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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Sumerian poems</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sumerian_poems-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sumerian poems subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sumerian_poems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-"The_envoys_of_Agga"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"The_envoys_of_Agga""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>"The envoys of Agga"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"The_envoys_of_Agga"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"The_lord_to_the_Living_One's_Mountain"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"The_lord_to_the_Living_One's_Mountain""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>"The lord to the Living One's Mountain"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"The_lord_to_the_Living_One's_Mountain"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Hero_in_battle"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Hero_in_battle""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>"Hero in battle"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Hero_in_battle"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Gilgamesh,_Enkidu,_and_the_Netherworld"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Gilgamesh,_Enkidu,_and_the_Netherworld""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>"Gilgamesh, Enkidu, and the Netherworld"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Gilgamesh,_Enkidu,_and_the_Netherworld"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"The_great_wild_bull_is_lying_down"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"The_great_wild_bull_is_lying_down""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>"The great wild bull is lying down"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"The_great_wild_bull_is_lying_down"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epic_of_Gilgamesh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epic_of_Gilgamesh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span><i>Epic of Gilgamesh</i></span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Epic_of_Gilgamesh-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle <i>Epic of Gilgamesh</i> subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Epic_of_Gilgamesh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Creation_of_Enkidu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creation_of_Enkidu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Creation of Enkidu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creation_of_Enkidu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enkidu_faces_Gilgamesh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enkidu_faces_Gilgamesh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Enkidu faces Gilgamesh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enkidu_faces_Gilgamesh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_forest_of_Humbaba" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_forest_of_Humbaba"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>The forest of Humbaba</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_forest_of_Humbaba-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ishtar's_seduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ishtar's_seduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Ishtar's seduction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ishtar's_seduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_of_Enkidu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_of_Enkidu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Death of Enkidu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_of_Enkidu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enkidu's_descent_to_the_Underworld" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enkidu's_descent_to_the_Underworld"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Enkidu's descent to the Underworld</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enkidu's_descent_to_the_Underworld-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbolism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbolism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Symbolism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Symbolism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Symbolism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Symbolism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Enkidu's_wild_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enkidu's_wild_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Enkidu's wild life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enkidu's_wild_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Becoming_human" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Becoming_human"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Becoming human</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Becoming_human-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civilization_against_nomadic_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civilization_against_nomadic_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Civilization against nomadic life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civilization_against_nomadic_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_rediscovery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_rediscovery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Modern rediscovery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_rediscovery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Enkidu</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 45 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-45" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">45 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enkidu" title="Enkidu – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Enkidu" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%86%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%88" title="إنكيدو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إنكيدو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enkidu" title="Enkidu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Enkidu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%83" title="Энкіду – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Энкіду" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%83" title="Енкиду – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Енкиду" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enkidu" title="Enkidu – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Enkidu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enkidu" title="Enkidu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Enkidu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enkidu" title="Enkidu – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Enkidu" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enkidu" title="Enkidu – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Enkidu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BD%CE%BA%CE%AF%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Ενκίντου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ενκίντου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enkidu" title="Enkidu – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Enkidu" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enkidu" title="Enkidu – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Enkidu" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enkidu" title="Enkidu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Enkidu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%AF%D9%88" title="انکیدو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انکیدو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enkidu" title="Enkidu – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Enkidu" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%94%ED%82%A4%EB%91%90" title="엔키두 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="엔키두" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%AB%D5%A4%D5%B8%D6%82" title="Էնկիդու – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էնկիդու" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enkidu" title="Enkidu – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Enkidu" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enkidu" title="Enkidu – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Enkidu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enkidu" title="Enkidu – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Enkidu" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%93%D7%95" title="אנכידו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אנכידו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%A3" title="ენქიდუ – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ენქიდუ" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enk%C3%AEd%C3%BB" title="Enkîdû – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Enkîdû" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enkidu" title="Enkidu – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Enkidu" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enkidu" title="Enkidu – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Enkidu" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AD%E3%83%89%E3%82%A5" title="エンキドゥ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エンキドゥ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enkidu" title="Enkidu – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Enkidu" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%AF%D9%88" title="انکیدو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="انکیدو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enkidu" title="Enkidu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Enkidu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enquidu" title="Enquidu – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Enquidu" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enkidu" title="Enkidu – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Enkidu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%83" title="Энкиду – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Энкиду" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enkidu" title="Enkidu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Enkidu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enkidu" title="Enkidu – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Enkidu" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%83" title="Енкиду – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Енкиду" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enkidu" title="Enkidu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Enkidu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enkidu" title="Enkidu – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Enkidu" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enkidu" title="Enkidu – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Enkidu" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a 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href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%AF%D9%88" title="انکیدو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="انکیدو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enkidu" title="Enkidu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Enkidu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enkidu" title="Enkidu – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Enkidu" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Character from the Epic of Gilgamesh</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Enkimdu" title="Enkimdu">Enkimdu</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Enkidu<br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:125%;font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Akkadian','Noto Sans Cuneiform','Noto Sans Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform';" title="cuneiform text" lang="und-Xsux">𒂗𒆠𒄭</span></span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Enkidu,_Gilgamesh%27s_friend._From_Ur,_Iraq,_2027-1763_BCE._Iraq_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Enkidu%2C_Gilgamesh%27s_friend._From_Ur%2C_Iraq%2C_2027-1763_BCE._Iraq_Museum.jpg/220px-Enkidu%2C_Gilgamesh%27s_friend._From_Ur%2C_Iraq%2C_2027-1763_BCE._Iraq_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Enkidu%2C_Gilgamesh%27s_friend._From_Ur%2C_Iraq%2C_2027-1763_BCE._Iraq_Museum.jpg/330px-Enkidu%2C_Gilgamesh%27s_friend._From_Ur%2C_Iraq%2C_2027-1763_BCE._Iraq_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Enkidu%2C_Gilgamesh%27s_friend._From_Ur%2C_Iraq%2C_2027-1763_BCE._Iraq_Museum.jpg/440px-Enkidu%2C_Gilgamesh%27s_friend._From_Ur%2C_Iraq%2C_2027-1763_BCE._Iraq_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2766" data-file-height="3750" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><div class="infobox-caption">Representation of Enkidu (2027–1763 BC)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ninhursag" title="Ninhursag">Aruru</a> (creator)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Grouping</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mythic_humanoids" title="Mythic humanoids">Mythic humanoids</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Sub grouping</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Wild_man" title="Wild man">Wild man</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Folklore</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Ancient Mesopotamian religion</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Details</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">Steppe</a> (formerly)</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indus_bull-man_fighting_beast.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Indus_bull-man_fighting_beast.jpg/220px-Indus_bull-man_fighting_beast.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Indus_bull-man_fighting_beast.jpg/330px-Indus_bull-man_fighting_beast.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Indus_bull-man_fighting_beast.jpg/440px-Indus_bull-man_fighting_beast.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1572" data-file-height="1517" /></a><figcaption>Fighting scene between a beast and a man with horns, hooves and a tail, who has been compared to the Mesopotamian bull-man, suggestive of <a href="/wiki/Indus%E2%80%93Mesopotamia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus–Mesopotamia relations">Indus–Mesopotamia relations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mohenjo-daro" title="Mohenjo-daro">Mohenjo-daro</a> (seal 1357), <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilization">Indus Valley civilization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Mesopotamian_mythology" title="Category:Mesopotamian mythology">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#cdc8b8; font-size:150%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Ancient<br />Mesopotamian religion</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.5em 0.25em;"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chaos_Monster_and_Sun_God.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Chaos Monster and Sun God"><img alt="Chaos Monster and Sun God" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Chaos_Monster_and_Sun_God.png/250px-Chaos_Monster_and_Sun_God.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Chaos_Monster_and_Sun_God.png/500px-Chaos_Monster_and_Sun_God.png 1.5x" data-file-width="2012" data-file-height="1484" /></a><figcaption>Chaos Monster and Sun God</figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <ul><li><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Religions_of_the_ancient_Near_East" title="Religions of the ancient Near East">Religions of the ancient Near East</a></span></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Ancient Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Mesopotamia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_religion" title="Babylonian religion">Babylonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_religion" title="Sumerian religion">Sumer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_religion" title="Ancient Iranian religion">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Semitic_religion" title="Ancient Semitic religion">Semitic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_religion" title="Canaanite religion">Canaan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#cdc8b8;color: var(--color-base)">Primordial beings</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.3em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tiamat" title="Tiamat">Tiamat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abzu" title="Abzu">Abzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahamu" title="Lahamu">Lahamu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lahmu" title="Lahmu">Lahmu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishar" title="Kishar">Kishar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anshar" title="Anshar">Anshar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummu" title="Mummu">Mummu</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#cdc8b8;color: var(--color-base)">Seven gods who decree</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.3em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><b>Four primary</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anu" title="Anu">Anu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlil" title="Enlil">Enlil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enki" title="Enki">Enki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninhursag" title="Ninhursag">Ninhursag</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Three sky gods</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna">Inanna/Ishtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sin_(mythology)" title="Sin (mythology)">Nanna/Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utu" class="mw-redirect" title="Utu">Utu/Shamash</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#cdc8b8;color: var(--color-base)">Other major deities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.3em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hadad" title="Hadad">Adad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumuzid" title="Dumuzid">Dumuzid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enkimdu" title="Enkimdu">Enkimdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enmesharra" title="Enmesharra">Enmesharra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ereshkigal" title="Ereshkigal">Ereshkigal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ki_(goddess)" title="Ki (goddess)">Ki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingu" title="Kingu">Kingu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geshtinanna" title="Geshtinanna">Geshtinanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahar_(god)" title="Lahar (god)">Lahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk" title="Marduk">Marduk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nergal" title="Nergal">Nergal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninurta" title="Ninurta">Ninurta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ulpae" title="Šulpae">Šulpae</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#cdc8b8;color: var(--color-base)">Minor deities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.3em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agasaya" title="Agasaya">Agasaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anunnaki" title="Anunnaki">Anunnaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asaruludu" class="mw-redirect" title="Asaruludu">Asaruludu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashnan" title="Ashnan">Ashnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashgi" title="Ashgi">Ashgi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bel_(mythology)" title="Bel (mythology)">Bel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumuzi-abzu" title="Dumuzi-abzu">Dumuzi-abzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enbilulu" title="Enbilulu">Enbilulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erra_(god)" title="Erra (god)">Erra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erragal" title="Erragal">Erragal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibil" title="Gibil">Gibil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendursaga" title="Hendursaga">Hendursaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igigi" title="Igigi">Igigi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isimud" title="Isimud">Isimud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishum" title="Ishum">Išum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kajamanu" title="Kajamanu">Kajamanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahar_(god)" title="Lahar (god)">Lahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%E1%B9%A3" title="Laṣ">Laṣ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisin" title="Lisin">Lisin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugala%27abba" title="Lugala'abba">Lugala'abba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mami_(goddess)" title="Mami (goddess)">Mami/Nintu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamitu" title="Mamitu">Mamitu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugal-irra_and_Meslamta-ea" title="Lugal-irra and Meslamta-ea">Maštabba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabu" title="Nabu">Nabu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namtar" title="Namtar">Namtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanshe" title="Nanshe">Nanshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nindara" title="Nindara">Nindara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nin-MAR.KI" title="Nin-MAR.KI">Ninmarki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisaba" title="Nisaba">Nisaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninazu" title="Ninazu">Ninazu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningal" title="Ningal">Ningal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningirida" title="Ningirida">Ningirida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningirima" title="Ningirima">Ningirima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninkasi" title="Ninkasi">Ninkasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninkilim" title="Ninkilim">Ninkilim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninlil" title="Ninlil">Ninlil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninmug" title="Ninmug">Ninmug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nin%C5%A1ar" title="Ninšar">Ninšar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninsikila" title="Ninsikila">Ninsikila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninshubur" title="Ninshubur">Ninšubur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninsun" title="Ninsun">Ninsun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuska" title="Nuska">Nuska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panigingarra" title="Panigingarra">Paniĝinĝarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarpanit" title="Sarpanit">Sarpanit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shul-utula" title="Shul-utula">Shul-utula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ubula" title="Šubula">Šubula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ulpae" title="Šulpae">Šulpae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tishpak" title="Tishpak">Tišpak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttu" title="Uttu">Uttu</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#cdc8b8;color: var(--color-base)">Demigods and heroes</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.3em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adapa" title="Adapa">Adapa</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Enkidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enmerkar" title="Enmerkar">Enmerkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh" title="Gilgamesh">Gilgamesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugalbanda" title="Lugalbanda">Lugalbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamhat" title="Shamhat">Shamhat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siduri" title="Siduri">Siduri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atra-Hasis" title="Atra-Hasis">Atra-Hasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziusudra" title="Ziusudra">Ziusudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apkallu" title="Apkallu">Apkallu</a> (seven sages)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#cdc8b8;color: var(--color-base)">Spirits and monsters</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.3em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Udug" title="Udug">Udug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamassu" title="Lamassu">Lamassu/Shedu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asag" title="Asag">Asag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edimmu" title="Edimmu">Edimmu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siris_(goddess)" title="Siris (goddess)">Siris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anz%C3%BB" title="Anzû">Anzû</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_(Ninurta)" title="Dragon (Ninurta)">Ušum/Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mermaid_(Ninurta)" title="Mermaid (Ninurta)">Kuli-ana/Mermaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%C5%A1mu" title="Bašmu">Bašmu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%C5%A1ma%E1%B8%AB%E1%B8%AB%C5%AB" title="Mušmaḫḫū">Mušmaḫḫū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U%C5%A1umgallu" title="Ušumgallu">Ušumgallu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven-headed_serpent" title="Seven-headed serpent">Seven-headed serpent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humbaba" title="Humbaba">Humbaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanbi" title="Hanbi">Hanbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_underworld" title="Ancient Mesopotamian underworld">Kur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamashtu" title="Lamashtu">Lamashtu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilu_(mythology)" title="Lilu (mythology)">Lilu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazuzu" title="Pazuzu">Pazuzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabisu" title="Rabisu">Rabisu</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#cdc8b8;color: var(--color-base)">Tales</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.3em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_mythology" title="Mesopotamian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/An_%3D_Anum" title="An = Anum">An = Anum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atra-Hasis" title="Atra-Hasis">Atra-Hasis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Enmerkar_and_the_Lord_of_Aratta" title="Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta">Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/En%C5%ABma_Eli%C5%A1" title="Enūma Eliš">Enūma Eliš</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh" title="Epic of Gilgamesh">Epic of Gilgamesh</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#cdc8b8;color: var(--color-base)">Terms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.3em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dingir" title="Dingir">Dingir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukkal" title="Sukkal">Sukkal</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mesopotamian myth"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Enkidu</b> (<a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a>: <span lang="sux"><span style="font-size:125%;font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Akkadian','Noto Sans Cuneiform','Noto Sans Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform';" title="cuneiform text" lang="und-Xsux">𒂗𒆠𒄭</span></span> <i>EN.KI.DU<sub>10</sub></i>)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a legendary figure in <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_mythology" title="Mesopotamian mythology">ancient Mesopotamian mythology</a>, wartime comrade and friend of <a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh" title="Gilgamesh">Gilgamesh</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a>. Their exploits were composed in <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a> poems and in the <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh" title="Epic of Gilgamesh">Epic of Gilgamesh</a></i>, written during the <a href="/wiki/2nd_millennium_BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd millennium BCE">2nd millennium BC</a>. He is the oldest literary representation of the <a href="/wiki/Wild_man" title="Wild man">wild man</a>, a recurrent motif in artistic representations in <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">Ancient Near East</a> literature. The apparition of Enkidu as a primitive man seems to be a potential parallel of the <a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Old Babylonian</a> version (1300–1000 BC), in which he was depicted as a servant-warrior in the Sumerian poems. </p><p>There have been suggestions that he may be the "bull-man" shown in Mesopotamian art, having the head, arms, and body of a man, and the horns, ears, tail and legs of a bull.<sup id="cite_ref-LK_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LK-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thereafter a series of interactions with humans and human ways bring him closer to civilization, culminating in a wrestling match with Gilgamesh, king of Uruk. Enkidu embodies the wild or natural world. Though equal to Gilgamesh in strength and bearing, he acts in some ways as an <a href="/wiki/Antithesis" title="Antithesis">antithesis</a> to the cultured, city-bred warrior-king. </p><p>The tales of Enkidu’s servitude are narrated in five surviving <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_poems" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumerian poems">Sumerian poems</a>, developing from a slave of Gilgamesh into a close comrade by the last poem, which describes Enkidu as Gilgamesh's friend.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the epic, Enkidu is created as a rival to king Gilgamesh, who tyrannizes his people, but they become friends and together slay the monster <a href="/wiki/Humbaba" title="Humbaba">Humbaba</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bull_of_Heaven" title="Bull of Heaven">Bull of Heaven</a>; because of this, Enkidu is punished and dies, representing the mighty hero who dies early.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The deep, tragic loss of Enkidu profoundly inspires in Gilgamesh a quest to escape death by obtaining godly <a href="/wiki/Immortality" title="Immortality">immortality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Enkidu has virtually no existence outside the stories relating to Gilgamesh. To the extent of current knowledge, he was never a <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">god</a> to be worshipped, and is absent from the lists of deities of ancient Mesopotamia. He seems to appear in an invocation from the <a href="/wiki/First_Babylonian_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="First Babylonian dynasty">Paleo-Babylonian</a> era aimed at silencing a crying baby, a text which also evokes the fact that Enkidu would be held to have determined the measurement of the passage of time at night, apparently in relation to his role as herd keeper at night in the epic.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enkidu&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name of Enkidu is <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a>, and generally written in texts in this language by the sequence of signs <b>en.ki.du10</b>. The phrase <b>ki.du10</b> (<i>good place</i>) is well attested in the <a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Mesopotamia)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)">Early Dynastic</a> personal names, and the name <b>en.ki.du10.ga</b> (<i>Lord of the good place</i>) is cited on the Fara tablets. The lack of genitive or any grammatical element was common until the late third millennium.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, an alternative translation has been proposed as <i>Creation of <a href="/wiki/Enki" title="Enki">Enki</a></i>. </p><p>In the epic, his name is preceded by the determinative sign of the divinity <i>dingir</i> 𒀭, which means that this character was considered to be of divine essence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sumerian_poems">Sumerian poems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enkidu&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Sumerian poems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_Sword_with_Hilt_Depicting_Gilgamesh_%26_Enkidu_Slaying_Humbaba,_NW_Iran,_1200-800_BC_(43219722891)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bronze_Sword_with_Hilt_Depicting_Gilgamesh_%26_Enkidu_Slaying_Humbaba%2C_NW_Iran%2C_1200-800_BC_%2843219722891%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-Bronze_Sword_with_Hilt_Depicting_Gilgamesh_%26_Enkidu_Slaying_Humbaba%2C_NW_Iran%2C_1200-800_BC_%2843219722891%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="398" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bronze_Sword_with_Hilt_Depicting_Gilgamesh_%26_Enkidu_Slaying_Humbaba%2C_NW_Iran%2C_1200-800_BC_%2843219722891%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Bronze_Sword_with_Hilt_Depicting_Gilgamesh_%26_Enkidu_Slaying_Humbaba%2C_NW_Iran%2C_1200-800_BC_%2843219722891%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1743" data-file-height="5341" /></a><figcaption>Bronze sword with hilt depicting Gilgamesh and Enkidu slaying Humbaba (1200-800 BC) <sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""The_envoys_of_Agga""><span id=".22The_envoys_of_Agga.22"></span>"The envoys of Agga"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enkidu&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: "The envoys of Agga""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Uruk" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Uruk">Siege of Uruk</a></div> <p>Uruk refuses to participate in the digging of wells for the benefit of <a href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">Kish</a>, whose kingdom had the hegemony of Sumer. Its king <a href="/wiki/Aga_of_Kish" title="Aga of Kish">Agga</a> submits the city to a siege. Enkidu is sent to prepare the weapons and wait for Gilgamesh's order. After the battle, Gilgamesh defeats Agga, and makes him return, defeated and humiliated, to Kish.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""The_lord_to_the_Living_One's_Mountain""><span id=".22The_lord_to_the_Living_One.27s_Mountain.22"></span>"The lord to the Living One's Mountain"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enkidu&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: "The lord to the Living One's Mountain""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gilgamesh, disturbed by the death of his subjects and by the brevity of human existence, decides to make a name for himself. The king of Uruk and Enkidu make an expedition to the <a href="/wiki/Cedar_Forest" title="Cedar Forest">Forest of the Cedars</a>, where, with <a href="/wiki/Utu" class="mw-redirect" title="Utu">Utu</a>'s blessing, they traverse seven mountains. Enkidu warns the king that the monster <a href="/wiki/Humbaba" title="Humbaba">Huwawa</a> inhabits the mountain region, armed by seven supernatural Auras. However, Gilgamesh has no fear, and his fifty men cut the trees until Huwawa appears. Gilgamesh offers him seven gifts in exchange for leaving his seven Auras, but it is a trap. He strikes Huwawa several times, who asks for mercy. Although Gilgamesh softens his heart, Enkidu nevertheless decapitates the monster. Enlil reproaches them for his death, and distributes the seven auras to the fields, the rivers, the reed-beds, the lions, the palace, the forest and <a href="/wiki/Nungal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nungal">Nungal</a>, which would explain the fear and fascination they give to the humans.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Hero_in_battle""><span id=".22Hero_in_battle.22"></span>"Hero in battle"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enkidu&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: "Hero in battle""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Near_Eastern_-_Cylinder_Seal_with_Enkidu_Vanquishing_the_Bull_of_Heaven_-_Walters_42786_-_Side_G.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Near_Eastern_-_Cylinder_Seal_with_Enkidu_Vanquishing_the_Bull_of_Heaven_-_Walters_42786_-_Side_G.jpg/220px-Near_Eastern_-_Cylinder_Seal_with_Enkidu_Vanquishing_the_Bull_of_Heaven_-_Walters_42786_-_Side_G.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Near_Eastern_-_Cylinder_Seal_with_Enkidu_Vanquishing_the_Bull_of_Heaven_-_Walters_42786_-_Side_G.jpg/330px-Near_Eastern_-_Cylinder_Seal_with_Enkidu_Vanquishing_the_Bull_of_Heaven_-_Walters_42786_-_Side_G.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Near_Eastern_-_Cylinder_Seal_with_Enkidu_Vanquishing_the_Bull_of_Heaven_-_Walters_42786_-_Side_G.jpg/440px-Near_Eastern_-_Cylinder_Seal_with_Enkidu_Vanquishing_the_Bull_of_Heaven_-_Walters_42786_-_Side_G.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1216" data-file-height="1799" /></a><figcaption>Cylinder seal with Enkidu vanquishing the Bull of Heaven - Walters 42786 - Side G</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna">Inanna</a> is enraged with Gilgamesh, she forbids him from administering justice in her temple, the <a href="/wiki/Eanna" title="Eanna">Eanna</a>, causing unrest in the environment of the King of Uruk. Finally, Inanna demands, with threats, from her father the <a href="/wiki/Bull_of_Heaven" title="Bull of Heaven">Bull of Heaven</a> to kill Gilgamesh. The bull is released in Uruk, whose insatiable hunger destroys crops and rivers. Enkidu grabs the bull by his tail and Gilgamesh smashes its head. Finally they distribute the meat among the poor and transform the horns into cups for ointments for the Eanna. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Gilgamesh,_Enkidu,_and_the_Netherworld""><span id=".22Gilgamesh.2C_Enkidu.2C_and_the_Netherworld.22"></span>"Gilgamesh, Enkidu, and the Netherworld"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enkidu&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: "Gilgamesh, Enkidu, and the Netherworld""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh,_Enkidu,_and_the_Netherworld" title="Gilgamesh, Enkidu, and the Netherworld">Gilgamesh, Enkidu, and the Netherworld</a></div> <p>An <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oak</a> tree grows on the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a>, the south wind blows it away and the goddess <a href="/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna">Inanna</a> gathers it, planting it in her garden to use its wood as her throne. Suddenly, a snake takes refuge between its roots, a giant eagle on its top and a female demon between them. </p><p>Inanna asks her brother <a href="/wiki/Utu" class="mw-redirect" title="Utu">Utu</a> for help, in vain, and then Gilgamesh. Gilgamesh cuts the tree, kills the serpent, expels the eagle to the mountain, and the demon to the desert. Inanna gives Gilgamesh a drum (ellag) and drumsticks (ekidma), in some versions a <a href="/wiki/Rod-and-ring_symbol" title="Rod-and-ring symbol">rod and a ring</a>. Eventually they end up falling to the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_underworld" title="Ancient Mesopotamian underworld">Netherworld</a>. </p><p>Enkidu offers to recover them, but not before receiving instructions from Gilgamesh on how to behave in the underworld, to not seem alive in the residence of the dead. Enkidu however, ignores the directions; consequently, Enkidu ends up being held forever in the Netherworld. </p><p>After Gilgamesh pleads to the gods to set his companion free, <a href="/wiki/Enki" title="Enki">Enki</a> finally causes the <a href="/wiki/Shade_(mythology)" title="Shade (mythology)">shade</a> of Enkidu to rise to briefly reunite with Gilgamesh. The latter interrogates the former (whom from now on he calls his "friend") the fate of the dead, Enkidu answers each of his questions. The text is lost here.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><div class="poem"> <p>Did you see him who fell in battle?<br /> I saw him [...] his father and mother are not there to hold his head, and his wife weeps. </p> </div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""The_great_wild_bull_is_lying_down""><span id=".22The_great_wild_bull_is_lying_down.22"></span>"The great wild bull is lying down"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enkidu&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: "The great wild bull is lying down""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gilgamesh is dying. The gods judge his exploits. After his position as future judge of the underworld has been revealed to him, he offers gifts and sacrifices to the gods. Then he takes comfort in the words of the gods; after death, he will be reunited with his family, his priests, his warriors and his best friend, Enkidu. Finally, he dies.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epic_of_Gilgamesh"><i>Epic of Gilgamesh</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enkidu&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Epic of Gilgamesh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Akkadian epic Gilgamesh is found in various versions, including <i>Surpassing all other kings</i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1800</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1600</span>) and <i>He who saw the Deep</i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1300</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1100</span>), which was compiled by <a href="/wiki/Sin-liqe-unninni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin-liqe-unninni">Sin-liqe-unninni</a> from earlier texts, later discovered in the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Ashurbanipal" title="Library of Ashurbanipal">Library of Ashurbanipal</a> in 1853. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Creation_of_Enkidu">Creation of Enkidu</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enkidu&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Creation of Enkidu"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gilgamesh, king of Uruk, abuses his people. In response to complaints from the citizens, the goddess <a href="/wiki/Aruru_(goddess)" title="Aruru (goddess)">Aruru</a> creates Enkidu in the steppe. Abundantly hairy and primitive, he lives roaming with the herds and grazing and drinking from rivers with the beasts. One day a hunter watches Enkidu destroying the traps he has prepared for the animals. The hunter informs his father, who sends him to Uruk to ask Gilgamesh for help. The king sends <a href="/wiki/Shamhat" title="Shamhat">Shamhat</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Sacred_prostitution" title="Sacred prostitution">sacred prostitute</a>, who seduces and teaches Enkidu. After two weeks with her, he becomes human, intelligent and understanding words, however the beasts flee when they see him. Shamhat convinces Enkidu to face the tyrant Gilgamesh in combat. Meanwhile, in Uruk, the king has two dreams prophesying the arrival of his enemy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enkidu_faces_Gilgamesh">Enkidu faces Gilgamesh</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enkidu&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Enkidu faces Gilgamesh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Enkidu learns to behave like a man with the shepherds eating, drinking and defending them from wolves and lions at night. Upon reaching Uruk, Enkidu blocks the path of Gilgamesh who was going to sleep with a newlywed. Enraged, they fight brutally until the two end up tired, but at the end both appreciate each other's strength, and decide to be friends. Enkidu is depressed by having abandoned his old wild life, to which Gilgamesh proposes an expedition to the Cedar Forest to kill Humbaba. But his friend explains that he knew the forest while he was a wild being, and that the expedition is dangerous. At the end, Gilgamesh decides to march without fear. The decision is acclaimed by the citizens of Uruk, but not by the elders and advisers. Faced with Gilgamesh's disregard, the elders charge Enkidu to protect their king. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syrian_-_Relief_with_Two_Heroes_-_Walters_2118.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Syrian_-_Relief_with_Two_Heroes_-_Walters_2118.jpg/170px-Syrian_-_Relief_with_Two_Heroes_-_Walters_2118.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Syrian_-_Relief_with_Two_Heroes_-_Walters_2118.jpg/255px-Syrian_-_Relief_with_Two_Heroes_-_Walters_2118.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Syrian_-_Relief_with_Two_Heroes_-_Walters_2118.jpg/340px-Syrian_-_Relief_with_Two_Heroes_-_Walters_2118.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1266" data-file-height="1799" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Syro-Hittite_states" title="Syro-Hittite states">Neo-Hittite</a> relief of King <a href="/wiki/Kapara" title="Kapara">Kapara</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 950</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 875 BC</span>). Two heroes pin down a bearded foe, while grabbing at his pronged headdress. The context may be related to the Gilgamesh epic, and display Gilgamesh and Enkidu in their fight with Humbaba.</figcaption></figure> <blockquote><div class="poem"> <p>The one who goes on ahead saves the comrade.<br /> The one who knows the route protects his friend.'Let Enkidu go ahead of you; he knows the road to the Cedar Forest. </p> </div></blockquote> <p>In this same episode the goddess <a href="/wiki/Ninsun" title="Ninsun">Ninsun</a> adopts Enkidu and also entrusts him with protecting the king.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_forest_of_Humbaba">The forest of Humbaba</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enkidu&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: The forest of Humbaba"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Newly_Discovered_Tablet_V_of_the_Epic_of_Gilgamesh._Meeting_Humbaba,_with_Enkidu,_at_the_Cedar_Forest._The_Sulaymaniyah_Museum,_Iraqi_Kurdistan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/The_Newly_Discovered_Tablet_V_of_the_Epic_of_Gilgamesh._Meeting_Humbaba%2C_with_Enkidu%2C_at_the_Cedar_Forest._The_Sulaymaniyah_Museum%2C_Iraqi_Kurdistan.jpg/250px-The_Newly_Discovered_Tablet_V_of_the_Epic_of_Gilgamesh._Meeting_Humbaba%2C_with_Enkidu%2C_at_the_Cedar_Forest._The_Sulaymaniyah_Museum%2C_Iraqi_Kurdistan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/The_Newly_Discovered_Tablet_V_of_the_Epic_of_Gilgamesh._Meeting_Humbaba%2C_with_Enkidu%2C_at_the_Cedar_Forest._The_Sulaymaniyah_Museum%2C_Iraqi_Kurdistan.jpg/330px-The_Newly_Discovered_Tablet_V_of_the_Epic_of_Gilgamesh._Meeting_Humbaba%2C_with_Enkidu%2C_at_the_Cedar_Forest._The_Sulaymaniyah_Museum%2C_Iraqi_Kurdistan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/The_Newly_Discovered_Tablet_V_of_the_Epic_of_Gilgamesh._Meeting_Humbaba%2C_with_Enkidu%2C_at_the_Cedar_Forest._The_Sulaymaniyah_Museum%2C_Iraqi_Kurdistan.jpg/500px-The_Newly_Discovered_Tablet_V_of_the_Epic_of_Gilgamesh._Meeting_Humbaba%2C_with_Enkidu%2C_at_the_Cedar_Forest._The_Sulaymaniyah_Museum%2C_Iraqi_Kurdistan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6015" data-file-height="4015" /></a><figcaption>Tablet V of the Epic of Gilgamesh, discovered in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It describes encountering <a href="/wiki/Humbaba" title="Humbaba">Humbaba</a> at the Cedar Forest.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Ninsun" title="Ninsun">Ninsun</a>, the mother of Gilgamesh adopts Enkidu as her son, and seeks protection of the sun-god Shamash (the protector of the Uruk dynasty). Gilgamesh and Enkidu journey to the Cedar Forest. They perform a dream ritual in every mountain they cross; although dreams are representations of Humbaba (falling mountains, a thunderbird that breathes fire…), Enkidu <a href="/wiki/Oneiromancy" title="Oneiromancy">interprets them</a> as good omens. At the entrance to the forest they hear the fearsome bellow of Humbaba, which petrifies them with fear. </p><p>Humbaba descends from the mountain face to face with both heroes, there accuses Enkidu of betrayal against the beasts and threatens Gilgamesh to disembowel him and feed his flesh to the birds. Gilgamesh is terrified, but Enkidu encourages him, and the battle begins. First, Gilgamesh strikes Humbaba so hard it splits the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Hermon" title="Mount Hermon">Mount Hermon</a> in two, and the skies turn black and start “raining death”. Shamash binds Humbaba with 13 winds and he is captured. Humbaba pleads for his life, offers to be his slave and to cut the sacred trees for him, Gilgamesh pities him, but Enkidu argues that his death will establish his reputation forever. Humbaba then curses both heroes, but they strike him, decapitating him. They cut down cedars and a gigantic tree that Enkidu plans to use for a gate for the temple of Enlil. They return home along the Euphrates with the trees and the head of Humbaba. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ishtar's_seduction"><span id="Ishtar.27s_seduction"></span>Ishtar's seduction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enkidu&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ishtar's seduction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The goddess <a href="/wiki/Ishtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishtar">Ishtar</a>, fascinated by the beauty of Gilgamesh, offers to be his wife in exchange for wealth and fame; these offerings do not sway Gilgamesh, who recalls all the misadventures her previous loves had, such as <a href="/wiki/Dumuzid" title="Dumuzid">Tammuz</a>. </p><p>Ishtar, furious and crying, goes to her father <a href="/wiki/Anu" title="Anu">Anu</a>, to demand the Bull of Heaven take revenge, or she will scream so loudly that the dead will devour the living. Anu, in fear, gives her the Bull from Heaven in exchange for preparing food for the seven years of famine that the city will suffer from the destruction of the bull. Ishtar obeys (or lies) and releases the bull in Uruk, which kills a large percentage of people. Enkidu grabs the bull by the horns and Gilgamesh stabs his neck. Hearing Ishtar's cry, Enkidu ridicules the goddess by throwing a bull's leg at her head. The city prepares a great celebration at night. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death_of_Enkidu">Death of Enkidu</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enkidu&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Death of Enkidu"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Enkidu has a dream where the gods decide that the heroes must die, since they have killed Humbaba and the Bull of Heaven. Samash protests against the decision, but that does not change anything, and Enkidu is sentenced to death. This makes Enkidu curse the door he built with the wood of the forest and Shamhat, for having changed his wild life. However then he repents and blesses her. He discusses his nightmares with Gilgamesh about witnessing before <a href="/wiki/Ereshkigal" title="Ereshkigal">Ereshkigal</a>, the queen of the underworld. After this, sick and bedridden for twelve days, he asks Gilgamesh not to forget him. Finally, he dies. </p><p>Gilgamesh calls upon the mountains and all of Uruk to mourn for his friend. He recalls their adventures together, makes a funerary statue of Enkidu and provides grave gifts, so Enkidu has a favourable life in the realm of the dead. Enkidu is buried in the river, like Gilgamesh in the Sumerian poem. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enkidu's_descent_to_the_Underworld"><span id="Enkidu.27s_descent_to_the_Underworld"></span>Enkidu's descent to the Underworld</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enkidu&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Enkidu's descent to the Underworld"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is another non-canonical tablet in which Enkidu journeys into the underworld, but many scholars consider the tablet to be a sequel or add-on to the original epic inspired by the Sumerian poem <a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh" title="Gilgamesh">Gilgamesh</a>, Enkidu and the Netherworld.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Symbolism">Symbolism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enkidu&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Symbolism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enkidu's_wild_life"><span id="Enkidu.27s_wild_life"></span>Enkidu's wild life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enkidu&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Enkidu's wild life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It has often been suggested that these descriptions reflect the semi-nomadic <a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorites</a> who, from their homeland in the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert" title="Syrian Desert">Syrian Desert</a>, infiltrated southern Mesopotamia and came to dominate it in the early second millennium. The phraseology generally includes a reference to "not knowing", which is also used in the epic. Comparing their behaviour to animals, "people plotting destruction like beasts, like wolves". However, Amorites ate uncooked meat and lived in tents while Enkidu lived in the steppe and ate grass; meaning there is no correlation between both since Enkidu wasn’t even a human yet.<sup id="cite_ref-Bolchazy-Carducci_Publishers,_Inc_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bolchazy-Carducci_Publishers,_Inc-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <a href="/wiki/Morris_Jastrow_Jr." title="Morris Jastrow Jr.">Morris Jastrow</a> suggested that Enkidu's early life was modeled on a tradition that can be seen in etiological texts, in parallel to the description of Enkidu.<sup id="cite_ref-Bolchazy-Carducci_Publishers,_Inc_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bolchazy-Carducci_Publishers,_Inc-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Debate_between_sheep_and_grain" title="Debate between sheep and grain">The Dispute Between Cattle and Grain</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td><span style="font-size:125%;font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Akkadian','Noto Sans Cuneiform','Noto Sans Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform';" title="cuneiform text" lang="und-Xsux">𒉆𒇽𒍇 𒌓 𒊑𒀀𒆤𒉈</span><br /> <p><span style="font-size:125%;font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Akkadian','Noto Sans Cuneiform','Noto Sans Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform';" title="cuneiform text" lang="und-Xsux">𒃻 𒅥𒅇𒁉 𒉡𒈬𒌦𒍪𒀀𒀭</span><br /> <span style="font-size:125%;font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Akkadian','Noto Sans Cuneiform','Noto Sans Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform';" title="cuneiform text" lang="und-Xsux">𒌆𒂵 𒈬𒈬𒁉 𒉡𒈬𒌦𒍪𒍑</span><br /> <span style="font-size:125%;font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Akkadian','Noto Sans Cuneiform','Noto Sans Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform';" title="cuneiform text" lang="und-Xsux">𒌦 𒄑𒁺𒈾 𒋢𒁉 𒈬𒌦𒁺</span><br /> <span style="font-size:125%;font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Akkadian','Noto Sans Cuneiform','Noto Sans Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform';" title="cuneiform text" lang="und-Xsux">𒇻𒄀 𒅗𒁀 𒌑 𒈬𒉌𒅁𒅥</span><br /> <span style="font-size:125%;font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Akkadian','Noto Sans Cuneiform','Noto Sans Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform';" title="cuneiform text" lang="und-Xsux">𒀀 𒊬𒊬 𒊏𒅗 𒄿𒅎𒅘𒅘𒉌</span><br /> </p> </td> <td>nam-lu<small>2</small>-ulu<small>3</small> ud re-a-ke<small>4</small>-ne<br /> <p>ninda gu<small>7</small>-u<small>3</small>-bi nu-mu-un-zu-uc-am<small>3</small><br /> tug<small>2</small>-ga mu<small>4</small>-mu<small>4</small>-bi nu-mu-un-zu-uc-am<small>3</small><br /> kalam jic-gen-na su-bi mu-un-jen<br /> udu-gin<small>7</small> ka-ba u<small>2</small> mu-ni-ib-gu<small>7</small><br /> a mu<small>2</small>-sar-ra-ka i-im-na<small>8</small>-na<small>8</small>-ne<br /> </p> </td> <td><i>Mankind of that time,</i><br /> <p><i>Knew not the eating of bread,</i><br /> <i>Knew not the wearing of garments,</i><br /> <i>The people went around with skins on their bodies,</i><br /> <i>They ate grass with their mouths like sheep,</i><br /> <i>Drank water from ditches.</i> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Enkidu_on_an_Akkadian_cylinder_seal.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Possible depiction of Enkidu as a bull-man, fighting a lion, Akkadian Empire seal, circa 2200 BC.[24][7]"><img alt="Possible depiction of Enkidu as a bull-man, fighting a lion, Akkadian Empire seal, circa 2200 BC.[24][7]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Enkidu_on_an_Akkadian_cylinder_seal.jpg/250px-Enkidu_on_an_Akkadian_cylinder_seal.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Enkidu_on_an_Akkadian_cylinder_seal.jpg/330px-Enkidu_on_an_Akkadian_cylinder_seal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Enkidu_on_an_Akkadian_cylinder_seal.jpg/500px-Enkidu_on_an_Akkadian_cylinder_seal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="698" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Possible depiction of Enkidu as a bull-man, fighting a lion, <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a> seal, circa 2200 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LK_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LK-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Enkidu,_Gilgamesh%27s_friend._From_Ur,_Iraq._2027-1763_BCE._Iraq_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Enkidu, Gilgamesh's friend. From Ur, Iraq. 2027–1763 BC. Iraq Museum"><img alt="Enkidu, Gilgamesh's friend. From Ur, Iraq. 2027–1763 BC. Iraq Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Enkidu%2C_Gilgamesh%27s_friend._From_Ur%2C_Iraq._2027-1763_BCE._Iraq_Museum.jpg/120px-Enkidu%2C_Gilgamesh%27s_friend._From_Ur%2C_Iraq._2027-1763_BCE._Iraq_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Enkidu%2C_Gilgamesh%27s_friend._From_Ur%2C_Iraq._2027-1763_BCE._Iraq_Museum.jpg/250px-Enkidu%2C_Gilgamesh%27s_friend._From_Ur%2C_Iraq._2027-1763_BCE._Iraq_Museum.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2545" data-file-height="5081" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Enkidu, Gilgamesh's friend. From Ur, Iraq. 2027–1763 BC. Iraq Museum</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Becoming_human">Becoming human</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enkidu&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Becoming human"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After bouts of love-making with Shamhat over two weeks, Enkidu tries to reunite with his herd. But the gazelles run from him, indicating that he is not accepted any more amongst the savage kind. Enkidu has lost his primitive nature, such as running as fast as a gazelle. </p><p>We can see here the motif of transferring negative or positive qualities (weakness or knowledge) from one being to another through intimate contact. Another motif is the role of women as seducer towards civilization, such as <a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">Adam and Eve</a> in Genesis 3. By offering Adam the fruit of the <a href="/wiki/Tree_of_the_knowledge_of_good_and_evil" title="Tree of the knowledge of good and evil">tree of knowledge</a>, Eve ultimately drew him to a life of sin and turmoil with Eve being to the pain of childbirth.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jastrow and Clay are of the opinion that the story of Enkidu was originally a separate tale to illustrate "man's career and destiny, how through intercourse with a woman he awakens to the sense of human dignity..."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civilization_against_nomadic_life">Civilization against nomadic life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enkidu&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Civilization against nomadic life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is a theme that contrasts life with human culture and the life without. It can be seen when Enkidu curses Shamhat, because she took him away from the wild life and brought him to civilization, leading to his death. The sun god Shamash convinces him that he had a new life worth enjoying.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><div class="poem"> <p>Why, Ο Enkidu, do you curse the harlot Shamhat,<br /> Who made you eat food fit for divinity,<br /> Who gave you to drink wine fit for royalty,<br /> Who clothed you with noble garments,<br /> And made you have fair Gilgamesh for a comrade? </p> </div></blockquote> <p>The same theme appears when the barmaid advises Gilgamesh to abandon his search for immortality.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><div class="poem"> <p>As for you, Gilgamesh [...]<br /> Let your head be washed; bathe in water.<br /> Pay heed to a little one that holds on to your hand;<br /> Let a spouse delight in your bosom. </p> </div></blockquote> <p>As <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_H._Tigay" title="Jeffrey H. Tigay">Jeffrey H. Tigay</a> wrote in his book, <i>The Evolution of the Gilgamesh Epic</i>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The rise of Enkidu to human culture underlines the values preferred by the epic. This preference may help explain the epic's enduring attraction. While military feats were for the few, the simple pleasures advocated by the barmaid were something many could strive for.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_rediscovery">Modern rediscovery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enkidu&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Modern rediscovery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first translation of the Epic of Gilgamesh was produced in the early 1870s by <a href="/wiki/George_Smith_(Assyriologist)" title="George Smith (Assyriologist)">George Smith</a>, a scholar at the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>, who published the Flood story from Tablet XI in 1880 under the title The Chaldean Account of Genesis. There, Enkidu's name was originally misread as <b>Eabani</b>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enkidu&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh_in_popular_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilgamesh in popular culture">Gilgamesh in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Animals" title="Master of Animals">Master of Animals</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enkidu&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Enkidu,_Gilgamesh%27s_friend._From_Ur,_Iraq,_2027-1763_BCE._Iraq_Museum.jpg">Commons Link for Image</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLittleton2005" class="citation book cs1">Littleton, C. Scott (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u27FpnXoyJQC&pg=PA732"><i>Gods, Goddesses, and Mythology</i></a>. Marshall Cavendish. p. 732. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780761475651" title="Special:BookSources/9780761475651"><bdi>9780761475651</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gods%2C+Goddesses%2C+and+Mythology&rft.pages=732&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780761475651&rft.aulast=Littleton&rft.aufirst=C.+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du27FpnXoyJQC%26pg%3DPA732&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnkidu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarshall1996" class="citation book cs1">Marshall, John (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ds_hazstxY4C&pg=PA389"><i>Mohenjo-Daro and the Indus Civilization: Being an Official Account of Archaeological Excavations at Mohenjo-Daro Carried Out by the Government of India Between the Years 1922 and 1927</i></a>. Asian Educational Services. p. 389. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120611795" title="Special:BookSources/9788120611795"><bdi>9788120611795</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mohenjo-Daro+and+the+Indus+Civilization%3A+Being+an+Official+Account+of+Archaeological+Excavations+at+Mohenjo-Daro+Carried+Out+by+the+Government+of+India+Between+the+Years+1922+and+1927&rft.pages=389&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9788120611795&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDs_hazstxY4C%26pg%3DPA389&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnkidu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSingh" class="citation book cs1">Singh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wsiXwh_tIGkC&pg=PA35"><i>The Pearson Indian History Manual for the UPSC Civil Services Preliminary Examination</i></a>. Pearson Education India. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788131717530" title="Special:BookSources/9788131717530"><bdi>9788131717530</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pearson+Indian+History+Manual+for+the+UPSC+Civil+Services+Preliminary+Examination&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+India&rft.isbn=9788131717530&rft.au=Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwsiXwh_tIGkC%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnkidu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRichter-Ushanas1997" class="citation book cs1">Richter-Ushanas, Egbert (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4DZYbWQbKAsC&pg=PA123"><i>The Indus Script and the Ṛg-Veda</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120814059" title="Special:BookSources/9788120814059"><bdi>9788120814059</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indus+Script+and+the+%E1%B9%9Ag-Veda&rft.pages=123&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publ.&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9788120814059&rft.aulast=Richter-Ushanas&rft.aufirst=Egbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4DZYbWQbKAsC%26pg%3DPA123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnkidu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oracc.iaas.upenn.edu/epsd2/cbd/sux/o0044312.html">"Epsd2/Sux/Enkidu[1]"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Epsd2%2FSux%2FEnkidu%26%2391%3B1%26%2393%3B&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foracc.iaas.upenn.edu%2Fepsd2%2Fcbd%2Fsux%2Fo0044312.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnkidu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LK-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LK_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LK_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKalof2007" class="citation book cs1">Kalof, Linda (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PyJZyabg7OsC&pg=PA15"><i>Looking at Animals in Human History</i></a>. Reaktion Books. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781861893345" title="Special:BookSources/9781861893345"><bdi>9781861893345</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Looking+at+Animals+in+Human+History&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781861893345&rft.aulast=Kalof&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPyJZyabg7OsC%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnkidu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The death of Gilgamesh on the ETCSL lines 63-81</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWolff,_H._N.1969" class="citation journal cs1">Wolff, H. N. (April–June 1969). "Gilgamesh, Enkidu, and the heroic life". <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society</i>. <b>89</b> (2). American Oriental Society: <span class="nowrap">392–</span>398. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F596520">10.2307/596520</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/596520">596520</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=Gilgamesh%2C+Enkidu%2C+and+the+heroic+life&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E392-%3C%2Fspan%3E398&rft.date=1969-04%2F1969-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F596520&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F596520%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Wolff%2C+H.+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnkidu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJastrow1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Morris_Jastrow_Jr." title="Morris Jastrow Jr.">Jastrow, Morris</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Eabani"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Eabani">"Eabani" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">788–</span>789.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Eabani&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E788-%3C%2Fspan%3E789&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Jastrow&rft.aufirst=Morris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnkidu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George 2003 , p. 143-144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gilgamesh: A Reader by John Maier</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">NW Iran, (43219722891) (cropped)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section1/tr1811.htm">"Gilgamesh and Aga: Translation"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gilgamesh+and+Aga%3A+Translation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fetcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk%2Fsection1%2Ftr1811.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnkidu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section1/tr1815.htm">"Gilgamesh and Huwawa, version A: Translation"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gilgamesh+and+Huwawa%2C+version+A%3A+Translation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fetcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk%2Fsection1%2Ftr1815.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnkidu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section1/tr18151.htm">"Gilgamesh und Huwawa, Version B: Translation"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gilgamesh+und+Huwawa%2C+Version+B%3A+Translation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fetcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk%2Fsection1%2Ftr18151.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnkidu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section1/tr1814.htm">"Gilgamesh, Enkidu, and the nether world"</a> (translation).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gilgamesh%2C+Enkidu%2C+and+the+nether+world&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fetcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk%2Fsection1%2Ftr1814.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnkidu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section1/tr1813.htm">"The death of Gilgamesh: Translation"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+death+of+Gilgamesh%3A+Translation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fetcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk%2Fsection1%2Ftr1813.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnkidu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSin-léqi-unnínni2020" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%AEn-l%C4%93qi-unninni" title="Sîn-lēqi-unninni">Sin-léqi-unnínni</a>, ed. (2020) [2017]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OolDDwAAQBAJ"><i>Ele que o abismo viu</i></a> (in Brazilian Portuguese). Translated by Jacyntho Lins Brandão (1 ed.). Autêntica. p. 196. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-513-0283-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-85-513-0283-5"><bdi>978-85-513-0283-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ele+que+o+abismo+viu&rft.pages=196&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Aut%C3%AAntica&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-85-513-0283-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOolDDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnkidu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2015/10/06/a-new-chapter-in-the-worlds-oldest-story/">"A new chapter in the world's oldest story"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-07-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=A+new+chapter+in+the+world%27s+oldest+story&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fworldviews%2Fwp%2F2015%2F10%2F06%2Fa-new-chapter-in-the-worlds-oldest-story%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnkidu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Sulaymaniyah Museum, Iraqi Kurdistan</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMoran1991" class="citation journal cs1">Moran, William L. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biblio.ebaf.edu/cgi-bin/koha/opac-ISBDdetail.pl?biblionumber=175380">"Epic of Gilgamesh: A document of ancient humanism"</a>. <i>Bulletin the Canadian Society for Mesopotamian Studies</i>. The Canadian Society for Mesopotamian Studies Bulletin: 20. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0844-3416">0844-3416</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+the+Canadian+Society+for+Mesopotamian+Studies&rft.atitle=Epic+of+Gilgamesh%3A+A+document+of+ancient+humanism&rft.pages=20&rft.date=1991&rft.issn=0844-3416&rft.aulast=Moran&rft.aufirst=William+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbiblio.ebaf.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fkoha%2Fopac-ISBDdetail.pl%3Fbiblionumber%3D175380&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnkidu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bolchazy-Carducci_Publishers,_Inc-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bolchazy-Carducci_Publishers,_Inc_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bolchazy-Carducci_Publishers,_Inc_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJeffrey_H._Tigay.2002" class="citation book cs1">Jeffrey H. Tigay. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cxjuHTH6I2sC"><i>The Evolution of the Gilgamesh Epic</i></a>. Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, Inc. p. 200. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86516-546-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86516-546-5"><bdi>978-0-86516-546-5</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Evolution+of+the+Gilgamesh+Epic&rft.pages=200&rft.pub=Bolchazy-Carducci+Publishers%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-86516-546-5&rft.au=Jeffrey+H.+Tigay.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcxjuHTH6I2sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnkidu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Enkidu as a bull-man is attacking a lion which is attacking a bull." in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHammadeHitchcock1987" class="citation book cs1">Hammade, Hamido; Hitchcock, Louise (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X7YZAAAAYAAJ"><i>Cylinder seals from the collections of the Aleppo Museum, Syrian Arab Republic</i></a>. B.A.R. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86054-429-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86054-429-6"><bdi>978-0-86054-429-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cylinder+seals+from+the+collections+of+the+Aleppo+Museum%2C+Syrian+Arab+Republic&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=B.A.R.&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-86054-429-6&rft.aulast=Hammade&rft.aufirst=Hamido&rft.au=Hitchcock%2C+Louise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX7YZAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnkidu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJeffrey_H._Tigay.2002" class="citation book cs1">Jeffrey H. Tigay. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cxjuHTH6I2sC"><i>The evolution of the Gilgamesh epic</i></a>. Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, Inc. p. 208. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780865165465" title="Special:BookSources/9780865165465"><bdi>9780865165465</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+evolution+of+the+Gilgamesh+epic&rft.pages=208&rft.pub=Bolchazy-Carducci+Publishers%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780865165465&rft.au=Jeffrey+H.+Tigay.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcxjuHTH6I2sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnkidu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJastrow,_Morris_Jr.Clay,_ALbert_T.1920" class="citation book cs1">Jastrow, Morris Jr.; Clay, ALbert T. (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MQ4ZAAAAYAAJ&q=enkidu&pg=PA35"><i>An Old Babylonian Version of the Gilgamesh Epic</i></a>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. p. 20 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Old+Babylonian+Version+of+the+Gilgamesh+Epic&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1920&rft.au=Jastrow%2C+Morris+Jr.&rft.au=Clay%2C+ALbert+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMQ4ZAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Denkidu%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnkidu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJeffrey_H._Tigay.2002" class="citation book cs1">Jeffrey H. Tigay. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cxjuHTH6I2sC"><i>The Evolution of the Gilgamesh Epic</i></a>. Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, Inc. p. 220. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86516-546-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86516-546-5"><bdi>978-0-86516-546-5</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Evolution+of+the+Gilgamesh+Epic&rft.pages=220&rft.pub=Bolchazy-Carducci+Publishers%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-86516-546-5&rft.au=Jeffrey+H.+Tigay.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcxjuHTH6I2sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnkidu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.com-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJeffrey_H._Tigay.2002" class="citation book cs1">Jeffrey H. Tigay. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cxjuHTH6I2sC"><i>The Evolution of the Gilgamesh Epic</i></a>. Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, Inc. p. 221. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86516-546-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86516-546-5"><bdi>978-0-86516-546-5</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Evolution+of+the+Gilgamesh+Epic&rft.pages=221&rft.pub=Bolchazy-Carducci+Publishers%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-86516-546-5&rft.au=Jeffrey+H.+Tigay.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcxjuHTH6I2sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnkidu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enkidu&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFoster,_Benjamin_R.2001" class="citation book cs1">Foster, Benjamin R., ed. (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780393975161"><i>The Epic of Gilgamesh</i></a></span>. Translated by Foster, Benjamin R. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-97516-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-97516-9"><bdi>0-393-97516-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Epic+of+Gilgamesh&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-393-97516-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780393975161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnkidu" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enkidu&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Enkidu" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Enkidu">Enkidu</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crystalinks.com/gilgamesh.html">Enkidu sitting astride Gugalanna, the <i>Bull of Heaven</i></a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBertman,_Stephen2005" class="citation book cs1">Bertman, Stephen (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1C4NKp4zgIQC&q=enkidu&pg=PA155"><i>Handbook to Life in Ancient Mesopotamia</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195183641" title="Special:BookSources/9780195183641"><bdi>9780195183641</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+to+Life+in+Ancient+Mesopotamia&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780195183641&rft.au=Bertman%2C+Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1C4NKp4zgIQC%26q%3Denkidu%26pg%3DPA155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnkidu" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sumerian_mythology150" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#AFC9BF"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sumerian_mythology" title="Template:Sumerian mythology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sumerian_mythology" title="Template talk:Sumerian mythology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sumerian_mythology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sumerian mythology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sumerian_mythology150" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_religion" title="Sumerian religion">Sumerian mythology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Primordial beings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abzu" title="Abzu">Abzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anu" title="Anu">An</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enmesharra" title="Enmesharra">Enmesharra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ki_(goddess)" title="Ki (goddess)">Ki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nammu" title="Nammu">Nammu</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ea_(Babilonian)_-_EnKi_(Sumerian).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Ea_%28Babilonian%29_-_EnKi_%28Sumerian%29.jpg/250px-Ea_%28Babilonian%29_-_EnKi_%28Sumerian%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Ea_%28Babilonian%29_-_EnKi_%28Sumerian%29.jpg/330px-Ea_%28Babilonian%29_-_EnKi_%28Sumerian%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Ea_%28Babilonian%29_-_EnKi_%28Sumerian%29.jpg/500px-Ea_%28Babilonian%29_-_EnKi_%28Sumerian%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="962" data-file-height="611" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Primary deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enki" title="Enki">Enki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlil" title="Enlil">Enlil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna">Inanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sin_(mythology)" title="Sin (mythology)">Nanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninhursag" title="Ninhursag">Ninhursag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utu" class="mw-redirect" title="Utu">Utu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other major deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dumuzid_the_Shepherd" class="mw-redirect" title="Dumuzid the Shepherd">Dumuzid the Shepherd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ereshkigal" title="Ereshkigal">Ereshkigal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishtaran" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishtaran">Ishtaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nergal" title="Nergal">Nergal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisaba" title="Nisaba">Nisaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninazu" title="Ninazu">Ninazu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninegal" title="Ninegal">Ninegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningal" title="Ningal">Ningal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningishzida" title="Ningishzida">Ningishzida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninlil" title="Ninlil">Ninlil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninshubur" title="Ninshubur">Ninshubur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninurta" title="Ninurta">Ninurta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuska" title="Nuska">Nuska</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minor deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azimua" title="Azimua">Azimua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bitu_(god)" title="Bitu (god)">Bitu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geshtinanna" title="Geshtinanna">Geshtinanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gugalanna" title="Gugalanna">Gugalanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu%C5%A1bi%C5%A1ag" title="Hušbišag">Hushbishag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isimud" title="Isimud">Isimud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namtar" title="Namtar">Namtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninimma" title="Ninimma">Ninimma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninkasi" title="Ninkasi">Ninkasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninsianna" title="Ninsianna">Ninsianna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimintabba" title="Nimintabba">Nimintabba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninsun" title="Ninsun">Ninsun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nungal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nungal">Nungal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherida" class="mw-redirect" title="Sherida">Sherida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugur_(god)" title="Ugur (god)">Ugur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttu" title="Uttu">Uttu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demons, spirits,<br />and monsters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asag" title="Asag">Asag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anz%C3%BB_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anzû (mythology)">Anzû</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallu" title="Gallu">Gallu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humbaba" title="Humbaba">Huwawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%C5%A1%E1%B8%ABu%C5%A1%C5%A1u" title="Mušḫuššu">Mušḫuššu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udug" title="Udug">Udug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabisu" title="Rabisu">Rabisu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mortal heroes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Enkidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enmerkar" title="Enmerkar">Enmerkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etana" title="Etana">Etana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh" title="Gilgamesh">Gilgamesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugalbanda" title="Lugalbanda">Lugalbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziusudra" title="Ziusudra">Ziusudra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Epic_of_Gilgamesh221" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Epic_of_Gilgamesh" title="Template:Epic of Gilgamesh"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Epic_of_Gilgamesh" title="Template talk:Epic of Gilgamesh"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Epic_of_Gilgamesh" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Epic of Gilgamesh"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Epic_of_Gilgamesh221" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i><a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh" title="Epic of Gilgamesh">Epic of Gilgamesh</a></i></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_characters_in_Epic_of_Gilgamesh" title="List of characters in Epic of Gilgamesh">Characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Humans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh" title="Gilgamesh">Gilgamesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aga_of_Kish" title="Aga of Kish">Aga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enmebaragesi" title="Enmebaragesi">Enmebaragesi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Enkidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamhat" title="Shamhat">Shamhat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urshanabi" title="Urshanabi">Urshanabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utnapishtim" title="Utnapishtim">Utnapishtim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adad" class="mw-redirect" title="Adad">Adad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anunnaki" title="Anunnaki">Anunnaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ea_(god)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ea (god)">Ea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlil" title="Enlil">Enlil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishtar">Ishtar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna">Inanna</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninsun" title="Ninsun">Ninsun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamash" title="Shamash">Shamash</a> (<a href="/wiki/Utu" class="mw-redirect" title="Utu">Utu</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shullat_and_Hanish" title="Shullat and Hanish">Shullat and Hanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siduri" title="Siduri">Siduri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silili" title="Silili">Silili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wer_(god)" title="Wer (god)">Wer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other mythical beings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bull_of_Heaven" title="Bull of Heaven">Bull of Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humbaba" title="Humbaba">Humbaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorpion_man" title="Scorpion man">Scorpion man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hero_lion_Dur-Sharrukin_Louvre_AO19862.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Hero_lion_Dur-Sharrukin_Louvre_AO19862.jpg/100px-Hero_lion_Dur-Sharrukin_Louvre_AO19862.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Hero_lion_Dur-Sharrukin_Louvre_AO19862.jpg/150px-Hero_lion_Dur-Sharrukin_Louvre_AO19862.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Hero_lion_Dur-Sharrukin_Louvre_AO19862.jpg/200px-Hero_lion_Dur-Sharrukin_Louvre_AO19862.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="2800" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adaptations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_American_Novel_(Roth)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Great American Novel (Roth)">The Great American Novel</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh_the_King" title="Gilgamesh the King">Gilgamesh the King</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh_in_the_Outback" title="Gilgamesh in the Outback">Gilgamesh in the Outback</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Timewyrm:_Genesys" title="Timewyrm: Genesys">Timewyrm: Genesys</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Slaves_of_the_Shinar" title="Slaves of the Shinar">Slaves of the Shinar</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sorceress:_The_Secrets_of_the_Immortal_Nicholas_Flamel" title="The Sorceress: The Secrets of the Immortal Nicholas Flamel">The Sorceress: The Secrets of the Immortal Nicholas Flamel</a></i> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classical music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Epic_of_Gilgamesh_(Martin%C5%AF)" title="The Epic of Gilgamesh (Martinů)">The Epic of Gilgamesh</a></i> (1955 Czech oratorio)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh_(Kodall%C4%B1_opera)" title="Gilgamesh (Kodallı opera)"><i>Gilgamesh</i> (Kodallı)</a> (1964 Turkish opera)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh_(Saygun_opera)" title="Gilgamesh (Saygun opera)"><i>Gilgamesh</i> (Saygun)</a> (1970 Turkish opera)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh_(N%C3%B8rg%C3%A5rd)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilgamesh (Nørgård)"><i>Gilgamesh</i> (Nørgård)</a> (1972 Danish opera)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh_(Brucci_opera)" title="Gilgamesh (Brucci opera)"><i>Gilgamesh</i> (Brucci)</a> (1986 Serbian opera)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Epic_of_Gilgamesh,_or_This_Unnameable_Little_Broom" title="The Epic of Gilgamesh, or This Unnameable Little Broom">The Epic of Gilgamesh, or This Unnameable Little Broom</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Princess_Mononoke" title="Princess Mononoke">Princess Mononoke</a></i> (1997)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Darmok" title="Darmok">Darmok</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Demon_with_a_Glass_Hand" title="Demon with a Glass Hand">Demon with a Glass Hand</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Tower_of_Druaga_(TV_series)" title="The Tower of Druaga (TV series)">The Tower of Druaga</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Bharat_Ek_Khoj" title="Bharat Ek Khoj">The Beginnings</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilgamesh II">Gilgamesh II</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgotten_One_(character)" title="Forgotten One (character)">Forgotten One</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh_(manga)" title="Gilgamesh (manga)">Gilgamesh</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Video games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tower_of_Druaga" title="The Tower of Druaga">The Tower of Druaga</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh_in_the_arts_and_popular_culture" title="Gilgamesh in the arts and popular culture">Popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh_flood_myth" title="Gilgamesh flood myth">Gilgamesh flood myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashu" title="Mashu">Mashu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%AEn-l%C4%93qi-unninni" title="Sîn-lēqi-unninni">Sîn-lēqi-unninni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Smith_(assyriologist)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Smith (assyriologist)">George Smith</a></li> 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