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href="#Trademark_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Trademark law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trademark_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Right_of_publicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Right_of_publicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Right of publicity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Right_of_publicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advocacy_regarding_the_legality_of_fan_fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advocacy_regarding_the_legality_of_fan_fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Advocacy regarding the legality of fan fiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advocacy_regarding_the_legality_of_fan_fiction-sublist" 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class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Studios,_productions_companies,_and_producers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Studios,_productions_companies,_and_producers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Studios, productions companies, and producers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Studios,_productions_companies,_and_producers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Authors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Authors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Authors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Authors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Changing_and_selective_policies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Changing_and_selective_policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Changing and selective policies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Changing_and_selective_policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_issues_with_fan_fiction_outside_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_issues_with_fan_fiction_outside_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Legal issues with fan fiction outside the United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_issues_with_fan_fiction_outside_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div 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print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Lead_too_short plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-lead_too_short" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/60px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/80px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Length" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">lead section</a> <b>may be too short to adequately <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">summarize</a> the key points</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please consider expanding the lead to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Provide_an_accessible_overview" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">provide an accessible overview</a> of all important aspects of the article.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New-adventures-of-alice-cover-1917.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/New-adventures-of-alice-cover-1917.png/220px-New-adventures-of-alice-cover-1917.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/New-adventures-of-alice-cover-1917.png/330px-New-adventures-of-alice-cover-1917.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/New-adventures-of-alice-cover-1917.png/440px-New-adventures-of-alice-cover-1917.png 2x" data-file-width="2176" data-file-height="2883" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/New_Adventures_of_Alice" title="New Adventures of Alice">New Adventures of Alice</a></i>, 1917, John Rae</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Fanfiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Fanfiction">Fanfiction</a> has encountered problems with <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Intellectual property law">intellectual property law</a> due to usage of copyrighted characters without the original creator or copyright owner's consent. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_States_copyright_law">United States copyright law</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Legal_issues_with_fan_fiction&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: United States copyright law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Significant amounts of <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyrightable</a> <a href="/wiki/Creative_work" title="Creative work">creative works</a> such as motion pictures, television programs, music, and computer gaming works are produced in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. In addition, a significant amount of fanfiction is created in the United States. For these reasons, although every nation's law is different and different laws may apply to different works of fanfiction, U.S. law is often centrally relevant when determining the legality of writing and/or sharing fanfiction. </p><p>Under U.S. copyright law, the legality of a given work of fanfiction will depend principally on three legal doctrines: (1) copyrightability of the underlying source work; (2) the derivative work right; and (3) <a href="/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use">fair use</a>. </p><p>To have copyright protection under U.S. law, a work must be an "original [work] of authorship fixed in any tangible medium of expression . . . from which [it] can be perceived, reproduced, or otherwise communicated, either directly or with the aid of a machine or device."<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such works of authorship include but are not limited to literature, music, plays, pictures and architectural works. Copyright cannot be applied to ideas, concepts, facts or other broad principles regardless of whether they are expressed in a tangible medium or otherwise. Copyright goes into effect automatically, even if a work is not published.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For works created in 1978 or later, copyright protection persists for the life of the author plus 70 years; in the case of an anonymous work, a pseudonymous work, or a <a href="/wiki/Work_made_for_hire" class="mw-redirect" title="Work made for hire">work made for hire</a>, the copyright endures for a term of 95 years from publication, or for 120 years from the year of its creation, whichever expires first.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to current <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a>, copyright owners have the <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_right" title="Exclusive right">exclusive right</a> "to prepare derivative works based upon [their] copyrighted work."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the case where a copyright owner chooses to exercise their exclusive right to prepare derivative works against a work of fanfiction, they can sue the fanfiction writer for <a href="/wiki/Copyright_infringement" title="Copyright infringement">copyright infringement</a>. To prove infringement, an owner must present evidence establishing that the accused has copied protected elements of the original work.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If proven, possible infringement remedies include an order to cease sharing and/or to destroy the work (known as an injunction), or monetary damages. The remedy is dependent on the harm done to the copyright owner, the intent of the infringing person, and the grievousness of the infringement.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example of injunction as remedy was seen in the case of <i><a href="/wiki/Anderson_v._Stallone" title="Anderson v. Stallone">Anderson v. Stallone</a></i>. There, Sylvester Stallone successfully pursued an action for copyright infringement against Anderson, an author who wrote a proposed script for <i><a href="/wiki/Rocky_IV" title="Rocky IV">Rocky IV</a>,</i> by proving that the copyright-protected characters used in the previous <i>Rocky</i> movies were central to the new script. The court enjoined Anderson from pursuing the creation of a movie or other published work based on his script.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fanfiction will not be held liable for copyright infringement if it falls under the fair use defense. In determining the applicability of the fair use defense to a secondary use such as fanfiction, courts consider the following four factors: </p> <ol><li>"the purpose and character of the use, including whether such use is of a commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational purposes;</li> <li>the nature of the copyrighted work;</li> <li>the amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole; and</li> <li>the effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work."<sup id="cite_ref-17_U.S.C._§1072009_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17_U.S.C._§1072009-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>Fair use is assessed on a case-by-case basis. While there are no bright-line rules, such genres as <a href="/wiki/Parody" title="Parody">parody</a> and <a href="/wiki/Criticism" title="Criticism">criticism</a> are enumerated by statute and case law as presumptively fair uses. There has been no case law that squarely addresses fanfiction in relation to fair use.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Works of fanfiction are more likely to constitute fair use if they are "<a href="/wiki/Transformative_use" title="Transformative use">transformative</a>" with respect to the original work, if they are non-commercial, if they appropriate relatively little of the original work, and/or if they do not tend to detract from the potential market for or value of the original work.<sup id="cite_ref-17_U.S.C._§1072009_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17_U.S.C._§1072009-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a 2009 case, <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States District Court">United States District Court</a> judge Deborah A. Batts permanently prohibited publication in the United States of a book by Swedish writer Fredrik Colting, whose protagonist is a 76-year-old version of <a href="/wiki/Holden_Caulfield" title="Holden Caulfield">Holden Caulfield</a> of J.D. Salinger's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Catcher_in_the_Rye" title="The Catcher in the Rye">The Catcher in the Rye</a></i>. Judge Batts explicitly rejected arguments of parody and criticism, stating, </p> <blockquote><p>To the extent Defendants contend that 60 Years and the character of Mr. C direct parodic comment or criticism at <i>Catcher</i> or Holden Caulfield, as opposed to Salinger himself, the Court finds such contentions to be post-hoc rationalizations employed through vague generalizations about the alleged naivety of the original, rather than reasonably perceivable parody.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The case was vacated and remanded by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit with orders to apply the <i><a href="/wiki/EBay_v._MercExchange" class="mw-redirect" title="EBay v. MercExchange">eBay v. MercExchange</a></i> test in determining whether publication of a work can be prohibited on a theory of <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">intellectual property</a> infringement before the case has gone to trial.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The case was settled in 2011, with Colting agreeing to cease distribution.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contrast, in <i><a href="/wiki/Suntrust_v._Houghton_Mifflin_Co." class="mw-redirect" title="Suntrust v. Houghton Mifflin Co.">Suntrust v. Houghton Mifflin Co.</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Eleventh_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit</a> vacated a temporary restraining order and preliminary injunction sought by the copyright holders of <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mitchell" title="Margaret Mitchell">Margaret Mitchell's</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Gone_with_the_Wind_(novel)" title="Gone with the Wind (novel)">Gone with the Wind</a></i> against Alice Randall's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wind_Done_Gone" title="The Wind Done Gone">The Wind Done Gone</a></i>. In determining whether Randall's work rose to the level of transformative, Circuit Judge Birch used the guidelines for transformative works laid out in the Supreme Court's <i><a href="/wiki/Campbell_v._Acuff_Rose_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Campbell v. Acuff Rose Music">Campbell v. Acuff Rose Music</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-law.cornell.edu_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-law.cornell.edu-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Birch found Randall's work to be transformative because it "[provided] social benefit, by shedding light on an earlier work, and, in the process, creating a new one."<sup id="cite_ref-law.cornell.edu_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-law.cornell.edu-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Campbell</i> had already established that the greater the transformative value a work held, the less important the other factors in the <a href="/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use">fair use</a> test became.<sup id="cite_ref-law.cornell.edu_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-law.cornell.edu-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite Randall and Houghton Mifflin having released <i>The Wind Done Gone</i> as a commercial work, and Randall having used a substantial portion of Mitchell's work in her own, Birch found that the highly transformative nature of Randall's book overcame the other prongs of the fair use test. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trademark_law">Trademark law</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Legal_issues_with_fan_fiction&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Trademark law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Separate from the legal issues raised by fanfiction's interaction with copyright law, legal issues may also develop from United States <a href="/wiki/Trademark_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Trademark law">trademark law</a>. </p><p>Current federal trademark law follows the <a href="/wiki/Lanham_Act" title="Lanham Act">Lanham Act</a>, otherwise known as the Trademark Act of 1946. Under the Lanham Act, a <a href="/wiki/Trademark" title="Trademark">trademark</a> is "any word, term, name, symbol, or device, or any combination thereof" used in commerce to identify a service or good.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under this definition, it is possible for the names and likenesses of television, film and book characters, fictional accounts, settings, or other elements of entertainment products to act as trademarks. Unlike <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a>, however, trademark rights are not automatic. To establish a right in trademark, the rights-seeker must establish that his/her mark acts as a distinctive "source identifier" for a particular type of good or service. Thus, trademark rights may arise when a fictional character's name or likeness may serve to identify the source of an entertainment product or related good. For example, the use of Mickey Mouse's name or likeness may serve to identify a particular book or toy as originating from Disney. One way to establish that a mark acts as a distinctive source identifier is to establish that the relevant purchasing public has developed a strong association between the mark and its originating source.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In legal terms, this is known as "secondary meaning." </p><p>If the trademark holder can show that its creation acts as a distinctive source identifier, s/he still must prove a <a href="/wiki/Likelihood_of_confusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Likelihood of confusion">likelihood of confusion</a> to prevail in a <a href="/wiki/Trademark_infringement" title="Trademark infringement">trademark infringement</a> claim. Different courts consider similar but not identical factors when deciding likelihood of confusion. Common factors that may be relevant to fanfiction include: </p> <ol><li>How well known and distinctive the mark allegedly being infringed is;</li> <li>How similar the infringing mark is to the original mark;</li> <li>How similar the allegedly infringing goods or services are to the markholder's goods or services;</li> <li>Whether the infringer intended to deceive the purchasing public or to trade on the good will of the markholder;</li> <li>The level of sophistication of those persons or groups likely to be the consumers of the mark;</li> <li>Whether consumers were actually confused as to the source of the goods or services.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>The courts can weigh the factors in individual cases, and may consider additional factors as they please. </p><p>To the extent that fanfiction uses source-identifying characters, settings and such, the marks are often well known are identical to the original, and are used in similar types of goods (i.e., written fiction). In this way, the first three factors relayed here weigh for the trademark holder. </p><p>However, fanfiction writers generally do not intend to deceive the consuming public as to the source of the work, and often include prominent disclaimers at the outset of their works stating that the works are not the products of the original creators, both to honor the original creator and to prevent any possible confusion as to source. In addition, as a consuming audience, fanfiction readers are generally sophisticated regarding works' status as fanfiction, and are aware that fanfiction is not written or endorsed by those who hold the trademarks.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, the last three factors tend to weigh in the direction of fanfiction writers. </p><p>Trademark holders may also allege that the use of trademarked characters, settings, etc. may constitute trademark dilution. The concept of trademark dilution is that overuse or improper use of a mark, even when it does not create consumer confusion, can lessen the mark's uniqueness and value as a source identifier. A dilution claim requires that the mark in question be famous throughout general consuming public and that the use of the mark create a likelihood of either "blurring" or "tarnishment." A likelihood of blurring occurs when the use of the mark creates an association that is likely to impair the distinctiveness of the famous mark; a likelihood of tarnishment occurs when the use of the mark creates an association that is likely to harm the reputation of the famous mark. </p><p>Even if a likelihood of confusion or dilution were found, trademark law provides various defenses to alleged infringement. These defenses fall into the categories of "fair use" and "First Amendment." </p><p>Trademark "fair use" differs significantly from <a href="/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use">fair use</a> under <a href="/wiki/Copyright_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Copyright law">copyright law</a>. In trademark law there are two types of fair use: <a href="/wiki/Fair_use_(U.S._trademark_law)" title="Fair use (U.S. trademark law)">descriptive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nominative_use" title="Nominative use">nominative use</a>. Descriptive fair use permits the use of a descriptive mark in a descriptive way; for example, an advertisement could say that a particular dress shoe "feels like a sneaker" even though the phrase "Looks like a pump, feels like a sneaker" is the trademark of another company.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nominative fair use permits the use of a mark to identify the product that bears that mark, when (1) the product or service in question is not readily identifiable without use of the trademark; (2) no more of the mark is used than is reasonably necessary to identify the product or service; and (3) the user does nothing beyond use of the mark that would suggest sponsorship or endorsement by the trademark holder. For example, a news story about the New Kids on the Block can use the mark "New Kids on the Block" to identify the band.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nominative fair use is often particularly relevant to fanfiction, since a fanfiction writer's use of trademarked names, settings, etc. to identify characters, story settings, etc. will generally meet the three requirements for nominative fair use. For this reason, in fanfiction, making a successful case for trademark infringement is more difficult than for copyright infringement. </p><p>An additional defense to trademark infringement or dilution relies on the <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">First Amendment</a> guarantee of freedom of speech. </p><p>Courts have shown reluctance to curtail creative uses of trademarks in expressive works. For example, in <i><a href="/wiki/Mattel,_Inc._v._MCA_Records,_Inc." title="Mattel, Inc. v. MCA Records, Inc.">Mattel, Inc. v. MCA Records, Inc.</a></i>, United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit permitted the band <a href="/wiki/Aqua_(band)" title="Aqua (band)">Aqua</a>’s use of Mattel’s trademark in "Barbie" to sell songs, that MCA had a valid parody defense, as Aqua needed to use the word "Barbie" in its song "<a href="/wiki/Barbie_Girl" title="Barbie Girl">Barbie Girl</a>," based on the fact that the use of the mark was (1) artistically relevant to the song and (2) not explicitly misleading as to the source of the song. Because there was a relatively small likelihood of confusion, the Ninth Circuit held that the First Amendment protected Aqua's use of the mark.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The First Amendment defense has not stood up where the trademark holder was able to prove the existence of significant actual confusion. An example of this is a parodic publication running a parody ad for a product, and the parody not being well done enough or labeled clearly enough for people to realize it is not a real ad.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because of these differences in the legal doctrines of trademark and copyright, trademark law is less likely to come into conflict with fanfiction.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A brief note on non-U.S. perspectives: while other countries do not necessarily weigh the interests of trademark owners and other speakers in the same way, noncommercial and expressive uses may receive protection under other nations' laws as well. For example, in South Africa, a T-shirt company was able to sell T-shirts parodying Black Label beer.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Right_of_publicity">Right of publicity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Legal_issues_with_fan_fiction&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Right of publicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many countries, and some U.S. states, have laws governing <a href="/wiki/Rights_of_publicity" class="mw-redirect" title="Rights of publicity">rights of publicity</a>. In the United States, rights of publicity are governed by state statutes and state common law, and thus vary from state to state. As a general matter, the right of publicity grants a right to famous persons to control the commercial use of their "name, image and likeness,"<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and sometimes extends to one's broader identity or persona. The case of <i><a href="/wiki/White_v._Samsung" class="mw-redirect" title="White v. Samsung">White v. Samsung</a></i> provides an example of the right of publicity protecting a celebrity's persona even when her name and likeness were not used: Samsung created an ad that pictured a robot in a blond wig and a red dress, in a pose that evoked <a href="/wiki/Vanna_White" title="Vanna White">Vanna White</a>'s work on <i><a href="/wiki/Wheel_of_Fortune_(U.S._game_show)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wheel of Fortune (U.S. game show)">Wheel of Fortune</a></i>. White prevailed under California law on the theory that although Samsung had not used her name or likeness, it had used a recognizable depiction of her persona without permission for its commercial gain.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arguably, celebrities whose names, images, likenesses or personas are used in <a href="/wiki/Real_person_fiction" title="Real person fiction">real person fiction</a>, have the right to assert claims against fanfiction authors based on rights of publicity. </p><p>To date, though, no recorded right of publicity suits have been brought regarding noncommercial fan fiction about real persons. This may be, in part, because most states’ right of publicity laws only apply to uses for commercial gain.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the ruling in <i>White</i>, courts have shown hesitation in other suits to shut down even commercial artistic pursuits based on the right of publicity.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some courts have relied heavily on Circuit Judge Alex Kozinski's strong dissent from the <i>White</i> decision in order to deny a "Right of Publicity" claim.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others have relied directly on the First Amendment. In <i>ETW v. Jireh</i>, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit rejected a right of publicity claim brought by Tiger Woods against an artist who depicted Woods and other golf legends, holding that the transformative nature of the work exempted it from right of publicity liability under the First Amendment.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, in <i>Parks v. LaFace</i>, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit held that the <a href="/wiki/Outkast" title="Outkast">Outkast</a> song "<a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks_(song)" title="Rosa Parks (song)">Rosa Parks</a>" violated the civil rights icon's right of publicity because it was not sufficiently transformative. The court explained that the use of a name or likeness is not transformative for right of publicity purposes when it "is used solely to attract attention to a work that is not related to the identified person."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on these cases, it is not clear that a court would be willing to abridge free speech by holding that fictional writing about a real person constitutes a violation of that person's right of publicity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Advocacy_regarding_the_legality_of_fan_fiction">Advocacy regarding the legality of fan fiction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Legal_issues_with_fan_fiction&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Advocacy regarding the legality of fan fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2007 two <a href="/wiki/UC_Davis_Law_School" class="mw-redirect" title="UC Davis Law School">UC Davis Law School</a> professors argued in the <i><a href="/wiki/California_Law_Review" title="California Law Review">California Law Review</a></i> that "<a href="/wiki/Mary_Sue" title="Mary Sue">Mary Sue</a>" fan fiction "that challenge the orthodoxy of the original likely constitute fair use". Citing <i><a href="/wiki/Campbell_v._Acuff-Rose_Music,_Inc." title="Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc.">Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc.</a></i>—which established that commercial parody can qualify as fair use if it can be perceived as commenting or criticizing on the original—and the subsequent <i><a href="/wiki/Suntrust_v._Houghton_Mifflin" class="mw-redirect" title="Suntrust v. Houghton Mifflin">Suntrust v. Houghton Mifflin</a></i>, the authors wrote that "Similarly, many Mary Sues comment on or criticize the original, while at the same time create something new ... Mary Sues can be commercial and still be fair."<sup id="cite_ref-jstor20439103_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jstor20439103-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>That year, a group of fans who engage in creating fan works and are part of the larger fan community founded the <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Transformative_Works" title="Organization for Transformative Works">Organization for Transformative Works</a> (OTW).<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> OTW has since advocated the legitimacy of fan fiction due its <a href="/wiki/Transformation_(law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transformation (law)">transformative</a> nature. OTW's position is that fan fiction and other <a href="/wiki/Fan_labor" title="Fan labor">fan labor</a> products constitute copyright fair use under <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/17/107.shtml">17 U.S.C. § 107</a> because they add "new meaning and messages to the original" work,<sup id="cite_ref-otw-legal-faq_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-otw-legal-faq-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and thus fall under the exemption to U.S. copyright law the Supreme Court defined in <i>Campbell</i><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and which was later revisited and followed in <i>Suntrust</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> OTW's vision includes seeing "all fannish works recognized as legal and transformative and ... accepted as a legitimate creative activity."<sup id="cite_ref-otw-vision_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-otw-vision-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Toward this end OTW works to educate fan writers and published writers about copyright laws, particularly the open legal questions around fan fiction and other fan works. </p><p>OTW also maintains its own fan fiction archive, the <a href="/wiki/Archive_of_Our_Own" title="Archive of Our Own">Archive of Our Own</a>, commonly called AO3. All fan fiction on the site is recognized as non-profit derivative works.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While OTW provides a centralized netspace for fans to acquire knowledge and aid regarding their own creative works, and a voice for the fan community, it does not represent all fans. Fans have many different views on the legalities of fan works, from the pure question of whether these works are transformative, to differences in how fans feel fan works should be disseminated. </p><p>Fan writers who argue that their work is legal through the <a href="/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use">fair use</a> doctrine use specific <a href="/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use">fair use</a> arguments in the context of fan works, such as: </p> <ol><li>Fan works do not deprive the owner of the source material of income</li> <li>Fan works may work as free advertisement and promotion of the original source material</li> <li>Fan works are usually non-profit.</li> <li>Fan works do not copy, or attempt to substitute for, the original work.</li></ol> <p>OTW is also not the only organization to support the idea that fan works are transformative. In <i>Salinger v. Colting</i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other major media conglomerates filed an amicus brief supporting Colting's book, as did the Library Copyright Alliance.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Copyright_holders'_attitude_towards_fan_fiction"><span id="Copyright_holders.27_attitude_towards_fan_fiction"></span>Copyright holders' attitude towards fan fiction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Legal_issues_with_fan_fiction&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Copyright holders' attitude towards fan fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some copyright holders have stated specific positive or negative attitudes towards fanfiction. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Examples">Examples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Legal_issues_with_fan_fiction&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Studios,_productions_companies,_and_producers"><span id="Studios.2C_productions_companies.2C_and_producers"></span>Studios, productions companies, and producers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Legal_issues_with_fan_fiction&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Studios, productions companies, and producers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most major studios and production companies tolerate fan fiction, and some even encourage it to a certain extent. <a href="/wiki/Paramount_Pictures" title="Paramount Pictures">Paramount Pictures</a>, for example, allowed the production of <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_New_Voyages" title="Star Trek: The New Voyages">Star Trek: The New Voyages</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_New_Voyages_2" title="Star Trek: The New Voyages 2">Star Trek: The New Voyages 2</a></i> from <a href="/wiki/Bantam_Books" title="Bantam Books">Bantam Books</a>, fan fiction anthologies which followed Bantam's <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek_Lives!" title="Star Trek Lives!">Star Trek Lives!</a></i> by reprinting stories from various fanzines; as well as <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_Strange_New_Worlds_(short_story_collection)" title="Star Trek: Strange New Worlds (short story collection)">Star Trek: Strange New Worlds</a></i>, a series of ten anthologies from <a href="/wiki/Pocket_Books" title="Pocket Books">Pocket Books</a> in which the short stories were selected through an open submissions process geared toward novice writers. </p><p>Due to the ongoing nature of television production, some television producers have implemented constraints, one example being <i><a href="/wiki/Babylon_5" title="Babylon 5">Babylon 5</a></i> creator <a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Straczynski" title="J. Michael Straczynski">J. Michael Straczynski</a>. His demand that <i>Babylon 5</i> fan fiction be clearly labeled or kept off the Internet confined most of the <i>Babylon 5</i> fan fiction community to mailing lists during the show's initial run. </p><p>Many writers and producers state that they do not read fan fiction, citing a fear of being accused of stealing a fan's ideas, but encourage its creation nonetheless. When <i><a href="/wiki/Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer_(TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Buffy the Vampire Slayer (TV series)">Buffy the Vampire Slayer</a></i> went off the air, for instance, creator <a href="/wiki/Joss_Whedon" title="Joss Whedon">Joss Whedon</a> encouraged fans to read fan fiction during the show's timeslot. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Authors">Authors</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Legal_issues_with_fan_fiction&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Authors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While many authors (for example, <a href="/wiki/Neil_Gaiman" title="Neil Gaiman">Neil Gaiman</a>, <a href="/wiki/J.K._Rowling" class="mw-redirect" title="J.K. Rowling">J.K. Rowling</a>, <a href="/wiki/D.J._MacHale" class="mw-redirect" title="D.J. MacHale">D.J. MacHale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stephenie_Meyer" title="Stephenie Meyer">Stephenie Meyer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Terry_Pratchett" title="Terry Pratchett">Terry Pratchett</a>) do not take issue with authors of derivative works, a number of authors do. They may request that fan-fiction archival sites remove and ban any pieces of fan fiction based on their original works. To date, no fan fiction archive has failed to comply with an author's request to remove works,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (March 2024)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Legal_issues_with_fan_fiction#Dubious" title="Talk:Legal issues with fan fiction">discuss</a></i>]</sup> and many archives feature a full list of authors whose work cannot be the source of a fan fiction on their site.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Fan fiction hosting sites like MediaMiner and Fanfiction.net have lists of authors whose fandoms are prohibited from their sites.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MediaMinder states, "This is a right they [the copyright owner] have as an author or owner of the work. No copyright owner has to allow fan fiction or even tolerate it."<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fanlore has a list of Professional Author Fanfic Policies that includes authors who support and authors who discourage fan fiction of their works.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/J._K._Rowling" title="J. K. Rowling">J. K. Rowling</a> has also complained about sexually explicit <a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter" title="Harry Potter">Harry Potter</a> fan fiction.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Goddard_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goddard-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, lawyers on behalf of Ms. Rowling specifically noted that she has "no complaint about innocent fan fiction written by genuine Harry Potter fans"<sup id="cite_ref-Goddard_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goddard-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and she "is happy for spin-offs to be published online as long as the publications are not sold and it is made clear she was not involved in the stories", under the condition that they do not contain pornography or racism.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2008, <a href="/wiki/Steven_Brust" title="Steven Brust">Steven Brust</a> published a <i>Firefly</i> novel with a <a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons_license" title="Creative Commons license">CC</a> copyright notice.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Noteworthy in regard to the acceptance of fan fiction is <a href="/wiki/Eric_Flint" title="Eric Flint">Eric Flint</a>, who has set up a formal site for the submission of fan fiction into his canon in the <a href="/wiki/1632_series" title="1632 series"><i>1632</i> series</a> at <a href="/wiki/Baen%27s_Bar" class="mw-redirect" title="Baen's Bar">Baen's Bar</a> and has to date (March 2015) published 58 issues of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Grantville_Gazette" title="The Grantville Gazette">The Grantville Gazette</a></i> in electronic form and six in book form. These feature fan fiction and fan non-fiction alongside his original work (paying first semi-pro, and now <a href="/wiki/Science_Fiction_and_Fantasy_Writers_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America">SFWA</a> rates). Flint (a former labor organizer and socialist) contends that this collective work allows the expansion of his <a href="/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history">alternate history</a> universe into something approaching the complexity of reality. It can be argued, however, that since work published in the <i>Gazette</i> is paid (at professional rates) and cleared by Flint for <a href="/wiki/Canonicity" class="mw-redirect" title="Canonicity">canonicity</a>, that this is not actually "fan fiction" in the commonly-understood sense of the term. </p><p>Also noteworthy is the series of <i><a href="/wiki/Darkover" title="Darkover">Darkover</a></i> anthologies published by <a href="/wiki/Marion_Zimmer_Bradley" title="Marion Zimmer Bradley">Marion Zimmer Bradley</a>, beginning in 1980, consisting largely of fan fiction extended into her canon. These books led to a much talked about controversy. Bradley read something in a fan story that meshed well with a Darkover book she was currently writing, so she wrote the fan author, Jean Lamb, offering her "a sum and a dedication for all rights to the text." In a 1991 Usenet post, Jean continued, "I attempted at that point to _very politely_ negotiate a better deal. I was told that I had better take what I was offered, that much better authors than I had not been paid as much (we're talking a few hundred dollars here) and had gotten the same sort of 'credit' (this was in the summer of 1992)...a few months later I received a letter from Ms. Bradley's lawyer threatening me with a suit."<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Bradley's death, more information has come out supporting the fan's story.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rumor, however, was that Bradley had a skirmish with a fan who claimed authorship of a book identical to one Bradley had published and accused Bradley of "stealing" the idea, and the resultant lawsuit cost Bradley a book. Either way, her attorney advised her against reading fan fiction of her work. Versions of this incident are credited by many to have led to a "zero tolerance" policy on the part of a number of other professional authors, including <a href="/wiki/Andre_Norton" title="Andre Norton">Andre Norton</a>, and <a href="/wiki/David_Weber" title="David Weber">David Weber</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mercedes_Lackey" title="Mercedes Lackey">Mercedes Lackey</a> used to strictly disallow any posting of fan fiction set within her universes on the Internet, though she did allow stories to be published in approved fanzines with signed releases for each story. Recently, she has changed her stance to allow nonprofit fan fiction of her works so long as the fan fiction is licensed as a derivative work and uses a <a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons_license" title="Creative Commons license">Creative Commons license</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Anne_Rice" title="Anne Rice">Anne Rice</a> objected to fan fiction based on any of her characters (mostly those from her famous <i><a href="/wiki/Interview_with_the_Vampire" title="Interview with the Vampire">Interview with the Vampire</a></i> and its sequels in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Vampire_Chronicles" title="The Vampire Chronicles">The Vampire Chronicles</a></i>) or other elements in her books, and she formally requested that FanFiction.Net remove stories featuring her characters.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in 2012, <i><a href="/wiki/Metro_(British_newspaper)" title="Metro (British newspaper)">Metro</a></i> reported that Rice has taken a milder stance on the issue: "I got upset about 20 years ago because I thought it would block me," she said. "However, it’s been very easy to avoid reading any, so live and let live. If I were a young writer, I’d want to own my own ideas. But maybe fan fiction is a transitional phase: whatever gets you there, gets you there."<sup id="cite_ref-Metro_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Metro-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar efforts have also been taken by <a href="/wiki/Annette_Curtis_Klause" title="Annette Curtis Klause">Annette Curtis Klause</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robin_Hobb" title="Robin Hobb">Robin Hobb</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_R.R._Martin" class="mw-redirect" title="George R.R. Martin">George R.R. Martin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Robin_McKinley" title="Robin McKinley">Robin McKinley</a> among others. Many authors do this, they state, in order to protect their copyright and especially to prevent any dilution, saturation, or distortion of the universes and people portrayed in their works. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sharon_Lee_(writer)" title="Sharon Lee (writer)">Sharon Lee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steve_Miller_(science_fiction_writer)" title="Steve Miller (science fiction writer)">Steve Miller</a>, creators of the <a href="/wiki/Liaden_universe" title="Liaden universe">Liaden universe</a>, strongly oppose fan fiction written in their universe. "I don’t want “other people interpreting” our characters. Interpreting our characters is what Steve and I do; it's our job. Nobody else is going to get it right. This may sound rude and elitist, but honestly, it's not easy for us to get it right sometimes, and we’ve been living with these characters. . .for a very long time... We built our universes, and our characters; they are our intellectual property; and they are not toys lying about some virtual sandbox for other kids to pick up and modify at their whim. Steve and I do not sanction fanfic written in our universes; any such work that exists, exists without our permission, and certainly without our support."<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an author's note in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ringworld_Engineers" title="The Ringworld Engineers">The Ringworld Engineers</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Larry_Niven" title="Larry Niven">Larry Niven</a> stated that he was finished writing stories in the <i><a href="/wiki/Known_Space" title="Known Space">Known Space</a></i> universe, and that "[i]f you want more <i>Known Space</i> stories, you'll have to write them yourself." Internet writer <a href="/wiki/Elf_Sternberg" title="Elf Sternberg">Elf Sternberg</a> took him up on that offer, penning a <a href="/wiki/Parody" title="Parody">parody</a><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which members of Niven's hyper-masculine <a href="/wiki/Kzin" title="Kzin">Kzin</a> species engage in gay sex and <a href="/wiki/BDSM" title="BDSM">BDSM</a>. Niven responded by denouncing Sternberg's story in the introduction to <i>Man-Kzin Wars IV</i> (<a href="/wiki/Baen_Books" title="Baen Books">Baen Books</a>, 1991) and issuing a <a href="/wiki/Cease-and-desist" class="mw-redirect" title="Cease-and-desist">cease-and-desist</a> for copyright violation. To date, Sternberg holds that the story is constitutionally protected parody,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Niven maintains that it is a copyright violation that lies outside of protected speech,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though he has not legally pursued the matter further. </p><p>Some authors have said that they wrote fan fiction before they were published, or are pro-fan fiction. <a href="/wiki/Naomi_Novik" title="Naomi Novik">Naomi Novik</a> has mentioned writing fanfic for television series and movies,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and says she'd be thrilled to know that fans were writing fanfic for her series (though she also said she'd be careful not to read any of it); <a href="/wiki/Anne_McCaffrey" title="Anne McCaffrey">Anne McCaffrey</a> allowed fan fiction, but had a page of rules<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> she expected her fans to follow; Anne Harris has said, "I live for the day my characters get slashed";<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tamora_Pierce" title="Tamora Pierce">Tamora Pierce</a> stated on her website that she began writing <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek" title="Star Trek">Star Trek</a></i> fanfiction and has no issue with fanfictions based on her works, provided they are non-profit. Author <a href="/wiki/Cassandra_Clare" title="Cassandra Clare">Cassandra Clare</a> was a popular <i><a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter" title="Harry Potter">Harry Potter</a></i> fanfiction author before she published her first novel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Changing_and_selective_policies">Changing and selective policies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Legal_issues_with_fan_fiction&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Changing and selective policies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Copyright holders may have been changing their policies towards fan fiction.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some companies like <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Lucasfilm" title="Lucasfilm">Lucasfilm Ltd.</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which had been historically hostile to fan fiction, changed parts of their model in order to be more fan friendly. This included trying to encourage fan works and integrating them into official sites. </p><p>When not hosting the <a href="/wiki/Fan_fiction" title="Fan fiction">fan fiction</a> or being openly tolerant of existing fan sites, companies created partnerships with other companies like FanLib to aid them in the task. The reaction from fans to such alliances and interference in their activities has been mixed, with some people thinking that it violates the basic rules of fan fiction communities.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those fans seem to be increasingly in the minority, as acceptance of such interference is tolerated because of the positives that can result.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The attitude of copyright holders toward incorporating fan fiction into the canon varies. Some copyright holders, such as the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> in the case of <i><a href="/wiki/Doctor_Who" title="Doctor Who">Doctor Who</a></i>, have mechanisms to allow for unsolicited submissions of stories into the official canon, and it is also the case that the writers of canon stories have sometimes been recruited from the ranks of fan fiction writers. In the case of the <i>Doctor Who</i> novels published by <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Books" title="Virgin Books">Virgin Books</a>, once the BBC reclaimed the license to publish novels regarding the Doctor, many readers immediately categorized all the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_New_Adventures" title="Virgin New Adventures">Virgin New Adventures</a> as non-canonical fan fiction.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_issues_with_fan_fiction_outside_the_United_States">Legal issues with fan fiction outside the United States</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Legal_issues_with_fan_fiction&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Legal issues with fan fiction outside the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Legal_issues_with_fan_fiction&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In Great Britain, <i><a href="/wiki/Discworld" title="Discworld">Discworld</a></i> author <a href="/wiki/Terry_Pratchett" title="Terry Pratchett">Terry Pratchett</a>, up until the point of his death in 2015, emphasized that he was careful not to read fanfics, and had voiced the opinion that "everything works if people are sensible" and didn't mind "so long as people don't put it where I can trip over it". However, Pratchett emphasized that the Discworld and all its characters are ultimately his intellectual property, and stressed that "it is not a franchise".<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Neil Gaiman, another English author who has written such works as <i><a href="/wiki/Stardust_(Gaiman_novel)" title="Stardust (Gaiman novel)">Stardust</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Coraline" title="Coraline">Coraline</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/American_Gods" title="American Gods">American Gods</a></i>, says he does not mind fan fiction as long as the author notes that the characters are the intellectual property of another and so long as the fiction is not for profit.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, fanfiction may be legal in the UK following passage into law of an exception to copyright for the purpose of caricature, parody, or pastiche.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In countries such as <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, where copyright laws are more lenient or less well enforced, it is not uncommon to see fan fiction based on the work of popular authors published in book form<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Lukyanenko" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergey Lukyanenko">Sergey Lukyanenko</a>, a popular science fiction author, went as far as to incorporate some fan fiction based on his stories into official canon (with permission of the writers of the said fan fiction). Perhaps the most famous case, however, is <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Yemets" title="Dmitri Yemets">Dmitri Yemets</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/Tanya_Grotter" title="Tanya Grotter">Tanya Grotter</a></i> book series, a "cultural response" to <i><a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter" title="Harry Potter">Harry Potter</a></i>, which provoked a lawsuit from J. K. Rowling. </p><p>In Japan, the <i><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Djinshi" class="mw-redirect" title="Dōjinshi">dōjinshi</a></i> subculture is similar to a combination of the United States subcultures surrounding <a href="/wiki/Underground_comics" class="mw-redirect" title="Underground comics">underground comics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_fanzines" class="mw-redirect" title="Science fiction fanzines">science fiction fanzines</a>, and fan fiction. The dōjinshi artists rarely secure the permission of the original creator. Many <i>dōjinshi</i> works are <a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">manga</a>-format fan fiction, which in Japan is, while not strictly legal, generally tolerated and usually encouraged, being looked upon as a form of free advertising or a breeding ground for new talent, most famously the group <a href="/wiki/Clamp_(manga_artists)" title="Clamp (manga artists)">CLAMP</a> and <a href="/wiki/Love_Hina" title="Love Hina">Love Hina</a> author <a href="/wiki/Ken_Akamatsu" title="Ken Akamatsu">Ken Akamatsu</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Legal_issues_with_fan_fiction&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_abolition" title="Copyright abolition">Copyright abolition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_alternatives" title="Copyright alternatives">Copyright alternatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_copyright" title="Criticism of copyright">Criticism of copyright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-culture_movement" title="Free-culture movement">Free-culture movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protection_of_Classics" title="Protection of Classics">Protection of Classics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_Plon_et_autres_v._Pierre_Hugo_et_autres" title="Société Plon et autres v. Pierre Hugo et autres">Société Plon et autres v. Pierre Hugo et autres</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Legal_issues_with_fan_fiction&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.copyright.gov/title17/circ92.pdf">17 U.S.C. §102(a)(2009).</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111009143055/http://www.copyright.gov/title17/circ92.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-10-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.copyright.gov/title17/circ92.pdf">17 U.S.C. §104(a)(b)(2009).</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111009143055/http://www.copyright.gov/title17/circ92.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-10-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.copyright.gov/title17/circ92.pdf">17 U.S.C. §302(1998).</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111009143055/http://www.copyright.gov/title17/circ92.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-10-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.copyright.gov/title17/circ92.pdf">17 U.S.C. §106(2)(2009).</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111009143055/http://www.copyright.gov/title17/circ92.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-10-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output 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0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chillingeffects.org/fanfic/faq.cgi#QID310">"Fan Fiction"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 8,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fandom+%3A+Fan+Fiction&rft.au=The+L-Space+Librarians&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lspace.org%2Ffandom%2Ffanfiction%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALegal+issues+with+fan+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaiman2002" class="citation web cs1">Gaiman, Neil (April 8, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journal.neilgaiman.com/2002/04/in-relation-to-current-burning-topic.asp">"Neil Gaiman's Journal"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 7,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Neil+Gaiman%27s+Journal&rft.date=2002-04-08&rft.aulast=Gaiman&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournal.neilgaiman.com%2F2002%2F04%2Fin-relation-to-current-burning-topic.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALegal+issues+with+fan+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2014/2356/regulation/5/made">"The Copyright and Rights in Performances (Quotation and Parody) Regulations 2014"</a>. <i>Legislation.gov.uk</i>. October 15, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 11,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Legislation.gov.uk&rft.atitle=The+Copyright+and+Rights+in+Performances+%28Quotation+and+Parody%29+Regulations+2014&rft.date=2015-10-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Fuksi%2F2014%2F2356%2Fregulation%2F5%2Fmade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALegal+issues+with+fan+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Legal_issues_with_fan_fiction&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=869742">Katyal, Sonia. "Performance, Property, and the Slashing of Gender in Fan Fiction" <i>Journal of Gender, Social Policy, and the Law</i>, Vol. 14, p. 463, 2006 (Fordham Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 103)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130117182004/http://www.authorslawyer.com/weft/fanfic.shtml">Petit, Charles E. "Fan Fiction" <i>Scrivener's Error: Warped Weft</i> Jan.-May 2005</a> at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a> (archived 17 January 2013)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=1274293">Schwabach, Aaron. "The Harry Potter Lexicon and the World of Fandom: Fan Fiction, Outsider Works, and Copyright." <i>University of Pittsburgh Law Review,</i> Vol. 70, p. 387, 2009</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090806232126/http://www.tushnet.com/law/fanficarticle.html">Tushnet, Rebecca. "Legal Fictions: Copyright, Fan Fiction, and a New Common Law." <i>Loyola of Los Angeles Entertainment Law Journal</i>, 1997 (17 Loy. L.A. Ent. L.J. 651)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120407044406/http://www.yalelawjournal.org/pdf/114-3/Tushnet.12.1.pdf">———. 2004. Copy this essay. Yale Law Journal 114:535–90.</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fan_fiction" title="Template:Fan fiction"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fan_fiction" title="Template talk:Fan fiction"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fan_fiction" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fan fiction"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fan_fiction" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fan_fiction" title="Fan fiction">Fan fiction</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_universe_(fan_fiction)" title="Alternative universe (fan fiction)">Alternate universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossover_(fiction)" title="Crossover (fiction)">Crossover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expanded_universe" title="Expanded universe">Expanded universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_film" title="Fan film">Fan film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femslash" title="Femslash">Femslash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omegaverse" title="Omegaverse">Omegaverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_person_fiction" title="Real person fiction">Real person fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_universe" title="Shared universe">Shared universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slash_fiction" title="Slash fiction">Slash fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uberfic" title="Uberfic">Uberfic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writing styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Author_surrogate" title="Author surrogate">Author surrogate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Sue" title="Mary Sue">Mary Sue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSTing" class="mw-redirect" title="MSTing">MSTing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-insertion" title="Self-insertion">Self-insertion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Published works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Another_Hope" title="Another Hope">Another Hope</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beautiful_Bastard" title="Beautiful Bastard">Beautiful Bastard</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fallout:_Equestria" title="Fallout: Equestria">Fallout: Equestria</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifty_Shades_(novel_series)" title="Fifty Shades (novel series)"><i>Fifty Shades</i> trilogy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gabriel%27s_Inferno" title="Gabriel's Inferno">Gabriel's Inferno</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Love_Hypothesis" title="The Love Hypothesis">The Love Hypothesis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Time%27s_Champion" class="mw-redirect" title="Time's Champion">Time's Champion</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Websites and<br />organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FanFiction.Net" title="FanFiction.Net">FanFiction.Net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gossamer_Project" title="The Gossamer Project">The Gossamer Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Transformative_Works" title="Organization for Transformative Works">Organization for Transformative Works</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archive_of_Our_Own" title="Archive of Our Own">Archive of Our Own</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wattpad" title="Wattpad">Wattpad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shipping_(fandom)" title="Shipping (fandom)">Shipping</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kirk/Spock" title="Kirk/Spock">Kirk/Spock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stucky_(fandom)" title="Stucky (fandom)">Stucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drarry" title="Drarry">Drarry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfstar" title="Wolfstar">Wolfstar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Doujinshi" title="Doujinshi">Doujinshi</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_labor" title="Fan labor">Fan labor</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Legal issues with fan fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_character" title="Original character">Original character</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fandoms" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fandom" title="Template:Fandom"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fandom" title="Template talk:Fandom"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fandom" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fandom"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fandoms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fandom" title="Fandom">Fandoms</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_fandom" title="Fantasy fandom">Fantasy fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furry_fandom" title="Furry fandom">Furry fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_fandom" title="Science fiction fandom">Science fiction fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaoi_fandom" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaoi fandom">Yaoi fandom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medium-specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anime_and_manga_fandom" title="Anime and manga fandom">Anime and manga fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliophilia" title="Bibliophilia">Bibliophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinephilia" title="Cinephilia">Cinephilia</a></li> <li>Disney fandom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disney_adult" title="Disney adult">Disney adults</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disneyland_social_club" title="Disneyland social club">Disneyland social club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donaldism" title="Donaldism">Donaldism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamer" title="Gamer">Gamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_fan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports fan">Sports fan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production-specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lego_fandom" title="Lego fandom">AFOL</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Song_of_Ice_and_Fire_fandom" title="A Song of Ice and Fire fandom">A Song of Ice and Fire</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatlemania" title="Beatlemania">Beatlemania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deadhead" title="Deadhead">Deadhead</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Doctor_Who_fandom" title="Doctor Who fandom">Doctor Who</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cultural_impact_of_Dragon_Ball" title="Cultural impact of Dragon Ball">Dragon Ball</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/EarthBound_fandom" title="EarthBound fandom">EarthBound</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/James_Bond_fandom" title="James Bond fandom">James Bond</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janeite" title="Janeite">Janeite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juggalo" title="Juggalo">Juggalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson_fandom" title="Michael Jackson fandom">Moonwalker</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/My_Little_Pony:_Friendship_Is_Magic_fandom" title="My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic fandom">MLP: FIM</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MST3K" class="mw-redirect" title="MST3K">MST3K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parrothead" class="mw-redirect" title="Parrothead">Parrothead</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes_fandom" title="Sherlock Holmes fandom">Sherlock Holmes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cultural_impact_of_Star_Wars" title="Cultural impact of Star Wars">Star Wars</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stargate_fandom" title="Stargate fandom">Stargate</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrek_fandom" title="Shrek fandom">Shrek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swifties" title="Swifties">Swiftie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_fandom" title="Tolkien fandom">Tolkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trekkie" title="Trekkie">Trekkie</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Twilight_fandom" title="Twilight fandom">Twilight</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anorak_(slang)" title="Anorak (slang)">Anorak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fan" title="Anti-fan">Anti-fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celebrity_worship_syndrome" title="Celebrity worship syndrome">Celebrity worship syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_following" title="Cult following">Cult following</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_(person)" title="Fan (person)">Fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fursona" title="Fursona">Furry</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kemon%C4%81" title="Kemonā">Kemonā</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geek" title="Geek">Geek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groupie" title="Groupie">Groupie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerd" title="Nerd">Nerd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otaku" title="Otaku">Otaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasaeng_fan" title="Sasaeng fan">Sasaeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stan_(fan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stan (fan)">Stan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifosi" title="Tifosi">Tifosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultras" title="Ultras">Ultras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waifu" class="mw-redirect" title="Waifu">Waifu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations<br />and events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_press_association" title="Amateur press association">Amateur press association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car_club" title="Car club">Car club</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boy_racer" title="Boy racer">Boy racer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruising_(driving)" title="Cruising (driving)">Cruising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Import_scene" title="Import scene">Import scene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_rod" title="Hot rod">Hot rodding</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kustom_Kulture" title="Kustom Kulture">Kustom Kulture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowrider_Club" title="Lowrider Club">Lowrider Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercar_Season" title="Supercar Season">Supercar Season</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosplay" title="Cosplay">Cosplay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_club" title="Fan club">Fan club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_convention" title="Fan convention">Fan convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fandom_names" title="List of fandom names">Fandom names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_club" class="mw-redirect" title="Game club">Game club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_reenactment" title="Historical reenactment">Historical reenactment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_action_role-playing_game" title="Live action role-playing game">Live action role-playing game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_club" title="Motorcycle club">Motorcycle club</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harley_Owners_Group" title="Harley Owners Group">Harley Owners Group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Transformative_Works" title="Organization for Transformative Works">Organization for Transformative Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railfan" title="Railfan">Railfan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stan_Twitter" title="Stan Twitter">Stan Twitter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications<br />and activities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anime_music_video" title="Anime music video">Anime music video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autograph_collecting" title="Autograph collecting">Autograph collecting</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Doujin" title="Doujin">Doujin</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doujin_music" title="Doujin music"><i>Doujin</i> music</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Doujinshi" title="Doujinshi">Doujinshi</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_art" title="Fan art">Fan art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_edit" title="Fan edit">Fan edit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_fiction" title="Fan fiction">Fan fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_film" title="Fan film">Fan film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_labor" title="Fan labor">Fan labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_mail" title="Fan mail">Fan mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_rice" title="Fan rice">Fan rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_translation" title="Fan translation">Fan translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanac" title="Fanac">Fanac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_game" title="Fan game">Fan game</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doujin_soft" title="Doujin soft"><i>Doujin</i> soft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_modding" title="Video game modding">Mod</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fansite" title="Fansite">Fansite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fan_wiki" title="Fan wiki">Fan wiki</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fan_wikis" title="List of fan wikis">list</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanspeak" title="Fanspeak">Fanspeak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanzine" title="Fanzine">Fanzine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filk_music" title="Filk music">Filk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_person_fiction" title="Real person fiction">Real person fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidding" title="Vidding">Vidding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zine" title="Zine">Zine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fan_convention" title="Fan convention">Conventions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anime_convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Anime convention">Anime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anime_conventions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of anime conventions">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_book_convention" title="Comic book convention">Comic book</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comic_book_conventions" title="List of comic book conventions">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doujinshi_convention" title="Doujinshi convention"><i>Doujinshi</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furry_convention" title="Furry convention">Furry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaming_convention" title="Gaming convention">Gaming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gaming_conventions" title="List of gaming conventions">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_convention" title="Horror convention">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_multigenre_conventions" title="List of multigenre conventions">Multigenre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_professional_wrestling_conventions" title="List of professional wrestling conventions">Professional wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_convention" title="Science fiction convention">Science fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_conventions" title="List of science fiction conventions">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fan_conventions_by_date_of_founding" title="List of fan conventions by date of founding">by date of establishment</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autograph" title="Autograph">Autograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_loyalty" title="Fan loyalty">Fan loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_service" title="Fan service">Fan service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odagiri_effect" title="Odagiri effect">Odagiri effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_character" title="Original character">Original character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipping_(fandom)" title="Shipping (fandom)">Shipping</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shipping_discourse" title="Shipping discourse">Shipping discourse</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Appropriation_in_the_arts" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFCC99;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Appropriation_in_the_arts" title="Template:Appropriation in the arts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Appropriation_in_the_arts" title="Template talk:Appropriation in the arts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Appropriation_in_the_arts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Appropriation in the arts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Appropriation_in_the_arts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Appropriation_(art)" title="Appropriation (art)">Appropriation</a> in the arts</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFCC99;;width:1%">By field</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFCC99; font-weight:normal;;width:10.5em">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bootleg_recording" title="Bootleg recording">Bootleg recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopped_and_screwed" title="Chopped and screwed">Chopped and screwed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contrafact" title="Contrafact">Contrafact</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jazz_contrafacts" title="List of jazz contrafacts">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contrafactum" title="Contrafactum">Contrafactum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cover_version" title="Cover version">Cover version</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DJ_mix" title="DJ mix">DJ mix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpolation_(popular_music)" title="Interpolation (popular music)">Interpolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medley_(music)" title="Medley (music)">Medley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashup_(music)" title="Mashup (music)">Music mashup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_plagiarism" title="Music plagiarism">Music plagiarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_quotation" title="Musical quotation">Musical quotation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightcore" title="Nightcore">Nightcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parody_music" title="Parody music">Parody music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasticcio" title="Pasticcio">Pasticcio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plunderphonics" title="Plunderphonics">Plunderphonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potpourri_(music)" title="Potpourri (music)">Potpourri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quodlibet" title="Quodlibet">Quodlibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remix" title="Remix">Remix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riddim" title="Riddim">Riddim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampling_(music)" title="Sampling (music)">Sampling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_collage" title="Sound collage">Sound collage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_(music)" title="Standard (music)">Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribute_act" title="Tribute act">Tribute act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trope_(music)" title="Trope (music)">Trope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variation_(music)" title="Variation (music)">Variation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaporwave" title="Vaporwave">Vaporwave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFCC99; font-weight:normal;;width:10.5em">Literature / theatre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assemblage_(composition)" title="Assemblage (composition)">Assemblage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cut-up_technique" title="Cut-up technique">Cut-up technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flarf_poetry" title="Flarf poetry">Flarf poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_poetry" title="Found poetry">Found poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jukebox_musical" title="Jukebox musical">Jukebox musical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trope_(literature)" title="Trope (literature)">Trope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verbatim_theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Verbatim theatre">Verbatim theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFCC99; font-weight:normal;;width:10.5em"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Visual arts</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collage" title="Collage">Collage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combine_painting" title="Combine painting">Combine painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_mosaic" title="Photographic mosaic">Photographic mosaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Readymades_of_Marcel_Duchamp" title="Readymades of Marcel Duchamp">Readymades of Marcel Duchamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swipe_(comics)" title="Swipe (comics)">Swipe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em;background:#FFCC99; font-weight:normal;">By source material</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mona_Lisa_replicas_and_reinterpretations" title="Mona Lisa replicas and reinterpretations">Mona Lisa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Replicas_of_Michelangelo%27s_David" title="Replicas of Michelangelo's David">Michelangelo's <i>David</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Replicas_of_Michelangelo%27s_Piet%C3%A0" title="Replicas of Michelangelo's Pietà">Michelangelo's <i>Pietà</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Replicas_of_the_Statue_of_Liberty" title="Replicas of the Statue of Liberty">Statue of Liberty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFCC99; font-weight:normal;;width:10.5em">Cinema / television / video</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abridged_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Abridged series">Abridged series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anime_music_video" title="Anime music video">Anime music video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collage_film" title="Collage film">Collage film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_footage_(appropriation)" title="Found footage (appropriation)">Found footage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literal_music_video" title="Literal music video">Literal music video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parody_film" title="Parody film">Parody film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Re-cut_trailer" title="Re-cut trailer">Re-cut trailer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remake" title="Remake">Remake</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shot-for-shot" title="Shot-for-shot">Shot-for-shot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercut" title="Supercut">Supercut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV_format" title="TV format">TV format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidding" title="Vidding">Vidding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashup_(video)" title="Mashup (video)">Video mashup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_poop" title="YouTube poop">YouTube poop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFCC99; font-weight:normal;;width:10.5em">Other arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/In-joke" title="In-joke">In-joke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_meme" title="Internet meme">Internet meme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joke_theft" title="Joke theft">Joke theft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parody_advertisement" title="Parody advertisement">Parody advertisement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revivalism_(architecture)" title="Revivalism (architecture)">Revivalism (architecture)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_modding" title="Video game modding">Video game modding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFCC99;;width:1%">General <br />concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFCC99; font-weight:normal;;width:10.5em"><a href="/wiki/Intertextuality" title="Intertextuality">Intertextual figures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allusion" title="Allusion">Allusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calque" title="Calque">Calque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parody" title="Parody">Parody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastiche" title="Pastiche">Pastiche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plagiarism" title="Plagiarism">Plagiarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quotation" title="Quotation">Quotation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translation" title="Translation">Translation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFCC99; font-weight:normal;;width:10.5em"><a href="/wiki/Adaptation_(arts)" title="Adaptation (arts)">Adaptation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Film_adaptation" title="Film adaptation">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_adaptation" title="Literary adaptation">Literary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatrical_adaptation" title="Theatrical adaptation">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFCC99; font-weight:normal;;width:10.5em">Other concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/After_(art)" title="After (art)">After (art)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assemblage_(art)" title="Assemblage (art)">Assemblage (art)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricolage" title="Bricolage">Bricolage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citation" title="Citation">Citation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tournement" title="Détournement">Détournement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_object" title="Found object">Found object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homage_(arts)" title="Homage (arts)">Homage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imitation_(art)" title="Imitation (art)">Imitation in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashup_(culture)" title="Mashup (culture)">Mashup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reprise" title="Reprise">Reprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">Satire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source_criticism#Source_criticism_in_the_arts" title="Source criticism">Source criticism in the arts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFCC99;;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Related artistic<br />concepts</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_interpretation" title="Aesthetic interpretation">Aesthetic interpretation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-art" title="Anti-art">Anti-art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archetypal_literary_criticism" title="Archetypal literary criticism">Archetypal literary criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_inspiration" title="Artistic inspiration">Artistic inspiration</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_the_Author" title="The Death of the Author">The Death of the Author</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_inspiration" title="Divine inspiration">Divine inspiration</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Afflatus" title="Afflatus">Afflatus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genius_(literature)" title="Genius (literature)">Genius (literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muses" title="Muses">Muses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_labor" title="Fan labor">Fan labor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fan_fiction" title="Fan fiction">Fan fiction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genre" title="Genre">Genre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genre_studies" title="Genre studies">Genre studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Originality" title="Originality">Originality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simulacrum" title="Simulacrum">Simulacrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_canon" title="Western canon">Western canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFCC99;;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Standard blocks<br />and forms</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archetype" title="Archetype">Archetype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formula_fiction" title="Formula fiction">Formula fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genre_fiction" title="Genre fiction">Genre fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_standard" title="Jazz standard">Jazz standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plot_device" title="Plot device">Plot device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_character" title="Stock character">Stock character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Story_structure" title="Story structure">Story structure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFCC99;;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Epoch-marking<br />works</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/L.H.O.O.Q." title="L.H.O.O.Q.">L.H.O.O.Q.</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1919)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Pierre_Menard,_Author_of_the_Quixote" title="Pierre Menard, Author of the Quixote">Pierre Menard, Author of the <i>Quixote</i></a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1939)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reality_Hunger" title="Reality Hunger">Reality Hunger: A Manifesto</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2010)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFCC99;;width:1%">Theorization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dada</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Copia:_Foundations_of_the_Abundant_Style" title="Copia: Foundations of the Abundant Style">De Copia Rerum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diegesis" title="Diegesis">Diegesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysian_imitatio" title="Dionysian imitatio">Dionysian <i>imitatio</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimesis" title="Mimesis">Mimesis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Johann_Joachim_Winckelmann#Critical_response_and_influence" title="Johann Joachim Winckelmann">Nachahmung</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Palimpsests:_Literature_in_the_Second_Degree" title="Palimpsests: Literature in the Second Degree">Palimpsests: Literature in the Second Degree</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Pictures_Generation" title="The Pictures Generation">The Pictures Generation</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_art" title="Pop art">Pop art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">Postmodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_formalism" title="Russian formalism">Russian formalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFCC99;;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Related non-<br />artistic concepts</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_dishonesty" title="Academic dishonesty">Academic dishonesty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appropriation_(sociology)" title="Appropriation (sociology)">Appropriation in sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articulation_(sociology)" title="Articulation (sociology)">Articulation in sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_appropriation" title="Cultural appropriation">Cultural appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_printing" title="History of printing">History of printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_society" title="Information society">Information society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">Intellectual property</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_infringement" title="Copyright infringement">Copyright infringement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derivative_work" title="Derivative work">Derivative work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use">Fair use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meme" title="Meme">Meme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_source" title="Open source">Open source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_culture" title="Participatory culture">Participatory culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Party" title="Pirate Party">Pirate politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recontextualisation" title="Recontextualisation">Recontextualisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remix_culture" title="Remix culture">Remix culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Intellectual_property_activism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Intellectual_property_activism" title="Template:Intellectual property activism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Intellectual_property_activism" title="Template talk:Intellectual property activism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Intellectual_property_activism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Intellectual property activism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Intellectual_property_activism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">Intellectual property</a> activism</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_scarcity" title="Artificial scarcity">Artificial scarcity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_by_copyright" title="Censorship by copyright">Censorship by copyright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_infringement" title="Copyright infringement">Copyright infringement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_troll" title="Copyright troll">Copyright troll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">Digital rights management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gripe_site" title="Gripe site">Gripe site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_aspects_of_file_sharing" title="Legal aspects of file sharing">Legal aspects of file sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashup_(culture)" title="Mashup (culture)">Mashup</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mashup_(web_application_hybrid)" title="Mashup (web application hybrid)">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashup_(music)" title="Mashup (music)">music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashup_novel" title="Mashup novel">novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashup_(video)" title="Mashup (video)">videos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopolies_of_knowledge" title="Monopolies of knowledge">Monopolies of knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_piracy" title="Music piracy">Music piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphan_work" title="Orphan work">Orphan works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biopiracy" title="Biopiracy">Biopiracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioprospecting" title="Bioprospecting">Bioprospecting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Societal_views_on_patents" class="mw-redirect" title="Societal views on patents">Patents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_patent" title="Biological patent">biological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_patent" title="Software patent">software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_patent_debate" title="Software patent debate">software patent debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent_troll" title="Patent troll">trolling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">Public domain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_rights_reversed" title="All rights reversed">All rights reversed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_alternatives" title="Copyright alternatives">Alternative compensation system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-copyright_notice" title="Anti-copyright notice">Anti-copyright notice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_models_for_open-source_software" title="Business models for open-source software">Business models for open-source software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyleft" title="Copyleft">Copyleft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_use_of_copyleft_works" title="Commercial use of copyleft works">Commercial use of copyleft works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons-based_peer_production" title="Commons-based peer production">Commons-based peer production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_sell-through" title="Electronic sell-through">Electronic sell-through</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">Free content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-software_license" title="Free-software license">Free-software license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_intellectual_property" title="Libertarian perspectives on intellectual property">Libertarian positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_content" class="mw-redirect" title="Open content">Open content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-design_movement" title="Open-design movement">Open-design movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_music_model" title="Open music model">Open music model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patentleft" title="Patentleft">Open patent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_source" title="Open source">Open source</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_hardware" title="Open-source hardware">hardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">software</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prizes_as_an_alternative_to_patents" title="Prizes as an alternative to patents">Prizes instead of patents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inducement_prize_contest" title="Inducement prize contest">contests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Share-alike" title="Share-alike">Share-alike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_on_demand" title="Video on demand">Video on demand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Access_to_Knowledge_movement" title="Access to Knowledge movement">Access to Knowledge movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_copyright" title="Criticism of copyright">Anti-copyright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_environmentalism" title="Cultural environmentalism">Cultural environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-culture_movement" title="Free-culture movement">Free-culture movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_software_movement" title="Free software movement">Free software movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pro-copyright</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Alliance" title="Copyright Alliance">Copyright Alliance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pro-copyleft</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons" title="Creative Commons">Creative Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation" title="Electronic Frontier Foundation">Electronic Frontier Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Rights_Group" title="Open Rights Group">Open Rights Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Transformative_Works" title="Organization for Transformative Works">Organization for Transformative Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Pirate_Bay" title="The Pirate Bay">The Pirate Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piratbyr%C3%A5n" title="Piratbyrån">Piratbyrån</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Party" title="Pirate Party">Pirate Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Knowledge" title="Public Knowledge">Public Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sci-Hub" title="Sci-Hub">Sci-Hub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_library" title="Shadow library">Shadow library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students_for_Free_Culture" title="Students for Free Culture">Students for Free Culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cory_Doctorow" title="Cory Doctorow">Cory Doctorow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Elbakyan" title="Alexandra Elbakyan">Alexandra Elbakyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Falkvinge" 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