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His two greatest achievements are cited as overseeing the eradication of [[smallpox]],<ref>Frank F. Fenner, [[Donald A. Henderson]], [[Isao Arita]], Zdeněk Ježek, Ivan D. Ladnyi [https://www.aphl.org/programs/preparedness/Smallpox/pdf/9241561106.pdf Smallpox and its Eradication] [[World Health Organization]] Geneva, 1988</ref> and the attempted control of Australia's [[Rabbit plagues in Australia|rabbit plague]] through the introduction of ''[[Myxoma virus]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Boyden | first1 = S. | last2 = Blanden | first2 = R. | last3 = Mims | first3 = C. | doi = 10.1098/rsbm.2013.0009 | title = Frank John Fenner FAA. 21 December 1914 -- 22 November 2010 | journal = [[Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society]] | volume = 59 | pages = 125–144 | year = 2013 | s2cid = 71415413 | hdl = 1885/65529 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> The [[Australian Academy of Science]] awards annually the prestigious [[Fenner Medal]] for distinguished research in biology by a scientist under 40 years of age.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sciencearchive.org.au/awards/awards/fenner-medal.html |title=Australian Academy of Science – Fenner medal |access-date=2014-04-13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140413160143/http://www.sciencearchive.org.au/awards/awards/fenner-medal.html |archive-date=13 April 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.news.uwa.edu.au/201112164257/awards-and-prizes/uwa-scientist-wins-academy-award | title=UWA scientist wins Academy Award}}</ref> ==Early life and education== Frank Johannes Fenner was born in [[Ballarat]] in 1914. The family moved to [[Adelaide]], [[South Australia]] in November 1916. He attended [[Rose Park Primary School]] and [[Thebarton]] Technical School. He attended the [[University of Adelaide]], where he earned degrees in medicine and surgery in 1938. That year, uneasy about Hitler's rise, he legally changed his middle name from Johannes (the first name of his German-born paternal grandfather) to John.<ref name=obit/> ==Career== In May 1937, Fenner was a member of an Adelaide University anthropological expedition to [[Nepabunna Mission]] in the northern [[Flinders Ranges]] in [[South Australia]] led by [[J.B. Cleland]], which also included [[Charles P. Mountford]] as [[ethnologist]] and photographer, as well as botanist [[Thomas Harvey Johnston]] and others.<ref name=samem>{{cite web | title=Nepabunna, 1937–39 | website= SA Memory |publisher=[[State Library of South Australia]]| date= 28 October 2009 | url=https://www.samemory.sa.gov.au/site/page.cfm?u=1303 | access-date=13 November 2020}}</ref> From 1940 to 1946 he was a captain and Major in the [[Australian Army Medical Corps]] with service in Australia, [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]], [[Egypt]], [[New Guinea]] and [[Borneo]],<ref name="obit">{{cite news |last1=Grimes |first1=William |date=25 November 2010 |title=Frank Fenner Dies at 95; Tracked End of Smallpox |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/26/world/26fenner.html |access-date=17 March 2024 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> as medical officer in field ambulance and [[Casualty Clearing Station]], [[pathologist]] to general hospital and [[malaria|malariologist]]. For his work in combating [[malaria]] in Papua New Guinea he was made a Member of the [[Order of the British Empire]] in 1945.<ref name=MBE>[https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/1090163 It's an Honour: MBE]</ref><ref name="MBE1945">[http://www.awm.gov.au/cms_images/AWM192/00311/003110463.pdf Citation record of MBE]</ref> Following his war-time service he was recruited by [[Frank Macfarlane Burnet]] to work at the [[Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research]] in Melbourne. Initially they worked on [[smallpox]] in mice, for which he coined the term "[[mousepox]]", and later on the [[genetics]] of [[Poxviridae|poxvirus]]. In 1949, he received a fellowship to study at the [[Rockefeller University|Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research]] in New York City, he worked on [[mycobacterium]] Bairnsdale bacillus, which causes [[Buruli ulcer]], the third most important mycobacterial disease worldwide after [[tuberculosis]] and [[leprosy]]. Here he worked with and was influenced by [[René Dubos]], who is one of the claimed originators of the phrase "[[Think Globally, Act Locally]]".{{citation needed|date=November 2020}} ===In Canberra, 1949–2010=== Returning to Australia in 1949, he was appointed professor of [[microbiology]] at the new [[John Curtin School of Medical Research]] at the [[Australian National University]], [[Canberra]]. Here he began studying viruses again, in particular the [[myxoma virus]].{{cn|date=January 2024}} Throughout the 1940s and 1950s Australia had severe [[Rabbits in Australia|rabbit plagues]]. Fenner's work on the myxoma virus showed that initially it killed rabbits in 9 to 11 days and was 99.5% lethal. Under heavy selection pressure, the few rabbits that survived developed resistance, which meant that the pest was never completely eradicated, but their numbers were reduced. Prior to the release of the virus as a [[biological control]] for the rabbits, Fenner, [[Frank Macfarlane Burnet]] and [[Ian Clunies Ross]] famously injected themselves with myxoma virus, to prove it was not dangerous for humans. [[File:Professors John Eccles, Adrien Albert, Frank Fenner and Hugh Ennor study the plans for the proposed new John Curtin School of Medical Research.jpg|thumb|237x237px|Fenner (second from right) and colleagues review plans for the John Curtin School of Medical Research]] From 1967 to 1973 Fenner was Director of the John Curtin School of Medical Research. In 1977, he was named the chairman of the Global Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication, the same year the last known case of naturally transmitted smallpox occurred in [[Somalia]]. Fenner announced the [[Smallpox#Eradication|eradication of smallpox]] to the World Health Assembly on 8 May 1980.<ref name=obit/> This success story is regarded as the greatest achievement of the [[World Health Organization]]. Before its eradication, smallpox was one of the world's most virulent viruses, responsible for millions of deaths, and leaving many of the victims who survived with disfiguring scars for life. Fenner had an abiding interest in the environment, and was the foundation Director of the [[Australian National University#Medicine.2C Biology and Environment|Centre for Resources and Environmental Studies]] at the [[Australian National University|ANU]] (1973), where he worked until his retirement in 1979, and which became part of the [[Fenner School]] of Environment and Society in 2007.<ref>[http://fennerschool.anu.edu.au/ Fenner School of Environment and Society website]</ref> He was a keen supporter of Australia having an ecologically, socially sustainable population. He was emeritus professor at the John Curtin School of Medical Research. In June 2010, he predicted in an interview with ''[[The Australian]]'' the [[Human extinction|extinction of the human race]] within a century, primarily as the result of [[human overpopulation]], [[environmental degradation]] and [[global warming|climate change]].<ref name=obit/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Jones |first1=Cheryl |date=15 June 2010 |title=Fenner sees no hope for humans |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/higher-education/frank-fenner-sees-no-hope-for-humans/news-story/8d77f0806a8a3591d47013f7d75699b9 |url-access=subscription |work=The Australian}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://phys.org/news/2010-06-humans-extinct-years-eminent-scientist.html |title=Humans will be extinct in 100 years says eminent scientist |last= Edwards |first=Lin |date=23 June 2010 |website=[[Phys.org]] |access-date=2 July 2020 }}</ref> He died in Canberra on the morning of 22 November 2010 after a brief illness, and days after the birth of his first great-grandchild.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 November 2010 |title=Scientist Fenner dies aged 95 |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2010-11-22/scientist-fenner-dies-aged-95/2346962 |access-date=17 March 2024 |website=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]}}</ref> ==Personal life== In 1944 Fenner met Bobbie Roberts. Ellen Margaret 'Bobbie' Roberts was a trained midwife and nurse. During World War II she worked on [[malaria]] with the Australian Army Nursing Service and through her work met Fenner.<ref>[http://www.eoas.info/biogs/P002248b.htm ''Encyclopaedia of Australian Science'']</ref> Shortly after they met they married in a Catholic ceremony (despite Fenner being an atheist).<ref>[http://epress.anu.edu.au/nature/mobile_devices/ch03s11.html Chapter 3], ''Nature, Nurture and Chance: the lives of Frank and Charles Fenner''</ref> While keen to have children, the couple were infertile and with Bobbie having a hysterectomy in 1949 they decided to adopt. They subsequently adopted two children. Marilyn Aldus Fenner was born on 27 June 1950. Her biological parents were unknown. Victoria Fenner (born 1 March 1943) was adopted later at the request of her father (Fenner's younger brother Tom) after the death in a fire of Victoria's mother (Beverley Slaney).<ref>[http://epress.anu.edu.au/nature/mobile_devices/ch05s03.html Chapter 5], ''Nature, Nurture and Chance: the lives of Frank and Charles Fenner''</ref> On 30 March 1958, Victoria Fenner shot and killed herself, as part of a supposed suicide pact with another child, [[Kate Webb|Catherine Webb]], who provided the rifle and bullets. The coronial inquiry heard she had been passing through a period of extreme mental and spiritual disturbance and the coroner declared her death a suicide.<ref>''Suicide Finding in Death of Girl 15 in Canberra'', Sydney Morning Herald, 20 June 1958, p3</ref> Fenner himself was unable to fathom a motive, other than she was upset from reading [[Neville Shute]]'s book, ''[[On the Beach (novel)|On the Beach]]''.<ref>[http://epress.anu.edu.au/nature/mobile_devices/ch05s07.html Chapter 5], ''Nature, Nurture and Chance: the lives of Frank and Charles Fenner''</ref> Bobbie Fenner was diagnosed with cancer in 1989 and eventually died in 1994. Marilyn Fenner and her family then moved into the family home and looked after her father until his death.<ref>[http://epress.anu.edu.au/nature/mobile_devices/ch11s14.html Chapter 11], ''Nature, Nurture and Chance: the lives of Frank and Charles Fenner''</ref> ==Publications== * Frank Fenner and [[Francis Ratcliffe]], ''Myxmatosis''. Cambridge University Press, 1965. {{isbn|0521049911}} * {{cite book |last1=Fenner |first1=Frank |last2=Wittek |first2=Riccardo |last3=Dumbell |first3=Keith R. |title=The Orthopoxviruses |date=1988 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-323-15022-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rR_YfBN0rakC|language=en }} ==Honours== Of the many honours Fenner received throughout his career, there are the following: * Member of the [[Order of the British Empire]] (MBE), 19 July 1945<ref name=MBE/><ref Name="MBE1945"/> * Companion of the [[Order of St Michael and St George]] (CMG) 12 June 1976, in recognition of service to medical research<ref>[https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/1066521 It's an Honour: CMG]</ref> * The [[Macfarlane Burnet Medal and Lecture]] of the [[Australian Academy of Science]], 1985<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.science.org.au/opportunities-scientists/recognition/honorific-awards/career-awards/macfarlane-burnet-medal-and|title=Macfarlane Burnet Medal and Lecture|publisher= Australian Academy of Science|access-date= 22 February 2017}}</ref> * The [[Japan Prize]] (Preventive Medicine), 1988 (with [[Donald Henderson]] and Isao Arita) * Companion of the [[Order of Australia]] (AC) 26 January 1989, in recognition of service to medical science, to public health and to the environment<ref>[https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/883276 It's an Honour: AC]</ref> * [[Copley medal]] of the [[Royal Society]], 1995 * [[Albert Einstein World Award of Science]], 2000<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.consejoculturalmundial.org/winners-science-frankfenner.php |title=World Cultural Council / Winners – Science – Frank Fenner |access-date=2013-08-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729090214/http://www.consejoculturalmundial.org/winners-science-frankfenner.php |archive-date=29 July 2013 }}</ref> * Clunies Ross Lifetime Contribution National Science and Technology Award, 2002 * Both the Frank Fenner building which houses the ANU Medical School and Faculty of Science, and a residential college Fenner Hall are named in honour of Frank Fenner. * [[WHO]] Medal * [[Australian and New Zealand Association for the Advancement of Science#Awards|Mueller Medal]] (1964) and [[ANZAAS Medal]] (1980) * ANZAC Peace Prize * [[Matthew Flinders Medal and Lecture]], 1967 * Britannica Australia Award for Medicine * 2002 Prime Minister's Prize for Science * ACT Senior Australian of the Year 2005 * The federal [[Division of Fraser (Australian Capital Territory)|Division of Fraser]], named for [[Jim Fraser (politician)|Jim Fraser]], was renamed after Frank Fenner for the [[2016 Australian federal election|2016 general election]]. This was due to the [[Australian Electoral Commission|AEC]]'s plans to name a seat in Victoria in honour of deceased Prime Minister [[Malcolm Fraser]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=Peake |date=24 November 2015 |title=Jon Stanhope appalled by ACT federal seat renamed from Fraser to Fenner |url=https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/6057994/jon-stanhope-appalled-by-act-federal-seat-renamed-from-fraser-to-fenner |url-access=subscription |access-date=17 March 2024 |website=canberratimes.com.au}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Holt |first=Stephen |date=19 October 2015 |title=Voters call out AEC on Fraser electorate renaming |url=https://www.smh.com.au/opinion/voters-call-out-aec-on-fraser-electorate-renaming-20151019-gkch1f.html |url-access=registration |access-date=17 March 2024 |website=smh.com.au}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080406063820/http://www.samuseum.sa.gov.au/page/default.asp?site=1&page=Archives_Collections Online Guide to Records at the South Australian Museum Archives] * [http://www.science.org.au/scientists/ff.htm Australian Academy of Science—Interview with Professor Frank Fenner] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110228170525/http://jcsmr.anu.edu.au/about/fenner/index.php EmerProfessor Frank Fenner's Webpage at JCMSR] * [http://www.awm.gov.au/honours/awm192/person.asp?p=003110463 Australian War Memorial Honours and Awards Database]{{Dead link|date=November 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{cite web |author1= Stephen Boyden |author2= Robert Blanden |author3= Cedric Mims |title= Frank John Fenner 1914–2010 |work= Biographical memoirs |publisher= Australian Academy of Science |url= https://www.science.org.au/files/userfiles/fellowship/memoirs/documents/frank-john-fenner-hr.pdf }} Originally published in ''Historical Records of Australian Science'', vol.24, no.1, pp.&nbsp;109–133, 2013. {{Japan Prize}} {{Albert Einstein World Award of Science Laureates|state=collapsed}} {{Copley Medallists 1951–2000}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Fenner, Frank}} [[Category:1914 births]] [[Category:2010 deaths]] [[Category:Albert Einstein World Award of Science Laureates]] [[Category:Australian virologists]] [[Category:Australian microbiologists]] [[Category:Smallpox eradication]] [[Category:Fellows of the Australian Academy of Science]] [[Category:Australian atheists]] [[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society]] [[Category:Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences]] [[Category:Companions of the Order of Australia]] [[Category:Australian Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George]] [[Category:Australian Members of the Order of the British Empire]] [[Category:Recipients of the Copley Medal]] [[Category:People from Ballarat]] [[Category:WEHI alumni]] [[Category:Military personnel from Victoria (state)]] [[Category:Royal Australian Army Medical Corps officers]] [[Category:Australian Army personnel of World War II]] </textarea><div 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