E2%80%93132-55">[55]</a> The sharp, angled texture makes ʻaʻā a strong <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a> reflector, and can easily be seen from an orbiting satellite (bright on <a href="/wiki/Magellan_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Magellan probe">Magellan</a> pictures).<a href="#cite_note-VenusAa-57">[57]</a> ʻAʻā lavas typically erupt at temperatures of 1,050 to 1,150 °C (1,920 to 2,100 °F) or greater.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pāhoehoe">Pāhoehoe</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ropy_pahoehoe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Ropy_pahoehoe.jpg/250px-Ropy_pahoehoe.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="272" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 272px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Ropy_pahoehoe.jpg/250px-Ropy_pahoehoe.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="272" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Ropy_pahoehoe.jpg/330px-Ropy_pahoehoe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Ropy_pahoehoe.jpg/500px-Ropy_pahoehoe.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Pāhoehoe lava from Kīlauea volcano, Hawaii, United States</figcaption></figure> Pāhoehoe (also spelled pahoehoe, from Hawaiian <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hawaiian" title="Help:IPA/Hawaiian">[paːˈhoweˈhowe]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> meaning "smooth, unbroken lava") is basaltic lava that has a smooth, billowy, undulating, or ropy surface. These surface features are due to the movement of very fluid lava under a congealing surface crust. The Hawaiian word was introduced as a technical term in geology by <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Dutton" title="Clarence Dutton">Clarence Dutton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kemp-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-dutton-54">[54]</a> A pāhoehoe flow typically advances as a series of small lobes and toes that continually break out from a cooled crust. It also forms <a href="/wiki/Lava_tube" title="Lava tube">lava tubes</a> where the minimal heat loss maintains a low viscosity. The surface texture of pāhoehoe flows varies widely, displaying all kinds of bizarre shapes often referred to as lava sculpture. With increasing distance from the source, pāhoehoe flows may change into ʻaʻā flows in response to heat loss and consequent increase in viscosity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmincke2003128%E2%80%93132-24">[24]</a> Experiments suggest that the transition takes place at a temperature between 1,200 and 1,170 °C (2,190 and 2,140 °F), with some dependence on shear rate.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sonder-35">[35]</a> Pahoehoe lavas typically have a temperature of 1,100 to 1,200 °C (2,010 to 2,190 °F).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue200920-16">[16]</a> On the Earth, most lava flows are less than 10 km (6.2 mi) long, but some pāhoehoe flows are more than 50 km (31 mi) long.<a href="#cite_note-LavaLength-62">[62]</a> Some flood basalt flows in the geologic record extend for hundreds of kilometres.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue200953-63">[63]</a> The rounded texture makes pāhoehoe a poor radar reflector, and is difficult to see from an orbiting satellite (dark on Magellan picture).<a href="#cite_note-VenusAa-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Block_lava_flows">Block lava flows</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Block_lava_in_Lassen_Volcanic_National_Park.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Block_lava_in_Lassen_Volcanic_National_Park.jpg/220px-Block_lava_in_Lassen_Volcanic_National_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6720" data-file-height="4480"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Block_lava_in_Lassen_Volcanic_National_Park.jpg/220px-Block_lava_in_Lassen_Volcanic_National_Park.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Block_lava_in_Lassen_Volcanic_National_Park.jpg/330px-Block_lava_in_Lassen_Volcanic_National_Park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Block_lava_in_Lassen_Volcanic_National_Park.jpg/440px-Block_lava_in_Lassen_Volcanic_National_Park.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Block lava at <a href="/wiki/Cinder_Cone_and_the_Fantastic_Lava_Beds" title="Cinder Cone and the Fantastic Lava Beds">Fantastic Lava Beds near Cinder Cone</a> in Lassen Volcanic National Park</figcaption></figure> Block lava flows are typical of andesitic lavas from stratovolcanoes. They behave in a similar manner to ʻaʻā flows but their more viscous nature causes the surface to be covered in smooth-sided angular fragments (blocks) of solidified lava instead of clinkers. As with ʻaʻā flows, the molten interior of the flow, which is kept insulated by the solidified blocky surface, advances over the rubble that falls off the flow front. They also move much more slowly downhill and are thicker in depth than ʻaʻā flows. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmincke2003132-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pillow_lava">Pillow lava</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pillow_lava" title="Pillow lava">Pillow lava</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nur05018-Pillow_lavas_off_Hawaii.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Nur05018-Pillow_lavas_off_Hawaii.jpg/220px-Nur05018-Pillow_lavas_off_Hawaii.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1852" data-file-height="1118"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 133px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Nur05018-Pillow_lavas_off_Hawaii.jpg/220px-Nur05018-Pillow_lavas_off_Hawaii.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="133" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Nur05018-Pillow_lavas_off_Hawaii.jpg/330px-Nur05018-Pillow_lavas_off_Hawaii.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Nur05018-Pillow_lavas_off_Hawaii.jpg/440px-Nur05018-Pillow_lavas_off_Hawaii.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pillow_lava" title="Pillow lava">Pillow lava</a> on the ocean floor near Hawaii</figcaption></figure> Pillow lava is the lava structure typically formed when lava emerges from an <a href="/wiki/Submarine_volcano" title="Submarine volcano">underwater volcanic vent</a> or <a href="/wiki/Subglacial_volcano" title="Subglacial volcano">subglacial volcano</a> or a lava flow enters the ocean. The viscous lava gains a solid crust on contact with the water, and this crust cracks and oozes additional large blobs or "pillows" as more lava emerges from the advancing flow. Since water covers the majority of <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s surface and most volcanoes are situated near or under bodies of water, pillow lava is very common.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Lava_landforms">Lava landforms</h2></div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> Because it is formed from viscous molten rock, lava flows and eruptions create distinctive formations, landforms and topographical features from the macroscopic to the microscopic. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Volcanoes">Volcanoes</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">Volcano</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arenallong.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Arenallong.jpg/250px-Arenallong.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="853"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Arenallong.jpg/250px-Arenallong.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Arenallong.jpg/330px-Arenallong.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Arenallong.jpg/500px-Arenallong.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Arenal_Volcano" title="Arenal Volcano">Arenal Volcano</a>, Costa Rica, is a <a href="/wiki/Stratovolcano" title="Stratovolcano">stratovolcano</a>.</figcaption></figure> Volcanoes are the primary landforms built by repeated eruptions of lava and ash over time. They range in shape from <a href="/wiki/Shield_volcano" title="Shield volcano">shield volcanoes</a> with broad, shallow slopes formed from predominantly effusive eruptions of relatively fluid basaltic lava flows, to steeply-sided <a href="/wiki/Stratovolcano" title="Stratovolcano">stratovolcanoes</a> (also known as composite volcanoes) made of alternating layers of ash and more viscous lava flows typical of intermediate and felsic lavas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue200959%E2%80%9373-65">[65]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Caldera" title="Caldera">caldera</a>, which is a large subsidence crater, can form in a stratovolcano, if the magma chamber is partially or wholly emptied by large explosive eruptions; the summit cone no longer supports itself and thus collapses in on itself afterwards.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmincke2003147%E2%80%93148-66">[66]</a> Such features may include volcanic crater lakes and lava domes after the event.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmincke2003132,_286-67">[67]</a> However, calderas can also form by non-explosive means such as gradual magma subsidence. This is typical of many shield volcanoes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmincke2003149%E2%80%93151-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cinder_and_spatter_cones">Cinder and spatter cones</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_cone" title="Volcanic cone">Volcanic cone</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Cinder_cone" title="Cinder cone">Cinder cones</a> and spatter cones are small-scale features formed by lava accumulation around a small vent on a volcanic edifice. Cinder cones are formed from <a href="/wiki/Tephra" title="Tephra">tephra</a> or <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_ash" title="Volcanic ash">ash</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tuff" title="Tuff">tuff</a> which is thrown from an explosive vent. Spatter cones are formed by accumulation of molten volcanic slag and cinders ejected in a more liquid form.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacdonaldAbbottPeterson198326%E2%80%9317-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kīpukas">Kīpukas</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/K%C4%ABpuka" title="Kīpuka">Kīpuka</a></div> Another <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawaiian English">Hawaiian English</a> term derived from the <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian language</a>, a kīpuka denotes an elevated area such as a hill, ridge or old lava dome inside or downslope from an area of active volcanism. New lava flows will cover the surrounding land, isolating the kīpuka so that it appears as a (usually) forested island in a barren lava flow.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacdonaldAbbottPeterson198322%E2%80%9323-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lava_domes_and_coulées">Lava domes and coulées</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lava_dome" title="Lava dome">Lava dome</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Valle_Grande_dome.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Valle_Grande_dome.jpg/250px-Valle_Grande_dome.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2841" data-file-height="1390"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 108px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Valle_Grande_dome.jpg/250px-Valle_Grande_dome.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="108" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Valle_Grande_dome.jpg/330px-Valle_Grande_dome.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Valle_Grande_dome.jpg/500px-Valle_Grande_dome.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A forested lava dome in the midst of the Valle Grande, the largest meadow in the <a href="/wiki/Valles_Caldera" title="Valles Caldera">Valles Caldera National Preserve</a>, New Mexico, United States</figcaption></figure> Lava domes are formed by the extrusion of viscous felsic magma. They can form prominent rounded protuberances, such as at <a href="/wiki/Valles_Caldera" title="Valles Caldera">Valles Caldera</a>. As a volcano extrudes silicic lava, it can form an inflation dome or endogenous dome, gradually building up a large, pillow-like structure which cracks, fissures, and may release cooled chunks of rock and rubble. The top and side margins of an inflating lava dome tend to be covered in fragments of rock, <a href="/wiki/Breccia" title="Breccia">breccia</a> and ash.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmincke2003132%E2%80%93138,_152%E2%80%93153-71">[71]</a> Examples of lava dome eruptions include the <a href="/wiki/Novarupta" title="Novarupta">Novarupta</a> dome, and successive lava domes of <a href="/wiki/Mount_St_Helens" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount St Helens">Mount St Helens</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmincke2003132%E2%80%93134-72">[72]</a> When a dome forms on an inclined surface it can flow in short thick flows called coulées (dome flows). These flows often travel only a few kilometres from the vent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmincke2003132%E2%80%93138-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lava_tubes">Lava tubes</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lava_tube" title="Lava tube">Lava tube</a></div> Lava tubes are formed when a flow of relatively fluid lava cools on the upper surface sufficiently to form a crust. Beneath this crust, which being made of rock is an excellent insulator, the lava can continue to flow as a liquid. When this flow occurs over a prolonged period of time the lava conduit can form a tunnel-like aperture or lava tube, which can conduct molten rock many kilometres from the vent without cooling appreciably. Often these lava tubes drain out once the supply of fresh lava has stopped, leaving a considerable length of open tunnel within the lava flow.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacdonaldAbbottPeterson198323,_26%E2%80%9329-73">[73]</a> Lava tubes are known from the modern day eruptions of Kīlauea,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacdonaldAbbottPeterson198327-74">[74]</a> and significant, extensive and open lava tubes of Tertiary age are known from North <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, some extending for 15 kilometres (9 miles).<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lava_lakes">Lava lakes</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lava_lake" title="Lava lake">Lava lake</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dikes-large.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Dikes-large.jpg/250px-Dikes-large.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="704" data-file-height="462"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 144px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Dikes-large.jpg/250px-Dikes-large.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="144" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Dikes-large.jpg/330px-Dikes-large.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Dikes-large.jpg/500px-Dikes-large.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shiprock" title="Shiprock">Shiprock</a>, New Mexico, United States: a <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_neck" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanic neck">volcanic neck</a> in the distance, with a radiating <a href="/wiki/Dike_(geology)" title="Dike (geology)">dike</a> on its south side</figcaption></figure> Rarely, a volcanic cone may fill with lava but not erupt. Lava which pools within the caldera is known as a lava lake.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmincke200327-76">[76]</a> Lava lakes do not usually persist for long, either draining back into the magma chamber once pressure is relieved (usually by venting of gases through the caldera), or by draining via eruption of lava flows or pyroclastic explosion. There are only a few sites in the world where permanent lakes of lava exist. These include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Erebus" title="Mount Erebus">Mount Erebus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a><a href="#cite_note-lava-lake-77">[77]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erta_Ale" title="Erta Ale">Erta Ale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue200961-78">[78]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyiragongo" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyiragongo">Nyiragongo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Republic of Congo">Democratic Republic of Congo</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrym" title="Ambrym">Ambrym</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-lava-lake-77">[77]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lava_delta">Lava delta</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lava_delta" title="Lava delta">Lava delta</a></div> Lava deltas form wherever <a href="/wiki/Subaerial" title="Subaerial">sub-aerial</a> flows of lava enter standing bodies of water. The lava cools and breaks up as it encounters the water, with the resulting fragments filling in the <a href="/wiki/Seabed_topography" class="mw-redirect" title="Seabed topography">seabed topography</a> such that the sub-aerial flow can move further offshore. Lava deltas are generally associated with large-scale, effusive type basaltic volcanism.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Lava_fountains">Lava fountains</h2></div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lava_fountain_at_Kilauea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Lava_fountain_at_Kilauea.jpg/250px-Lava_fountain_at_Kilauea.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="272" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 272px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Lava_fountain_at_Kilauea.jpg/250px-Lava_fountain_at_Kilauea.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="272" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Lava_fountain_at_Kilauea.jpg/330px-Lava_fountain_at_Kilauea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Lava_fountain_at_Kilauea.jpg/500px-Lava_fountain_at_Kilauea.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>450 m-high lava fountain at <a href="/wiki/K%C4%ABlauea" title="Kīlauea">Kīlauea</a></figcaption></figure> A lava fountain is a <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcanic</a> phenomenon in which lava is forcefully but non-explosively ejected from a <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_crater" title="Volcanic crater">crater</a>, vent, or <a href="/wiki/Fissure_vent" title="Fissure vent">fissure</a>. The highest lava fountain recorded was during the 23 November 2013 eruption of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Etna" title="Mount Etna">Mount Etna</a> in Italy, which reached a stable height of around 2,500 m (8,200 ft) for 18 minutes, briefly peaking at a height of 3,400 m (11,000 ft).<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Lava fountains may occur as a series of short pulses, or a continuous jet of lava. They are commonly associated with <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_eruption" title="Hawaiian eruption">Hawaiian eruptions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacdonaldAbbottPeterson19839-82">[82]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Hazards">Hazards</h2></div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> Lava flows are enormously destructive to property in their path. However, casualties are rare since flows are usually slow enough for people and animals to escape, though this is dependent on the viscosity of the lava. Nevertheless, injuries and deaths have occurred, either because they had their escape route cut off, because they got too close to the flow<a href="#cite_note-usgs-83">[83]</a> or, more rarely, if the lava flow front travels too quickly. This notably happened during the eruption of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Nyiragongo" title="Mount Nyiragongo">Nyiragongo</a> in Zaire (now <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>). On the night of 10 January 1977, a crater wall was breached and a fluid lava lake drained out in under an hour. The resulting flow sped down the steep slopes at up to 100 km/h (62 mph), and overwhelmed several villages while residents were asleep. As a result of this disaster, the mountain was designated a <a href="/wiki/Decade_Volcano" class="mw-redirect" title="Decade Volcano">Decade Volcano</a> in 1991.<a href="#cite_note-hvo-84">[84]</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanic_eruptions_by_death_toll" title="List of volcanic eruptions by death toll">Deaths attributed to volcanoes</a> frequently have a different cause. For example, volcanic ejecta, <a href="/wiki/Pyroclastic_flow" title="Pyroclastic flow">pyroclastic flow</a> from a collapsing lava dome, <a href="/wiki/Lahar" title="Lahar">lahars</a>, poisonous gases that travel ahead of lava, or explosions caused when the flow comes into contact with water.<a href="#cite_note-usgs-83">[83]</a> A particularly dangerous area is called a <a href="/wiki/Lava_bench" class="mw-redirect" title="Lava bench">lava bench</a>. This very young ground will typically break off and fall into the sea. Areas of recent lava flows continue to represent a hazard long after the lava has cooled. Where young flows have created new lands, land is more unstable and can break off into the sea. Flows often crack deeply, forming dangerous chasms, and a fall against ʻaʻā lava is similar to falling against broken glass. Rugged hiking boots, long <a href="/wiki/Trousers" title="Trousers">pants</a>, and gloves are recommended when crossing lava flows. Diverting a lava flow is extremely difficult, but it can be accomplished in some circumstances, as was once partially achieved in <a href="/wiki/Vestmannaeyjar" title="Vestmannaeyjar">Vestmannaeyjar</a>, Iceland.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> The optimal design of simple, low-cost barriers that divert lava flows is an area of ongoing research.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Towns_destroyed_by_lava_flows">Towns destroyed by lava flows</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kalapana_house_destroyed_by_lava.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Kalapana_house_destroyed_by_lava.jpg/220px-Kalapana_house_destroyed_by_lava.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 138px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Kalapana_house_destroyed_by_lava.jpg/220px-Kalapana_house_destroyed_by_lava.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="138" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Kalapana_house_destroyed_by_lava.jpg/330px-Kalapana_house_destroyed_by_lava.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Kalapana_house_destroyed_by_lava.jpg/440px-Kalapana_house_destroyed_by_lava.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Lava can easily destroy entire towns. This picture shows one of over 100 houses destroyed by the lava flow in <a href="/wiki/Kalapana,_Hawaii" title="Kalapana, Hawaii">Kalapana, Hawaii</a>, United States, in 1990.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Nisga%27a" title="Nisga'a">Nisga'a</a> villages of <a href="/wiki/Lax_Ksiluux,_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lax Ksiluux, British Columbia">Lax Ksiluux</a> and Wii Lax K'abit in northwestern <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, Canada, were destroyed by thick lava flows during the eruption of <a href="/wiki/Tseax_Cone" title="Tseax Cone">Tseax Cone</a> in the 1700s.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garachico" title="Garachico">Garachico</a> on the island of <a href="/wiki/Tenerife" title="Tenerife">Tenerife</a> was destroyed by the <a href="/wiki/Eruption_of_Trevejo_(1706)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eruption of Trevejo (1706)">eruption of Trevejo (1706)</a> (rebuilt).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraga,_Albay" class="mw-redirect" title="Daraga, Albay">Cagsawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, buried by lava erupted from <a href="/wiki/Mayon_Volcano" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayon Volcano">Mayon Volcano</a> in 1814<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a></li> <li>Keawaiki, Hawaii, 1859 (abandoned)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Sebastiano_al_Vesuvio" title="San Sebastiano al Vesuvio">San Sebastiano al Vesuvio, Italy</a>, destroyed in 1944 by the most recent eruption of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Vesuvius" title="Mount Vesuvius">Mount Vesuvius</a> during the Allies' occupation of southern <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> (rebuilt)</li> <li>Koae and <a href="/wiki/Kapoho,_Hawaii" title="Kapoho, Hawaii">Kapoho, Hawaii</a>, were both destroyed by the same eruption of <a href="/wiki/K%C4%ABlauea" title="Kīlauea">Kīlauea</a> in January, 1960<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> (abandoned).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalapana,_Hawaii" title="Kalapana, Hawaii">Kalapana, Hawaii</a>, was destroyed by the eruption of the <a href="/wiki/K%C4%ABlauea_volcano" class="mw-redirect" title="Kīlauea volcano">Kīlauea volcano</a> in 1990 (abandoned).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapoho,_Hawaii" title="Kapoho, Hawaii">Kapoho, Hawaii</a>, was largely inundated by lava in June 2018, with its subdivision <a href="/wiki/Vacationland_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Vacationland Hawaii">Vacationland Hawaii</a> being completely destroyed.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Towns_damaged_by_lava_flows">Towns damaged by lava flows</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catania,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Catania, Italy">Catania, Italy</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/1669_Etna_eruption" class="mw-redirect" title="1669 Etna eruption">1669 Etna eruption</a><a href="#cite_note-EtnaAGU2004-90">[90]</a> (rebuilt)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saleaula" title="Saleaula">Sale'aula</a>, Samoa, by eruptions of <a href="/wiki/Mt_Matavanu" class="mw-redirect" title="Mt Matavanu">Mt Matavanu</a> between 1905 and 1911</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascali" title="Mascali">Mascali</a>, Italy, almost destroyed by the eruption of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Etna" title="Mount Etna">Mount Etna</a> in 1928 (rebuilt)<a href="#cite_note-Duncan_etal_1996-91">[91]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Par%C3%ADcutin" title="Parícutin">Parícutin</a> (village after which the volcano was named) and <a href="/wiki/Nuevo_San_Juan_Parangaricutiro,_Michoac%C3%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuevo San Juan Parangaricutiro, Michoacán">San Juan Parangaricutiro</a>, Mexico, by <a href="/wiki/Par%C3%ADcutin" title="Parícutin">Parícutin</a> from 1943 to 1952</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimaey" title="Heimaey">Heimaey, Iceland</a>, in the 1973 <a href="/wiki/Eldfell" title="Eldfell">Eldfell</a> eruption (rebuilt)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piton_Sainte-Rose" title="Piton Sainte-Rose">Piton Sainte-Rose</a>, Reunion island, in 1977<a href="#cite_note-Reunion1977-92">[92]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Gardens,_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Gardens, Hawaii">Royal Gardens, Hawaii</a>, by the eruption of <a href="/wiki/Kilauea" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilauea">Kilauea</a> in 1986–87 (abandoned)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goma" title="Goma">Goma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Republic of Congo">Democratic Republic of Congo</a>, in the eruption of <a href="/wiki/Nyiragongo" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyiragongo">Nyiragongo</a> in 2002<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a></li> <li>Los Llanos de Aridane (<a href="/wiki/Todoque" title="Todoque">Todoque</a> neighbourhood) and <a href="/wiki/El_Paso_(La_Palma)" class="mw-redirect" title="El Paso (La Palma)">El Paso</a> (El Paraíso neighbourhood) on <a href="/wiki/La_Palma" title="La Palma">La Palma</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2021_Cumbre_Vieja_volcanic_eruption" title="2021 Cumbre Vieja volcanic eruption">2021 Cumbre Vieja volcanic eruption</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-Todoque2021-96">[96]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Towns_destroyed_by_tephra">Towns destroyed by tephra</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Tephra" title="Tephra">Tephra</a> is lava in the form of <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_ash" title="Volcanic ash">volcanic ash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lapilli" title="Lapilli">lapilli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_bomb" title="Volcanic bomb">volcanic bombs</a> or <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_block" title="Volcanic block">volcanic blocks</a>. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a>, Italy, in the eruption of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Vesuvius" title="Mount Vesuvius">Mount Vesuvius</a> in 79 AD</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herculaneum" title="Herculaneum">Herculaneum</a>, Italy, in the eruption of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Vesuvius" title="Mount Vesuvius">Mount Vesuvius</a> in 79 AD</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_(prehistoric_city)" title="Akrotiri (prehistoric city)">Akrotiri</a>, on the Greek island of <a href="/wiki/Santorini" title="Santorini">Santorini</a>, was buried by pumice and ash from the <a href="/wiki/Minoan_eruption" title="Minoan eruption">Minoan eruption</a> around 1600 BCE.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joya_de_Cer%C3%A9n" title="Joya de Cerén">Cerén</a>, El Salvador, in the eruption of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Ilopango" title="Lake Ilopango">Ilopango</a> between 410 and 535 AD<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumbawa_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumbawa Island">Sumbawa Island</a>, Indonesia, in the eruption of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Tambora" title="Mount Tambora">Mount Tambora</a> in 1815</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth,_Montserrat" title="Plymouth, Montserrat">Plymouth, Montserrat</a>, in 1995. Plymouth was the capital and only port of entry for <a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a> and had to be completely abandoned, along with over half of the island. It is still the <a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a> capital.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Spaccato_vulcano.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Spaccato_vulcano.svg/30px-Spaccato_vulcano.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 28px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Spaccato_vulcano.svg/30px-Spaccato_vulcano.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="30" data-height="28" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Spaccato_vulcano.svg/45px-Spaccato_vulcano.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Spaccato_vulcano.svg/60px-Spaccato_vulcano.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Volcanoes" title="Portal:Volcanoes">Volcanoes portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:WikiProject_Geology.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/40px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="327" data-file-height="328"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 28px;height: 28px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/40px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="28" data-height="28" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/60px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geology" title="Portal:Geology">Geology portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_lava" title="Blue lava">Blue lava</a> – Optical phenomenon resulting from burning sulfur</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lava_planet" title="Lava planet">Lava planet</a> – Terrestrial planet with the surface covered by molten lava</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laze_(geology)" title="Laze (geology)">Laze (geology)</a> – Acid haze formed when molten lava enters the cold ocean</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vog" title="Vog">Vog</a> – Air pollution resulting from volcanic gases reacting with the atmosphere</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output 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Más de la mitad de las casas, incluido el colegio local, ya han sido devoradas por la ceniza.</q> [... in El Paraíso, just the district most affected to date by the river of lava from the volcano. More than half of the houses, including the local school, have already been consumed by ash.]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=El+Mundo&rft.atitle=Inge+y+Rainer%2C+los+due%C3%B1os+de+la+%27casa+milagro%27+de+La+Palma%3A+%22Aunque+no+podemos+ir%2C+nos+alivia+que+siga+en+pie%22&rft.date=2021-09-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elmundo.es%2Fpapel%2Fhistorias%2F2021%2F09%2F23%2F614c645021efa01e388b4627.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALava" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Todoque2021-96"><a href="#cite_ref-Todoque2021_96-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSagrera,_Berto2021" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sagrera, Berto (10 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elnacional.cat/es/sociedad/barrio-todoque-desaparece-totalmente-bajo-lava-volcan-la-palma_655610_102.html">"El barrio de Todoque desaparece totalmente bajo la lava del volcán de La Palma"</a>. elnacional.cat (in Spanish). Barcelona. Retrieved 18 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=elnacional.cat&rft.atitle=El+barrio+de+Todoque+desaparece+totalmente+bajo+la+lava+del+volc%C3%A1n+de+La+Palma&rft.date=2021-10-10&rft.au=Sagrera%2C+Berto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elnacional.cat%2Fes%2Fsociedad%2Fbarrio-todoque-desaparece-totalmente-bajo-lava-volcan-la-palma_655610_102.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALava" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> Bundschuh, J. and Alvarado, G. E (editors) (2007) Central America: Geology, Resources and Hazards, volume 1, p. 56, London, Taylor and Francis </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 40px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="40" data-height="40" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/120px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lava" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:lava">lava</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/aa" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:aa">aa</a>, or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pahoehoe" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:pahoehoe">pahoehoe</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> has media related to: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/lava" class="extiw" title="commons:lava">lava</a> (<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lava" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Lava">category</a>)</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Lava">"Lava" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 289–290.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lava&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E289-%3C%2Fspan%3E290&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALava" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/images/pglossary/aa.php">USGS definition of ʻAʻā</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/images/pglossary/pahoehoe.php">USGS definition of Pāhoehoe</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/images/pglossary/pahoehoe_ropy.php">USGS definition of Ropy Pāhoehoe</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060116130656/http://volcano.und.edu/vwdocs/vwlessons/havo.html">Volcanic landforms of Hawaii</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Hazards/What/Lava/lavaflow.html">USGS hazards associated with lava flows</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/volcanowatch/2002/02_01_31.html">Hawaiian Volcano Observatory Volcano Watch newsletter article on Nyiragongo eruptions, 31 January 2002</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.brightcove.com/services/link/bcpid687239786/bclid736245450/bctid736245427">National Geographic lava video</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303171558/http://link.brightcove.com/services/link/bcpid687239786/bclid736245450/bctid736245427">Archived</a> 2016-03-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 23 August 2007</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lava&oldid=1283438378">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lava&oldid=1283438378</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Lava&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 1 April 2025, at 14:39 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawa" title="Lawa – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Lawa" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%85" title="حمم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حمم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tata_hyku" title="Tata hyku – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tata hyku" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava" title="Lava – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Lava" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE" title="লাভা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লাভা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%BB%E2%81%BF-g%C3%A2m" title="Iûⁿ-gâm – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Iûⁿ-gâm" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Лава вулканічная – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Лава вулканічная" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Лява – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Лява" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE" title="लावा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="लावा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava" title="Lava – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Lava" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Лава – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лава" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava" title="Lava – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Lava" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava" title="Lava – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Lava" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1va" title="Láva – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Láva" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava" title="Lava – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Lava" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafa" title="Lafa – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Lafa" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava" title="Lava – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Lava" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava" title="Lava – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lava" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laava" title="Laava – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Laava" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%AC%CE%B2%CE%B1" title="Λάβα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λάβα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava" title="Lava – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lava" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafo" title="Lafo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Lafo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laba" title="Laba – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Laba" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%87" title="گدازه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گدازه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lave" title="Lave – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lave" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava" title="Lava – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Lava" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lave" title="Lave – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Lave" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laibhe" title="Laibhe – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Laibhe" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava" title="Lava – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lava" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%A9%EC%95%94" title="용암 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="용암" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1" title="Լավա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լավա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE" title="लावा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लावा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava" title="Lava – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Lava" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavao" title="Lavao – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Lavao" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava" title="Lava – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lava" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava" title="Lava – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lava" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hraun" title="Hraun – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hraun" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava" title="Lava – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lava" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%94" title="לבה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לבה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava" title="Lava – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Lava" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B5_%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B8" title="ಲಾವ ರಸ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಲಾವ ರಸ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%90" title="ლავა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლავა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Лава – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Лава" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava_(volkeno)" title="Lava (volkeno) – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Lava (volkeno)" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lav" title="Lav – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lav" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Лава – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Лава" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava" title="Lava – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lava" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava" title="Lava – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Lava" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava" title="Lava – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Lava" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava" title="Lava – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Lava" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava" title="Lava – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Lava" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava" title="Lava – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lava" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1va" title="Láva – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Láva" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Лава – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Лава" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5" title="ലാവ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ലാവ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava" title="Lava – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Lava" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8" title="शिलारस – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="शिलारस" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%90" title="ლავა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ლავა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%85" title="الحمم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الحمم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava" title="Lava – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Lava" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava" title="Lava – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lava" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava" title="Lava – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Lava" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BA%B6%E5%B2%A9" title="溶岩 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="溶岩" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava" title="Lava – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lava" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava" title="Lava – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Lava" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava" title="Lava – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lava" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava" title="Lava – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Lava" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE" title="ਲਾਵਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲਾਵਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7" title="لاوا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لاوا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7" title="لاوا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="لاوا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lave" title="Lave – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Lave" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava" title="Lava – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Lava" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawa" title="Lawa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lawa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava" title="Lava – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lava" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lav%C4%83" title="Lavă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Lavă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratata" title="Ratata – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ratata" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Лава – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лава" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava" title="Lava – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Lava" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava" title="Lava – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Lava" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava" title="Lava – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Lava" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1va" title="Láva – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Láva" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava" title="Lava – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Lava" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%A4%D8%A7" title="لاڤا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="لاڤا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Лава – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Лава" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava" title="Lava – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Lava" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laava" title="Laava – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Laava" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava" title="Lava – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lava" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava" title="Lava – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Lava" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="எரி கற்குழம்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எரி கற்குழம்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE" title="లావా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="లావా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A7" title="หินหลอมเหลว – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หินหลอมเหลว" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lav" title="Lav – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Lav" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Лава – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лава" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7" title="لاوا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لاوا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dung_nham" title="Dung nham – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Dung nham" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavat" title="Lavat – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Lavat" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava" title="Lava – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Lava" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%86%94%E5%B2%A9" title="熔岩 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="熔岩" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%86%94%E5%B2%A9" title="熔岩 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="熔岩" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava" title="Lava – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Lava" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%86%94%E5%B2%A9" title="熔岩 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="熔岩" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> <ul id="footer-icons" class="footer-icons"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://www.wikimedia.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" 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