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class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Fineness" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Millesimal_fineness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Millesimal_fineness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Millesimal fineness</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Millesimal_fineness-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Millesimal fineness subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Millesimal_fineness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Platinum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Platinum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Platinum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Platinum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gold" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gold"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Gold</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gold-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Silver" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Silver"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Silver</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Silver-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Karat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Karat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Karat</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Karat-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Karat subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Karat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mass" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mass"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Mass</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mass-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Volume" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Volume"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Volume</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Volume-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verifying_fineness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verifying_fineness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Verifying fineness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verifying_fineness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fine_weight" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fine_weight"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Fine weight</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fine_weight-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Troy_mass_of_silver_content" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Troy_mass_of_silver_content"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Troy mass of silver content</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Troy_mass_of_silver_content-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Fineness</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A9" title="درجة النقاوة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="درجة النقاوة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Проба высакародных металаў – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Проба высакародных металаў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryzost" title="Ryzost – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ryzost" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B8dighed" title="Lødighed – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Lødighed" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feingehalt" title="Feingehalt – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Feingehalt" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ley_(pureza)" title="Ley (pureza) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ley (pureza)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titre_(m%C3%A9tal)" title="Titre (métal) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Titre (métal)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titolo_(numismatica)" title="Titolo (numismatica) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Titolo (numismatica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%89%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%83%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%86" title="ಉತ್ಕೃಷ್ಟತೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಉತ್ಕೃಷ್ಟತೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praba" title="Praba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Praba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finhet" title="Finhet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Finhet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finleik" title="Finleik – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Finleik" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asl_metallar_probasi" title="Asl metallar probasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Asl metallar probasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%B3ba_z%C5%82ota" title="Próba złota – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Próba złota" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titlu_(aliaj)" title="Titlu (aliaj) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Titlu (aliaj)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Проба благородных металлов – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Проба благородных металлов" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BDdzos%C5%A5" title="Rýdzosť – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rýdzosť" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B6dighet" title="Lödighet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lödighet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83" title="Проба дорогоцінного металу – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Проба дорогоцінного металу" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%99_nguy%C3%AAn_ch%E1%BA%A5t" title="Độ nguyên chất – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Độ nguyên chất" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Weight of fine metal in a precious metal object</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Fineness_ratio" title="Fineness ratio">Fineness ratio</a>.</div> <p>The <b>fineness</b> of a <a href="/wiki/Precious_metal" title="Precious metal">precious metal</a> object (coin, bar, jewelry, etc.) represents the weight of <i>fine metal</i> therein, in proportion to the total weight which includes <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloying</a> <a href="/wiki/Base_metal" title="Base metal">base metals</a> and any <a href="/wiki/Impurity" class="mw-redirect" title="Impurity">impurities</a>. Alloy metals are added to increase <a href="/wiki/Hardness" title="Hardness">hardness</a> and durability of <a href="/wiki/Coins" class="mw-redirect" title="Coins">coins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jewelry" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewelry">jewelry</a>, alter colors, decrease the cost per weight, or avoid the cost of high-purity refinement. For example, <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> is added to the precious metal <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a> to make a more durable alloy for use in coins, housewares and jewelry. Coin silver, which was used for making <a href="/wiki/Silver_coin" title="Silver coin">silver coins</a> in the past, contains 90% silver and 10% copper, by <a href="/wiki/Mass" title="Mass">mass</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sterling_silver" title="Sterling silver">Sterling silver</a> contains 92.5% silver and 7.5% of other metals, usually copper, by mass. </p><p>Various ways of expressing fineness have been used and two remain in common use: <i>millesimal fineness</i> expressed in units of <a href="/wiki/Per_mil" class="mw-redirect" title="Per mil">parts per 1,000</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="#Karat">karats</a></i> or <i>carats</i> used only for <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>. Karats measure the parts per 24, so that 18 karat = <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">18</span>⁄<span class="den">24</span></span> = 75% and 24 karat gold is considered 100% gold.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Millesimal_fineness">Millesimal fineness</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fineness&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Millesimal fineness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Millesimal fineness is a system of denoting the purity of <a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a> <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloys</a> by <a href="/wiki/Per_mille" title="Per mille">parts per thousand</a> of pure metal by mass in the alloy. For example, an alloy containing 75% gold is denoted as "750". Many European countries use decimal hallmark stamps (i.e., "585", "750", etc.) rather than "14 k", "18 k", etc., which is used in the United Kingdom and United States. </p><p>It is an extension of the older karat system of denoting the purity of gold by fractions of 24, such as "18 karat" for an alloy with 75% (18 parts per 24) pure gold by mass. </p><p>The millesimal fineness is usually rounded to a three figure number, particularly where used as a <a href="/wiki/Hallmark" title="Hallmark">hallmark</a>, and the fineness may vary slightly from the traditional versions of purity. </p><p>Here are the most common millesimal finenesses used for <a href="/wiki/Precious_metal" title="Precious metal">precious metals</a> and the most common terms associated with them. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Platinum">Platinum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fineness&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Platinum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>999.95: what most dealers would buy as if 100% pure; the most common purity for platinum bullion coins and bars</li> <li>999—<i>three <a href="/wiki/Nine_(purity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nine (purity)">nines</a> fine</i></li> <li>950: the most common purity for platinum jewelry</li> <li>900—<i>one nine fine</i></li> <li>850</li> <li>750</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gold">Gold</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fineness&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Gold"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Four_nines_fine_gold.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Four_nines_fine_gold.jpeg/170px-Four_nines_fine_gold.jpeg" decoding="async" width="170" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Four_nines_fine_gold.jpeg/255px-Four_nines_fine_gold.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Four_nines_fine_gold.jpeg/340px-Four_nines_fine_gold.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="882" data-file-height="1433" /></a><figcaption>1 <a href="/wiki/Troy_ounce" class="mw-redirect" title="Troy ounce">troy ounce</a> of four nines fine gold (999.9)</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>999.999—<i>six <a href="/wiki/Nine_(purity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nine (purity)">nines</a> fine</i>: The purest gold ever produced. Refined by the <a href="/wiki/Perth_Mint" title="Perth Mint">Perth Mint</a> in 1957.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>999.99—<i>five nines fine</i>: The purest type of gold currently produced; the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mint" title="Royal Canadian Mint">Royal Canadian Mint</a> regularly produces commemorative coins in this fineness, including the world's largest, at 100 kg.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>999.9—<i>four nines fine</i>: Most popular. E.g. ordinary <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Gold_Maple_Leaf" title="Canadian Gold Maple Leaf">Canadian Gold Maple Leaf</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_Buffalo_(coin)" title="American Buffalo (coin)">American Buffalo</a> coins.</li> <li>999—<i>24 karat</i>, also occasionally known as <i>three nines fine</i>: e.g., <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Gold_Panda" title="Chinese Gold Panda">Chinese Gold Panda</a> coins.</li> <li>995: The minimum allowed in <a href="/wiki/Good_Delivery" title="Good Delivery">Good Delivery</a> gold bars.</li> <li>990—<i>two nines fine</i></li> <li>986—<i><a href="/wiki/Ducat" title="Ducat">Ducat</a> fineness</i>: Formerly used by Venetian and Holy Roman Empire mints; still in use in Austria and Hungary.</li> <li>958.3—<i>23 karat</i></li> <li>916—<i>22 karat</i>: <a href="/wiki/Crown_gold" title="Crown gold">Crown gold</a>. Historically the most widely used fineness for gold bullion coins, such as the oldest American <a href="/wiki/Eagle_(United_States_coin)" title="Eagle (United States coin)">Eagle</a> denominations from 1795–1833. Currently used for <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_(British_coin)" title="Sovereign (British coin)">British Sovereigns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krugerrand" title="Krugerrand">South African Krugerrands</a>, and the modern (1986—present) <a href="/wiki/American_Gold_Eagle" title="American Gold Eagle">American Gold Eagles</a>.</li> <li>900—<i>one nine fine</i>: American Eagle denominations for 1837–1933; currently used in <a href="/wiki/Latin_Monetary_Union" title="Latin Monetary Union">Latin Monetary Union</a> mintage (e.g. French and Swiss "<a href="/wiki/Napoleon_(coin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon (coin)">Napoleon coin</a>" 20 francs).</li> <li>899—American Eagles briefly for 1834—1836.</li> <li>834—<i>20 karat</i></li> <li>750—<i>18 karat</i>: In Spain <i>oro de primera ley</i> (first law gold).</li> <li>625—<i>15 karat</i></li> <li>585—<i>14 karat</i></li> <li>583.3—<i>14 karat</i>: In Spain <i>oro de segunda ley</i> (second law gold).</li> <li>500—<i>12 karat</i></li> <li>417—<i>10 karat</i>: Lowest legal solid gold karat made in the US prior to the August 2018 revision of the FTC Guides (Now 1 karat is legal).</li> <li>375—<i>9 karat</i>: Minimum standard for gold in some of the Commonwealth realms: Australia, Canada, New Zealand, UK, etc. It is also the minimum in Austria, Ireland, Portugal and France.</li> <li>333—<i>8 karat</i>: Minimum standard for gold in Germany after 1884.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also the minimum for Denmark, Greece and Mexico.</li> <li><i>1 karat</i>: Legal minimum for gold in the US since the revision of the FTC Guides of August 2018.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Silver">Silver</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fineness&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Silver"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2019_American_Silver_Eagle_and_1943_Walking_Liberty_Half_dollar_side_by_side.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/2019_American_Silver_Eagle_and_1943_Walking_Liberty_Half_dollar_side_by_side.jpg/220px-2019_American_Silver_Eagle_and_1943_Walking_Liberty_Half_dollar_side_by_side.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/2019_American_Silver_Eagle_and_1943_Walking_Liberty_Half_dollar_side_by_side.jpg/330px-2019_American_Silver_Eagle_and_1943_Walking_Liberty_Half_dollar_side_by_side.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/2019_American_Silver_Eagle_and_1943_Walking_Liberty_Half_dollar_side_by_side.jpg/440px-2019_American_Silver_Eagle_and_1943_Walking_Liberty_Half_dollar_side_by_side.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1609" data-file-height="1548" /></a><figcaption>A 2019 <a href="/wiki/American_Silver_Eagle" title="American Silver Eagle">American Silver Eagle</a> <a href="/wiki/Bullion_coin" title="Bullion coin">bullion coin</a> with a fineness of 999 (three nines fine), together with a <a href="/wiki/Walking_Liberty_half_dollar" title="Walking Liberty half dollar">Walking Liberty half dollar</a> with a fineness of 900 (one nine fine); this latter alloy is also often referred to as <i>90% silver</i> or <i>coin silver</i>.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>999.99—<i>five nines fine</i>: The purest silver ever produced. This was achieved by the Royal Silver Company of Bolivia.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>999.9—<i>four <a href="/wiki/Nine_(purity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nine (purity)">nines</a> fine</i>: ultra-fine silver used by the Royal Canadian Mint for their <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Silver_Maple_Leaf" title="Canadian Silver Maple Leaf">Silver Maple Leaf</a> and other silver coins</li> <li>999—<i>fine silver</i> or <i>three nines fine</i>: used in <a href="/wiki/Good_Delivery" title="Good Delivery">Good Delivery</a> bullion bars and most current <a href="/wiki/Bullion_coin#Silver" title="Bullion coin">silver bullion coins</a>. Used in U.S. silver <a href="/wiki/Commemorative_coin" title="Commemorative coin">commemorative coins</a> and silver <a href="/wiki/Proof_coin" class="mw-redirect" title="Proof coin">proof coins</a> starting in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>980: common standard used in Mexico ca. 1930–1945</li> <li>958: (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">23</span>⁄<span class="den">24</span></span>) <i><a href="/wiki/Britannia_silver" title="Britannia silver">Britannia silver</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-Silver_standards_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silver_standards-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>950: <i>French 1st Standard</i></li> <li>947.9: 91 <a href="/wiki/Zolotnik" title="Zolotnik">zolotnik</a> Russian silver</li> <li>935: Swiss standard for watchcases after 1887, to meet the British <a href="/wiki/Merchandise_Marks_Act_1887" title="Merchandise Marks Act 1887">Merchandise Marks Act</a> and to be of equal grade to 925 sterling. Sometimes claimed to have arisen as a Swiss misunderstanding of the standard required for British sterling. Usually marked with three Swiss bears.</li> <li>935: used in the Art Deco period in Austria and Germany. Scandinavian silver jewellers used 935 silver after the 2nd World War</li> <li>925: (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">37</span>⁄<span class="den">40</span></span>) <i><a href="/wiki/Sterling_silver" title="Sterling silver">Sterling silver</a></i>. The UK has used this alloy from the early 12th century. Equivalent to <i>plata de primera ley</i> in Spain (first law silver)</li> <li>917: a standard used for the minting of Indian silver (<a href="/wiki/Rupees" class="mw-redirect" title="Rupees">rupees</a>), during the British raj and for some coins during the first Brazilian Republic.</li> <li>916: 88 zolotnik Russian silver</li> <li>900: <i>one <a href="/wiki/Nine_(purity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nine (purity)">nine</a> fine</i>, <i>coin-silver</i>, or <i>90% silver</i>: e.g. <a href="/wiki/Flowing_Hair" title="Flowing Hair">Flowing Hair</a> and 1837–1964 U.S. silver coins. Also used in U.S. silver <a href="/wiki/Commemorative_coin" title="Commemorative coin">commemorative coins</a> and silver <a href="/wiki/Proof_coin" class="mw-redirect" title="Proof coin">proof coins</a> 1982–2018.</li> <li>892.4: US coinage <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1485</span>⁄<span class="den">1664</span></span> fine "standard silver" as defined by the <a href="/wiki/Coinage_Act_of_1792" title="Coinage Act of 1792">Coinage Act of 1792</a>: e.g. <a href="/wiki/Draped_Bust" title="Draped Bust">Draped Bust</a> and <a href="/wiki/Capped_Bust" title="Capped Bust">Capped Bust</a> U.S. silver coins (1795–1836)</li> <li>875: 84 zolotnik is the most common fineness for Russian silver. Swiss standard, commonly used for export watchcases (also 800 and later 935).</li> <li>868: 83 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span> zolotnik. Imperial Russian coinage between 1797<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 1885.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>835: A standard predominantly used in Germany after 1884, and for some Dutch silver; and for the minting of coins in countries of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Monetary_Union" title="Latin Monetary Union">Latin Monetary Union</a></li> <li>833: (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">5</span>⁄<span class="den">6</span></span>) a common standard for continental silver especially among the Dutch, Swedish, and Germans</li> <li>830: A common standard used in older Scandinavian silver</li> <li>800: The minimum standard for silver in Germany after 1884; the French 2nd standard for silver; "plata de segunda ley" in Spain (second law silver); Egyptian silver; Canadian silver circulating coinage from 1920-1966/7<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Used for the outer cladding of US <a href="/wiki/Half_dollar_(United_States_coin)" title="Half dollar (United States coin)">half dollars</a> between 1965 and 1970, and commemorative issue <a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_dollar" title="Eisenhower dollar">Eisenhower dollars</a> between 1971 and 1978 (cores are 20.9% silver)</li> <li>750: An uncommon silver standard found in older German, Swiss and <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Hungarian">Austro-Hungarian</a> silver</li> <li>720: Decoplata:<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> many Mexican and Dutch silver coins use this standard, as well as some coins from Portugal's former colonies,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Japan,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Uruguay,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ecuador, Egypt, and Morocco.</li> <li>600: Used in some examples of postwar <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japanese</a> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_yen#Coins" title="Japanese yen">coins</a>, such as the 1957-1966 <a href="/wiki/100_yen_coin" title="100 yen coin">100 yen coin</a></li> <li>500: Standard used for making British coinage 1920–1946 as well as Canadian coins from 1967-1968, and some coins from Colombia and Brazil.</li> <li>350: Standard used for US <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_nickel" title="Jefferson nickel">Jefferson "war nickels"</a> minted between 1942 and 1945.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Karat"><span class="anchor" id="Karat"></span><span class="anchor" id="Carat"></span><span class="anchor" id="carat"></span><span class="anchor" id="karat"></span> Karat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fineness&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Karat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Karat" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Karat_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Karat (disambiguation)">Karat (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p>The <b>karat</b> (US spelling, symbol <b>k</b> or <b>Kt</b>) or <b>carat</b> (UK spelling, symbol <b>c</b> or <b>Ct</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a fractional measure of purity for <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> <a href="/wiki/Alloys" class="mw-redirect" title="Alloys">alloys</a>, in parts fine per 24 parts whole. The karat system is a standard adopted by US federal law.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mass">Mass</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fineness&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Mass"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><i>K</i> = 24 × (<i>M</i><sub>g</sub> / <i>M</i><sub>m</sub>)</dd></dl> <p>where </p> <dl><dd><i>K</i> is the karat rating of the material,</dd> <dd><i>M</i><sub>g</sub> is the mass of pure gold in the alloy, and</dd> <dd><i>M</i><sub>m</sub> is the total mass of the material.</dd></dl> <p>24-karat gold is pure (while 100% purity is very difficult to attain, 24-karat as a designation is permitted in commerce for a minimum of 99.95% purity), 18-karat gold is 18 parts gold, 6 parts another metal (forming an alloy with 75% gold), 12-karat gold is 12 parts gold (12 parts another metal), and so forth.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In England, the carat was divisible into four grains, and the grain was divisible into four quarts. For example, a gold alloy of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">127</span>⁄<span class="den">128</span></span> fineness (that is, 99.2% purity) could have been described as being <i>23-karat, 3-grain, 1-quart gold</i>. </p><p>The karat fractional system is increasingly being complemented or superseded by the <a href="#Millesimal_fineness">millesimal</a> system, described above for bullion, though jewelry generally tends to still use the karat system. </p><p>Conversion between percentage of pure gold and karats: </p> <ul><li>58.33–62.50% = 14 k (acclaimed 58.33%)</li> <li>75.00–79.16% = 18 k (acclaimed 75.00%)</li> <li>91.66–95.83% = 22 k (acclaimed 91.66%)</li> <li>95.83–99.95% = 23 k (acclaimed 95.83%)</li> <li>99.95–100% = 24 k (acclaimed 99.95%)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Volume">Volume</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fineness&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Volume"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>However, this system of calculation gives only the mass of pure gold contained in an alloy. The term <i>18-karat gold</i> means that the alloy's mass consists of 75% of gold and 25% of other metals. The quantity of gold <i>by volume</i> in a less-than-24-karat gold alloy differs according to the alloys used. For example, knowing that standard 18-karat yellow gold consists of 75% gold, 12.5% silver and the remaining 12.5% of copper (all by mass), the volume of pure gold in this alloy will be 60% since gold is much denser than the other metals used: 19.32 g/cm<sup>3</sup> for gold, 10.49 g/cm<sup>3</sup> for silver and 8.96 g/cm<sup>3</sup> for copper. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fineness&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ceratonia_siliqua_Pod_and_Seeds.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Ceratonia_siliqua_Pod_and_Seeds.jpg/220px-Ceratonia_siliqua_Pod_and_Seeds.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Ceratonia_siliqua_Pod_and_Seeds.jpg/330px-Ceratonia_siliqua_Pod_and_Seeds.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Ceratonia_siliqua_Pod_and_Seeds.jpg/440px-Ceratonia_siliqua_Pod_and_Seeds.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2688" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>Carob (<i>Ceratonia siliqua</i>) pod and seeds, origin of <i>karat</i> via Arabic <span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar-Latn">qīrāṭ</i></span> which itself comes from the Greek word for the seed <span title="Greek-language text"><i lang="el-Latn">kerátion</i></span></figcaption></figure> <p><i>Karat</i> is a variant of <i>carat</i>. First attested in English in the mid-15th century, the word <i>carat</i> came from <a href="/wiki/Middle_French" title="Middle French">Middle French</a> <span title="Middle French (ca. 1400-1600)-language text"><i lang="frm">carat</i></span>, in turn derived either from Italian <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">carato</i></span> or Medieval Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">carratus</i></span>. These were borrowed into Medieval Europe from the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> <span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar-Latn">qīrāṭ</i></span> meaning "fruit of the carob tree", also "weight of 5 grains", (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">قيراط</span></span>) and was a unit of mass<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though it was probably not used to measure gold in classical times.<sup id="cite_ref-harper_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harper-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Arabic term ultimately originates from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> <span title="Greek-language text"><i lang="el-Latn">kerátion</i></span> (<span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">κεράτιον</span></span>) meaning <a href="/wiki/Carob" title="Carob">carob</a> seed (literally "small horn")<sup id="cite_ref-harper_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harper-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (diminutive of <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">κέρας</span></span> – <span title="Greek-language text"><i lang="el-Latn">kéras</i></span>, "horn"<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). </p><p>In 309 AD, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Emperor">Roman Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I">Constantine I</a> began to <a href="/wiki/Mint_(coin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mint (coin)">mint</a> a new gold coin <i><a href="/wiki/Solidus_(coin)" title="Solidus (coin)">solidus</a></i> that was <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">72</span></span> of a <i><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_units_of_measurement#Mass" title="Ancient Roman units of measurement">libra</a></i> (Roman pound) of gold<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> equal to a mass of 24 <i><a href="/wiki/Siliqua" title="Siliqua">siliquae</a></i>, where each siliqua (or <a href="/wiki/Carat_(mass)" title="Carat (mass)">carat</a>) was <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">1728</span></span> of a libra.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is believed to be the origin of the value of the karat.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verifying_fineness">Verifying fineness</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fineness&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Verifying fineness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While there are many methods of detecting fake precious metals, there are realistically only two options available for verifying the marked fineness of metal as being reasonably accurate: <a href="/wiki/Metallurgical_assay" title="Metallurgical assay">assaying</a> the metal (which requires destroying it), or using <a href="/wiki/X-ray_fluorescence" title="X-ray fluorescence">X-ray fluorescence</a> (XRF). XRF will measure only the outermost portion of the piece of metal and so may get misled by thick plating. </p><p>That becomes a concern because it would be possible for an unscrupulous refiner to produce precious metals bars that are slightly less pure than marked on the bar. A refiner doing $1 billion of business each year that marked .980 pure bars as .999 fine would make about an extra $20 million in profit. In the United States, the actual purity of gold articles must be no more than .003 less than the marked purity (e.g. .996 fine for gold marked .999 fine), and the actual purity of silver articles must be no more than .004 less than the marked purity.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fine_weight">Fine weight</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fineness&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Fine weight"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A piece of <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloy</a> metal containing a precious metal may also have the weight of its precious component referred to as its "fine weight". For example, 1 <a href="/wiki/Troy_ounce" class="mw-redirect" title="Troy ounce">troy ounce</a> of 18 karat gold (which is 75% gold) may be said to have a fine weight of 0.75 troy ounces. </p><p>Most modern government-issued bullion coins specify their fine weight. For example, the American Gold Eagle is embossed <i>One Oz. Fine Gold</i> and weighs 1.091 troy oz. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Troy_mass_of_silver_content">Troy mass of silver content</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fineness&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Troy mass of silver content"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fineness of silver in <a href="/wiki/UK" class="mw-redirect" title="UK">Britain</a> was traditionally expressed as the <a href="/wiki/Mass" title="Mass">mass</a> of silver expressed in <a href="/wiki/Troy_weight" title="Troy weight">troy ounces</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pennyweights" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennyweights">pennyweights</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">20</span></span> troy ounce) in one <a href="/wiki/Troy_pound" class="mw-redirect" title="Troy pound">troy pound</a> (12 troy ounces) of the resulting alloy. <a href="/wiki/Britannia_silver" title="Britannia silver">Britannia silver</a> has a fineness of 11 ounces, 10 pennyweights, or about <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {(11+{\frac {10}{20}})}{12}}=95.833\%}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>11</mn> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>10</mn> <mn>20</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mn>12</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>95.833</mn> <mi mathvariant="normal">%</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {(11+{\frac {10}{20}})}{12}}=95.833\%}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/30cf45b5dd745b72e151298aeea5be30bc45a368" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:21.784ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {(11+{\frac {10}{20}})}{12}}=95.833\%}"></span> silver, whereas <a href="/wiki/Sterling_silver" title="Sterling silver">sterling silver</a> has a fineness of 11 ounces, 2 pennyweights, or exactly <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {(11+{\frac {2}{20}})}{12}}=92.5\%}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>11</mn> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>2</mn> <mn>20</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mn>12</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>92.5</mn> <mi mathvariant="normal">%</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {(11+{\frac {2}{20}})}{12}}=92.5\%}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e268f655eeac892fc47f587a19b5dd56b48919bb" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:19.459ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {(11+{\frac {2}{20}})}{12}}=92.5\%}"></span> silver. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fineness&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colored_gold" title="Colored gold">Colored gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrum" title="Electrum">Electrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_as_an_investment" title="Gold as an investment">Gold as an investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_coin" title="Gold coin">Gold coin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platinum_coin" title="Platinum coin">Platinum coin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_as_an_investment" title="Silver as an investment">Silver as an investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_coin" title="Silver coin">Silver coin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumbaga" title="Tumbaga">Tumbaga</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fineness&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLondon_Bullion_Market_Association" class="citation web cs1">London Bullion Market Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lbma.org.uk/market-tools">"Definitions"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150712152226/http://www.lbma.org.uk/Market-Tools">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-07-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Definitions&rft.au=London+Bullion+Market+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lbma.org.uk%2Fmarket-tools&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFineness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeyd1868" class="citation book cs1">Seyd, Ernest (1868). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bullionandforei01seydgoog"><i>Bullion and foreign exchanges theoretically and practically considered</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2017</span>. <q>In October 2007, the Million Dollar Coin was certified by Guinness World Records to be the world's largest gold coin.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Million+Dollar+Coin+%E2%80%93+a+true+milestone+in+minting&rft.au=Royal+Canadian+Mint&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mint.ca%2Fstore%2Fmint%2Fabout-the-mint%2Fmillion-dollar-coin-1600006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFineness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130807053413/http://goldratefortoday.org/fineness-of-gold/">"Fineness of Gold"</a>. Gold Rate for Today. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-08-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fineness+of+Gold&rft.pub=Gold+Rate+for+Today&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgoldratefortoday.org%2Ffineness-of-gold%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFineness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royalsilver.com/about_us/about_us.html">"..:: Royal Silver Company ::."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130316133926/http://www.royalsilver.com/about_us/about_us.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-03-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=..%3A%3A+Royal+Silver+Company+%3A%3A..&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.royalsilver.com%2Fabout_us%2Fabout_us.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFineness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.coinworld.com/news/precious-metals/us-mint-drops-90-percent-silver-composition.html">U.S. Mint abandons 90 percent silver composition</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Silver_standards-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Silver_standards_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.antiquesinoxford.co.uk/silver-standards">"Silver standards"</a>. 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Van Nostrand Reinhold. p. 114.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+VNR+Dictionary+of+Engineering+Units+and+Measures&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Van+Nostrand+Reinhold&rft.aulast=Melaragno&rft.aufirst=Michele&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFineness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The VNR OXFORD Dictionary for Scientific Writers and Editors</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 56.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+VNR+OXFORD+Dictionary+for+Scientific+Writers+and+Editors&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFineness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/16/23.3">"United States Code, 16 CFR 23.3 - Misrepresentation as to gold content"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170214181016/https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/16/23.4">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-02-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+States+Code%2C+16+CFR+23.3+-+Misrepresentation+as+to+gold+content.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fcfr%2Ftext%2F16%2F23.3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFineness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gemsociety.org/article/fundametals-jewelery-metals-overview/">Comprehensive Jewelry Precious Metals Overview</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150217013036/http://www.gemsociety.org/article/fundametals-jewelery-metals-overview/">Archived</a> 2015-02-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> International Gem Society (IGS), Retrieved 01-16-2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oxforddictionaries.com/view/entry/m_en_gb0122990#m_en_gb0122990">carat</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101024043951/http://oxforddictionaries.com/view/entry/m_en_gb0122990">Archived</a> 2010-10-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Oxford Dictionaries</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-harper-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-harper_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-harper_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/?term=carat">"carat"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=carat&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2F%3Fterm%3Dcarat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFineness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dkera%2Ftion">κεράτιον</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121008220045/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=kera%2Ftion">Archived</a> 2012-10-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, <i>A Greek-English Lexicon</i>, on Perseus</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walter W. Skeat (1888), <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/etymologicaldict00skeauoft">An Etymological Dictionary of the English Language</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dke%2Fras">κέρας</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121008220111/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=ke%2Fras">Archived</a> 2012-10-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, <i>A Greek-English Lexicon</i>, on Perseus</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVagi1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Vagi, David L. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pH9Ok9czKsMC&pg=PA100"><i>Coinage and History of the Roman Empire</i></a>. Vol. II: Coinage. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn. p. 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57958-316-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57958-316-3"><bdi>978-1-57958-316-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130607010928/http://books.google.com/books?id=pH9Ok9czKsMC&pg=PA100">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coinage+and+History+of+the+Roman+Empire&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=Fitzroy+Dearborn&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-57958-316-3&rft.aulast=Vagi&rft.aufirst=David+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpH9Ok9czKsMC%26pg%3DPA100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFineness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrierson1968" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Grierson, Philip (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l97WJwbuAWsC&pg=PA8"><i>Catalogue of the Byzantine Coins in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection and in the Whittemore Collection</i></a>. Vol. 2: pt. 1. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88402-024-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88402-024-0"><bdi>978-0-88402-024-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130606220053/http://books.google.com/books?id=l97WJwbuAWsC&pg=PA8">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catalogue+of+the+Byzantine+Coins+in+the+Dumbarton+Oaks+Collection+and+in+the+Whittemore+Collection&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Dumbarton+Oaks&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0-88402-024-0&rft.aulast=Grierson&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl97WJwbuAWsC%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFineness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurnbullSantamariaMartorellRallo2006" class="citation journal cs1">Turnbull, L. A.; Santamaria, L.; Martorell, T.; Rallo, J.; Hector, A. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1686184">"Seed size variability: From carob to carats"</a>. <i>Biology Letters</i>. <b>2</b> (3): 397–400. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbl.2006.0476">10.1098/rsbl.2006.0476</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1686184">1686184</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17148413">17148413</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biology+Letters&rft.atitle=Seed+size+variability%3A+From+carob+to+carats&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=397-400&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1686184%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17148413&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbl.2006.0476&rft.aulast=Turnbull&rft.aufirst=L.+A.&rft.au=Santamaria%2C+L.&rft.au=Martorell%2C+T.&rft.au=Rallo%2C+J.&rft.au=Hector%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1686184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFineness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/15/chapter-8">"15 U.S. Code Chapter 8 - FALSELY STAMPED GOLD OR SILVER OR GOODS MANUFACTURED THEREFROM"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161107050112/https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/15/chapter-8">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-11-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=15+U.S.+Code+Chapter+8+-+FALSELY+STAMPED+GOLD+OR+SILVER+OR+GOODS+MANUFACTURED+THEREFROM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fuscode%2Ftext%2F15%2Fchapter-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFineness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fineness&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fineness" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:fineness"><i>fineness</i></a> at Wiktionary</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurnbullSantamaríaMartorellRallo2006" class="citation journal cs1">Turnbull, Lindsay A; et al. (Oct 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1686184">"Seed size variability: From carob to carats"</a>. <i>Biology Letters</i>. <b>2</b> (3): 397–400. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbl.2006.0476">10.1098/rsbl.2006.0476</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1686184">1686184</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17148413">17148413</a>. <q>in a perception experiment observers could discriminate differences in carob seed weight of around 5% by eye... suggesting that human rather than natural selection gave rise to the carob myth</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biology+Letters&rft.atitle=Seed+size+variability%3A+From+carob+to+carats&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=397-400&rft.date=2006-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1686184%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17148413&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbl.2006.0476&rft.aulast=Turnbull&rft.aufirst=Lindsay+A&rft.au=Santamar%C3%ADa%2C+Luis&rft.au=Martorell%2C+Toni&rft.au=Rallo%2C+Joan&rft.au=Hector%2C+Andy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1686184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFineness" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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