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However, the proliferation of norms made by" /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://independent.academia.edu/journalofWorldSociopoliticalStudies" /> <meta name="description" content="The traditional approach to international law granted states an absolute monopoly in making international law and it discussed the rights and powers of states as a sole subject of international law. However, the proliferation of norms made by" /> <title>(PDF) Governance beyond the State: Delegating Law-Creating Power to Private Actors and Rethinking Authorities in International Law-Making</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/76691258/Governance_beyond_the_State_Delegating_Law_Creating_Power_to_Private_Actors_and_Rethinking_Authorities_in_International_Law_Making" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = 'b092bf3a3df71cf13feee7c143e83a57eb6b94fb'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1739808141000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1739808141000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"The traditional approach to international law granted states an absolute monopoly in making international law and it discussed the rights and powers of states as a sole subject of international law. However, the proliferation of norms made by non-state actors raises questions with regard to the status of the actors as well as the legitimacy of the norms in the international fora, while it also challenges the state-centric orientation of international law. In consideration of the foregoing, customary law-whichwas traditionally comprised of two statebased elements of practice and opinio juris, as an important source of international law-has been faced with a strand of inquiry: can non-state actors generate international customs? Through 1) an in-depth survey of scholarly arguments regarding law-making in certain circumstances that could also belong to private parties; and 2) a close examination of the lex mercatoria as an example of existing international customs developed by non-state actors, this article tries to clarify a) the legitimacy crisis of a more inclusive approach to international law and b) proposes opportunities whereby non-state actors could participate in the law-making process.","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"journal of World Sociopolitical Studies","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/journalofWorldSociopoliticalStudies"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2022-04-17","dateModified":"2022-04-17","datePublished":"2020-01-01","headline":"Governance beyond the State: Delegating Law-Creating Power to Private Actors and Rethinking Authorities in International 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window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":76691258,"created_at":"2022-04-17T03:03:34.798-07:00","from_world_paper_id":null,"updated_at":"2022-04-17T14:51:48.365-07:00","_data":{"doi":"10.22059/wsps.2021.314827.1186","issue":"2","volume":"4","abstract":"The traditional approach to international law granted states an absolute monopoly in making international law and it discussed the rights and powers of states as a sole subject of international law. However, the proliferation of norms made by non-state actors raises questions with regard to the status of the actors as well as the legitimacy of the norms in the international fora, while it also challenges the state-centric orientation of international law. In consideration of the foregoing, customary law-whichwas traditionally comprised of two statebased elements of practice and opinio juris, as an important source of international law-has been faced with a strand of inquiry: can non-state actors generate international customs? Through 1) an in-depth survey of scholarly arguments regarding law-making in certain circumstances that could also belong to private parties; and 2) a close examination of the lex mercatoria as an example of existing international customs developed by non-state actors, this article tries to clarify a) the legitimacy crisis of a more inclusive approach to international law and b) proposes opportunities whereby non-state actors could participate in the law-making process.","journal_name":"Journal of World Sociopolitical Studies","page_numbers":"319-345","publication_date":"2020,,","publication_name":"Journal of World Sociopolitical Studies"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Governance beyond the State: Delegating Law-Creating Power to Private Actors and Rethinking Authorities in International Law-Making","broadcastable":true,"draft":false,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [70653569]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":84313586,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Governance beyond the State: Delegating Law-Creating Power to Private Actors and Rethinking Authorities in International Law-Making”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/84313586/mini_magick20220417-29443-1tf5b0x.png?1650189844" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Governance beyond the State: Delegating Law-Creating Power to Private Actors and Rethinking Authorities in International Law-Making</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="70653569" href="https://independent.academia.edu/journalofWorldSociopoliticalStudies"><img alt="Profile image of journal of World Sociopolitical Studies" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/70653569/96827086/85888530/s65_journal_of.world_sociopolitical_studies.jpg" />journal of World Sociopolitical Studies</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2020, Journal of World Sociopolitical Studies</p><a class="js-loswp-work-card-doi-link ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" href="https://doi.org/10.22059/wsps.2021.314827.1186" rel="nofollow">https://doi.org/10.22059/wsps.2021.314827.1186</a><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">28 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 76691258; const worksViewsPath = "/v0/works/views?subdomain_param=api&work_ids%5B%5D=76691258"; const getWorkViews = async (workId) => { const response = await fetch(worksViewsPath); if (!response.ok) { throw new Error('Failed to load work views'); } const data = await response.json(); return data.views[workId]; }; // Get the view count for the work - we send this immediately rather than waiting for // the DOM to load, so it can be available as soon as possible (but without holding up // the backend or other resource requests, because it's a bit expensive and not critical). const viewCount = await getWorkViews(workId); const updateViewCount = (viewCount) => { try { const viewCountNumber = parseInt(viewCount, 10); if (viewCountNumber === 0) { // Remove the whole views element if there are zero views. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); return; } const commaizedViewCount = viewCountNumber.toLocaleString(); const viewCountBody = document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count'); if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">The traditional approach to international law granted states an absolute monopoly in making international law and it discussed the rights and powers of states as a sole subject of international law. However, the proliferation of norms made by non-state actors raises questions with regard to the status of the actors as well as the legitimacy of the norms in the international fora, while it also challenges the state-centric orientation of international law. In consideration of the foregoing, customary law-whichwas traditionally comprised of two statebased elements of practice and opinio juris, as an important source of international law-has been faced with a strand of inquiry: can non-state actors generate international customs? Through 1) an in-depth survey of scholarly arguments regarding law-making in certain circumstances that could also belong to private parties; and 2) a close examination of the lex mercatoria as an example of existing international customs developed by non-state actors, this article tries to clarify a) the legitimacy crisis of a more inclusive approach to international law and b) proposes opportunities whereby non-state actors could participate in the law-making process.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":84313586,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/76691258/Governance_beyond_the_State_Delegating_Law_Creating_Power_to_Private_Actors_and_Rethinking_Authorities_in_International_Law_Making"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":84313586,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/76691258/Governance_beyond_the_State_Delegating_Law_Creating_Power_to_Private_Actors_and_Rethinking_Authorities_in_International_Law_Making"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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Pazartzis & M. Gavouneli (eds.), Reconceptualising the Rule of Law in Global Governance, Resources, Investment and Trade, Blumsberry, 2016, p. 43-58.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1797996" href="https://en-uoa-gr.academia.edu/GeorgeDKyriakopoulos">Georgios (George) D. Kyriakopoulos</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"« Formation of International Custom and the Role of Non-State Actors » in Ph. Pazartzis \u0026 M. Gavouneli (eds.), Reconceptualising the Rule of Law in Global Governance, Resources, Investment and Trade, Blumsberry, 2016, p. 43-58.","attachmentId":55101623,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/35242263/_Formation_of_International_Custom_and_the_Role_of_Non_State_Actors_in_Ph_Pazartzis_and_M_Gavouneli_eds_Reconceptualising_the_Rule_of_Law_in_Global_Governance_Resources_Investment_and_Trade_Blumsberry_2016_p_43_58","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/35242263/_Formation_of_International_Custom_and_the_Role_of_Non_State_Actors_in_Ph_Pazartzis_and_M_Gavouneli_eds_Reconceptualising_the_Rule_of_Law_in_Global_Governance_Resources_Investment_and_Trade_Blumsberry_2016_p_43_58"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="98736338" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/98736338/The_Counter_Hegemonic_Potential_of_Non_State_Actors_as_Custom_Makers_in_International_Law">The Counter-Hegemonic Potential of Non-State Actors as Custom-Makers in International Law</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="46490117" href="https://independent.academia.edu/jokubuiro">joycelin okubuiro</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2021</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Traditionally, customary international law is defined as comprising state practice and opinio juris. However, there is a current trend in legal argument by Third World Approaches to International Law (TWAIL) that challenges these state practices arguably dominated by Western ideologies. Based on these challenges, the purpose of this research is not to discard these trends; rather it interrogates the basic principle of international law that sees only state practice and opinio juris as constituting customary international law. This research adds a novel perspective to the ongoing debate by investigating the role of the practices and opinions of non-state actors as a counter-hegemonic tool for equal participation, self-determination and emancipation of the Third World peoples who are arguably the victims of Western domination. This thesis explores the above arguments through Nigerian example. It demonstrates the tension between the Western state model and indigenous systems in Nigeria. Such conflict necessitates an 'inclusive system' that involves the participation of state and non-state actors in the development of customary international law. vi</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Counter-Hegemonic Potential of Non-State Actors as Custom-Makers in International Law","attachmentId":100007167,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/98736338/The_Counter_Hegemonic_Potential_of_Non_State_Actors_as_Custom_Makers_in_International_Law","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/98736338/The_Counter_Hegemonic_Potential_of_Non_State_Actors_as_Custom_Makers_in_International_Law"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="36074244" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/36074244/Adjudicators_Guardians_and_Enforcers_Taking_the_Role_of_Non_Governmental_Organisations_in_Customary_International_Law_Making_Seriously">Adjudicators, Guardians, and Enforcers: Taking the Role of Non-Governmental Organisations in Customary International Law-Making Seriously</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="209839" href="https://feministresearch.academia.edu/ValentinaAzarova">Valentina Azarova</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Sufyan Droubi and Jean d'Aspremont (eds), International organisations, non-State actors, and the formation of customary international law, 2020</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The chapter offers a constructivist account of the proliferating roles of non-governmental organisations (NGO) in the making of customary international law (CIL). While these roles are largely informal, and NGO influence on the content and interpretation of CIL norms is primarily indirect, NGOs contribute to the formation of CIL through an increasingly diverse set of activities, which has been particularly influential when implemented in a strategic and concerted manner. NGO documentation, litigation, lobbying, and other forms of advocacy have contributed to treaty-making and-ratification; to the domestication and internalisation of international norms and processes, including domestic accountability and remedies; and to codifying the obligations of, and stimulating practice by non-state actors such as business and armed groups. Despite a broad acknowledgment of the increasing involvement of NGOs in global governance by scholars and practitioners, their role in CIL-making remains under-appreciated. To understand the increased influence of NGOs on the identification, formation, and application of customary international law rules, the chapter offers a differentiated, effects-based account of NGO participation in CIL-making.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Adjudicators, Guardians, and Enforcers: Taking the Role of Non-Governmental Organisations in Customary International Law-Making Seriously","attachmentId":55962299,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/36074244/Adjudicators_Guardians_and_Enforcers_Taking_the_Role_of_Non_Governmental_Organisations_in_Customary_International_Law_Making_Seriously","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/36074244/Adjudicators_Guardians_and_Enforcers_Taking_the_Role_of_Non_Governmental_Organisations_in_Customary_International_Law_Making_Seriously"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="10374189" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/10374189/Mapping_the_Terrain_of_Institutional_Law_Making_Form_and_Function_in_International_Law_forthcoming_in_E_Fahey_ed_The_Actors_of_Postnational_Rule_Making_Contemporary_Challenges_of_European_and_International_Law_">Mapping the Terrain of Institutional ‘Law-Making’: Form and Function in International Law (forthcoming in E Fahey (ed), The Actors of Postnational Rule-Making: Contemporary Challenges of European and International Law)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="941577" href="https://qub.academia.edu/RichardCollins">Richard Collins</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">It has been common in recent years to contrast modern and classical international law-making, depicting the former as dynamic and heterogeneous, and the latter, as state-centric and “doctrinal.” This doctrinal image is characterized as state-centric both in terms of the actors involved in rule-making processes and the nature of the rules themselves. In short, an actor’s ability to make law is limited by their international legal personality, whilst the rules which result have legal “pedigree” only if traceable to one or more of the formal sources of international law. Accordingly, doctrinal understandings are often depicted negatively as cementing the hegemony of the state as (almost) the sole international law-maker. However, the argument that I wish to defend in this paper is that these kinds of characterization of doctrinal approaches not only fail to grasp the openness of international law to other actors as participants in international law-making processes, but also miss what is important about doctrine in the context of international law. Accordingly, the central question posed in this paper is how international law should accommodate the increasingly complex array of actors involved in normative standard setting (rule-making) within the international legal system, including how it absorbs or understands the nature of those rules themselves. In particular, I want to consider to what extent one can retain a formalist (doctrinal) understanding of the subjects and sources of international law yet at the same time account for the array of actors involved in post-national rule-making. I will argue that any attempt to absorb within international law the range of actors and forms of normativity that exist as a result of the increasing “institutionalization” that has occurred throughout the twentieth and twenty-first centuries creates a significant tension between legal form and function, particularly with regard to the roles which many of these regimes and institutions have come to fulfil within the international system. Nevertheless, I will argue that this tension between form and function is an important part of securing some measure of legal accountability in a decentralized legal order such as international law.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Mapping the Terrain of Institutional ‘Law-Making’: Form and Function in International Law (forthcoming in E Fahey (ed), The Actors of Postnational Rule-Making: Contemporary Challenges of European and International Law)","attachmentId":36440875,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/10374189/Mapping_the_Terrain_of_Institutional_Law_Making_Form_and_Function_in_International_Law_forthcoming_in_E_Fahey_ed_The_Actors_of_Postnational_Rule_Making_Contemporary_Challenges_of_European_and_International_Law_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/10374189/Mapping_the_Terrain_of_Institutional_Law_Making_Form_and_Function_in_International_Law_forthcoming_in_E_Fahey_ed_The_Actors_of_Postnational_Rule_Making_Contemporary_Challenges_of_European_and_International_Law_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="106892263" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/106892263/Customary_norms_treaties_and_state_practice_analysis_interpretation_and_critical_thoughts">Customary norms, treaties and state practice: analysis, interpretation and critical thoughts</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="275725472" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RobertMcDevitt1">Robert McDevitt</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">CEIJ e-books, 2023</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This monographic survey aims to shed light on the role of state practice, viewed as a glimmer of the contemporary international law. The formation and interpretation of treaties is synonymous with the work (that began in 2021) of the special rapporteur Michael Wood. Especially, on the one hand, the process of interpretation examines the conventional provisions in a precise manner, on the other hand, the practice of the treaties pushes to higher levels, beyond the same borders, trying to modify and thus acquiring a relative “normative relationship” in its own sense. Within this context we immediately investigate part III of the conclusions which are part of conclusions 4 to 8, addressing the theme of “general practice” which accompanies, accepts as law the production of a customary norm according to the classical system of a dualistic nature. State practice attributes an important, precise, important role for the creation of a customary rule. Already, in a particular way, the International Law Commission (ILC) has proposed a certainly not exhaustive list of attitudes that are valid in practice among the figures where the practice “in connection with the treaties” leads to some affinities between these two projects as we see in the following paragraphs of this investigation. The present work is concluded with the customary identification, the report of 2016 ILC, its related commentary and the conclusions, a “treasure” of study, analysis and progress in the international scene by its Member States.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Customary norms, treaties and state practice: analysis, interpretation and critical thoughts","attachmentId":105831914,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/106892263/Customary_norms_treaties_and_state_practice_analysis_interpretation_and_critical_thoughts","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/106892263/Customary_norms_treaties_and_state_practice_analysis_interpretation_and_critical_thoughts"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="2012413" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2012413/Custom_power_and_the_power_of_rules_international_relations_and_customary_international_law">Custom, power and the power of rules: international relations and customary international law</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2627863" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SosAvetisyan">Sos Avetisyan</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">1999</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This book sets out to explain the most foundational aspect of international law in international relations terms. By doing so it goes straight to the central problem of international law -that although legally speaking all States are equal, socially speaking they clearly are not. As such it is an ambitious and controversial book which will be of interest to all international relations scholars and students and practitioners of international law.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Custom, power and the power of rules: international relations and customary international law","attachmentId":50787484,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/2012413/Custom_power_and_the_power_of_rules_international_relations_and_customary_international_law","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/2012413/Custom_power_and_the_power_of_rules_international_relations_and_customary_international_law"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="95115105" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/95115105/Book_Review_State_Interest_and_the_Sources_of_International_Law_Doctrine_Morality_and_Non_Treaty_Law">Book Review: State Interest and the Sources of International Law: Doctrine, Morality, and Non-Treaty Law</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="8686596" href="https://independent.academia.edu/FrederickCowell">Frederick Cowell</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Law, Culture and the Humanities, 2020</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Book Review: State Interest and the Sources of International Law: Doctrine, Morality, and Non-Treaty Law","attachmentId":97385707,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/95115105/Book_Review_State_Interest_and_the_Sources_of_International_Law_Doctrine_Morality_and_Non_Treaty_Law","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/95115105/Book_Review_State_Interest_and_the_Sources_of_International_Law_Doctrine_Morality_and_Non_Treaty_Law"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="4786778" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/4786778/GoveRNING_thRouGh_CustomaRy_INteRNatIoNaL_Law_">GoveRNING thRouGh CustomaRy INteRNatIoNaL Law?*</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="6174013" href="https://uniandes.academia.edu/SergioAnzola">Sergio Anzola</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">this article analyzes how the international law on foreign investment can bring radical changes in the positivist paradigm which has prevailed so far regarding the formation of customary international law. these changes are of particular importance not only from a theoretical perspective, but they also become more relevant when the international law on foreign investment is considered as a structure of global governance which has deep repercussions over the administrative practices of states and the way they choose how to regulate their relations with their citizens. therefore the article aims to make an assessment on the legitimacy problems inherent in the paradigm's change of the formation of customary international law and the correlative legitimacy problems that arise on the domestic administrative practices sphere.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"GoveRNING thRouGh CustomaRy INteRNatIoNaL Law?*","attachmentId":32090162,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/4786778/GoveRNING_thRouGh_CustomaRy_INteRNatIoNaL_Law_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/4786778/GoveRNING_thRouGh_CustomaRy_INteRNatIoNaL_Law_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="413625" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/413625/The_Re_State_Ment_of_Non_State_Law_the_State_Choice_of_Law_and_the_Challenge_From_Global_Legal_Pluralism">The Re-State-Ment of Non-State Law: the State, Choice of Law, and the Challenge From Global Legal Pluralism</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="310895" href="https://mpipriv.academia.edu/RalfMichaels">Ralf Michaels</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">papers.ssrn.com</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Re-State-Ment of Non-State Law: the State, Choice of Law, and the Challenge From Global Legal Pluralism","attachmentId":3484272,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/413625/The_Re_State_Ment_of_Non_State_Law_the_State_Choice_of_Law_and_the_Challenge_From_Global_Legal_Pluralism","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/413625/The_Re_State_Ment_of_Non_State_Law_the_State_Choice_of_Law_and_the_Challenge_From_Global_Legal_Pluralism"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="32359960" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/32359960/Introductory_Note_Beyond_the_Identification_of_International_Customary_Rules">Introductory Note: Beyond the Identification of International Customary Rules</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="22288346" href="https://liverpool.academia.edu/VassilisTzevelekos">Dr Vassilis P Tzevelekos</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This is a brief introduction to a special journal issue on international customary law. The note offers information on the studies published in the issue and identifies two (interlinked) threads that connect them, namely state-centrism in custom making and the role of state will/consent (associated with the voluntarist school of thought within international legal positivism). Moreover, the note links the papers published in the issue with the work of the ILC on the identification of international customary law and argues that, to a certain degree, while offering authoritative guidance on the identification of custom, the ILC defines customary international law as a source of law. This, in a sense, overlaps with the function of judges/courts, which also define custom as a source of international law when they employ that source as a means to identify a customary rule. This means that ILC's approach on customary law may limit the power/authority of judges/courts to construct their own definition of custom as a source. The question to be asked then is how flexible or rigid should ILC's definition of customary law be.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Introductory Note: Beyond the Identification of International Customary Rules","attachmentId":52566269,"attachmentType":"docx","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/32359960/Introductory_Note_Beyond_the_Identification_of_International_Customary_Rules","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/32359960/Introductory_Note_Beyond_the_Identification_of_International_Customary_Rules"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":84313586,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":84313586,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_84313586" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="39749956" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/39749956/Beyond_Thin_and_Thick_the_International_Rule_of_Law_and_the_Idea_of_Normative_Authority">Beyond 'Thin' and 'Thick': the International Rule of Law and the Idea of Normative Authority</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="8228398" href="https://rug.academia.edu/KostiantynGorobets">Kostiantyn Gorobets</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2019</p><div 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