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id="toc-Geology_and_landscape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geology_and_landscape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Geology and landscape</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geology_and_landscape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_identity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_identity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Regional identity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional_identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Settlements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Settlements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Settlements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Settlements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-Roman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-Roman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Pre-Roman</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-Roman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Roman period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_kingdoms_and_the_arrival_of_the_Saxons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_kingdoms_and_the_arrival_of_the_Saxons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>British kingdoms and the arrival of the Saxons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_kingdoms_and_the_arrival_of_the_Saxons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-9th_century_and_the_arrival_of_the_Danes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#9th_century_and_the_arrival_of_the_Danes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>9th century and the arrival of the Danes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-9th_century_and_the_arrival_of_the_Danes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-11th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#11th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>11th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-11th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-16th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#16th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>16th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-16th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-17th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#17th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>17th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-17th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Modern history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientific_heritage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific_heritage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11</span> <span>Scientific heritage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientific_heritage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industrial_heritage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrial_heritage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.12</span> <span>Industrial heritage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrial_heritage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Ethnicity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Housing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Housing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Housing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Housing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teenage_pregnancy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teenage_pregnancy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Teenage pregnancy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teenage_pregnancy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Health</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Crime</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deprivation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deprivation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Deprivation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deprivation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy_and_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy_and_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Economy and industry</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy_and_industry-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy and industry subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy_and_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cornwall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cornwall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Cornwall</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cornwall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Devon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Devon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Devon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Devon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dorset" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dorset"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Dorset</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dorset-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gloucestershire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gloucestershire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Gloucestershire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gloucestershire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Somerset" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Somerset"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Somerset</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Somerset-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wiltshire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wiltshire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Wiltshire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wiltshire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subdivisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subdivisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Subdivisions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Subdivisions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Subdivisions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Subdivisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Local_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Local government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Local_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eurostat_NUTS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eurostat_NUTS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Eurostat NUTS</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eurostat_NUTS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_West_Regional_Assembly" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_West_Regional_Assembly"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>South West Regional Assembly</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_West_Regional_Assembly-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Education subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Secondary education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Further education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Higher_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Higher_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Higher education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Higher_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Local_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Local media</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Local_media-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Local media subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Local_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Radio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Newspapers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newspapers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Newspapers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newspapers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Sport</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sport subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rugby" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rugby"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Rugby</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rugby-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Football" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Football"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Football</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Football-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">South West England</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 63 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-63" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">63 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8_%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="جنوب غرب إنجلترا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جنوب غرب إنجلترا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sud-ueste_d%27Anglaterra" title="Sud-ueste d'Anglaterra – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Sud-ueste d'Anglaterra" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suroeste_d%27Inglaterra" title="Suroeste d'Inglaterra – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Suroeste d'Inglaterra" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A3_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="দক্ষিণ পশ্চিম ইংল্যান্ড – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দক্ষিণ পশ্চিম ইংল্যান্ড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se-l%C3%A2m_Eng-l%C3%A2n" title="Se-lâm Eng-lân – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Se-lâm Eng-lân" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Югозападна Англия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Югозападна Англия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mervent_Bro-Saoz" title="Mervent Bro-Saoz – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Mervent Bro-Saoz" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sud-oest_d%27Anglaterra" title="Sud-oest d'Anglaterra – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sud-oest d'Anglaterra" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihoz%C3%A1padn%C3%AD_Anglie" title="Jihozápadní Anglie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jihozápadní Anglie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/De-orllewin_Lloegr" title="De-orllewin Lloegr – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="De-orllewin Lloegr" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_West_England" title="South West England – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="South West England" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_West_England" title="South West England – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="South West England" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edela-Inglismaa" title="Edela-Inglismaa – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Edela-Inglismaa" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%B4%CF%85%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%91%CE%B3%CE%B3%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Νοτιοδυτική Αγγλία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νοτιοδυτική Αγγλία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regi%C3%B3n_del_Sudoeste_de_Inglaterra" title="Región del Sudoeste de Inglaterra – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Región del Sudoeste de Inglaterra" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sud-okcidenta_Anglio" title="Sud-okcidenta Anglio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sud-okcidenta Anglio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hego-mendebaldeko_Ingalaterra" title="Hego-mendebaldeko Ingalaterra – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hego-mendebaldeko Ingalaterra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8_%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جنوب غربی انگلستان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنوب غربی انگلستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angleterre_du_Sud-Ouest" title="Angleterre du Sud-Ouest – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Angleterre du Sud-Ouest" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAdwest-Ingel%C3%A2n" title="Súdwest-Ingelân – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Súdwest-Ingelân" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iardheisceart_Shasana" title="Iardheisceart Shasana – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Iardheisceart Shasana" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suroeste_de_Inglaterra" title="Suroeste de Inglaterra – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Suroeste de Inglaterra" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%AE-n%C3%A0m_England" title="Sî-nàm England – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Sî-nàm England" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EC%9A%B0%EC%8A%A4%EC%9B%A8%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8%EC%9E%89%EA%B8%80%EB%9E%9C%EB%93%9C" title="사우스웨스트잉글랜드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사우스웨스트잉글랜드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugozapadna_Engleska" title="Jugozapadna Engleska – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Jugozapadna Engleska" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inggris_Barat_Daya" title="Inggris Barat Daya – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Inggris Barat Daya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%C3%B0vestur-England" title="Suðvestur-England – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Suðvestur-England" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sud_Ovest_(Inghilterra)" title="Sud Ovest (Inghilterra) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sud Ovest (Inghilterra)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D-%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94" title="דרום-מערב אנגליה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דרום-מערב אנגליה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rannvro_Soth_West" title="Rannvro Soth West – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Rannvro Soth West" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uingereza_Kusini-Magharibi" title="Uingereza Kusini-Magharibi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Uingereza Kusini-Magharibi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dienvidrietumanglija" title="Dienvidrietumanglija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dienvidrietumanglija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietvakari%C5%B3_Anglija" title="Pietvakarių Anglija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pietvakarių Anglija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_West_England" title="South West England – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="South West England" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="नैऋत्य इंग्लंड – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="नैऋत्य इंग्लंड" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudoeste_de_la_Anglaterra" title="Sudoeste de la Anglaterra – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Sudoeste de la Anglaterra" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_West_England" title="South West England – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="South West England" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89" title="サウス・ウェスト・イングランド – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サウス・ウェスト・イングランド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BC%C3%BCd_Waast_Ingelun" title="Süüd Waast Ingelun – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Süüd Waast Ingelun" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8rvest-England" title="Sørvest-England – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sørvest-England" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8rvest-England" title="Sørvest-England – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sørvest-England" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_West_England" title="South West England – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="South West England" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudoeste_da_Inglaterra" title="Sudoeste da Inglaterra – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sudoeste da Inglaterra" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_West_England" title="South West England – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="South West England" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urin_kunti_Inlatirra_suyu" title="Urin kunti Inlatirra suyu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Urin kunti Inlatirra suyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B3%D0%BE-%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Юго-Западная Англия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Юго-Западная Англия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sooth_Wast_Ingland" title="Sooth Wast Ingland – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Sooth Wast Ingland" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_West_England" title="South West England – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="South West England" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_West_England" title="South West England – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="South West England" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DA%95%DB%86%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%AA%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="باشووری ڕۆژاوای ئینگلتەرا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="باشووری ڕۆژاوای ئینگلتەرا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Југозападна Енглеска – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Југозападна Енглеска" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugozapadna_Engleska" title="Jugozapadna Engleska – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Jugozapadna Engleska" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lounais-Englanti" title="Lounais-Englanti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lounais-Englanti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydv%C3%A4stra_England" title="Sydvästra England – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sydvästra England" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C" title="เซาท์เวสต์อิงแลนด์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เซาท์เวสต์อิงแลนด์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCney_Bat%C4%B1_%C4%B0ngiltere" title="Güney Batı İngiltere – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Güney Batı İngiltere" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Південно-Західна Англія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Південно-Західна Англія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8_%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جنوب مغربی انگلستان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جنوب مغربی انگلستان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_West_England" title="South West England – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="South West England" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_West_England" title="South West England – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="South West England" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%8D%97%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0" title="西南英格兰 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="西南英格兰" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%8D%97%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E8%98%AD" title="西南英格蘭 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="西南英格蘭" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%8D%97%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E8%98%AD" title="西南英格蘭 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="西南英格蘭" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=South_West_England&params=50.96_N_3.22_W_region:GB-ENG_type:adm1st"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">50°58′N</span> <span class="longitude">3°13′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">50.96°N 3.22°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">50.96; -3.22</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Region of England</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the region. For the former European constituency, see <a href="/wiki/South_West_England_(European_Parliament_constituency)" title="South West England (European Parliament constituency)">South West England (European Parliament constituency)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Region in England</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">South West</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_England" title="Regions of England">Region</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style 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.tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:242px;max-width:242px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:124px;max-width:124px"><div style="height:80px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Clifton_Suspension_Bridge_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Clifton_Suspension_Bridge_2.jpg/122px-Clifton_Suspension_Bridge_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Clifton_Suspension_Bridge_2.jpg/183px-Clifton_Suspension_Bridge_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Clifton_Suspension_Bridge_2.jpg/244px-Clifton_Suspension_Bridge_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3617" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:114px;max-width:114px"><div style="height:80px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Castle_combe_river.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Castle_combe_river.jpg/112px-Castle_combe_river.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Castle_combe_river.jpg/168px-Castle_combe_river.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Castle_combe_river.jpg/224px-Castle_combe_river.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3863" data-file-height="2759" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:112px;max-width:112px"><div style="height:82px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stonehenge2007_07_30.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Stonehenge2007_07_30.jpg/110px-Stonehenge2007_07_30.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Stonehenge2007_07_30.jpg/165px-Stonehenge2007_07_30.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Stonehenge2007_07_30.jpg/220px-Stonehenge2007_07_30.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:126px;max-width:126px"><div style="height:82px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Newquay_Cornwall-IMG_7747.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Newquay_Cornwall-IMG_7747.jpg/124px-Newquay_Cornwall-IMG_7747.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Newquay_Cornwall-IMG_7747.jpg/186px-Newquay_Cornwall-IMG_7747.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Newquay_Cornwall-IMG_7747.jpg/248px-Newquay_Cornwall-IMG_7747.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:133px;max-width:133px"><div style="height:77px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bath,_England_(38162201235).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Bath%2C_England_%2838162201235%29.jpg/131px-Bath%2C_England_%2838162201235%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="131" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Bath%2C_England_%2838162201235%29.jpg/197px-Bath%2C_England_%2838162201235%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Bath%2C_England_%2838162201235%29.jpg/262px-Bath%2C_England_%2838162201235%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5079" data-file-height="2998" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:105px;max-width:105px"><div style="height:77px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crazywell_cross_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crazywell_cross_1.JPG/103px-Crazywell_cross_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="103" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crazywell_cross_1.JPG/155px-Crazywell_cross_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crazywell_cross_1.JPG/206px-Crazywell_cross_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:111px;max-width:111px"><div style="height:81px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Torquay_harbour_october_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Torquay_harbour_october_2012.jpg/109px-Torquay_harbour_october_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="109" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Torquay_harbour_october_2012.jpg/164px-Torquay_harbour_october_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Torquay_harbour_october_2012.jpg/218px-Torquay_harbour_october_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:127px;max-width:127px"><div style="height:81px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Durdle_Door_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4158927.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Durdle_Door_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4158927.jpg/125px-Durdle_Door_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4158927.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Durdle_Door_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4158927.jpg/188px-Durdle_Door_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4158927.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Durdle_Door_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4158927.jpg/250px-Durdle_Door_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4158927.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="416" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-caption">From top, left to right: <a href="/wiki/Clifton_Suspension_Bridge" title="Clifton Suspension Bridge">Clifton Suspension Bridge</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Cotswolds" title="Cotswolds">Cotswolds</a>; <a href="/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge">Stonehenge</a>; <a href="/wiki/Newquay" title="Newquay">Newquay</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath</a>; <a href="/wiki/Dartmoor" title="Dartmoor">Dartmoor</a>; <a href="/wiki/Torquay" title="Torquay">Torquay</a>; <a href="/wiki/Durdle_Door" title="Durdle Door">Durdle Door</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:South_West_England_in_England.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="South West region shown within England"><img alt="South West region shown within England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/South_West_England_in_England.svg/250px-South_West_England_in_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/South_West_England_in_England.svg/375px-South_West_England_in_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/South_West_England_in_England.svg/500px-South_West_England_in_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="816" data-file-height="991" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">South West region shown within <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=South_West_England&params=50.96_N_3.22_W_region:GB-ENG_type:adm1st"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">50°58′N</span> <span class="longitude">3°13′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">50.96°N 3.22°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">50.96; -3.22</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign state</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Government_Offices_for_the_English_regions" title="Government Offices for the English regions">GO</a> established</th><td class="infobox-data">1994</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Regional_development_agency" title="Regional development agency">RDA</a> established</th><td class="infobox-data">1998</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">GO abolished</th><td class="infobox-data">2011</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">RDA abolished</th><td class="infobox-data">31 March 2012</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subdivisions</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>7 <a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_counties_of_England" title="Ceremonial counties of England">counties</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Devon" title="Devon">Devon</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Dorset" title="Dorset">Dorset</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire">Gloucestershire</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Somerset" title="Somerset">Somerset</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Wiltshire" title="Wiltshire">Wiltshire</a> </li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>1 <a href="/wiki/Combined_authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Combined authority">combined authority</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/West_of_England_Combined_Authority" title="West of England Combined Authority">West of England</a> </li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>27 <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_England" title="Districts of England">districts</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 13 <a href="/wiki/Unitary_authorities_of_England" title="Unitary authorities of England">unitary</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 14 <a href="/wiki/Non-metropolitan_district" title="Non-metropolitan district">non-metropolitan</a> in 2 <a href="/wiki/Non-metropolitan_county" title="Non-metropolitan county">non-metropolitan counties</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-Leaders'_board_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leaders'_board-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Local_authority_leaders%27_board" title="Local authority leaders' board">Local authority leaders' board</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/South_West_Councils" title="South West Councils">South West Councils</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">MPs</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_constituencies_in_South_West_England" title="Parliamentary constituencies in South West England">55 MPs</a> (of 650)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-ONS_Standard_Area_Measurement_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ONS_Standard_Area_Measurement-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">9,415 sq mi (24,386 km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Land</th><td class="infobox-data">9,203 sq mi (23,836 km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_England#List_of_regions" title="Regions of England">1st</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2022)<sup id="cite_ref-popstats_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-popstats-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">5,764,881</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_England#List_of_regions" title="Regions of England">6th</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">630/sq mi (242/km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Ethnicity <span style="font-weight:normal;">(<a href="/wiki/2021_United_Kingdom_census" title="2021 United Kingdom census">2021</a>)</span><div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-2021_Nomis_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021_Nomis-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom">Ethnic groups</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 93.1% <a href="/wiki/White_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="White people in the United Kingdom">White</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 2.8% <a href="/wiki/British_Asians" title="British Asians">Asian</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 2.0% <a href="/wiki/Mixed_(United_Kingdom_ethnicity_category)" title="Mixed (United Kingdom ethnicity category)">Mixed</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1.2% <a href="/wiki/Black_British_people" title="Black British people">Black</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 0.9% <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom">other</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Religion <span style="font-weight:normal;">(2021)</span><div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-2021_Nomis_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021_Nomis-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">Religion</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 46.2% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England#Christianity" title="Religion in England">Christianity</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 44.1% <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Irreligion in the United Kingdom">no religion</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1.4% <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_England" title="Islam in England">Islam</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 0.5% <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_England" title="Hinduism in England">Hinduism</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 0.4% <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_England" title="Buddhism in England">Buddhism</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 0.1% <a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_England" title="Sikhism in England">Sikhism</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 0.1% <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_England" title="History of the Jews in England">Judaism</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 0.6% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">other</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 6.5% not stated </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B0" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+0">UTC+0</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Mean_Time" title="Greenwich Mean Time">GMT</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B1" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+1">UTC+1</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Summer_Time" title="British Summer Time">BST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/International_Territorial_Level" title="International Territorial Level">ITL code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">TLK</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/GSS_coding_system" title="GSS coding system">GSS code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">E12000009</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>South West England</b>, or the <b>South West of England</b>, is one of the nine official <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_England" title="Regions of England">regions</a> of <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>. It consists of the counties of <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a> (including the <a href="/wiki/Isles_of_Scilly" title="Isles of Scilly">Isles of Scilly</a>), <a href="/wiki/Dorset" title="Dorset">Dorset</a>, <a href="/wiki/Devon" title="Devon">Devon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire">Gloucestershire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somerset" title="Somerset">Somerset</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wiltshire" title="Wiltshire">Wiltshire</a>. Cities and large towns in the region include <a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bournemouth" title="Bournemouth">Bournemouth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cheltenham" title="Cheltenham">Cheltenham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Exeter" title="Exeter">Exeter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gloucester" title="Gloucester">Gloucester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth">Plymouth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swindon" title="Swindon">Swindon</a>. It is geographically the largest of the nine regions of England with a land area of 9,203 square miles (23,836 km<sup>2</sup>), but the third-least populous, with an estimated 5,764,881 residents in 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-popstats_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-popstats-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The region includes the <a href="/wiki/West_Country" title="West Country">West Country</a> and much of the ancient kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Wessex" title="Wessex">Wessex</a>. It includes two entire <a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_England_and_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="National parks of England and Wales">national parks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dartmoor" title="Dartmoor">Dartmoor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Exmoor" title="Exmoor">Exmoor</a> (a small part of the <a href="/wiki/New_Forest" title="New Forest">New Forest</a> is also within the region); and four <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom">World Heritage Sites</a>: <a href="/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge">Stonehenge</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cornwall_and_West_Devon_Mining_Landscape" title="Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape">Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Jurassic_Coast" title="Jurassic Coast">Jurassic Coast</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">City of Bath</a>. The northern part of Gloucestershire, near <a href="/wiki/Chipping_Campden" title="Chipping Campden">Chipping Campden</a>, is as close to the Scottish border as it is to the tip of Cornwall.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The region has by far the longest coastline of any English region. </p><p>Following the abolition of the <a href="/wiki/South_West_Regional_Assembly" title="South West Regional Assembly">South West Regional Assembly</a> in 2008 and <a href="/wiki/Government_Offices_for_the_English_Regions" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Offices for the English Regions">Government Office</a> in 2011, <a href="/wiki/South_West_Councils" title="South West Councils">South West Councils</a> provide local government coordination in the region. <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Gloucestershire" title="South Gloucestershire">South Gloucestershire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bath_and_North_East_Somerset" title="Bath and North East Somerset">Bath and North East Somerset</a> are part of the <a href="/wiki/West_of_England_Combined_Authority" title="West of England Combined Authority">West of England Combined Authority</a>. </p><p>The region is known for its rich <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a>, including the legend of <a href="/wiki/King_Arthur" title="King Arthur">King Arthur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glastonbury_Tor" title="Glastonbury Tor">Glastonbury Tor</a>, as well as its traditions and customs. Cornwall has its own language, <a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a>, and some regard it as a <a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic nation</a>. The South West is known for <a href="/wiki/Cheddar_cheese" title="Cheddar cheese">Cheddar cheese</a>, which originated in the <a href="/wiki/Somerset" title="Somerset">Somerset</a> village of <a href="/wiki/Cheddar,_Somerset" title="Cheddar, Somerset">Cheddar</a>; Devon <a href="/wiki/Cream_tea" title="Cream tea">cream teas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crab" title="Crab">crabs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pasty" title="Pasty">Cornish pasties</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cider" title="Cider">cider</a>. It is home to the <a href="/wiki/Eden_Project" title="Eden Project">Eden Project</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aardman_Animations" title="Aardman Animations">Aardman Animations</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Glastonbury_Festival" title="Glastonbury Festival">Glastonbury Festival</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bristol_International_Balloon_Fiesta" title="Bristol International Balloon Fiesta">Bristol International Balloon Fiesta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trip_hop" title="Trip hop">trip hop</a> music and Cornwall's <a href="/wiki/Surfing" title="Surfing">surfing</a> beaches. The region has also been home to some of Britain's most renowned writers, including <a href="/wiki/Daphne_du_Maurier" title="Daphne du Maurier">Daphne du Maurier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agatha_Christie" title="Agatha Christie">Agatha Christie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Enid_Blyton" title="Enid Blyton">Enid Blyton</a>, all of whom set many of their works here, and the South West is also the location of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hardy%27s_Wessex" title="Thomas Hardy's Wessex">Thomas Hardy's Wessex</a>, the setting for many of his best-known novels. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_West_England&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_England" title="Category:Politics of England">a series</a> within the<br /><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Politics of the United Kingdom">Politics of the United Kingdom</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><div class="adr"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_England" title="Politics of England">Politics of England</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_arms_of_England.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Royal_arms_of_England.svg/130px-Royal_arms_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Royal_arms_of_England.svg/195px-Royal_arms_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Royal_arms_of_England.svg/260px-Royal_arms_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a></span></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">The Crown</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">Monarch</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_the_British_throne" title="Succession to the British throne">Heir Apparent</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/William,_Prince_of_Wales" title="William, Prince of Wales">William, Prince of Wales</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Republicanism in the United Kingdom">Republicanism in the United Kingdom</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Governance_of_England" title="Governance of England">Governance</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/King-in-Council" title="King-in-Council">King-in-Council</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Keir_Starmer" title="Keir Starmer">Keir Starmer</a> (<a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">L</a>)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Deputy Prime Minister</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Angela_Rayner" title="Angela Rayner">Angela Rayner</a> (<a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">L</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Legislative</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/King-in-Parliament" title="King-in-Parliament">King-in-Parliament</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Speaker" title="Lord Speaker">Lord Speaker</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_McFall,_Baron_McFall_of_Alcluith" title="John McFall, Baron McFall of Alcluith">The Lord McFall of Alcluith</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reform_of_the_House_of_Lords" title="Reform of the House of Lords">Reform of the House of Lords</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_House_of_Commons_(United_Kingdom)" title="Speaker of the House of Commons (United Kingdom)">Speaker</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lindsay_Hoyle" title="Lindsay Hoyle">Sir Lindsay Hoyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_MPs_for_constituencies_in_England_(2024%E2%80%93present)" title="List of MPs for constituencies in England (2024–present)">MPs for England Constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Affairs_Committee" title="Regional Affairs Committee">Regional Affairs Committee</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_England" title="Elections in England">Elections</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">UK General Elections in England</div> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="First Parliament of the United Kingdom">1801 co-option</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1802_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1802 United Kingdom general election">1802</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1806_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1806 United Kingdom general election">1806</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1807_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1807 United Kingdom general election">1807</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1812_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1812 United Kingdom general election">1812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1818_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1818 United Kingdom general election">1818</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1820_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1820 United Kingdom general election">1820</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1826_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1826 United Kingdom general election">1826</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1830_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1830 United Kingdom general election">1830</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1831_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1831 United Kingdom general election">1831</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1832_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1832 United Kingdom general election">1832</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1835_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1835 United Kingdom general election">1835</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1837_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1837 United Kingdom general election">1837</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1841_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1841 United Kingdom general election">1841</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1847_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1847 United Kingdom general election">1847</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1852_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1852 United Kingdom general election">1852</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1857_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1857 United Kingdom general election">1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1859_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1859 United Kingdom general election">1859</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1865_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1865 United Kingdom general election">1865</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1868 United Kingdom general election">1868</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1874 United Kingdom general election">1874</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1880 United Kingdom general election">1880</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1885_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1885 United Kingdom general election">1885</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1886_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1886 United Kingdom general election">1886</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1892_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1892 United Kingdom general election">1892</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1895_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1895 United Kingdom general election">1895</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1900 United Kingdom general election">1900</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1906_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1906 United Kingdom general election">1906</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_1910_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="January 1910 United Kingdom general election">1910 (Jan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_1910_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="December 1910 United Kingdom general election">1910 (Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1918_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1918 United Kingdom general election">1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1922_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1922 United Kingdom general election">1922</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1923_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1923 United Kingdom general election">1923</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1924 United Kingdom general election">1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1929_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1929 United Kingdom general election">1929</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1931_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1931 United Kingdom general election">1931</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1935 United Kingdom general election">1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1945_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1945 United Kingdom general election">1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1950 United Kingdom general election">1950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1951_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1951 United Kingdom general election">1951</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1955_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1955 United Kingdom general election">1955</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1959 United Kingdom general election">1959</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1964 United Kingdom general election">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1966 United Kingdom general election">1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1970 United Kingdom general election">1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_1974_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="February 1974 United Kingdom general election">1974 (Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_1974_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="October 1974 United Kingdom general election">1974 (Oct)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_England" title="1979 United Kingdom general election in England">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_England" title="1983 United Kingdom general election in England">1983</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_England" title="1987 United Kingdom general election in England">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_England" title="1992 United Kingdom general election in England">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_England" title="1997 United Kingdom general election in England">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_England" title="2001 United Kingdom general election in England">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_England" title="2005 United Kingdom general election in England">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_England" title="2010 United Kingdom general election in England">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_England" title="2015 United Kingdom general election in England">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_England" title="2017 United Kingdom general election in England">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_England" title="2019 United Kingdom general election in England">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_England" title="2024 United Kingdom general election in England">2024</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_England_and_Wales" title="Judiciary of England and Wales">Judiciary</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/King-on-the-Bench" class="mw-redirect" title="King-on-the-Bench">King-on-the-Bench</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Supreme Court of the United Kingdom">Supreme Court</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="President of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom">President</a>: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Reed,_Baron_Reed_of_Allermuir" title="Robert Reed, Baron Reed of Allermuir">The Lord Reed of Allermuir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Justice" title="High Court of Justice">High Court of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courts_of_England_and_Wales" title="Courts of England and Wales">Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_law" title="English law">English Law</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_England" title="Regions of England">Regions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_of_England" title="East of England">East of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_London" title="Greater London">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Midlands" title="East Midlands">East Midlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_(region)" title="West Midlands (region)">West Midlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_East_England" title="North East England">North East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_West_England" title="North West England">North West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_East_England" title="South East England">South East</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">South West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_and_the_Humber" title="Yorkshire and the Humber">Yorkshire and the Humber</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_England" title="Local government in England">Administration</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_local_government_in_England" title="History of local government in England">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_England" title="Subdivisions of England">Subdivisions</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_counties_of_England" title="Historic counties of England">Historic Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_counties_of_England" title="Ceremonial counties of England">Ceremonial Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_and_non-metropolitan_counties_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties of England">Metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_county" title="Metropolitan county">Metropolitan county</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-metropolitan_county" title="Non-metropolitan county">Non-metropolitan county</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_London" title="Greater London">Greater London</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_authorities_of_England" title="Unitary authorities of England">Unitary authorities</a> (<a href="/wiki/Template:Unitary_authorities_of_England" title="Template:Unitary authorities of England">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_England" title="Districts of England">Districts</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_English_districts" title="List of English districts">list</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_borough" title="Metropolitan borough">Metropolitan Borough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-metropolitan_district" title="Non-metropolitan district">Non-metropolitan District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Borough" class="mw-redirect" title="London Borough">London Borough</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_authorities_and_combined_county_authorities" title="Combined authorities and combined county authorities">Combined authorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayoral_Council_for_England" title="Mayoral Council for England">Mayoral Council for England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_parishes_in_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil parishes in England">Civil parishes</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_parishes_in_England" title="List of civil parishes in England">list</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_England" title="Category:Politics of England">Category</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England"><img alt="England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/35px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/46px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:England" title="Portal:England">England portal</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_England" title="Template:Politics of England"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_England" title="Template talk:Politics of England"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_England" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of England"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:High_Willhays.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/High_Willhays.jpg/220px-High_Willhays.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/High_Willhays.jpg/330px-High_Willhays.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/High_Willhays.jpg/440px-High_Willhays.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/High_Willhays" title="High Willhays">High Willhays</a> on <a href="/wiki/Dartmoor" title="Dartmoor">Dartmoor</a>, Devon, the region's highest point</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geology_and_landscape">Geology and landscape</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_West_England&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geology and landscape"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most of the region is located on the <a href="/wiki/South_West_Peninsula" title="South West Peninsula">South West Peninsula</a>, between the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Channel" title="Bristol Channel">Bristol Channel</a>. It has the longest coastline of all the English regions, totalling over 700 miles (1,130 km).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of the coast is now protected from further substantial development because of its environmental importance, which contributes to the region's attractiveness to tourists and residents. </p><p>Geologically the region is divided into the largely <a href="/wiki/Igneous_rock" title="Igneous rock">igneous</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metamorphic_rock" title="Metamorphic rock">metamorphic</a> west and <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">sedimentary</a> east, the dividing line slightly to the west of the <a href="/wiki/River_Exe" title="River Exe">River Exe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cornwall and West Devon's landscape is of rocky coastline and high moorland, notably at <a href="/wiki/Bodmin_Moor" title="Bodmin Moor">Bodmin Moor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dartmoor" title="Dartmoor">Dartmoor</a>. These are due to the <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slate" title="Slate">slate</a> that underlie the area. The highest point of the region is <a href="/wiki/High_Willhays" title="High Willhays">High Willhays</a>, at 2,038 feet (621 m), on <a href="/wiki/Dartmoor" title="Dartmoor">Dartmoor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In North Devon the slates of the west and limestones of the east meet at <a href="/wiki/Exmoor" title="Exmoor">Exmoor</a> National Park. The variety of rocks of similar ages seen has led to the county's name being given to that of the <a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">Devonian</a> period. </p><p>The east of the region is characterised by wide, flat clay <a href="/wiki/Valley" title="Valley">vales</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chalk" title="Chalk">chalk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> <a href="/wiki/Downland" title="Downland">downland</a>. The vales, with good irrigation, are home to the region's dairy agriculture. The <a href="/wiki/Blackmore_Vale" title="Blackmore Vale">Blackmore Vale</a> was <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hardy" title="Thomas Hardy">Thomas Hardy</a>'s "Vale of the Little Dairies";<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> another, the <a href="/wiki/Somerset_Levels" title="Somerset Levels">Somerset Levels</a> was created by reclaiming wetlands.<sup id="cite_ref-robinwilliams_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-robinwilliams-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Southern_England_Chalk_Formation" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern England Chalk Formation">Southern England Chalk Formation</a> extends into the region, creating a series of high, sparsely populated and archaeologically rich downs, most famously <a href="/wiki/Salisbury_Plain" title="Salisbury Plain">Salisbury Plain</a>, but also <a href="/wiki/Cranborne_Chase" title="Cranborne Chase">Cranborne Chase</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dorset_Downs" title="Dorset Downs">Dorset Downs</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Purbeck_Hills" title="Purbeck Hills">Purbeck Hills</a>. These downs are the principal area of <a href="/wiki/Arable_land" title="Arable land">arable agriculture</a> in the region. Limestone is also found in the region, at the <a href="/wiki/Cotswolds" title="Cotswolds">Cotswolds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quantock_Hills" title="Quantock Hills">Quantock Hills</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mendip_Hills" title="Mendip Hills">Mendip Hills</a>, where they support sheep farming.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All of the principal rock types can be seen on the <a href="/wiki/Jurassic_Coast" title="Jurassic Coast">Jurassic Coast</a> of Dorset and East Devon, where they document the entire <a href="/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">Mesozoic</a> era from west to east.<sup id="cite_ref-UNESCO_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_West_England&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_south-west_England" title="Climate of south-west England">Climate of south-west England</a></div> <p>The climate of South West England is classed as <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic</a> (<i>Cfb</i>) according to the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a>. The oceanic climate typically experiences cool winters with warmer summers and precipitation all year round, with more experienced in winter. Annual rainfall is about 1,000 millimetres (39 in) and up to 2,000 millimetres (79 in) on higher ground.<sup id="cite_ref-weather_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weather-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Summer maxima averages range from 18 °C (64 °F) to 22 °C (72 °F) and winter minimum averages range from 1 °C (34 °F) to 4 °C (39 °F) across the south-west.<sup id="cite_ref-weather_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weather-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the second windiest area of the United Kingdom, the majority of winds coming from the south-west and north-east.<sup id="cite_ref-weather_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weather-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Government organisations predict the region to rise in temperature and become the hottest region in the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-future_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-future-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Inland areas of low altitude experience the least amount of precipitation. They experience the highest summer maxima temperatures, but winter minima are colder than the coast. Snowfalls are more frequent in comparison to the coast, but less so in comparison to higher ground.<sup id="cite_ref-weather_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weather-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It experiences the lowest wind speeds and sunshine total in between that of the coast and the moors. The climate of inland areas is more noticeable the further north-east into the region. </p><p>In comparison to inland areas, the coast experiences high minimum temperatures, especially in winter, and it experiences slightly lower maximum temperatures during the summer. Rainfall is the lowest at the coast and snowfall is rarer than the rest of the region. Coastal areas are the windiest parts of the peninsula and they receive the most sunshine. The general coastal climate is more typical the further south-west into the region. </p><p>Areas of <a href="/wiki/Moorland" title="Moorland">moorland</a> inland such as: <a href="/wiki/Bodmin_Moor" title="Bodmin Moor">Bodmin Moor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dartmoor" title="Dartmoor">Dartmoor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Exmoor" title="Exmoor">Exmoor</a> experience lower temperatures and more precipitation than the rest of the southwest (approximately twice as much rainfall as lowland areas), because of their high altitude. Both of these factors also cause it to experience the highest levels of snowfall and the lowest levels of sunshine. Exposed areas of the moors are windier than lowlands and can be almost as windy as the coast. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regional_identity">Regional identity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_West_England&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Regional identity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The boundaries of the South West region are based upon those devised by central government in the 1930s for civil defence administration and subsequently used for various statistical analyses. The region is also similar to that used in the 17th-century <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_the_Major-Generals" title="Rule of the Major-Generals">Rule of the Major-Generals</a> under <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Cromwell</a>. (For further information, see <a href="/wiki/Historical_and_alternative_regions_of_England" title="Historical and alternative regions of England">Historical and alternative regions of England</a>). By the 1960s, the South West region (including Dorset, which for some previous purposes had been included in a Southern region), was widely recognised for government administration and statistics. The boundaries were carried forward into the 1990s when regional administrations were formally established as Government Office Regions. A <a href="/wiki/South_West_Regional_Assembly" title="South West Regional Assembly">regional assembly</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_West_of_England_Regional_Development_Agency" title="South West of England Regional Development Agency">regional development agency</a> were created in 1999, then abolished in 2008 and 2012 respectively. </p><p>It has been argued<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (August 2022)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> that the official South West region does not possess a cultural and historic unity or identity of itself, which has led to criticism of it as an "artificial" construct. The large area of the region, stretching as it does from the Isles of Scilly to Gloucestershire, encompasses diverse areas which have little more in common with each other than they do with other areas of England. The region has several TV stations and newspapers based in different areas, and no single acknowledged regional "capital". Many people in the region have some level of a "South West" or "West Country" regional identity, although this may not necessarily correspond to an identification with the official government-defined <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_England" title="Regions of England">region</a>. It is common for people in the region to identify at a national level (whether <a href="/wiki/English_nationalism" title="English nationalism">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_nationalism" title="British nationalism">British</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cornish_nationalism" title="Cornish nationalism">Cornish</a> or a county, city or town level). Identifying as being from 'the Westcountry', amorphous though it is, tends to be more predominant further into the peninsula where the status of being from the region is less equivocal.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In particular, <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a>'s inclusion in the region is disputed by Cornish nationalists.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cross-party <a href="/wiki/Cornish_Constitutional_Convention" title="Cornish Constitutional Convention">Cornish Constitutional Convention</a> and Cornish nationalist party <a href="/wiki/Mebyon_Kernow" title="Mebyon Kernow">Mebyon Kernow</a> have campaigned for a <a href="/wiki/Cornish_Assembly" title="Cornish Assembly">Cornish Assembly</a> ever since the idea of regional devolution was put forward. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Settlements">Settlements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_West_England&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Settlements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The South West region is largely rural, with small towns and villages; a higher proportion of people live in such areas than in any other English region. There are two major regional cities in terms of population, which are Bristol and Plymouth (although Bristol is larger by some consideration), and two major conurbations which are the South East Dorset Conurbation (Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole) and the Bristol Metropolitan Conurbation (which includes the City of Bristol and areas of South Gloucestershire). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pulteney_Bridge,_Bath_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A three arch stone bridge with buildings on it, over water. Below the bridge is a three step weir and pleasure boat." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Pulteney_Bridge%2C_Bath_2.jpg/170px-Pulteney_Bridge%2C_Bath_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Pulteney_Bridge%2C_Bath_2.jpg/255px-Pulteney_Bridge%2C_Bath_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Pulteney_Bridge%2C_Bath_2.jpg/340px-Pulteney_Bridge%2C_Bath_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2123" data-file-height="2999" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pulteney_Bridge" title="Pulteney Bridge">Pulteney Bridge</a> in Bath, Somerset: the entire city is a World Heritage Site</figcaption></figure> <p>Cities and Towns with specific tourist and cultural sites of interest include Bath, Bristol, Salisbury, Plymouth, Exeter, Cheltenham, Gloucester and Weston-super-Mare, as well as the county of Cornwall on a widespread scale. </p><p>The region is home to six universities: University of Bristol, University of The West of England (UWE), University of Exeter, University of Plymouth, Plymouth Marjon University, University of Gloucestershire (Gloucester and Cheltenham), and Falmouth University (Cornwall). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cambray_Place,_Cheltenham_(geograph_7343989).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Cambray_Place%2C_Cheltenham_%28geograph_7343989%29.jpg/220px-Cambray_Place%2C_Cheltenham_%28geograph_7343989%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Cambray_Place%2C_Cheltenham_%28geograph_7343989%29.jpg/330px-Cambray_Place%2C_Cheltenham_%28geograph_7343989%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Cambray_Place%2C_Cheltenham_%28geograph_7343989%29.jpg/440px-Cambray_Place%2C_Cheltenham_%28geograph_7343989%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="771" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Cheltenham" title="Cheltenham">Cheltenham</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The largest cities and towns in order of population are: Bristol (700,000) Plymouth (300,000) Bournemouth (250,000) Swindon (230,000) Poole (180,000) Gloucester (180,000) Exeter (160,000) Cheltenham (150,000) Torbay (150,000) Bath (130,000) Weston-super-Mare (80,000) Taunton (70,000) Salisbury (50,000) Weymouth (50,000). </p><p>The largest conurbations are the area sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Greater_Bristol" title="Greater Bristol">Greater Bristol</a>, which includes parts of <a href="/wiki/South_Gloucestershire" title="South Gloucestershire">South Gloucestershire</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/South_East_Dorset_conurbation" title="South East Dorset conurbation">South East Dorset conurbation</a>, covering Bournemouth, Poole and <a href="/wiki/Christchurch,_Dorset" title="Christchurch, Dorset">Christchurch</a>. </p><p>The population of the South West in 2009 was about five million.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport">Transport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_West_England&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The region lies on <a href="/wiki/List_of_railway_lines_in_Great_Britain#South_West" title="List of railway lines in Great Britain">several main line railways</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Great_Western_Main_Line" title="Great Western Main Line">Great Western Main Line</a> runs from <a href="/wiki/Paddington_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Paddington railway station">London Paddington</a> to <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Temple_Meads_railway_station" title="Bristol Temple Meads railway station">Bristol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Exeter_St_Davids_railway_station" title="Exeter St Davids railway station">Exeter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_railway_station" title="Plymouth railway station">Plymouth</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Penzance_railway_station" title="Penzance railway station">Penzance</a> in the far west of Cornwall. The <a href="/wiki/South_West_Main_Line" title="South West Main Line">South West Main Line</a> runs from <a href="/wiki/London_Waterloo_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="London Waterloo railway station">London Waterloo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southampton_Central_railway_station" title="Southampton Central railway station">Southampton</a> to <a href="/wiki/Bournemouth_railway_station" title="Bournemouth railway station">Bournemouth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poole_railway_station" title="Poole railway station">Poole</a> and <a href="/wiki/Weymouth_railway_station" title="Weymouth railway station">Weymouth</a> in Dorset. The <a href="/wiki/West_of_England_Main_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="West of England Main Line">West of England Main Line</a> runs from London Waterloo to Exeter via south Wiltshire, north Dorset and south Somerset. The <a href="/wiki/Wessex_Main_Line" title="Wessex Main Line">Wessex Main Line</a> runs from Bristol to <a href="/wiki/Salisbury_railway_station" title="Salisbury railway station">Salisbury</a> and on to Southampton. The <a href="/wiki/Heart_of_Wessex_Line" title="Heart of Wessex Line">Heart of Wessex Line</a> runs from Bristol in the north of the region to Weymouth on the south <a href="/wiki/Dorset" title="Dorset">Dorset</a> coast via <a href="/wiki/Westbury_railway_station" title="Westbury railway station">Westbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Castle_Cary_railway_station" title="Castle Cary railway station">Castle Cary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yeovil_Town_railway_station" title="Yeovil Town railway station">Yeovil</a>, with most services starting at <a href="/wiki/Gloucester_railway_station" title="Gloucester railway station">Gloucester</a>. </p><p>The vast majority of trains in the region are operated by <a href="/wiki/CrossCountry" title="CrossCountry">CrossCountry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Great_Western_Railway_(train_operating_company)" title="Great Western Railway (train operating company)">Great Western Railway</a> (GWR) and <a href="/wiki/South_Western_Railway_(train_operating_company)" class="mw-redirect" title="South Western Railway (train operating company)">South Western Railway</a> (SWR). GWR is the key operator for all counties in the region except Dorset where SWR is the key operator. </p><p>CrossCountry operates services to <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Piccadilly_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester Piccadilly railway station">Manchester Piccadilly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Central_railway_station" title="Glasgow Central railway station">Glasgow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_railway_station" title="Aberdeen railway station">Aberdeen</a>. Dorset is currently the only county in the region where there are electric trains, though the Great Western Main Line and the <a href="/wiki/South_Wales_Main_Line" title="South Wales Main Line">South Wales Main Line</a> in Wiltshire, Somerset, Greater Bristol and Gloucestershire is <a href="/wiki/21st-century_modernisation_of_the_Great_Western_main_line" class="mw-redirect" title="21st-century modernisation of the Great Western main line">being electrified</a>. SWR operate services to and from London Waterloo and serves every county in the region except Gloucestershire and Cornwall. GWR serves all counties in the region and operate to various destinations, some of which run to South Wales and the West Midlands, though almost all intercity trains operated by GWR run through the region. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Transport_for_Wales_Rail" title="Transport for Wales Rail">Transport for Wales</a> also operates services between <a href="/wiki/Maesteg_railway_station" title="Maesteg railway station">Maesteg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_Spa_railway_station" title="Cheltenham Spa railway station">Cheltenham Spa</a>. <a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_Trains" title="West Midlands Trains">West Midlands Railway</a> operated a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_train" title="Parliamentary train">parliamentary train</a> between <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_New_Street_railway_station" title="Birmingham New Street railway station">Birmingham New Street</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gloucester_railway_station" title="Gloucester railway station">Gloucester</a> via <a href="/wiki/Worcester_Shrub_Hill_railway_station" title="Worcester Shrub Hill railway station">Worcester Shrub Hill</a>, which was withdrawn in 2019 (there was once a regular service on the route, but this was withdrawn in 2009). </p><p>It has been proposed that the former <a href="/wiki/London_%26_South_Western_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="London & South Western Railway">London & South Western Railway</a> <a href="/wiki/Exeter_to_Plymouth_railway_of_the_LSWR" title="Exeter to Plymouth railway of the LSWR">Exeter to Plymouth railway</a> be reopened to connect Cornwall and Plymouth as an alternative to the route via the <a href="/wiki/Dawlish" title="Dawlish">Dawlish</a> seawall that is susceptible to closure in bad weather.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Local bus services are primarily operated by <a href="/wiki/FirstGroup" title="FirstGroup">FirstGroup</a>, <a href="/wiki/Go-Ahead_Group" title="Go-Ahead Group">Go-Ahead Group</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stagecoach_Group" title="Stagecoach Group">Stagecoach</a> subsidiaries as well as independent operators. <a href="/wiki/Megabus_(Europe)" title="Megabus (Europe)">Megabus</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Express_Coaches" title="National Express Coaches">National Express</a> operate long-distance services from South West England to all parts of the United Kingdom. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M5_-_geograph.org.uk_-_238980.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/M5_-_geograph.org.uk_-_238980.jpg/220px-M5_-_geograph.org.uk_-_238980.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/M5_-_geograph.org.uk_-_238980.jpg/330px-M5_-_geograph.org.uk_-_238980.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/M5_-_geograph.org.uk_-_238980.jpg/440px-M5_-_geograph.org.uk_-_238980.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>M5 looking south towards <a href="/wiki/Avonmouth" title="Avonmouth">Avonmouth</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>Three major roads enter the region from the east. The <a href="/wiki/M4_motorway" title="M4 motorway">M4 motorway</a> from London to South Wales via Bristol is the busiest. The <a href="/wiki/A303_road" title="A303 road">A303</a> cuts through the centre of the region from Salisbury to <a href="/wiki/Honiton" title="Honiton">Honiton</a>, where it merges with the <a href="/wiki/A30_road" title="A30 road">A30</a> to continue past Exeter to the west of Cornwall. The <a href="/wiki/A31_road" title="A31 road">A31</a>, an extension of the <a href="/wiki/M27_motorway" title="M27 motorway">M27</a>, serves Poole and Bournemouth and the Dorset coast. The <a href="/wiki/M5_motorway" title="M5 motorway">M5</a> runs from the <a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_(region)" title="West Midlands (region)">West Midlands</a> through Gloucestershire, Bristol and Somerset to Exeter. The <a href="/wiki/A38_road" title="A38 road">A38</a> serves as a western extension to Plymouth. There are three other smaller motorways in the region, all <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Bristol" title="Transport in Bristol">in the Bristol area</a>. </p><p>Passenger airports in the region include <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Airport" title="Bristol Airport">Bristol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Exeter_Airport" title="Exeter Airport">Exeter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newquay_Airport" title="Newquay Airport">Newquay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bournemouth_Airport" title="Bournemouth Airport">Bournemouth</a>. </p><p>Within the region the local transport authorities carry out transport planning through the use of a <a href="/wiki/Local_transport_plan" title="Local transport plan">Local Transport Plan (LTP)</a> which outlines their strategies, policies and implementation programme.<sup id="cite_ref-DfT1_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DfT1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most recent LTP is that for the period 2006–11. In the South West region the following transport authorities have published their LTP online: <a href="/wiki/Bournemouth" title="Bournemouth">Bournemouth</a> U.A.,<sup id="cite_ref-BmLTP_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BmLTP-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a> U.A.,<sup id="cite_ref-LTP_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LTP-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Devon" title="Devon">Devon</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-DvLTP_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DvLTP-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dorset" title="Dorset">Dorset</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-DrLTP_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DrLTP-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire">Gloucestershire</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-GlLTP_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GlLTP-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth">Plymouth</a> U.A.,<sup id="cite_ref-PmLTP_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PmLTP-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Somerset" title="Somerset">Somerset</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-SsLTP_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SsLTP-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Swindon" title="Swindon">Swindon</a> U. A.,<sup id="cite_ref-SwLTP_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SwLTP-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Torbay" title="Torbay">Torbay</a> U. A.<sup id="cite_ref-TbLTP_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TbLTP-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Wiltshire_Council" title="Wiltshire Council">Wiltshire unitary authority</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WlLTP_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WlLTP-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The transport authorities of <a href="/wiki/Bath_and_North_East_Somerset" title="Bath and North East Somerset">Bath and North East Somerset</a> U. A., <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a> U. A., <a href="/wiki/North_Somerset" title="North Somerset">North Somerset</a> U. A. and <a href="/wiki/South_Gloucestershire" title="South Gloucestershire">South Gloucestershire</a> U. A. publish a single Joint Local Transport Plan as part of the <a href="/wiki/West_of_England" title="West of England">West of England Partnership</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WoELTP_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WoELTP-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_West_England&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Roman">Pre-Roman</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_West_England&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Pre-Roman"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stonehenge-Green.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Stonehenge-Green.jpg/220px-Stonehenge-Green.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Stonehenge-Green.jpg/330px-Stonehenge-Green.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Stonehenge-Green.jpg/440px-Stonehenge-Green.jpg 2x" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="355" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge">Stonehenge</a></figcaption></figure> <p>There is evidence from <a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">flint</a> <a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">artefacts</a> in a quarry at <a href="/wiki/Westbury-sub-Mendip" title="Westbury-sub-Mendip">Westbury-sub-Mendip</a> that an ancestor of modern man, possibly <a href="/wiki/Homo_heidelbergensis" title="Homo heidelbergensis">Homo heidelbergensis</a>, was present in the future Somerset from around 500,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-somerset.gov.uk_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-somerset.gov.uk-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is some evidence of human occupation of southern England before the <a href="/wiki/Last_glacial_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Last glacial period">last ice age</a>, such as at <a href="/wiki/Kents_Cavern" title="Kents Cavern">Kents Cavern</a> in Devon, but largely in the <a href="/wiki/South_East_England" title="South East England">south east</a>. The British mainland was connected to the continent during the ice age and humans may have repeatedly migrated into and out of the region as the climate fluctuated. There is evidence of human habitation in the caves at <a href="/wiki/Cheddar_Gorge" title="Cheddar Gorge">Cheddar Gorge</a> 11,000–10,000 years BC, during a partial thaw in the ice age. The earliest scientifically dated cemetery in <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> was found at <a href="/wiki/Aveline%27s_Hole" title="Aveline's Hole">Aveline's Hole</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Mendip_Hills" title="Mendip Hills">Mendip Hills</a>. The human bone fragments it contained, from about 21 different individuals, are thought to be roughly between 10,200 and 10,400 years old.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time the tundra gave way to <a href="/wiki/Birch" title="Birch">birch</a> forests and <a href="/wiki/Grassland" title="Grassland">grassland</a> and evidence for human settlement appears at <a href="/wiki/Salisbury_Plain" title="Salisbury Plain">Salisbury Plain</a>, Wiltshire and <a href="/wiki/Hengistbury_Head" title="Hengistbury Head">Hengistbury Head</a>, Dorset. </p><p>At the end of the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Period" title="Last Glacial Period">last Ice Age</a> the <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Channel" title="Bristol Channel">Bristol Channel</a> was dry land, but subsequently the sea level rose, resulting in major coastal changes. The <a href="/wiki/Somerset_Levels" title="Somerset Levels">Somerset Levels</a> were flooded, but the <a href="/wiki/Dry_point" title="Dry point">dry points</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Glastonbury" title="Glastonbury">Glastonbury</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brent_Knoll" title="Brent Knoll">Brent Knoll</a> are known to have been occupied by <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a> hunters.<sup id="cite_ref-Dunning_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dunning-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The landscape at this time was <a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">tundra</a>. Britain's oldest complete skeleton, <a href="/wiki/Cheddar_Man" title="Cheddar Man">Cheddar Man</a>, lived at Cheddar Gorge around 7150 BC (in the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Palaeolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Palaeolithic">Upper Palaeolithic</a> or Old Stone Age), shortly after the end of the ice age;<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, it is unclear whether the region was continuously inhabited during the previous 4000 years, or if humans returned to the gorge after a final cold spell. A <a href="/wiki/Palaeolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaeolithic">Palaeolithic</a> flint tool found in West Sedgemoor is the earliest indication of human presence on the Somerset Levels.<sup id="cite_ref-somhist_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-somhist-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 7th millennium BC the sea level rose and flooded the valleys, so the <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a> people occupied seasonal camps on the higher ground, indicated by scatters of flints.<sup id="cite_ref-somhist_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-somhist-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> people continued to exploit the reed swamps for their natural resources and started to construct wooden trackways. These included the <a href="/wiki/Post_Track" title="Post Track">Post Track</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sweet_Track" title="Sweet Track">Sweet Track</a>. The Sweet Track, dating from the 39th century BC, is thought to be the world's oldest <a href="/wiki/Timber_trackway" class="mw-redirect" title="Timber trackway">timber trackway</a> and was once thought to be the world's oldest engineered roadway.<sup id="cite_ref-robinwilliams_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-robinwilliams-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Levels were also the location of the <a href="/wiki/Glastonbury_Lake_Village" title="Glastonbury Lake Village">Glastonbury Lake Village</a> as well as two lake villages at <a href="/wiki/Meare" title="Meare">Meare</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge">Stonehenge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avebury" title="Avebury">Avebury</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stanton_Drew_stone_circles" title="Stanton Drew stone circles">Stanton Drew</a> are perhaps the most famous Neolithic sites in the UK. </p><p>The region was heavily populated during the Neolithic, <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> periods. Many monuments, barrows and trackways exist. Coin evidence shows that the region was split between the <a href="/wiki/Durotriges" title="Durotriges">Durotriges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dobunni" title="Dobunni">Dobunni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dumnonii" title="Dumnonii">Dumnonii</a>. The Iron Age tribe in Dorset were the Durotriges, "water dwellers", whose main settlement is represented by <a href="/wiki/Maiden_Castle,_Dorset" title="Maiden Castle, Dorset">Maiden Castle</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a> stated that <a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath</a> was in the territory of the <a href="/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae">Belgae</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but this may be a mistake.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Celtic gods were worshipped at the temple of <a href="/wiki/Sulis" title="Sulis">Sulis</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath</a> and possibly the temple on <a href="/wiki/Brean_Down" title="Brean Down">Brean Down</a>. Iron Age sites on the <a href="/wiki/Quantock_Hills" title="Quantock Hills">Quantock Hills</a> include major <a href="/wiki/Hill_fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Hill fort">hill forts</a> at <a href="/wiki/Dowsborough" title="Dowsborough">Dowsborough</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ruborough" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruborough">Ruborough</a>, as well as smaller earthwork enclosures, such as <a href="/wiki/Trendle_Ring" title="Trendle Ring">Trendle Ring</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elworthy_Barrows" title="Elworthy Barrows">Elworthy Barrows</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plainsfield_Camp" title="Plainsfield Camp">Plainsfield Camp</a>. </p><p>At the time of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_invasion_of_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman invasion of Britain">Roman invasion</a>, the inhabitants of the entire area spoke a <a href="/wiki/Brythonic_Languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Brythonic Languages">Brythonic Celtic</a> language. Its descendant languages are still spoken to a greater or lesser extent in <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a>, Wales, and <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_period">Roman period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_West_England&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Roman period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Silbury_Hill_-_geograph.org.uk_-_776.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Silbury_Hill_-_geograph.org.uk_-_776.jpg/220px-Silbury_Hill_-_geograph.org.uk_-_776.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Silbury_Hill_-_geograph.org.uk_-_776.jpg/330px-Silbury_Hill_-_geograph.org.uk_-_776.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Silbury_Hill_-_geograph.org.uk_-_776.jpg/440px-Silbury_Hill_-_geograph.org.uk_-_776.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="484" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Silbury_Hill" title="Silbury Hill">Silbury Hill</a> – Europe's largest man-made earthwork</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman era</a>, the east of the region, particularly the Cotswolds and eastern Somerset, was heavily Romanised but Devon and Cornwall were much less so, though Exeter was a regional capital. There are villas, farms and temples dating from the period, including the remains at Bath. </p><p>The area of <a href="/wiki/Somerset" title="Somerset">Somerset</a> was part of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> from AD 47 to about AD 409.<sup id="cite_ref-rajan_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rajan-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The empire disintegrated gradually, and elements of <a href="/wiki/Romanitas" title="Romanitas">Romanitas</a> lingered on for perhaps a century. In AD 47, Somerset was invaded from the south-east by the <a href="/wiki/Legio_II_Augusta" title="Legio II Augusta">Second Legion</a> <i>Augusta</i>, under the future emperor <a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Hillfort" title="Hillfort">hillforts</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Durotriges" title="Durotriges">Durotriges</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ham_Hill_Country_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Ham Hill Country Park">Ham Hill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cadbury_Castle,_Somerset" title="Cadbury Castle, Somerset">Cadbury Castle</a> were captured. Ham Hill probably had a temporary Roman occupation. The massacre at Cadbury Castle seems to have been associated with the later <a href="/wiki/Boudicca" class="mw-redirect" title="Boudicca">Boudiccan Revolt</a> of AD 60–61.<sup id="cite_ref-Dunning_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dunning-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_Baths_c1900_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Roman_Baths_c1900_2.jpg/220px-Roman_Baths_c1900_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Roman_Baths_c1900_2.jpg/330px-Roman_Baths_c1900_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Roman_Baths_c1900_2.jpg/440px-Roman_Baths_c1900_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3585" data-file-height="2663" /></a><figcaption>A 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Photochrom" title="Photochrom">Photochrom</a> of the Roman Baths in Bath, Somerset</figcaption></figure> <p>The Roman invasion, and possibly the preceding period of involvement in the internal affairs of the south of England, was inspired in part by the lead mines of the <a href="/wiki/Mendip_Hills" title="Mendip Hills">Mendip Hills</a>, which also offered the potential for the extraction of silver.<sup id="cite_ref-havinden_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-havinden-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RBSomerset_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RBSomerset-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Forts were set up at <a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ilchester" title="Ilchester">Ilchester</a>. The lead and silver <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mines</a> at <a href="/wiki/Charterhouse_Roman_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Charterhouse Roman Town">Charterhouse</a> in the Mendip Hills were run by the military. The Romans established a defensive boundary along the new military road known the <a href="/wiki/Fosse_Way" title="Fosse Way">Fosse Way</a> (from the Latin <i>fossa</i> meaning "ditch"). The Fosse Way ran through <a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shepton_Mallet" title="Shepton Mallet">Shepton Mallet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilchester" title="Ilchester">Ilchester</a> and south-west towards <a href="/wiki/Axminster" title="Axminster">Axminster</a>. The road from <a href="/wiki/Dorchester,_Dorset" title="Dorchester, Dorset">Dorchester</a> ran through <a href="/wiki/Yeovil" title="Yeovil">Yeovil</a> to meet the Fosse Way at Ilchester. Salt was produced on the <a href="/wiki/Somerset_Levels" title="Somerset Levels">Somerset Levels</a> near <a href="/wiki/Highbridge,_Somerset" title="Highbridge, Somerset">Highbridge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quarry" title="Quarry">quarrying</a> took place near Bath, named after the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Baths_(Bath)" title="Roman Baths (Bath)">Roman baths</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Excavations carried out before the flooding of <a href="/wiki/Chew_Valley_Lake" title="Chew Valley Lake">Chew Valley Lake</a> also uncovered Roman remains, indicating agricultural and industrial activity from the second half of the 1st century until the 3rd century AD. The finds included a moderately large <a href="/wiki/Roman_villa" title="Roman villa">villa</a> at Chew Park,<sup id="cite_ref-ross_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ross-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where wooden writing tablets (the first in the UK) with ink writing were found. There is also evidence from the <a href="/wiki/Pagans_Hill_Roman_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagans Hill Roman Temple">Pagans Hill Roman Temple</a> at <a href="/wiki/Chew_Stoke" title="Chew Stoke">Chew Stoke</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ross_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ross-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hucker_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hucker-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 2001 the <a href="/wiki/West_Bagborough_Hoard" title="West Bagborough Hoard">West Bagborough Hoard</a> of 4th-century Roman silver was discovered in <a href="/wiki/West_Bagborough" title="West Bagborough">West Bagborough</a>. The 681 coins included two <a href="/wiki/Denarius" title="Denarius">denarii</a> from the early 2nd century and 8 <a href="/wiki/Miliarense" title="Miliarense">miliarensia</a> and 671 <a href="/wiki/Siliqua" title="Siliqua">siliquae</a> all dating from AD 337 to 367. The majority were struck in the reigns of emperors <a href="/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Didius_Julianus" title="Didius Julianus">Julian</a> and derive from a range of mints including <a href="/wiki/Arles" title="Arles">Arles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyons</a> in France, <a href="/wiki/Trier" title="Trier">Trier</a> in Germany, and Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 2010, the <a href="/wiki/Frome_Hoard" title="Frome Hoard">Frome Hoard</a>, one of the largest ever hoards of Roman coins discovered in Britain, was found by a metal detectorist. The hoard of 52,500 coins dated from the 3rd century AD and was found buried in a field near <a href="/wiki/Frome" title="Frome">Frome</a>, in a jar 14 inches (36 cm) below the surface.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The coins were excavated by archaeologists from the <a href="/wiki/Portable_Antiquities_Scheme" title="Portable Antiquities Scheme">Portable Antiquities Scheme</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_kingdoms_and_the_arrival_of_the_Saxons">British kingdoms and the arrival of the Saxons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_West_England&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: British kingdoms and the arrival of the Saxons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maes_Knoll_Tump.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Maes_Knoll_Tump.jpg/220px-Maes_Knoll_Tump.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Maes_Knoll_Tump.jpg/330px-Maes_Knoll_Tump.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Maes_Knoll_Tump.jpg/440px-Maes_Knoll_Tump.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Maes_Knoll" title="Maes Knoll">Maes Knoll</a> the western end of <a href="/wiki/Wansdyke_(earthwork)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wansdyke (earthwork)">Wansdyke</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Wessex" title="Wessex">Wessex</a> and <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_status_of_Cornwall" title="Constitutional status of Cornwall">Constitutional status of Cornwall</a></div> <p>After the Romans left at the start of the 5th century AD, the region split into several Brittonic kingdoms, including <a href="/wiki/Dumnonia" title="Dumnonia">Dumnonia</a>, centred around the old tribal territory of the <a href="/wiki/Dumnonii" title="Dumnonii">Dumnonii</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pearce_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pearce-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The upper Thames area soon came under <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon</a> control but the remainder of the region was in British control until the 6th century.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bokerley_Dyke" title="Bokerley Dyke">Bokerley Dyke</a>, a large defensive ditch on <a href="/wiki/Cranborne_Chase" title="Cranborne Chase">Cranborne Chase</a> dated to 367, delayed the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Saxon</a> conquest of Dorset, with the Romano-British remaining in Dorset for 200 years after the withdrawal of the Roman legions. The Western <a href="/wiki/Wansdyke_(earthwork)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wansdyke (earthwork)">Wandsdyke</a> earthwork was probably built during the 5th or 6th century. This area became the border between the <a href="/wiki/Romano-British" class="mw-redirect" title="Romano-British">Romano-British</a> <a href="/wiki/Celt" class="mw-redirect" title="Celt">Celts</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">West Saxons</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Deorham" title="Battle of Deorham">Battle of Deorham</a> in 577.<sup id="cite_ref-ASC577_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASC577-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Anglo-Saxons then gained control of the Cotswold area; but most of Somerset, Dorset and Devon (as well as Cornwall) remained in British hands until the late 7th century. According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle" title="Anglo-Saxon Chronicle">Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</a></i>, the Saxon <a href="/wiki/Cenwalh_of_Wessex" title="Cenwalh of Wessex">Cenwalh</a> achieved a breakthrough against the <a href="/wiki/Brython" class="mw-redirect" title="Brython">British</a> Celtic tribes, with victories at <a href="/wiki/Bradford-on-Avon" title="Bradford-on-Avon">Bradford-on-Avon</a> (in the <i>Avon Gap</i> in the Wansdyke) in 652,<sup id="cite_ref-ASC652_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASC652-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and further south at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Peonnum" title="Battle of Peonnum">Battle of Peonnum</a> (at <a href="/wiki/Penselwood" title="Penselwood">Penselwood</a>) in 658,<sup id="cite_ref-ASC658_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASC658-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> followed by an advance west through the <a href="/wiki/Polden_Hills" title="Polden Hills">Polden Hills</a> to the <a href="/wiki/River_Parrett" title="River Parrett">River Parrett</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-VCH_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VCH-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Saxon advance from the east seems to have been halted by battles between the British and Saxons, for example at the siege of Badon <a href="/wiki/Mons_Badonicus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mons Badonicus">Mons Badonicus</a> (which may have been in the Bath district, perhaps at <a href="/wiki/Solsbury_Hill" title="Solsbury Hill">Solsbury Hill</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Bathampton_Down" title="Bathampton Down">Bathampton Down</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Battle of <a href="/wiki/Bedwyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bedwyn">Bedwyn</a> was fought in 675 between <a href="/wiki/Aescwine_of_Wessex" class="mw-redirect" title="Aescwine of Wessex">Escuin</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Wessex" title="Wessex">West Saxon</a> nobleman who had seized the throne of <a href="/wiki/Seaxburh_of_Wessex" title="Seaxburh of Wessex">Queen Saxburga</a>, and <a href="/wiki/King_Wulfhere" class="mw-redirect" title="King Wulfhere">King Wulfhere</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mercia" title="Mercia">Mercia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest fortification of <a href="/wiki/Taunton" title="Taunton">Taunton</a> started for King <a href="/wiki/Ine_of_Wessex" title="Ine of Wessex">Ine of Wessex</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelburg_of_Wessex" title="Æthelburg of Wessex">Æthelburg</a>, in or about the year 710. However, according to the <i>Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</i> this was destroyed 12 years later.<sup id="cite_ref-britannia_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannia-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" title="Alfred the Great">Alfred the Great</a> refortified Exeter as a defensive <a href="/wiki/Burh" title="Burh">burh</a>, followed by new erections at <a href="/wiki/Lydford" title="Lydford">Lydford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halwell" title="Halwell">Halwell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pilton,_Devon" title="Pilton, Devon">Pilton</a>, although these fortifications were small compared to <a href="/wiki/Burh" title="Burh">burhs</a> further east, suggesting that they were protection for the elite only. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="9th_century_and_the_arrival_of_the_Danes">9th century and the arrival of the Danes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_West_England&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 9th century and the arrival of the Danes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The English defeated a combined Cornish and Danish force at <a href="/wiki/Hingston_Down" title="Hingston Down">Hingston Down</a> (near Gunnislake) in 838.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Elder" title="Edward the Elder">Edward the Elder</a> built similarly at <a href="/wiki/Barnstaple" title="Barnstaple">Barnstaple</a> and <a href="/wiki/Totnes" title="Totnes">Totnes</a>. But sporadic Viking incursions continued until the <a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman conquest of England">Norman Conquest</a>, including the disastrous defeat of the Devonians at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pinhoe" title="Battle of Pinhoe">Battle of Pinhoe</a>. In 876 King Alfred the Great trapped a Danish fleet at <a href="/wiki/Arne,_Dorset" title="Arne, Dorset">Arne</a> and then drove it out; 120 ships were wrecked at <a href="/wiki/Studland" title="Studland">Studland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although King Alfred had lands in Cornwall, it continued to have a British king. It is generally considered that Cornwall came fully under the dominion of the English Crown in the time of <a href="/wiki/Athelstan_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Athelstan of England">Athelstan</a>'s rule, i.e. 924–939.<sup id="cite_ref-Payton_1996_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Payton_1996-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the absence of any specific documentation to record this event, supporters of Cornwall's English status presume that it then became part of England. However, in 944, within a mere five years of Athelstan's death, <a href="/wiki/Edmund_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmund I of England">King Edmund</a> issued a charter styling himself "King of the English <i>and ruler of this province of the Britons</i>". Thus we can see that then the "province" was a territorial possession, which has long claimed a special relationship to the English Crown.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Corfe_Castle2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Corfe_Castle2.jpg/170px-Corfe_Castle2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Corfe_Castle2.jpg/255px-Corfe_Castle2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Corfe_Castle2.jpg/340px-Corfe_Castle2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Corfe_Castle" title="Corfe Castle">Corfe Castle</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Corfe_Castle" title="Corfe Castle">Corfe Castle</a> in 978 saw the murder of King <a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Martyr" title="Edward the Martyr">Edward the Martyr</a>, whose body was taken first to <a href="/wiki/Wareham,_Dorset" title="Wareham, Dorset">Wareham</a> and then to <a href="/wiki/Shaftesbury" title="Shaftesbury">Shaftesbury</a>. Somerset played an important part in stopping the spread of the Danes in the 9th century. <a href="/wiki/Viking" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking">Viking</a> raids took place for instance in 987 and 997 at <a href="/wiki/Watchet" title="Watchet">Watchet</a><sup id="cite_ref-somharbours_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-somharbours-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cynwit" title="Battle of Cynwit">Battle of Cynwit</a>. </p><p>King Alfred was driven to seek refuge from the Danes at <a href="/wiki/Athelney" title="Athelney">Athelney</a> before defeating them in 878 at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ethandun" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ethandun">Battle of Ethandun</a>, usually considered to be near <a href="/wiki/Edington,_Wiltshire" title="Edington, Wiltshire">Edington, Wiltshire</a>, but possibly the village of <a href="/wiki/Edington,_Somerset" title="Edington, Somerset">Edington</a> in Somerset. Alfred established a series of forts and lookout posts linked by a military road, or <a href="/wiki/Herepath" title="Herepath">Herepath</a>, to allow his army to cover Viking movements at sea. The Herepath has a characteristic form which is familiar on the Quantocks: a regulation 20 m wide track between avenues of trees growing from <a href="/wiki/Hedge_laying" class="mw-redirect" title="Hedge laying">hedge laying</a> embankments. A peace treaty with the Danes was signed at <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Wedmore" title="Treaty of Wedmore">Wedmore</a> and the Danish king <a href="/wiki/Guthrum_the_Old" class="mw-redirect" title="Guthrum the Old">Guthrum the Old</a> was baptised at <a href="/wiki/Aller,_Somerset" title="Aller, Somerset">Aller</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Burh" title="Burh">Burhs</a></i> (fortified places) had been set up by 919, such as <a href="/wiki/Lyng,_Somerset" title="Lyng, Somerset">Lyng</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Jewel" title="Alfred Jewel">Alfred Jewel</a>, an object about 2.5-inch (64 mm) long, made of filigree gold, <a href="/wiki/Cloisonn%C3%A9" title="Cloisonné">cloisonné</a>-enamelled and with a rock crystal covering, was found in 1693 at <a href="/wiki/Petherton_Park" title="Petherton Park">Petherton Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Petherton" title="North Petherton">North Petherton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is believed to have been owned by King Alfred.<sup id="cite_ref-localhist_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-localhist-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Monasteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Monasteries">Monasteries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minster_(cathedral)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minster (cathedral)">minster</a> churches were set up all over Somerset, with daughter churches of the minsters in manors. There was a royal palace at <a href="/wiki/Cheddar,_Somerset" title="Cheddar, Somerset">Cheddar</a>, which was used at times in the 10th century to host the <a href="/wiki/Witenagemot" class="mw-redirect" title="Witenagemot">Witenagemot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sweyn_Forkbeard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Sweyn_Forkbeard.jpg/170px-Sweyn_Forkbeard.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Sweyn_Forkbeard.jpg/255px-Sweyn_Forkbeard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Sweyn_Forkbeard.jpg/340px-Sweyn_Forkbeard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="373" data-file-height="497" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sweyn_Forkbeard" title="Sweyn Forkbeard">Sweyn Forkbeard</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="11th_century">11th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_West_England&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 11th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the late pre-Norman period, the east coast of modern-day England came under the growing sway of the <a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norsemen</a>. Eventually England came to be ruled by Norse monarchs, and the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon">Anglo-Saxon</a> kingdoms fell one by one, <a href="/wiki/Wessex" title="Wessex">Wessex</a> being conquered in 1013 by King <a href="/wiki/Sweyn_Forkbeard" title="Sweyn Forkbeard">Sweyn Forkbeard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-asc_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asc-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Blackwell_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blackwell-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sweyn's realms included <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, and parts of England such as <a href="/wiki/Mercia" title="Mercia">Mercia</a> (an Anglian kingdom roughly coinciding with the <a href="/wiki/English_Midlands" class="mw-redirect" title="English Midlands">English Midlands</a>), much of which, along with northern England, fell under the <a href="/wiki/Danelaw" title="Danelaw">Danelaw</a>. Sweyn ruled Wessex, along with his other realms, from 1013 onwards, followed by his son <a href="/wiki/Canute_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Canute the Great">Canute the Great</a>. But Cornwall was <i>not</i> part of his realm of Wessex. A map by the American historian called "The Dominions of Canute" (pictured just above) shows that Cornwall, like Wales and Scotland, was part neither of Sweyn Forkbeard's nor of Canute's Danish empire. Neither Sweyn Forkbeard nor Canute conquered or controlled Scotland, Wales or Cornwall; but these areas were "client nations": subject to payment of a yearly tribute or <i><a href="/wiki/Danegeld" title="Danegeld">danegeld</a></i> to Sweyn and later Canute, all three areas retained their autonomy from the Danes. Ultimately, the Danes lost control of Wessex in 1042 on the death of both of Canute's sons. <a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a> retook Wessex for the Saxons.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1016 <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Ironside" title="Edmund Ironside">Edmund Ironside</a> was crowned king at Glastonbury.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_West_England&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plymouth_Drake.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Plymouth_Drake.jpg/220px-Plymouth_Drake.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Plymouth_Drake.jpg/330px-Plymouth_Drake.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Plymouth_Drake.jpg/440px-Plymouth_Drake.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>The statue of Sir <a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake">Francis Drake</a> (1540–1596) on <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Hoe" title="Plymouth Hoe">Plymouth Hoe</a></figcaption></figure> <p>After the Norman Conquest the region was controlled by various Norman as well as <a href="/wiki/Breton_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Breton people">Breton</a> lords and later by local gentry, a few of whom appear to have been descended from pre-Conquest families. In 1140, during the <a href="/wiki/The_Anarchy" title="The Anarchy">civil war</a> of <a href="/wiki/Stephen_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen of England">King Stephen</a>'s reign, the castles of Plympton and <a href="/wiki/Rougemont_Castle" title="Rougemont Castle">Exeter</a> were held against the king by <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_de_Redvers,_1st_Earl_of_Devon" title="Baldwin de Redvers, 1st Earl of Devon">Baldwin de Redvers</a> and this gave rise to the defensive castles at <a href="/wiki/Corfe_Castle" title="Corfe Castle">Corfe Castle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Powerstock" title="Powerstock">Powerstock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wareham,_Dorset" title="Wareham, Dorset">Wareham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shaftesbury" title="Shaftesbury">Shaftesbury</a>. The period saw the growth of towns such as <a href="/wiki/Truro" title="Truro">Truro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Totnes" title="Totnes">Totnes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Okehampton" title="Okehampton">Okehampton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plympton" title="Plympton">Plympton</a> in the west of the region, but these were small compared with the established wealth of ancient <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral city">cathedral cities</a> in the east of the region such as <a href="/wiki/Exeter" title="Exeter">Exeter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wells,_Somerset" title="Wells, Somerset">Wells</a>. Wealth grew from sheep farming in the east of the region: church controlled estates such as <a href="/wiki/Glastonbury_Abbey" title="Glastonbury Abbey">Glastonbury Abbey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wells,_Somerset" title="Wells, Somerset">Wells</a> became among the richest in England, while <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a> and silver mining was important in Devon and Cornwall; <a href="/wiki/Stannary_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Stannary Parliament">Stannary Parliaments</a> with semi-autonomous powers were established. Farming prospered until it was severely hit by the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a> which arrived in <a href="/wiki/Dorset" title="Dorset">Dorset</a> in 1348 and quickly spread through Somerset, causing widespread death, with mortality rates perhaps as high as 50% in places. The resulting labour shortage led to changes in feudal practices. Crafts and industries also flourished; the Somerset woollen industry was then one of the largest in England.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coal mining in the <a href="/wiki/Mendip_Hills" title="Mendip Hills">Mendips</a> was an important source of wealth while <a href="/wiki/Quarry" title="Quarry">quarrying</a> also took place. </p><p>Many parish churches were rebuilt in this period. Between 1107 and 1129 <a href="/wiki/William_Giffard" title="William Giffard">William Giffard</a>, the Chancellor of King <a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_England" title="Henry I of England">Henry I</a>, converted the bishop's hall in Taunton into <a href="/wiki/Taunton_Castle" title="Taunton Castle">Taunton Castle</a>. It passed to the king in 1233<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1245 repairs were ordered to its <a href="/wiki/Motte_and_bailey" class="mw-redirect" title="Motte and bailey">motte</a> and towers. During the 11th-century <a href="/wiki/Second_Barons%27_War" title="Second Barons' War">Second Barons' War</a> against <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III</a>, Bridgwater was held by the barons against the King. During the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> sheep farming for the wool trade came to dominate the economy of <a href="/wiki/Exmoor" title="Exmoor">Exmoor</a>. The wool was spun into thread on isolated farms and collected by merchants to be woven, fulled, dyed and finished in thriving towns such as <a href="/wiki/Dunster" title="Dunster">Dunster</a>. The land started to be enclosed and from the 17th century onwards larger estates developed, leading to establishment of areas of large regular shaped fields. During this period a <a href="/wiki/Royal_forest" title="Royal forest">royal forest</a> and hunting ground was established, administered by the Warden. The royal forest was sold off in 1818.<sup id="cite_ref-natparkhist_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-natparkhist-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fowey_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2745.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Fowey_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2745.jpg/220px-Fowey_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2745.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Fowey_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2745.jpg/330px-Fowey_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2745.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Fowey_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2745.jpg/440px-Fowey_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2745.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="419" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fowey" title="Fowey">Fowey</a> harbour</figcaption></figure> <p>Where conditions were suitable, coastal villages and ports had an economy based on fishing. The larger ports such as <a href="/wiki/Fowey" title="Fowey">Fowey</a> contributed vessels to the naval enterprises of the King and were subject to attack from the French in return. Bridgwater was part of the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Bristol" title="Port of Bristol">Port of Bristol</a> until the Port of Bridgwater was created in 1348,<sup id="cite_ref-somharbours_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-somharbours-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> covering 80 miles (130 km) of the Somerset coast line, from the <a href="/wiki/Devon" title="Devon">Devon</a> border to the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/River_Axe_(Bristol_Channel)" title="River Axe (Bristol Channel)">River Axe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lawrence-8_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lawrence-8-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically, the main port on the river was at Bridgwater; the river being bridged at this point, with the first bridge being constructed in 1200.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Quay" class="mw-redirect" title="Quay">Quays</a> were built in 1424; with another quay, the <i>Langport slip</i>, being built in 1488 upstream of the Town Bridge.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a> the port began to develop in the 11th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Brace_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brace-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 12th century Bristol was an important port, handling much of England's trade with Ireland. During this period Bristol also became a centre of shipbuilding and manufacturing. Bristol was the starting point for many important voyages, notably <a href="/wiki/John_Cabot" title="John Cabot">John Cabot</a>'s 1497 voyage of exploration to North America.<sup id="cite_ref-croxton_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-croxton-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 14th century Bristol was one of England's three largest <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> towns after London, along with <a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norwich" title="Norwich">Norwich</a>, with perhaps 15,000–20,000 inhabitants on the eve of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a> of 1348–49.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plague resulted in a prolonged pause in the growth of Bristol's population, with numbers remaining at 10,000–12,000 through most of the 15th and 16th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-Bristol_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bristol-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Perkin_Warbeck.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Perkin_Warbeck.jpg/170px-Perkin_Warbeck.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Perkin_Warbeck.jpg/255px-Perkin_Warbeck.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Perkin_Warbeck.jpg/340px-Perkin_Warbeck.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Perkin_Warbeck" title="Perkin Warbeck">Perkin Warbeck</a></figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a>, there were frequent skirmishes between the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lancaster" title="House of Lancaster">Lancastrian</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_de_Courtenay,_5th/13th_Earl_of_Devon" title="Thomas de Courtenay, 5th/13th Earl of Devon">Thomas Courtenay, Earl of Devon</a> and <a href="/wiki/House_of_York" title="House of York">Yorkist</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Bonville,_1st_Baron_Bonville" title="William Bonville, 1st Baron Bonville">William, Lord Bonville</a>. In 1470, <a href="/wiki/Edward_IV_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward IV of England">Edward IV</a> pursued <a href="/wiki/Richard_Neville,_16th_Earl_of_Warwick" title="Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick">Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Plantagenet,_1st_Duke_of_Clarence" class="mw-redirect" title="George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence">George, Duke of Clarence</a> as far as Exeter after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lose-coat_Field" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Lose-coat Field">Battle of Lose-coat Field</a>. The organisation of the region remained based on the shires and Church estates, which were largely unchanged throughout the period. Some of the most important nobles in the South West included the Courtenays Earl of Devon, <a href="/wiki/William_Bonville,_1st_Baron_Bonville" title="William Bonville, 1st Baron Bonville">William Bonville, 1st Baron Bonville</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Stafford,_1st_Earl_of_Devon" title="Humphrey Stafford, 1st Earl of Devon">Humphrey Stafford, earl of Devon</a> whose wider influence stretched from Cornwall to Wiltshire. After 1485, the Earl of Devon, Henry VII's chamberlain, <a href="/wiki/Giles_Daubeney,_1st_Baron_Daubeney" title="Giles Daubeney, 1st Baron Daubeney">Giles Daubeney, 1st Baron Daubeney</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Willoughby,_1st_Baron_Willoughby_de_Broke" title="Robert Willoughby, 1st Baron Willoughby de Broke">Robert Willoughby, 1st Baron Willoughby de Broke</a> were also influential.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1497, early in <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a>'s reign, the royal pretender <a href="/wiki/Perkin_Warbeck" title="Perkin Warbeck">Perkin Warbeck</a>, besieged Exeter. The <a href="/wiki/Cornish_Rebellion_of_1497" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornish Rebellion of 1497">Cornish Rebellion of 1497</a> led by <a href="/wiki/An_Gof" title="An Gof">An Gof</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Flamank" title="Thomas Flamank">Thomas Flamank</a> ended in a march to <a href="/wiki/Blackheath,_London" title="Blackheath, London">Blackheath</a> in London where the <a href="/wiki/Cornish_people" title="Cornish people">Cornish</a> forces were massacred. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="16th_century">16th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_West_England&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 16th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Great disturbances throughout both Cornwall and Devon followed the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Edward_VI_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward VI of England">Edward VI</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a>. The day after <a href="/wiki/Whit_Sunday" class="mw-redirect" title="Whit Sunday">Whit Sunday</a> 1549, a priest at <a href="/wiki/Sampford_Courtenay" title="Sampford Courtenay">Sampford Courtenay</a> was persuaded to read the old <a href="/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" title="Mass (liturgy)">mass</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This insubordination spread swiftly into serious revolt. The Cornish quickly joined the men of Devon in the <a href="/wiki/Prayer_Book_Rebellion" title="Prayer Book Rebellion">Prayer Book Rebellion</a> and Exeter was besieged until relieved by Lord Russell.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Cornish had a particular motivation for opposing the new English language prayer book, as there were still many monoglot <a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a> speakers in West Cornwall. The <a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish language</a> declined rapidly afterwards and the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Monasteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolution of the Monasteries">Dissolution of the Monasteries</a> resulted in the eventual loss of the Cornish language as a primary language. By the end of the 18th century it was no longer a first language. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_West" title="Council of the West">Council of the West</a> was a short-lived administrative body established by Henry VIII for the government of the western counties of England. It was analogous in form to the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_North" title="Council of the North">Council of the North</a>. The council was established in March 1539, with <a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_of_Bedford" title="John Russell, 1st Earl of Bedford">Lord Russell</a> as its Lord President. Members included Thomas Derby, Sir Piers Edgcumbe, Sir Richard Pollard and John Rowe. However, the fall of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cromwell,_1st_Earl_of_Essex" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Cromwell, 1st Earl of Essex">Thomas Cromwell</a>, the chief political supporter of government by Councils, and the tranquillity of the western counties made it largely superfluous. It last sat in summer 1540, although it was never formally abolished.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="17th_century">17th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_West_England&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 17th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Channel_floods,_1607" class="mw-redirect" title="Bristol Channel floods, 1607">Bristol Channel floods of 1607</a> are believed to have affected large parts of the <a href="/wiki/Somerset_Levels" title="Somerset Levels">Somerset Levels</a>, with flooding up to 8 feet (2 m) above sea level.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1625, a House of Correction was established in <a href="/wiki/Shepton_Mallet" title="Shepton Mallet">Shepton Mallet</a>, and when it closed <a href="/wiki/Shepton_Mallet_(HM_Prison)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shepton Mallet (HM Prison)">HMP Shepton Mallet</a> was England's oldest prison still in use.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Disney_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Disney-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a>, Somerset was largely <a href="/wiki/Roundhead" title="Roundhead">Parliamentarian</a>, although <a href="/wiki/Dunster" title="Dunster">Dunster</a> was a Royalist stronghold. The county saw important battles between the <a href="/wiki/Cavalier" title="Cavalier">Royalists</a> and the Parliamentarians, notably at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lansdowne" title="Battle of Lansdowne">Lansdowne</a> in 1643 and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Langport" title="Battle of Langport">Langport</a> in 1645.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bristol was occupied by Royalist military, after they overran <a href="/wiki/Royal_Fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Fort">Royal Fort</a>, the last Parliamentarian stronghold in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-Bristol_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bristol-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Taunton_Castle" title="Taunton Castle">Taunton Castle</a> had fallen into ruin by 1600 but it was repaired during the Civil War. The castle changed hands several times during 1642–45 along with the town.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Taunton" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Taunton">Siege of Taunton</a> it was defended by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Blake_(admiral)" title="Robert Blake (admiral)">Robert Blake</a>, from July 1644 to July 1645. After the war, in 1662, the keep was demolished and only the base remains. This war resulted in castles being slighted (destroyed to prevent their re-use).<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Scott,_Duke_of_Monmouth_and_Buccleuch_by_William_Wissing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/James_Scott%2C_Duke_of_Monmouth_and_Buccleuch_by_William_Wissing.jpg/170px-James_Scott%2C_Duke_of_Monmouth_and_Buccleuch_by_William_Wissing.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/James_Scott%2C_Duke_of_Monmouth_and_Buccleuch_by_William_Wissing.jpg/255px-James_Scott%2C_Duke_of_Monmouth_and_Buccleuch_by_William_Wissing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/James_Scott%2C_Duke_of_Monmouth_and_Buccleuch_by_William_Wissing.jpg/340px-James_Scott%2C_Duke_of_Monmouth_and_Buccleuch_by_William_Wissing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2920" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/James_Scott,_1st_Duke_of_Monmouth" title="James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth">James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1685, <a href="/wiki/James_Scott,_1st_Duke_of_Monmouth" title="James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth">the Duke of Monmouth</a> led the <a href="/wiki/Monmouth_Rebellion" title="Monmouth Rebellion">Monmouth Rebellion</a> in which a force partly raised in Somerset fought against <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II</a>. The rebels landed at <a href="/wiki/Lyme_Regis" title="Lyme Regis">Lyme Regis</a> and travelled north hoping to capture <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath</a>, Puritan soldiers damaged the west front of <a href="/wiki/Wells_Cathedral" title="Wells Cathedral">Wells Cathedral</a>, tore lead from the roof to make bullets, broke the windows, smashed the organ and the furnishings, and for a time stabled their horses in the nave.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were defeated in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sedgemoor" title="Battle of Sedgemoor">Battle of Sedgemoor</a> at <a href="/wiki/Westonzoyland" title="Westonzoyland">Westonzoyland</a>, the last battle fought on English soil.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Bloody_Assizes" title="Bloody Assizes">Bloody Assizes</a> which followed saw the losers being sentenced to death or <a href="/wiki/Penal_transportation" title="Penal transportation">transportation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time of the <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">King James II</a> gathered his main forces, altogether about 19,000 men, at <a href="/wiki/Salisbury" title="Salisbury">Salisbury</a>, James himself arriving there on 19 November 1688. The first blood was shed at the <a href="/wiki/Wincanton_Skirmish" title="Wincanton Skirmish">Wincanton Skirmish</a> in <a href="/wiki/Somerset" title="Somerset">Somerset</a>. In Salisbury, James heard that some of his officers, such as <a href="/wiki/Edward_Hyde,_3rd_Earl_of_Clarendon" title="Edward Hyde, 3rd Earl of Clarendon">Edward Hyde</a>, had deserted, and he broke out in a nose-bleed which he took as a bad omen. His commander in chief, the <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Duras,_2nd_Earl_of_Feversham" title="Louis de Duras, 2nd Earl of Feversham">Earl of Feversham</a>, advised retreat on 23 November, and the next day <a href="/wiki/John_Churchill,_1st_Duke_of_Marlborough" title="John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough">John Churchill</a> deserted to William. On 26 November, James's daughter <a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Princess Anne</a> did the same, and James returned to London the same day, never again to be at the head of a serious military force in England.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_history">Modern history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_West_England&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Modern history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since 1650, the City of <a href="/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth">Plymouth</a> has grown to become the largest city in Devon, mainly due to the naval base at <a href="/wiki/Devonport,_Devon" class="mw-redirect" title="Devonport, Devon">Devonport</a>. <a href="/wiki/HMNB_Devonport" title="HMNB Devonport">Her Majesty's Naval Base (HMNB) Devonport</a> is one of three operating bases in the United Kingdom for the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>. HMNB Devonport is now the largest naval base in Western Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-hmnbdevonport_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hmnbdevonport-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The large <a href="/wiki/Portland_Harbour" title="Portland Harbour">Portland Harbour</a>, built at the end of the 19th century and protected by <a href="/wiki/Nothe_Fort" title="Nothe Fort">Nothe Fort</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Verne_Citadel" title="Verne Citadel">Verne Citadel</a>, was for many years, including during the wars, another of the largest Royal Navy bases. </p><p>The 19th century saw improvements to roads in the region with the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Turnpike_trust" title="Turnpike trust">turnpikes</a> and the building of canals and railways. The usefulness of the canals was short-lived, though they have now been restored for recreation. <a href="/wiki/Chard,_Somerset" title="Chard, Somerset">Chard</a> claims to be the birthplace of <a href="/wiki/Powered_flight" class="mw-redirect" title="Powered flight">powered flight</a>, in 1848 when the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Victorian Age">Victorian</a> aeronautical pioneer <a href="/wiki/John_Stringfellow" title="John Stringfellow">John Stringfellow</a> first demonstrated that engine-powered flight was possible through his work on the <a href="/wiki/Aerial_Steam_Carriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerial Steam Carriage">Aerial Steam Carriage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ChardFirst_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChardFirst-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/North_Petherton" title="North Petherton">North Petherton</a> was the first town in England (and one of the few ever) to be lit by <a href="/wiki/Acetylene" title="Acetylene">acetylene</a> gas lighting.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portiishead_power_station.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Portiishead_power_station.jpg/220px-Portiishead_power_station.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Portiishead_power_station.jpg/330px-Portiishead_power_station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Portiishead_power_station.jpg/440px-Portiishead_power_station.jpg 2x" data-file-width="862" data-file-height="585" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Portishead_power_station" title="Portishead power station">Portishead power station</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Around the 1860s, at the height of the iron and steel era, a <a href="/wiki/Pier" title="Pier">pier</a> and a deep-water <a href="/wiki/Dock_(maritime)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dock (maritime)">dock</a> were built, at <a href="/wiki/Portishead,_Somerset" title="Portishead, Somerset">Portishead</a> to accommodate the large ships that had difficulty in reaching <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Harbour" title="Bristol Harbour">Bristol Harbour</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Portishead_power_station" title="Portishead power station">Portishead power stations</a> were coal-fed <a href="/wiki/Power_station" title="Power station">power stations</a> built next to the dock. Industrial activities ceased in the dock with the closure of the power stations. The Port of Bristol Authority finally closed the dock in 1992,<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it has now been developed into a marina and residential area. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> many soldiers from the South West were killed, and war memorials were put up in most of the towns and villages; only a few villages escaped casualties. There were also casualties – though much fewer – during the Second World War, who were added to the memorials. Several areas were bases for troops preparing for the 1944 <a href="/wiki/D-Day" class="mw-redirect" title="D-Day">D-Day</a> landings. <a href="/wiki/Exercise_Tiger" title="Exercise Tiger">Exercise Tiger</a>, or Operation Tiger, was the code names for a full-scale rehearsal in 1944 for the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">D-Day</a> invasion of <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a>. The British Government evacuated approximately 3,000 local residents in the area of <a href="/wiki/Slapton,_Devon" title="Slapton, Devon">Slapton</a>, now <a href="/wiki/South_Hams" title="South Hams">South Hams District</a> of <a href="/wiki/Devon" title="Devon">Devon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of them had never left their villages before.<sup id="cite_ref-stokes_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stokes-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bristol's city centre suffered severe damage from <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a> bombing during the <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Blitz" title="Bristol Blitz">Bristol Blitz</a> of World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Ordnance_Factory" title="Royal Ordnance Factory">Royal Ordnance Factory</a> <a href="/wiki/ROF_Bridgwater" title="ROF Bridgwater">ROF Bridgwater</a> was constructed early in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Supply_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Supply (United Kingdom)">Ministry of Supply</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cocroft_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cocroft-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Taunton_Stop_Line" title="Taunton Stop Line">Taunton Stop Line</a> was set up to resist a potential German invasion, and the remains of its <a href="/wiki/Bunker" title="Bunker">pill boxes</a> can still be seen, as well as others along the coast.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PorlockVale.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/PorlockVale.jpg/220px-PorlockVale.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/PorlockVale.jpg/330px-PorlockVale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/PorlockVale.jpg/440px-PorlockVale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Porlock" title="Porlock">Porlock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Exmoor" title="Exmoor">Exmoor</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Exmoor" title="Exmoor">Exmoor</a> was one of the first British National Parks, designated in 1954, under the 1949 <a href="/wiki/National_Parks_and_Access_to_the_Countryside_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act">National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-authority_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-authority-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is named after its main river. It was expanded in 1991 and in 1993 Exmoor was designated as an <a href="/wiki/Environmentally_Sensitive_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmentally Sensitive Area">Environmentally Sensitive Area</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Quantock_Hills" title="Quantock Hills">Quantock Hills</a> were designated as an <a href="/wiki/Area_of_Outstanding_Natural_Beauty" title="Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty">Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty</a> (AONB) in 1956, the first such designation in England under the <a href="/wiki/National_Parks_and_Access_to_the_Countryside_Act_1949" title="National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949">National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Mendip_Hills" title="Mendip Hills">Mendip Hills</a> followed with AONB designation in 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_West_England&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BernardLovell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/BernardLovell.jpg/220px-BernardLovell.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/BernardLovell.jpg/330px-BernardLovell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/BernardLovell.jpg/440px-BernardLovell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="951" /></a><figcaption>Bernard Lovell</figcaption></figure> <p>Much of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Beams" title="Battle of the Beams">Battle of the Beams</a> was carried out at the <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_Research_Establishment" title="Telecommunications Research Establishment">Telecommunications Research Establishment</a> at <a href="/wiki/Worth_Matravers" title="Worth Matravers">Worth Matravers</a> in Dorset; the <a href="/wiki/H2S_(radar)" title="H2S (radar)">H2S</a> radar was developed by Sir <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lovell" title="Bernard Lovell">Bernard Lovell</a> of Bristol. The <a href="/wiki/Gloster_Meteor" title="Gloster Meteor">Gloster Meteor</a> at <a href="/wiki/Classic_Air_Force" title="Classic Air Force">Newquay Air Museum</a> is the oldest flying jet aircraft in the world. <a href="/wiki/Long_Ashton_Research_Station" title="Long Ashton Research Station">Long Ashton Research Station</a> in Somerset invented <a href="/wiki/Ribena" title="Ribena">Ribena</a> (for population health in World War II) and improved cider. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scientific_heritage">Scientific heritage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_West_England&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Scientific heritage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/William_Herschel" title="William Herschel">William Herschel</a>, previously a clarinet player, of Bath discovered <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> radiation on 11 February 1800, and the planet <a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a> in March 1781; he had made important improvements to the <a href="/wiki/Reflecting_telescope" title="Reflecting telescope">reflecting telescope</a> by increasing the mirror diameter. Herschel then built a 20-ft reflecting telescope and invented the <a href="/wiki/Star_count" title="Star count">star count</a>, working out that the <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a> is a disc, which he called a <i>grindstone</i>, and that it is a galaxy. Sir <a href="/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke" title="Arthur C. Clarke">Arthur C. Clarke</a> of <a href="/wiki/Minehead" title="Minehead">Minehead</a> invented the idea of artificial <a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">satellites</a>; he sent a letter to <a href="/wiki/Harry_Wexler" title="Harry Wexler">Harry Wexler</a> who then developed the first <a href="/wiki/Weather_satellite" title="Weather satellite">weather satellite</a> <a href="/wiki/TIROS-1" title="TIROS-1">TIROS-1</a>. Sir <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Eddington" title="Arthur Eddington">Arthur Eddington</a> of Weston-super-Mare was the first to realise that <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fusion" title="Nuclear fusion">nuclear fusion</a> powered the Sun; at the 1920 <a href="/wiki/British_Science_Association" title="British Science Association">British Association</a> meeting he said that the Sun converted hydrogen into helium, although the mechanism was not known until 1933. <a href="/wiki/James_Bradley" title="James Bradley">James Bradley</a> was an important astronomer from Gloucestershire, who discovered the <a href="/wiki/Aberration_of_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Aberration of light">aberration of light</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jan_Ingenhousz" title="Jan Ingenhousz">Jan Ingenhousz</a>, the Dutch biologist, discovered <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a> in 1779 at <a href="/wiki/Bowood_House" title="Bowood House">Bowood House</a> in Wiltshire; on 1 August 1774, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Joseph Priestley</a> discovered oxygen there too. A fossil of the oldest ancestor of the <a href="/wiki/Tyrannosaurus" title="Tyrannosaurus">Tyrannosaurus</a> was found in Gloucestershire; <a href="/wiki/Mary_Anning" title="Mary Anning">Mary Anning</a> was a famous fossil collector from <a href="/wiki/Lyme_Regis" title="Lyme Regis">Lyme Regis</a>. <a href="/wiki/Edward_Jenner" title="Edward Jenner">Edward Jenner</a>, pioneer of vaccination, was from Gloucestershire. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industrial_heritage">Industrial heritage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_West_England&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Industrial heritage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sir <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Baker_(engineer)" title="Benjamin Baker (engineer)">Benjamin Baker</a> from Cheltenham jointly-designed the 1890 <a href="/wiki/Forth_Bridge" title="Forth Bridge">Forth Bridge</a>. <a href="/wiki/William_Murdoch" title="William Murdoch">William Murdoch</a> in 1792 lit his house in Redruth with gas, the first in Britain. <a href="/wiki/Plasticine" title="Plasticine">Plasticine</a> was invented 1897 in Bath by <a href="/wiki/William_Harbutt" title="William Harbutt">William Harbutt</a>. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Young_(scientist)" title="Thomas Young (scientist)">Thomas Young</a> of Somerset is known for his <a href="/wiki/Double-slit_experiment" title="Double-slit experiment">double-slit experiment</a> in optics, and in <a href="/wiki/Solid_mechanics" title="Solid mechanics">solid mechanics</a> for his famous <a href="/wiki/Young%27s_modulus" title="Young's modulus">Young's modulus</a>. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Fox_Talbot" title="Henry Fox Talbot">Henry Fox Talbot</a>, inventor of a <a href="/wiki/Negative_(photography)" title="Negative (photography)">negative-positive</a> <a href="/wiki/Calotype" title="Calotype">process</a> in 1841, from Wiltshire made the first photograph in August 1835; <a href="/wiki/Nic%C3%A9phore_Ni%C3%A9pce" title="Nicéphore Niépce">Nicéphore Niépce</a> of France can claim the <a href="/wiki/View_from_the_Window_at_Le_Gras" title="View from the Window at Le Gras">first photo</a> in 1826; <a href="/wiki/William_Friese-Greene" title="William Friese-Greene">William Friese-Greene</a> of Bristol is thought to be the <i>father of cinematography</i> after inventing his <i>chronophotographic camera</i> in 1889. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hinkley_Point_A_nuclear_power_station" title="Hinkley Point A nuclear power station">Hinkley Point A nuclear power station</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Magnox" title="Magnox">Magnox</a> <a href="/wiki/Power_station" title="Power station">power station</a> constructed between 1957 and 1962 and operating until ceasing generation in 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hinkley_Point_B_nuclear_power_station" title="Hinkley Point B nuclear power station">Hinkley Point B</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Advanced_gas_cooled_reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced gas cooled reactor">Advanced Gas-cooled Reactor</a> (AGR) which was designed to generate 1250 MW of electricity (<a href="/wiki/MWe#Electrical_and_thermal" class="mw-redirect" title="MWe">MWe</a>). Construction of Hinkley Point B started in 1967. In September 2008 it was announced, by <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lectricit%C3%A9_de_France" title="Électricité de France">Électricité de France</a> (EDF), that a third, twin-unit <a href="/wiki/EPR_(nuclear_reactor)" title="EPR (nuclear reactor)">European Pressurised Reactor</a> (EPR) power station known as <a href="/wiki/Hinkley_Point_C_nuclear_power_station" title="Hinkley Point C nuclear power station">Hinkley Point C</a> is planned,<sup id="cite_ref-new_dawn_for_Uk_nuclear_power_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-new_dawn_for_Uk_nuclear_power-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to replace Hinkley Point B which was due for closure in 2016,<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> now extended until 2022. In 1989 the <a href="/wiki/Berkeley_nuclear_power_station" title="Berkeley nuclear power station">Berkeley nuclear power station</a> was the first in the UK to be decommissioned. The <a href="/wiki/Steam-generating_heavy_water_reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Steam-generating heavy water reactor">steam-generating heavy water reactor</a> was developed at <a href="/wiki/Winfrith" title="Winfrith">Winfrith</a> in Dorset. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Edgar_F._Codd" title="Edgar F. Codd">Ted Codd</a>, inventor of databases and <a href="/wiki/SQL" title="SQL">SQL</a>, was from Poole. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Campden_BRI&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Campden BRI (page does not exist)">Campden BRI</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ebrington" title="Ebrington">Ebrington</a> in north-east Gloucestershire was an important research centre for <a href="/wiki/Canning" title="Canning">canned food</a>; <a href="/wiki/J._S._Fry_%26_Sons" title="J. S. Fry & Sons">J. S. Fry & Sons</a> of Bristol made world's first chocolate bar in 1847. </p><p>The first <a href="/wiki/Carpet" title="Carpet">carpets</a> were made in Britain in 1741 at <a href="/wiki/Wilton,_Wiltshire" title="Wilton, Wiltshire">Wilton, Wiltshire</a>. In 1698, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Savery" title="Thomas Savery">Thomas Savery</a> of Devon developed an early <a href="/wiki/Steam_engine" title="Steam engine">steam engine</a>; <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Newcomen" title="Thomas Newcomen">Thomas Newcomen</a> from Dartmouth made another early steam engine in 1710. <a href="/wiki/Edward_Butler_(inventor)" title="Edward Butler (inventor)">Edward Butler</a>, a farmer from Devon born in <a href="/wiki/Bickington" title="Bickington">Bickington</a> in 1862, invented the petrol engine. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_West_England&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Regional_profile_of_the_South_West.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Regional_profile_of_the_South_West.png/220px-Regional_profile_of_the_South_West.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="444" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Regional_profile_of_the_South_West.png/330px-Regional_profile_of_the_South_West.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Regional_profile_of_the_South_West.png/440px-Regional_profile_of_the_South_West.png 2x" data-file-width="2917" data-file-height="5886" /></a><figcaption>Regional profile of the South West in 2011</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_West_of_England_population_pyramid_2020.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/South_West_of_England_population_pyramid_2020.svg/200px-South_West_of_England_population_pyramid_2020.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/South_West_of_England_population_pyramid_2020.svg/300px-South_West_of_England_population_pyramid_2020.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/South_West_of_England_population_pyramid_2020.svg/400px-South_West_of_England_population_pyramid_2020.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3164" data-file-height="2546" /></a><figcaption>Population pyramid of the South West in 2020</figcaption></figure><p>At the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Census_2021" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom Census 2021">2021 census</a>, the population of the South West region was 5,701,186 <sup id="cite_ref-ons.gov.uk_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ons.gov.uk-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has long been one of the fastest-growing regions in England and its 2021 population had increased by 7.8% since 2011 (when it was 5,288,935), and by 15.7% over the 2001 figure (4,928,434). </p><p>At the 2021 census, the proportion of white people in the region decreased from 95.4% to 93.1%, while the proportion of black and Asian residents increased significantly. At that time, 87.8% of the region's residents were classed as White British, which was higher than the England average of 73.5%.<sup id="cite_ref-ons.gov.uk_120-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ons.gov.uk-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The region had the oldest <a href="/wiki/Population_pyramid" title="Population pyramid">median age</a> in England; in the 2011 census, <a href="/wiki/West_Somerset" title="West Somerset">West Somerset</a> had the UK's oldest average age – almost 48. The region had the second-highest proportion (23%) of rural population in the UK, after Northern Ireland. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical Population of the South West of England</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Per annum growth rate" class="abbr-header">±% p.a.</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1801</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,355,811</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1811</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,498,569</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.01%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1821</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,754,725</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.59%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1831</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,981,488</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.22%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1841</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">2,173,157</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+0.93%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1851</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,263,070</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.41%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1861</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,319,593</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.25%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1881</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,444,167</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.26%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1891</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,543,186</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.40%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1911</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">2,825,046</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+0.53%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1921</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,877,866</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.19%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1931</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,989,977</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.38%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1951</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">3,483,675</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.77%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1961</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">3,693,029</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.59%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1971</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">4,132,770</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+1.13%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1981</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">4,163,729</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.07%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1991</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">4,610,241</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.02%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2001</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">4,928,364</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.67%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2011</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">5,288,935</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.71%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2021</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">5,701,186</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.75%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: A Vision of Britain through Time<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnicity">Ethnicity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_West_England&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Ethnicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="3">Ethnic group </th> <th colspan="8">Year </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">1991<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">2001<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">2011<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">2021<sup id="cite_ref-ons.gov.uk_120-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ons.gov.uk-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/White_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="White people in the United Kingdom">White</a>: Total </th> <th>4,546,848 </th> <th>98.6% </th> <th>4,815,316 </th> <th>97.7% </th> <th>5,046,429 </th> <th>95.41% </th> <th>5,309,608 </th> <th>93.1% </th></tr> <tr> <td>White: <a href="/wiki/White_British" title="White British">British</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>4,701,602 </td> <td>95.39% </td> <td>4,855,676 </td> <td>91.8% </td> <td>5,008,149 </td> <td>87.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td>White: <a href="/wiki/Irish_Briton" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Briton">Irish</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>32,484 </td> <td>0.65% </td> <td>28,616 </td> <td>0.54% </td> <td>31,698 </td> <td>0.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td>White: <a href="/wiki/Irish_Traveller" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Traveller">Irish Traveller</a>/<a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Gypsy</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>5,631 </td> <td> </td> <td>6,382 </td> <td>0.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>White: Roma </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>5,785 </td> <td>0.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>White: <a href="/wiki/White_Other_(United_Kingdom_Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="White Other (United Kingdom Census)">Other</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>81,230 </td> <td>1.64% </td> <td>156,506 </td> <td>2.95% </td> <td>257,594 </td> <td>4.5% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/British_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="British Asian">Asian or Asian British</a>: Total </th> <th>28,368 </th> <th>0.6% </th> <th>45,522 </th> <th>0.92% </th> <th>105,537 </th> <th>1.99% </th> <th>159,184 </th> <th>2.8% </th></tr> <tr> <td>Asian or Asian British: <a href="/wiki/Non-resident_Indian_and_person_of_Indian_origin" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin">Indian</a> </td> <td>10,915 </td> <td> </td> <td>16,394 </td> <td> </td> <td>34,188 </td> <td> </td> <td>58,847 </td> <td>1.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asian or Asian British: <a href="/wiki/British_Pakistani" class="mw-redirect" title="British Pakistani">Pakistani</a> </td> <td>3,925 </td> <td> </td> <td>6,729 </td> <td> </td> <td>11,622 </td> <td> </td> <td>17,432 </td> <td>0.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asian or Asian British: <a href="/wiki/British_Bangladeshi" class="mw-redirect" title="British Bangladeshi">Bangladeshi</a> </td> <td>2,308 </td> <td> </td> <td>4,816 </td> <td> </td> <td>8,416 </td> <td> </td> <td>12,217 </td> <td>0.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asian or Asian British: <a href="/wiki/British_Chinese" title="British Chinese">Chinese</a> </td> <td>6,687 </td> <td> </td> <td>12,722 </td> <td> </td> <td>22,243 </td> <td> </td> <td>26,516 </td> <td>0.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asian or Asian British: <a href="/wiki/British_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="British Asian">Asian Other</a> </td> <td>4,533 </td> <td> </td> <td>4,861 </td> <td> </td> <td>29,068 </td> <td> </td> <td>44,172 </td> <td>0.8% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Black_British_people" title="Black British people">Black or Black British</a>: Total </th> <th>21,779 </th> <th>0.5% </th> <th>20,920 </th> <th>0.42% </th> <th>49,476 </th> <th>0.93% </th> <th>69,614 </th> <th>1.3% </th></tr> <tr> <td>Black or Black British: <a href="/wiki/Black_British" class="mw-redirect" title="Black British">African</a> </td> <td>2,820 </td> <td> </td> <td>6,171 </td> <td> </td> <td>24,226 </td> <td> </td> <td>43,318 </td> <td>0.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Black or Black British: <a href="/wiki/British_African-Caribbean_community" class="mw-redirect" title="British African-Caribbean community">Caribbean</a> </td> <td>12,387 </td> <td> </td> <td>12,405 </td> <td> </td> <td>15,129 </td> <td> </td> <td>17,226 </td> <td>0.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Black or Black British: <a href="/wiki/Other_Black" class="mw-redirect" title="Other Black">Other</a> </td> <td>6,572 </td> <td> </td> <td>2,344 </td> <td> </td> <td>10,121 </td> <td> </td> <td>9,070 </td> <td>0.2% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mixed_(United_Kingdom_ethnicity_category)" title="Mixed (United Kingdom ethnicity category)">Mixed</a>: Total </th> <th>– </th> <th>– </th> <th>37,371 </th> <th>0.75% </th> <th>71,884 </th> <th>1.35% </th> <th>114,074 </th> <th>2% </th></tr> <tr> <td>Mixed: <a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">White</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_African-Caribbean_community" class="mw-redirect" title="British African-Caribbean community">Caribbean</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>13,343 </td> <td> </td> <td>25,669 </td> <td> </td> <td>33,217 </td> <td>0.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mixed: <a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">White</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_British" class="mw-redirect" title="Black British">African</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>3,917 </td> <td> </td> <td>8,550 </td> <td> </td> <td>15,644 </td> <td>0.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mixed: <a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">White</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="British Asian">Asian</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>11,198 </td> <td> </td> <td>21,410 </td> <td> </td> <td>34,960 </td> <td>0.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mixed: <a href="/wiki/Multiracial" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiracial">Other Mixed</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>8,913 </td> <td> </td> <td>16,255 </td> <td> </td> <td>30,253 </td> <td>0.5% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Other: Total </th> <th>12,429 </th> <th>0.3% </th> <th>9,305 </th> <th>0.18% </th> <th>15,609 </th> <th>0.29% </th> <th>48,706 </th> <th>0.9% </th></tr> <tr> <td>Other: <a href="/wiki/Arab_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab people">Arab</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>5,692 </td> <td> </td> <td>10,302 </td> <td>0.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other: Any other ethnic group </td> <td>12,429 </td> <td>0.3% </td> <td>9,305 </td> <td>0.18% </td> <td>9,917 </td> <td> </td> <td>38,404 </td> <td>0.7% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Ethnic minority: Total </th> <th>62,576 </th> <th>1.4% </th> <th>113,118 </th> <th>2.3% </th> <th>242,506 </th> <th>4.6% </th> <th>391,578 </th> <th>6.9% </th></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total </th> <th>4,609,424 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>4,928,434 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>5,288,935 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>5,701,186 </th> <th>100% </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_West_England&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Religion in South West England </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Religion </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/2021_United_Kingdom_census" title="2021 United Kingdom census">2021</a><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/2011_United_Kingdom_census" title="2011 United Kingdom census">2011</a><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/2001_United_Kingdom_census" title="2001 United Kingdom census">2001</a><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Number </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th>Number </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th>Number </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Britain" title="History of Christianity in Britain">Christianity</a> </td> <td>2,635,872 </td> <td>46.2% </td> <td>3,194,066 </td> <td>60.4% </td> <td>3,646,488 </td> <td>74.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Islam in the United Kingdom">Islam</a> </td> <td>80,152 </td> <td>1.4% </td> <td>51,228 </td> <td>1.0% </td> <td>23,465 </td> <td>0.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hinduism in the United Kingdom">Hinduism</a> </td> <td>27,746 </td> <td>0.5% </td> <td>16,324 </td> <td>0.3% </td> <td>8,288 </td> <td>0.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Buddhism in the United Kingdom">Buddhism</a> </td> <td>24,579 </td> <td>0.4% </td> <td>19,730 </td> <td>0.4% </td> <td>11,299 </td> <td>0.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Sikhism in the United Kingdom">Sikhism</a> </td> <td>7,465 </td> <td>0.1% </td> <td>5,892 </td> <td>0.1% </td> <td>4,614 </td> <td>0.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the Jews in the United Kingdom">Judaism</a> </td> <td>7,387 </td> <td>0.1% </td> <td>6,365 </td> <td>0.1% </td> <td>6,747 </td> <td>0.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other religion </td> <td>36,884 </td> <td>0.6% </td> <td>29,279 </td> <td>0.6% </td> <td>18,221 </td> <td>0.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Irreligion in the United Kingdom">No religion</a> </td> <td>2,513,369 </td> <td>44.1% </td> <td>1,549,201 </td> <td>29.3% </td> <td>825,461 </td> <td>16.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Religion not stated </td> <td>367,732 </td> <td>6.5% </td> <td>416,850 </td> <td>7.9% </td> <td>383,851 </td> <td>7.8% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total population </th> <th><b>5,701,186</b> </th> <th><b>100%</b> </th> <th><b>5,288,935</b> </th> <th><b>100%</b> </th> <th><b>4,928,434</b> </th> <th><b>100%</b> </th></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Housing">Housing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_West_England&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Housing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>35% of people in the region own their homes outright, with no debt, the highest in the UK. The Cotswold district had the biggest house price increases in the region, and the second-biggest in the UK outside of London and the South-East, in a March 2015 survey. <a href="/wiki/Weymouth_and_Portland" title="Weymouth and Portland">Weymouth and Portland</a> has the highest council tax in England. West Somerset has the lowest average full-time pay at £287; West Somerset is also the district where poor children do much worse than wealthier children at school, with some of the worst differences in the UK, according to <a href="/wiki/Ambition_School_Leadership" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambition School Leadership">Ambition School Leadership</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Teenage_pregnancy">Teenage pregnancy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_West_England&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Teenage pregnancy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For top-tier authorities, Torbay has the highest teenage pregnancy rate in the region,<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with Exeter the highest rate for council districts. For top-tier authorities, North Somerset (closely followed by Bath & NE Somerset) has the lowest rate, with <a href="/wiki/Cotswold_(district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cotswold (district)">Cotswold</a> having the lowest rate for council districts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_West_England&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Health"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The population in the region with the highest obesity level is <a href="/wiki/Sedgemoor" title="Sedgemoor">Sedgemoor</a> in Somerset, with 73.4%, the fifth in the UK.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> North Dorset has the lowest proportion of cancer deaths in England – 97 per 100,000 (the England average is 142 per 100,000), down from 162 ten years earlier.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (January 2024)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the 2011 census, East Dorset had the highest rate of marriage in the UK; East Dorset also has the third-highest life expectancy for men in the UK at 82.7.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crime">Crime</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_West_England&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Crime"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For England and Wales in 2015, <a href="/wiki/Wiltshire_Police" title="Wiltshire Police">Wiltshire</a> has the fourth-lowest crime rate, and <a href="/wiki/Devon_and_Cornwall_Police" title="Devon and Cornwall Police">Devon and Cornwall</a> has the fifth-lowest. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deprivation">Deprivation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_West_England&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Deprivation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As measured by the <a href="/wiki/Indices_of_deprivation_2007" title="Indices of deprivation 2007">English Indices of Deprivation 2007</a>, the region shows similarities with <a href="/wiki/Southern_England" title="Southern England">Southern England</a> in having more <a href="/wiki/Super_Output_Areas" class="mw-redirect" title="Super Output Areas">Lower Layer Super Output Areas</a> in the 20% least <a href="/wiki/Multiple_deprivation_index" title="Multiple deprivation index">multiple deprived</a> districts than the 20% most deprived.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The relative amount of deprivation is similar to the <a href="/wiki/East_Midlands" title="East Midlands">East Midlands</a>, except the South West has many fewer deprived areas. According to the LSOA data in 2007, the most deprived districts<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (before Cornwall became a unitary authority) were, in descending order: Bristol (64th in England), Torbay (71st), Plymouth (77th), <a href="/wiki/Kerrier" title="Kerrier">Kerrier</a> (86th), <a href="/wiki/Restormel" title="Restormel">Restormel</a> (89th), <a href="/wiki/North_Cornwall" title="North Cornwall">North Cornwall</a> (96th), and West Somerset (106th). At county level, the deprived areas are City of Bristol (49th in England), Torbay (55th), Plymouth (58th), and Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly (69th). </p><p>The least deprived council districts are, in descending order: East Dorset, North Wiltshire, South Gloucestershire, Cotswold, Kennet, Stroud, Tewkesbury, West Wiltshire, Salisbury, and Bath and North East Somerset. At county level, the least deprived areas, in descending order, are South Gloucestershire, Wiltshire, Bath and North East Somerset, Dorset, Gloucestershire, Poole, North Somerset, and Somerset. For smaller areas, the least-deprived in the region are E01015563 (139th in England) – Shaw and Nine Elms ward, in north Swindon; E01014791 (163rd in England) – Portishead East ward, in North Somerset off the A369 in <a href="/wiki/Portishead_and_North_Weston" class="mw-redirect" title="Portishead and North Weston">Portishead and North Weston</a>; E01020377 (184th in England) – <a href="/wiki/Colehill" title="Colehill">Colehill</a> East ward, in East Dorset, east of Wimborne Minster. </p><p>In March 2011, the region had the second-lowest <a href="/wiki/Jobseeker%27s_Allowance" title="Jobseeker's Allowance">unemployment claimant</a> count in England, second to <a href="/wiki/South_East_England" title="South East England">South East England</a>, with 2.7%. Inside the region, <a href="/wiki/Torbay" title="Torbay">Torbay</a> has the highest rate with 4.5%, followed by Bristol and Plymouth with 3.8%. East Dorset has the lowest rate with 1.4%.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_West_England&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/West_Country_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="West Country dialects">West Country dialects</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish language</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish language</a> evolved from the <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Brythonic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwestern Brythonic languages">Southwestern</a> dialect of the <a href="/wiki/Common_Brittonic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Common Brittonic language">Brittonic language</a> spoken during the <a href="/wiki/British_Iron_Age" title="British Iron Age">Iron Age</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The area controlled by the Britons was progressively reduced by the expansion of <a href="/wiki/Wessex" title="Wessex">Wessex</a> after the 6th century, and in 936 <a href="/wiki/Athelstan_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Athelstan of England">Athelstan</a> set the east bank of the <a href="/wiki/River_Tamar" title="River Tamar">Tamar</a> as the boundary between <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon">Anglo-Saxon</a> <a href="/wiki/Wessex" title="Wessex">Wessex</a> and <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic</a> Cornwall.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Cornish language continued to flourish during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> but declined thereafter, and the last speaker of traditional Cornish died in the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Geographical names derived from the British language are widespread in South West England, and include several examples of the <a href="/wiki/River_Avon_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="River Avon (disambiguation)">River Avon</a>, from <i>abonā</i> = "river" (cf. <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a> <i>afon</i>), and the words "<a href="/wiki/Tor_(rock_formation)" title="Tor (rock formation)">tor</a>" and "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/combe" class="extiw" title="wikt:combe">combe</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until the 19th century, the <a href="/wiki/West_Country" title="West Country">West Country</a> and its dialects of the <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a> were largely protected from outside influences, due to its relative geographical isolation. The West Country dialects derive not from a corrupted form of modern English, but from the Southwestern dialects of <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a>, which themselves derived from the dialects of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Wessex" title="Wessex">Wessex</a>. <a href="/wiki/Late_West_Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Late West Saxon">Late West Saxon</a>, which formed the earliest English language standard, from the time of King Alfred until the late 11th century, is the form in which the majority of Anglo-Saxon texts are preserved. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Spencer_Baynes" title="Thomas Spencer Baynes">Thomas Spencer Baynes</a> claimed in 1856 that, due to its position at the heart of the Kingdom of Wessex, the relics of Anglo-Saxon accent, idiom and vocabulary were best preserved in the Somerset dialect. There is some influence from the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a> languages, depending on the specific location. </p><p>West Country dialects are commonly represented as "<a href="/wiki/Mummerset" title="Mummerset">Mummerset</a>", a kind of catchall southern <a href="/wiki/Rural" class="mw-redirect" title="Rural">rural</a> accent invented for broadcasting. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy_and_industry">Economy and industry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_West_England&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Economy and industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bristol_pw_from_ms.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Bristol_pw_from_ms.jpg/220px-Bristol_pw_from_ms.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Bristol_pw_from_ms.jpg/330px-Bristol_pw_from_ms.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Bristol_pw_from_ms.jpg/440px-Bristol_pw_from_ms.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="492" /></a><figcaption>Historic docks on <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Harbour" title="Bristol Harbour">Bristol Harbour</a>, within the region's most productive economy</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Porthcurno_Aerial_photo_TomCorser2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Porthcurno_Aerial_photo_TomCorser2005.jpg/220px-Porthcurno_Aerial_photo_TomCorser2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Porthcurno_Aerial_photo_TomCorser2005.jpg/330px-Porthcurno_Aerial_photo_TomCorser2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Porthcurno_Aerial_photo_TomCorser2005.jpg/440px-Porthcurno_Aerial_photo_TomCorser2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Since the decline of mining, Cornwall's economy has been reliant on agriculture and tourism</figcaption></figure> <p>The most economically productive areas within the region are Bristol, the <a href="/wiki/M4_corridor" title="M4 corridor">M4 corridor</a> and south east Dorset, which are the areas with the best links to London. Bristol alone accounts for a quarter of the region's economy, with the surrounding areas of Gloucestershire, Somerset and Wiltshire accounting for a further quarter.<sup id="cite_ref-eu_portrait_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eu_portrait-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bristol's economy has been built on maritime trade, including the import of tobacco and the <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">slave trade</a>. Since the early 20th century, however, <a href="/wiki/Aeronautics" title="Aeronautics">aeronautics</a> have taken over as the basis of Bristol's economy, with companies including <a href="/wiki/Airbus" title="Airbus">Airbus UK</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Holdings" title="Rolls-Royce Holdings">Rolls-Royce</a> (military division) and <a href="/wiki/BAE_Systems" title="BAE Systems">BAE Systems</a> (former <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Aeroplane_Company" title="Bristol Aeroplane Company">Bristol Aeroplane Company</a> then <a href="/wiki/British_Aircraft_Corporation" title="British Aircraft Corporation">BAC</a>) manufacturing in <a href="/wiki/Filton" title="Filton">Filton</a>. <a href="/wiki/Defence_Equipment_%26_Support" class="mw-redirect" title="Defence Equipment & Support">Defence Equipment & Support</a> is at <a href="/wiki/MoD_Abbey_Wood" class="mw-redirect" title="MoD Abbey Wood">MoD Abbey Wood</a>. More recently defence, telecommunications, information technology and electronics have been important industries in Bristol, Swindon and elsewhere. The <a href="/wiki/Driver_%26_Vehicle_Standards_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Driver & Vehicle Standards Agency">Driver & Vehicle Standards Agency</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Soil_Association" title="Soil Association">Soil Association</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clerical_Medical" title="Clerical Medical">Clerical Medical</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Water" title="Bristol Water">Bristol Water</a> are in Bristol; <a href="/wiki/Indesit" title="Indesit">Indesit</a> makes <a href="/wiki/Clothes_dryer" title="Clothes dryer">tumble dryers</a> in <a href="/wiki/Yate" title="Yate">Yate</a>; <a href="/wiki/Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">HP</a> and <a href="/wiki/Infineon_Technologies" title="Infineon Technologies">Infineon Technologies UK</a> are at <a href="/wiki/Stoke_Gifford" title="Stoke Gifford">Stoke Gifford</a>. <a href="/wiki/Knorr-Bremse" title="Knorr-Bremse">Knorr-Bremse UK</a> make <a href="/wiki/Air_brake_(road_vehicle)" title="Air brake (road vehicle)">air brakes</a> in <a href="/wiki/Emersons_Green" title="Emersons Green">Emersons Green</a>. The <a href="/wiki/South_West_Observatory" title="South West Observatory">South West Observatory</a>'s Economy Module provides a detailed analysis of the region's economy.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The region's <a href="/wiki/Gross_value_added" title="Gross value added">Gross value added</a> (GVA) breaks down as 69.9% <a href="/wiki/Service_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Service industry">service industry</a>, 28.1% <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">production industry</a> and 2.0% agriculture. This is a slightly higher proportion in production, and lower proportion in services, than the UK average. Agriculture, though in decline, is important in many parts of the region. <a href="/wiki/Dairy_farming" title="Dairy farming">Dairy farming</a> is especially important in Dorset and Devon, and the region has 1.76 million cattle, second to only one other UK region, and 3,520 square miles (9,117 km<sup>2</sup>) of grassland, more than any other region. Only 5.6% of the region's agriculture is <a href="/wiki/Arable_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Arable agriculture">arable</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-eu_portrait_136-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eu_portrait-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tourism is important in the region, and in 2003 the tourist sector contributed £4,928 million to the region's economy.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2001 the GVA of the hotel industry was £2,200 million, and the region had 13,800 hotels with 250,000 bed spaces.<sup id="cite_ref-eu_portrait_136-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eu_portrait-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are large differences in prosperity between the eastern parts of the region and the west. While Bristol is the second most affluent large city in England after London,<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> parts of Cornwall have among the lowest average incomes in Northern Europe. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ludgvan_field_penwith_cornwall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Ludgvan_field_penwith_cornwall.jpg/220px-Ludgvan_field_penwith_cornwall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Ludgvan_field_penwith_cornwall.jpg/330px-Ludgvan_field_penwith_cornwall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Ludgvan_field_penwith_cornwall.jpg/440px-Ludgvan_field_penwith_cornwall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Vegetable crop south of Ludgvan</figcaption></figure> <p>The region's <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_Advisory_Service" title="Manufacturing Advisory Service">Manufacturing Advisory Service</a> is on the <a href="/wiki/A38_road" title="A38 road">A38</a> north of Gloucester at <a href="/wiki/Twigworth" title="Twigworth">Twigworth</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/UK_Trade_%26_Investment" title="UK Trade & Investment">UK Trade & Investment</a> office is at the Leigh Court Business Centre in <a href="/wiki/Abbots_Leigh" title="Abbots Leigh">Abbots Leigh</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Somerset" title="North Somerset">North Somerset</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cornwall">Cornwall</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_West_England&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Cornwall"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cornwall" title="Economy of Cornwall">Economy of Cornwall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cornish_cuisine" title="Cornish cuisine">Cornish cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Davidstow_Creamery_-_geograph.org.uk_-_730296.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Davidstow_Creamery_-_geograph.org.uk_-_730296.jpg/220px-Davidstow_Creamery_-_geograph.org.uk_-_730296.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Davidstow_Creamery_-_geograph.org.uk_-_730296.jpg/330px-Davidstow_Creamery_-_geograph.org.uk_-_730296.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Davidstow_Creamery_-_geograph.org.uk_-_730296.jpg/440px-Davidstow_Creamery_-_geograph.org.uk_-_730296.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="393" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dairy_Crest" class="mw-redirect" title="Dairy Crest">Dairy Crest</a> have their main cheese creamery in <a href="/wiki/Davidstow" title="Davidstow">Davidstow</a> making <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_City_Cheddar" title="Cathedral City Cheddar">Cathedral City Cheddar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Davidstow_Cheddar" title="Davidstow Cheddar">Davidstow Cheddar</a> on the former <a href="/wiki/RAF_Davidstow_Moor" title="RAF Davidstow Moor">RAF Davidstow Moor</a>, and important wartime <a href="/wiki/RAF_Coastal_Command" title="RAF Coastal Command">RAF Coastal Command</a> airfield bought by <a href="/wiki/Cow_%26_Gate" title="Cow & Gate">Cow & Gate</a> in the 1950s</figcaption></figure> <p>Major companies in Cornwall include <a href="/wiki/Imerys" title="Imerys">Imerys</a> who are major producers of kaolin. <a href="/wiki/Rodda%27s" title="Rodda's">Rodda's</a> make <a href="/wiki/Clotted_cream" title="Clotted cream">clotted cream</a> near <a href="/wiki/Scorrier" title="Scorrier">Scorrier</a>, off the A30 east of Redruth. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fugro_Seacore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fugro Seacore (page does not exist)">Fugro Seacore</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mongleath" title="Mongleath">Mongleath</a> near Falmouth are leading offshore drilling contractors; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pendennis_(company)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pendennis (company) (page does not exist)">Pendennis</a> makes <a href="/wiki/Luxury_yacht" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxury yacht">luxury yachts</a> at <a href="/wiki/Falmouth_Docks" title="Falmouth Docks">Falmouth Docks</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kensa_Heat_Pumps&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kensa Heat Pumps (page does not exist)">Kensa Heat Pumps</a> are west of Truro. Cornish Country Larder, owned by Arla, make cheese (<a href="/wiki/Cornish_Brie" title="Cornish Brie">Cornish Brie</a>) at <a href="/wiki/Trevarrian" title="Trevarrian">Trevarrian</a> on the B3276 in <a href="/wiki/Mawgan-in-Pydar" class="mw-redirect" title="Mawgan-in-Pydar">Mawgan-in-Pydar</a>, north of <a href="/wiki/Newquay_Airport" title="Newquay Airport">Newquay Airport</a> (former <a href="/wiki/RAF_St_Mawgan" title="RAF St Mawgan">RAF St Mawgan</a>). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Allen_%26_Heath" title="Allen & Heath">Allen & Heath</a> make <a href="/wiki/Mixing_console" title="Mixing console">mixing consoles</a> in <a href="/wiki/Penryn,_Cornwall" title="Penryn, Cornwall">Penryn</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fourth_Element&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fourth Element (page does not exist)">Fourth Element</a> (wet suits) are on the A3083 at <a href="/wiki/Cury" title="Cury">Cury</a>, south of <a href="/wiki/RNAS_Culdrose_(HMS_Seahawk)" title="RNAS Culdrose (HMS Seahawk)">RNAS Culdrose</a> and Helston. <a href="/w/index.php?title=A.P._Valves&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A.P. Valves (page does not exist)">A.P. Valves</a> make diving equipment in Helston off the B3297 on Water-Ma-Trout Ind Estate, next to <a href="/wiki/Helston_Community_College" title="Helston Community College">Helston Community College</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spiral_Construction&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spiral Construction (page does not exist)">Spiral Construction</a> is the UK's leading manufacturer of <a href="/wiki/Spiral_stairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiral stairs">spiral staircases</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gul_(clothing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gul (clothing)">Gul (clothing)</a> (watersports clothing) are on Callywith Gate Ind Est in <a href="/wiki/Cooksland,_Cornwall" title="Cooksland, Cornwall">Cooksland</a> Bodmin at the western end of the A38, on the north end of the Bodmin bypass; <a href="/w/index.php?title=C-Skins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C-Skins (page does not exist)">C-Skins</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wetsuit" title="Wetsuit">wetsuits</a>) are on the Walker Lines Ind Est, south of Bodmin on the B3268; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fitzgerald_Lighting&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fitzgerald Lighting (page does not exist)">Fitzgerald Lighting</a> are west of the <a href="/wiki/Carminow_Cross" title="Carminow Cross">Carminow Cross</a> junction. <a href="/wiki/GCHQ_Bude" title="GCHQ Bude">GCHQ Bude</a> is an important radar station in <a href="/wiki/Morwenstow" title="Morwenstow">Morwenstow</a>. On the other side of the river from Devonport is <a href="/wiki/HMS_Raleigh_(shore_establishment)" title="HMS Raleigh (shore establishment)">HMS Raleigh</a>, off the <a href="/wiki/A374_road" title="A374 road">A374</a> at <a href="/wiki/Torpoint" title="Torpoint">Torpoint</a>, home of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy_Submarine_School" title="Royal Navy Submarine School">Royal Navy Submarine School</a> (moved from <a href="/wiki/HMS_Dolphin_(shore_establishment)" title="HMS Dolphin (shore establishment)">HMS Dolphin</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gosport" title="Gosport">Gosport</a> in 1999) and its <a href="/wiki/Submarine_Command_Course" title="Submarine Command Course">Submarine Command Course</a>; it provides all the training for the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Naval_Reserve" title="Royal Naval Reserve">Royal Naval Reserve</a> (RNR). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ginsters_Bakery_-_geograph.org.uk_-_292348.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Ginsters_Bakery_-_geograph.org.uk_-_292348.jpg/220px-Ginsters_Bakery_-_geograph.org.uk_-_292348.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Ginsters_Bakery_-_geograph.org.uk_-_292348.jpg/330px-Ginsters_Bakery_-_geograph.org.uk_-_292348.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Ginsters_Bakery_-_geograph.org.uk_-_292348.jpg/440px-Ginsters_Bakery_-_geograph.org.uk_-_292348.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ginsters" title="Ginsters">Ginsters</a> have a food production plant in <a href="/wiki/Callington,_Cornwall" class="mw-redirect" title="Callington, Cornwall">Callington</a>, off the <a href="/wiki/A390_road" title="A390 road">A390</a> between Liskeard and Tavistock</figcaption></figure> <p>Cornwall has become reliant on tourism, more so than the other counties of the South West. In 2010 Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly had the lowest GVA per head of any county or unitary authority in England.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It contributes only 7.4% of the region's economy<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has received <a href="/wiki/Regional_policy_of_the_European_Union" title="Regional policy of the European Union">EU Convergence funding</a> (formerly Objective One funding) since 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over four million people visit the county each year.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reasons for Cornwall's poor economic performance are complex and apparently persistent, but causes include its remoteness and poor transport links,<sup id="cite_ref-eu_portrait_136-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eu_portrait-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the decline of its traditional industries, such as <a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Cornwall" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Cornwall">mining</a>, agriculture and fishing, the low-wealth generating capacity of tourism, relocation of higher skilled jobs to other parts of the South West, and lack of a concerted economic strategy (although use of European Regional Development Fund and European Social Fund monies have been deployed in an attempt at restructuring).<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Devon">Devon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_West_England&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Devon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_and_industry_of_Devon" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy and industry of Devon">Economy and industry of Devon</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Cornwall_and_Devon" title="Mining in Cornwall and Devon">Mining in Cornwall and Devon</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ukmo-exeter-panorama.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Ukmo-exeter-panorama.JPG/220px-Ukmo-exeter-panorama.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Ukmo-exeter-panorama.JPG/330px-Ukmo-exeter-panorama.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Ukmo-exeter-panorama.JPG/440px-Ukmo-exeter-panorama.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Met_Office" title="Met Office">Met Office</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Cumulus_humilis_cloud" title="Cumulus humilis cloud">cumulus humilis cloud</a>; the Met Office <a href="/wiki/Cray_XC40" title="Cray XC40">Cray XC40</a> (previously a <a href="/wiki/Power_775" class="mw-redirect" title="Power 775">Power 775</a>) computer takes 4.8m weather observations per year; <a href="/wiki/Robert_FitzRoy" title="Robert FitzRoy">Robert FitzRoy</a>, who founded it in 1872, made the first weather forecast on 1 August 1861 in <i>The Times</i>; isobars were invented in the late 1800s; two bodies produce <a href="/wiki/World_Area_Forecast_Center" title="World Area Forecast Center">windspeed for pilots</a> around the world - the Met Office and the <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">NOAA</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Met_Office" title="Met Office">Met Office</a> is in <a href="/wiki/Exeter" title="Exeter">Exeter</a>, as are <a href="/wiki/Pennon_Group" title="Pennon Group">Pennon Group</a>, the water company, <a href="/wiki/Pedigree_Dolls_%26_Toys" title="Pedigree Dolls & Toys">Pedigree Dolls & Toys</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sindy" title="Sindy">Sindy</a> doll), and <a href="/wiki/Thrifty_Car_Rental" title="Thrifty Car Rental">Thrifty Car Rental</a> UK, which is at Ashton Business Centre in <a href="/wiki/St_Thomas,_Exeter" title="St Thomas, Exeter">St Thomas</a> on the A377 opposite the Exeter Retail Park. The airline <a href="/wiki/Flybe_(1979-2020)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flybe (1979-2020)">Flybe</a> was based at Exeter Airport until 2019; <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_City_Airport" title="Plymouth City Airport">Plymouth City Airport</a> closed in 2011. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chatham_Marine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chatham Marine (page does not exist)">Chatham Marine</a> clothing and footwear is off the B3123 on the Marsh Barton Trading Estate, near <a href="/wiki/Alphington,_Devon" title="Alphington, Devon">Alphington</a>. <a href="/wiki/Eclipse_Internet" title="Eclipse Internet">Eclipse Internet</a> and <a href="/wiki/EDF_Energy" title="EDF Energy">EDF Energy</a> are in the same building south-east of the Met Office next to the M5; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stovax_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stovax Group (page does not exist)">Stovax Group</a>, who make <a href="/wiki/Wood-burning_stove" title="Wood-burning stove">wood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gas_stove" title="Gas stove">gas-burning stoves</a>, are further south on Sowton Ind Est next to <a href="/wiki/Howmet_Castings" class="mw-redirect" title="Howmet Castings">Alcoa Howmet</a> UK, who make <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vacuum_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vacuum alloy (page does not exist)">vacuum alloy</a> <a href="/wiki/Airfoil" title="Airfoil">airfoil</a> castings for industrial gas turbines. <a href="/wiki/Department_for_Environment,_Food_and_Rural_Affairs" title="Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs">DEFRA</a> have a main site for Devon at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Winslade_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Winslade Park (page does not exist)">Winslade Park</a>, to the east at <a href="/wiki/Clyst_St_Mary" title="Clyst St Mary">Clyst St Mary</a>; nearby to the south on the <a href="/wiki/A376_road" class="mw-redirect" title="A376 road">A376</a> is the HQ of <a href="/wiki/Devon_%26_Somerset_Fire_%26_Rescue_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Devon & Somerset Fire & Rescue Service">Devon & Somerset Fire & Rescue Service</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dormakaba" title="Dormakaba">Dormakaba</a> UK, at Tiverton, are a world-leader in <a href="/wiki/Turnstile" title="Turnstile">turnstiles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Revolving_door" title="Revolving door">revolving doors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lock_(security_device)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lock (security device)">locks</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heathcoat_Fabrics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heathcoat Fabrics (page does not exist)">Heathcoat Fabrics</a> make the <i>DecelAir</i> fabric for <a href="/wiki/Parachute" title="Parachute">parachutes</a>. Taw Valley cheese is made by <a href="/wiki/Arla_Foods_UK" title="Arla Foods UK">Arla Foods UK</a> (former Milk Link) at <a href="/wiki/North_Tawton" title="North Tawton">North Tawton</a> off the <a href="/wiki/A3124_road" class="mw-redirect" title="A3124 road">A3124</a>, also the HQ of Gregory Distribution. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=XYZ_Machine_Tools&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="XYZ Machine Tools (page does not exist)">XYZ Machine Tools</a> is off the A38 close to the M5 bridge in <a href="/wiki/Burlescombe" title="Burlescombe">Burlescombe</a> near the Somerset boundary. <a href="/wiki/The_Donkey_Sanctuary" title="The Donkey Sanctuary">The Donkey Sanctuary</a> is in <a href="/wiki/Sidmouth" title="Sidmouth">Sidmouth</a>. <a href="/wiki/Axminster_Carpets" title="Axminster Carpets">Axminster Carpets</a> makes carpets for every <a href="/wiki/Wetherspoons" title="Wetherspoons">Wetherspoons</a> pub.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Appledore_Shipbuilders" title="Appledore Shipbuilders">Appledore Shipbuilders</a> are based at <a href="/wiki/Appledore,_Torridge,_Devon" class="mw-redirect" title="Appledore, Torridge, Devon">Appledore, Torridge, Devon</a>, three miles north of <a href="/wiki/Bideford" title="Bideford">Bideford</a>, who built sections of the <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth-class_aircraft_carrier" title="Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft carrier">Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft carriers</a>. <a href="/wiki/Parker_Hannifin" title="Parker Hannifin">Parker Hannifin</a> have their instrumentation division next to the <a href="/wiki/Barnstaple_Western_Bypass" title="Barnstaple Western Bypass">Taw Bridge</a> (<a href="/wiki/A361_road" title="A361 road">A361</a>) at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pottington&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pottington (page does not exist)">Pottington</a> in Barnstaple; <a href="/w/index.php?title=CQC_(company)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CQC (company) (page does not exist)">CQC</a> makes personal equipment and <a href="/wiki/Osprey_body_armour" title="Osprey body armour">Osprey body armour</a>; off the A361 towards Barnstaple, is a <a href="/wiki/Particle_board" title="Particle board">chipboard</a> (Conti and Caberboard) plant of <a href="/wiki/Norbord" title="Norbord">Norbord</a>. Next to <a href="/wiki/Royal_Marines_Base_Chivenor" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Marines Base Chivenor">Royal Marines Base Chivenor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perrigo" title="Perrigo">Perrigo</a> makes <a href="/wiki/Germolene" title="Germolene">Germolene</a> and own-label OTC medicines at the Wrafton Laboratories in <a href="/wiki/Heanton_Punchardon" title="Heanton Punchardon">Heanton Punchardon</a> on the A361. <a href="/wiki/Actavis" title="Actavis">Actavis</a> UK (former Cox Pharmaceuticals, part of <a href="/wiki/Hoechst_AG" title="Hoechst AG">Hoechst AG</a>), off the A361 east of Barnstaple, make <a href="/wiki/Levothyroxine" title="Levothyroxine">levothyroxine</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Thyroid_hormone" class="mw-redirect" title="Thyroid hormone">thyroid hormones</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dartington_Crystal" title="Dartington Crystal">Dartington Crystal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Great_Torrington" title="Great Torrington">Torrington</a> makes <a href="/wiki/Royal_Brierley" title="Royal Brierley">Royal Brierley</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pall_Corporation" title="Pall Corporation">Pall Europe</a> make filtration products in <a href="/wiki/Ilfracombe" title="Ilfracombe">Ilfracombe</a>. </p><p>All <a href="/wiki/Ambrosia_(food_brand)" title="Ambrosia (food brand)">Ambrosia</a> (former Unilever) products are made at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ambrosia_Creamery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ambrosia Creamery (page does not exist)">Ambrosia Creamery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lifton,_Devon" title="Lifton, Devon">Lifton</a>, off the A30 on the <a href="/wiki/River_Lyd_(Devon)" class="mw-redirect" title="River Lyd (Devon)">River Lyd</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Parkham_Farms&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parkham Farms (page does not exist)">Parkham Farms</a> make <a href="/wiki/West_Country_Farmhouse_Cheddar" class="mw-redirect" title="West Country Farmhouse Cheddar">Westcountry Farmhouse Cheddar</a> at <a href="/wiki/Woolfardisworthy,_Torridge" title="Woolfardisworthy, Torridge">Woolfardisworthy, Torridge</a>. <a href="/wiki/SC_Group" title="SC Group">SC Group</a> (Supacat) at <a href="/wiki/Dunkeswell_Aerodrome" title="Dunkeswell Aerodrome">Dunkeswell Aerodrome</a>, north of <a href="/wiki/Honiton" title="Honiton">Honiton</a>, make protective vehicles for the Army, notably the <a href="/wiki/Jackal_(MWMIK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jackal (MWMIK)">Jackal</a>; these vehicles are also made in Plymouth by <a href="/wiki/Babcock_International" title="Babcock International">Babcock International</a> formerly <a href="/wiki/Devonport_Management_Limited" title="Devonport Management Limited">Devonport Management Limited</a> (DML); <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_Worldwide" title="Oceanic Worldwide">Oceanic Worldwide</a> UK makes <a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving" title="Scuba diving">scuba diving</a> gear. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Quested_(company)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quested (company) (page does not exist)">Quested</a> make high-end <a href="/wiki/Loudspeaker" title="Loudspeaker">loudspeakers</a> on Heathpark Ind Est, west of Honiton, next to the railway. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Centrax" title="Centrax">Centrax</a> make industrial gas turbines in <a href="/wiki/Newton_Abbot" title="Newton Abbot">Newton Abbot</a>; to the north-west, on the A38 at the A382 junction at <a href="/wiki/Heathfield,_Devon" title="Heathfield, Devon">Heathfield</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bovey_Tracey" title="Bovey Tracey">Bovey Tracey</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Ceramic_Tile" title="British Ceramic Tile">British Ceramic Tile</a> have the largest ceramic <a href="/wiki/Tile" title="Tile">tile</a> plant in Europe. <a href="/wiki/Suttons_Seeds" title="Suttons Seeds">Suttons Seeds</a> is in <a href="/wiki/Paignton" title="Paignton">Paignton</a>; <a href="/wiki/AVX_Corporation" title="AVX Corporation">AVX</a>, off the <a href="/wiki/A3022_road" class="mw-redirect" title="A3022 road">A3022</a>, was a worldwide site for <a href="/wiki/Tantalum_capacitor" title="Tantalum capacitor">tantalum capacitors</a>, until the company moved production to the Czech Republic in 2009. <a href="/wiki/Britannia_Royal_Naval_College" title="Britannia Royal Naval College">Britannia Royal Naval College</a> is at <a href="/wiki/Dartmouth,_Devon" title="Dartmouth, Devon">Dartmouth</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stonehouse_Pool_and_Boatbuilding_Yard_-_geograph.org.uk_-_325081.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Stonehouse_Pool_and_Boatbuilding_Yard_-_geograph.org.uk_-_325081.jpg/220px-Stonehouse_Pool_and_Boatbuilding_Yard_-_geograph.org.uk_-_325081.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Stonehouse_Pool_and_Boatbuilding_Yard_-_geograph.org.uk_-_325081.jpg/330px-Stonehouse_Pool_and_Boatbuilding_Yard_-_geograph.org.uk_-_325081.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Stonehouse_Pool_and_Boatbuilding_Yard_-_geograph.org.uk_-_325081.jpg/440px-Stonehouse_Pool_and_Boatbuilding_Yard_-_geograph.org.uk_-_325081.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="426" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Princess_Yachts" title="Princess Yachts">Princess Yachts</a> make motor yachts off the <a href="/wiki/A374_road" title="A374 road">A374</a> in <a href="/wiki/Stonehouse,_Plymouth" title="Stonehouse, Plymouth">Stonehouse</a> </figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/HMNB_Devonport" title="HMNB Devonport">HMNB Devonport</a> (HMS Drake, the largest naval base in western Europe) is in Plymouth. <a href="/wiki/Toshiba" title="Toshiba">Toshiba</a> had a large presence in <a href="/wiki/Ernesettle" title="Ernesettle">Ernesettle</a>, in the north of Plymouth, which was the second-largest employer after the Royal Navy, until they moved production of televisions to <a href="/wiki/Kobierzyce" title="Kobierzyce">Kobierzyce</a> in Poland in 2009; it made its last television at the site on 27 August 2009; <a href="/wiki/Vispring" title="Vispring">Vispring</a> (beds) is next to <a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Heavy_Industries" title="Kawasaki Heavy Industries">Kawasaki Precision Machinery</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Snowbee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Snowbee (page does not exist)">Snowbee</a> make <a href="/wiki/Fishing_tackle" title="Fishing tackle">fishing tackle</a>. The headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Commando_Force" title="United Kingdom Commando Force">UK Commando Force</a> is at <a href="/wiki/Stonehouse_Barracks" class="mw-redirect" title="Stonehouse Barracks">Stonehouse Barracks</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Range_(retailer)" title="The Range (retailer)">The Range</a> (home and leisure) is on the B3432 in <a href="/wiki/Estover,_Plymouth" title="Estover, Plymouth">Estover</a> east of Plymouth Airport; opposite is <a href="/wiki/Fine_Tubes" title="Fine Tubes">Fine Tubes</a> and further east <a href="/wiki/Barden_Corporation" title="Barden Corporation">Barden</a> make ball-bearings for the aerospace industry; on the furthest east of the industrial estate is <a href="/wiki/Wrigley_Company" title="Wrigley Company">Wrigley Company</a> UK; its <i><a href="/wiki/Extra_(gum)" title="Extra (gum)">Extra</a></i> brand is the second best-selling confectionery in the UK after <i><a href="/wiki/Cadbury_Dairy_Milk" title="Cadbury Dairy Milk">Dairy Milk</a></i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HMS_Talent_(S92)_at_Devonport_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/HMS_Talent_%28S92%29_at_Devonport_2008.jpg/220px-HMS_Talent_%28S92%29_at_Devonport_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/HMS_Talent_%28S92%29_at_Devonport_2008.jpg/330px-HMS_Talent_%28S92%29_at_Devonport_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/HMS_Talent_%28S92%29_at_Devonport_2008.jpg/440px-HMS_Talent_%28S92%29_at_Devonport_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Trafalgar-class_submarine" title="Trafalgar-class submarine">Trafalgar-class</a> <a href="/wiki/HMS_Talent_(S92)" title="HMS Talent (S92)">HMS Talent (S92)</a> at Devonport in February 2008</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/X-Fab" title="X-Fab">X-Fab</a> UK (<a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_fabrication_plant" title="Semiconductor fabrication plant">semiconductor fabrication plant</a>, former Plessey Semiconductors) is next to the <a href="/wiki/A386_road_(England)" class="mw-redirect" title="A386 road (England)">A386</a> <a href="/wiki/Bickleigh,_South_Hams" title="Bickleigh, South Hams">Bickleigh</a> Cross roundabout; nearby <a href="/wiki/Becton_Dickinson" class="mw-redirect" title="Becton Dickinson">BD</a> have a large plant making medical <a href="/wiki/Vacutainer" title="Vacutainer">vacutainers</a> (for blood samples) on Belliver Way Ind Est in the north of Plymouth; south of BD off the B3373 in <a href="/wiki/Southway" title="Southway">Southway</a> is Silicon Sensing Systems (who make <a href="/wiki/Vibrating_structure_gyroscope" title="Vibrating structure gyroscope">vibrating structure gyroscopes</a> and are owned by <a href="/wiki/UTC_Aerospace_Systems" title="UTC Aerospace Systems">UTC Aerospace Systems</a>, previously BAE Systems, and <a href="/wiki/BAe_Dynamics" title="BAe Dynamics">BAe Dynamics</a>, who had made <a href="/wiki/Nose_cone" title="Nose cone">nose cones</a> for aircraft including Concorde), and <a href="/wiki/Schneider_Electric" title="Schneider Electric">Schneider Electric</a> UK (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Drayton_Controls&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Drayton Controls (page does not exist)">Drayton Controls</a>, market-leading <a href="/wiki/Thermostatic_radiator_valve" title="Thermostatic radiator valve">thermostatic radiator valves</a> for <a href="/wiki/Central_heating" title="Central heating">central heating</a>, previously owned by Invensys Controls UK). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hemerdon_Mine" title="Hemerdon Mine">Hemerdon Mine</a>, east of Plymouth, has one of the largest deposits of <a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">tungsten</a> in the world. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wills_Marine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wills Marine (page does not exist)">Wills Marine</a> make motor <a href="/wiki/Inflatable_boat" title="Inflatable boat">inflatable boats</a> off the <a href="/wiki/A379_road" title="A379 road">A379</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kingsbridge" title="Kingsbridge">Kingsbridge</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dorset">Dorset</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_West_England&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Dorset"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Dorset" title="Economy of Dorset">Economy of Dorset</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/New_Look_(clothing_retailer)" class="mw-redirect" title="New Look (clothing retailer)">New Look</a> is in <a href="/wiki/Weymouth,_Dorset" title="Weymouth, Dorset">Weymouth</a>; it is Britain's second-biggest value clothing retailer, with over 800 stores in 21 countries. <a href="/wiki/Wytch_Farm" title="Wytch Farm">Wytch Farm</a> (<a href="/wiki/BP" title="BP">BP</a>) is the UK's largest onshore oil field. <a href="/wiki/Meggitt" title="Meggitt">Meggitt</a> is a leading aerospace and defence contractor, based west of Bournemouth Airport, with <a href="/wiki/Hobbycraft" title="Hobbycraft">Hobbycraft</a>, at a former <a href="/wiki/British_Aircraft_Corporation" title="British Aircraft Corporation">BAC</a> works in <a href="/wiki/Hurn" title="Hurn">Hurn</a>, close to <a href="/wiki/West_Parley" title="West Parley">West Parley</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Armoured_Corps" title="Royal Armoured Corps">Royal Armoured Corps</a> is based at <a href="/wiki/Bovington_Camp" title="Bovington Camp">Bovington Camp</a>, and next door is the <a href="/wiki/Bovington_Tank_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Bovington Tank Museum">Bovington Tank Museum</a>; the Army has three armoured regiments (<a href="/wiki/Royal_Dragoon_Guards" title="Royal Dragoon Guards">Royal Dragoon Guards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Tank_Regiment" title="Royal Tank Regiment">Royal Tank Regiment</a> and <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Royal_Hussars" title="King's Royal Hussars">King's Royal Hussars</a>) and 227 FV4034 70-tonne <a href="/wiki/Challenger_2" title="Challenger 2">Challenger 2</a> tanks; Germany has around 1,000 tanks and Russia has 3,300. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Westwind_Air_Bearings&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Westwind Air Bearings (page does not exist)">Westwind Air Bearings</a> (owned by Novanta) is off the <a href="/wiki/A352_road" class="mw-redirect" title="A352 road">A352</a> at <a href="/wiki/Wareham_St_Martin" title="Wareham St Martin">Wareham St Martin</a>, west of Poole, near <a href="/wiki/Holton_Heath_railway_station" title="Holton Heath railway station">Holton Heath railway station</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Mathmos" title="Mathmos">Mathmos</a> (lighting), founded by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Craven_Walker" title="Edward Craven Walker">Edward Craven Walker</a> who invented the <a href="/wiki/Lava_lamp" title="Lava lamp">lava lamp</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tata_Consultancy_Services" title="Tata Consultancy Services">Tata Consultancy Services</a> (former <a href="/wiki/Unisys" title="Unisys">Unisys Insurance Services</a> before 2010) is in Bournemouth. <a href="/wiki/Imagine_Publishing" title="Imagine Publishing">Imagine Publishing</a>, a magazine publisher, with <a href="/wiki/The_Mortgage_Works" title="The Mortgage Works">The Mortgage Works</a> (owned by Nationwide Building Society), is at the <a href="/wiki/A35_road" title="A35 road">A35</a>/A347 Richmond Hill Roundabout; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Organix_(company)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Organix (company) (page does not exist)">Organix</a> is in the centre; <a href="/wiki/McCarthy_%26_Stone" class="mw-redirect" title="McCarthy & Stone">McCarthy & Stone</a>, who make much of Britain's retirement housing, is on the B3066. <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Victoria" title="Liverpool Victoria">LV=</a> (insurance) is at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frizzell_House&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frizzell House (page does not exist)">Frizzell House</a> at <a href="/wiki/Westbourne,_Dorset" title="Westbourne, Dorset">Westbourne</a> at the County Gates Gyratory A35/A338 roundabout. <a href="/wiki/JPMorgan_Chase" title="JPMorgan Chase">JPMorgan Chase</a> have their large Chaseside site at the A3060/A338 junction opposite the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Bournemouth_Hospital" title="Royal Bournemouth Hospital">Royal Bournemouth Hospital</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=RIAS_(insurance)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RIAS (insurance) (page does not exist)">RIAS</a> (insurance) and <a href="/wiki/Teachers_Assurance" title="Teachers Assurance">Teachers Assurance</a>, towards <a href="/wiki/Holdenhurst" title="Holdenhurst">Holdenhurst</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Poole_,_The_Lifeboat_College_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1771006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Poole_%2C_The_Lifeboat_College_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1771006.jpg/220px-Poole_%2C_The_Lifeboat_College_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1771006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Poole_%2C_The_Lifeboat_College_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1771006.jpg/330px-Poole_%2C_The_Lifeboat_College_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1771006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Poole_%2C_The_Lifeboat_College_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1771006.jpg/440px-Poole_%2C_The_Lifeboat_College_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1771006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Lifeboat_College" title="Lifeboat College">Lifeboat College</a> in Poole, where the <a href="/wiki/Royal_National_Lifeboat_Institution" title="Royal National Lifeboat Institution">Royal National Lifeboat Institution</a> (RNLI) is headquartered</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Merlin_Entertainments" title="Merlin Entertainments">Merlin Entertainments</a> (who own <a href="/wiki/Sea_Life_Centres" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea Life Centres">Sea Life Centres</a>, and are the world's second largest <a href="/wiki/Theme_park" class="mw-redirect" title="Theme park">theme park</a> operator after <a href="/wiki/Disney_Parks,_Experiences_and_Products" class="mw-redirect" title="Disney Parks, Experiences and Products">Disney</a>) is in <a href="/wiki/Poole" title="Poole">Poole</a> with a former division, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquarium_Technology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aquarium Technology (page does not exist)">Aquarium Technology</a>, at the end of the A350 near the <a href="/wiki/Twin_Sails_bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Twin Sails bridge">Twin Sails bridge</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ryvita" title="Ryvita">Ryvita</a> is made in <a href="/wiki/Parkstone" title="Parkstone">Parkstone</a> on the B3061. <a href="/wiki/Fitness_First" title="Fitness First">Fitness First</a>, the largest privately owned health club group in the world, originated in Bournemouth and is now globally headquartered south of Fleet's Corner. <a href="/wiki/Siemens_Plessey" title="Siemens Plessey">Siemens Traffic Controls</a> make most of the UK's traffic lights west near Fleet's Corner; the main traffic light in the UK is the Siemens Helios (the other make is the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peek_Traffic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peek Traffic (page does not exist)">Peek</a> Elite). North of Fleets Lane, south of the Wessex Gate Retail Park, is <a href="/wiki/Parvalux" title="Parvalux">Parvalux</a>, on the A3049 on the West Howe Ind Estate in <a href="/wiki/Wallisdown" title="Wallisdown">Wallisdown</a>, which makes geared <a href="/wiki/Brushed_DC_electric_motor" title="Brushed DC electric motor">DC electric motors</a> and gearboxes; further south is <a href="/w/index.php?title=Faerch_Plast&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Faerch Plast (page does not exist)">Faerch Plast</a> (former <a href="/wiki/Sealed_Air" title="Sealed Air">Sealed Air</a>, which makes trays for food) then Fitness First, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aeronautical_%26_General_Instruments&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aeronautical & General Instruments (page does not exist)">Aeronautical & General Instruments</a>; further north is <a href="/wiki/Lush_(company)" title="Lush (company)">Lush</a>, the cosmetics company, with Hamworthy <a href="/wiki/W%C3%A4rtsil%C3%A4" title="Wärtsilä">Wärtsilä</a> (Finnish), and Hamworthy Combustion (owned by <a href="/wiki/Koch_Industries" class="mw-redirect" title="Koch Industries">Koch Industries</a>), at the A349/A3049 junction in <a href="/wiki/Fleetsbridge" title="Fleetsbridge">Fleetsbridge</a>, is an international engineering consultancy. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sunseeker" title="Sunseeker">Sunseeker</a> International is a main motor <a href="/wiki/Yacht" title="Yacht">yacht</a> manufacturer; it made the boat in the opening sequence of <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_Is_Not_Enough" title="The World Is Not Enough">The World Is Not Enough</a></i>. The <a href="/wiki/Special_Boat_Service" title="Special Boat Service">Special Boat Service</a> is based at <a href="/wiki/RM_Poole" title="RM Poole">RM Poole</a>, home of the Navy's <a href="/wiki/Amphibious_warfare" title="Amphibious warfare">amphibious warfare</a> section, off the B3068 at <a href="/wiki/Hamworthy" title="Hamworthy">Hamworthy</a> in the west of Poole. <a href="/wiki/Tangerine_Confectionery" class="mw-redirect" title="Tangerine Confectionery">Tangerine Confectionery</a> (former Parrs) made gums and jellies on the Redlands Trading Estate off the <a href="/wiki/A3040_road_(Great_Britain)" class="mw-redirect" title="A3040 road (Great Britain)">A3040</a> near <a href="/wiki/Branksome_railway_station" title="Branksome railway station">Branksome railway station</a> to the east. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aish_Technologies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aish Technologies (page does not exist)">Aish Technologies</a> makes console (display) systems for the Royal Navy off B3068 in <a href="/wiki/Alderney,_Dorset" title="Alderney, Dorset">Alderney</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yoyager-underwing-cobham-pod.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Yoyager-underwing-cobham-pod.jpg/220px-Yoyager-underwing-cobham-pod.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Yoyager-underwing-cobham-pod.jpg/330px-Yoyager-underwing-cobham-pod.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Yoyager-underwing-cobham-pod.jpg/440px-Yoyager-underwing-cobham-pod.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Cobham underwing refuelling pod on an RAF Voyager, or <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A330_MRTT" title="Airbus A330 MRTT">Airbus A330 MRTT</a> (the aircraft is made at <a href="/wiki/Construcciones_Aeron%C3%A1uticas_SA" class="mw-redirect" title="Construcciones Aeronáuticas SA">CASA</a>, part of <a href="/wiki/Airbus_Defence_and_Space" title="Airbus Defence and Space">Airbus Defence and Space</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Getafe" title="Getafe">Getafe</a> in central Spain)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Cobham_plc" class="mw-redirect" title="Cobham plc">Cobham plc</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Wimborne_Minster" title="Wimborne Minster">Wimborne Minster</a> towards <a href="/wiki/Leigh,_Dorset" title="Leigh, Dorset">Leigh</a>, is a world-leader in <a href="/wiki/Aerial_refueling" title="Aerial refueling">air-to-air refuelling</a>, developed by <a href="/wiki/Alan_Cobham" title="Alan Cobham">Alan Cobham</a> at <a href="/wiki/RAF_Tarrant_Rushton" title="RAF Tarrant Rushton">RAF Tarrant Rushton</a>, and aircraft antennas. <a href="/wiki/Durable" class="mw-redirect" title="Durable">Durable</a> UK (office products) is in Wimborne; <a href="/wiki/Caterpillar_Inc" class="mw-redirect" title="Caterpillar Inc">Caterpillar</a>'s Wimborne Marine Power Centre make <a href="/wiki/Perkins_Engines" title="Perkins Engines">Perkins</a> Sabre marine diesel generators on <a href="/wiki/Ferndown" title="Ferndown">Ferndown</a> Ind Est off the A31; to the south is the paint manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Farrow_%26_Ball" title="Farrow & Ball">Farrow & Ball</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hampreston" title="Hampreston">Hampreston</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stapehill" class="mw-redirect" title="Stapehill">Stapehill</a>, in Ferndown. <a href="/wiki/Manitou_UK" class="mw-redirect" title="Manitou UK">Manitou UK</a>, owner of the American <a href="/wiki/Gehl_Company" title="Gehl Company">Gehl Company</a> and from <a href="/wiki/Nanterre" title="Nanterre">Nanterre</a> in France, is based at <a href="/wiki/Verwood" title="Verwood">Verwood</a> on the Ebblake Ind Est off the B3081 near the Hampshire boundary. <a href="/wiki/Sigma-Aldrich" title="Sigma-Aldrich">Sigma-Aldrich</a> UK (pharmaceuticals) are off the B3092 on Brickfield Business Park in <a href="/wiki/Gillingham,_Dorset" title="Gillingham, Dorset">Gillingham</a>, next to the <a href="/wiki/River_Stour,_Dorset" title="River Stour, Dorset">River Stour</a> and railway. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cygnus_Instruments&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cygnus Instruments (page does not exist)">Cygnus Instruments</a>, on the B3144 in Dorchester, is the leading manufacturer of <a href="/wiki/Ultrasonic_thickness_measurement" title="Ultrasonic thickness measurement">ultrasonic thickness</a> gauges, developing the technique in the early 1980s. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edwards_Sports_Products&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edwards Sports Products (page does not exist)">Edwards Sports Products</a> of Bridport, owned by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Broxap&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Broxap (page does not exist)">Broxap</a> of Staffordshire, make football goals for the <a href="/wiki/Premier_League" title="Premier League">Premier League</a>, and tennis nets and posts for <a href="/wiki/The_Championships,_Wimbledon" class="mw-redirect" title="The Championships, Wimbledon">Wimbledon</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gloucestershire">Gloucestershire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_West_England&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Gloucestershire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GCHQ-aerial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/GCHQ-aerial.jpg/240px-GCHQ-aerial.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/GCHQ-aerial.jpg/360px-GCHQ-aerial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/GCHQ-aerial.jpg/480px-GCHQ-aerial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2113" /></a><figcaption>An aerial view of <a href="/wiki/The_Doughnut" title="The Doughnut">GCHQ's headquarters</a>, 2004; the biggest employer in Gloucestershire is the intelligence agency <a href="/wiki/Government_Communications_Headquarters" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Communications Headquarters">GCHQ</a>, who are based at '<a href="/wiki/The_Doughnut" title="The Doughnut">The Doughnut</a>', their headquarters<sup id="cite_ref-Guard03_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guard03-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> GCHQ has around 6,000 staff, <a href="/wiki/MI5" title="MI5">MI5</a> has 4,000, and MI6 (<a href="/wiki/Secret_Intelligence_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Secret Intelligence Service">Secret Intelligence Service</a>) has 3,200; GCHQ is in the west of Cheltenham, off the A40 at the <a href="/wiki/A4013_road_(Great_Britain)" class="mw-redirect" title="A4013 road (Great Britain)">A4013</a> roundabout at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiddlers_Green,_Cheltenham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fiddlers Green, Cheltenham (page does not exist)">Fiddlers Green</a>, and also has a site to the east at <a href="/wiki/Oakley,_Gloucestershire" title="Oakley, Gloucestershire">Oakley</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>In Cheltenham are <a href="/wiki/Endsleigh_Insurance" title="Endsleigh Insurance">Endsleigh Insurance</a> in <a href="/wiki/Shurdington" title="Shurdington">Shurdington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kohler_Mira_Ltd" class="mw-redirect" title="Kohler Mira Ltd">Kohler Mira Ltd</a> (showers), <a href="/wiki/Superdry" title="Superdry">Superdry</a> (clothing), <a href="/wiki/Collins_Bartholomew" title="Collins Bartholomew">Collins Geo</a> (maps), and <a href="/wiki/Chelsea_Building_Society" title="Chelsea Building Society">Chelsea Building Society</a> are on the A435 to the south-east. North of Cheltenham at <a href="/wiki/Bishop%27s_Cleeve" title="Bishop's Cleeve">Bishop's Cleeve</a>, south of the village on the A435, is <a href="/wiki/GE_Aviation_Systems" title="GE Aviation Systems">GE Aviation Systems UK</a> on the large Cleeve Business Park; this which was the former 300-acre site of the Cheltenham Division of <a href="/wiki/Smiths_Group" title="Smiths Group">Smiths Industries</a> that made flight control systems and flight deck displays; further up the A435 is a main site of <a href="/wiki/Zurich_Insurance_Group" title="Zurich Insurance Group">Zurich Assurance</a> UK. <a href="/wiki/Weird_Fish" title="Weird Fish">Weird Fish</a> (clothing) is near <a href="/wiki/Spirax-Sarco_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Spirax-Sarco Engineering">Spirax-Sarco Engineering plc</a> (pumps) off the <a href="/wiki/A4019_road" class="mw-redirect" title="A4019 road">A4019</a> in Kingsditch in <a href="/wiki/Swindon_Village" title="Swindon Village">Swindon Village</a>, north of Cheltenham; on the other side of the A4019, <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Equipment" title="Douglas Equipment">Douglas Equipment</a>, next to <a href="/wiki/All_Saints%27_Academy,_Cheltenham" title="All Saints' Academy, Cheltenham">All Saints' Academy, Cheltenham</a>, makes <a href="/wiki/Pushback_(aviation)" title="Pushback (aviation)">towing</a> tractors for aircraft. <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Oil" title="Gulf Oil">Gulf Oil</a> UK was headquartered on B4075 in Prestbury (near the racecourse) until 1997, when <a href="/wiki/Royal_Dutch_Shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Dutch Shell">Shell UK</a> bought its petrol stations; the former headquarters became a student hall of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Gloucestershire" title="University of Gloucestershire">University of Gloucestershire</a>. </p><p>Computer security firm <a href="/wiki/NortonLifeLock" class="mw-redirect" title="NortonLifeLock">Symantec</a> have a site in Gloucester, the base of <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Insurance" title="Ecclesiastical Insurance">Ecclesiastical Insurance</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dowty_Rotol" class="mw-redirect" title="Dowty Rotol">Dowty Rotol</a> (who make propellers) and <a href="/wiki/Bond_Aviation_Group" title="Bond Aviation Group">Bond Aviation Group</a> (helicopter leasing) are next to <a href="/wiki/Gloucestershire_Airport" title="Gloucestershire Airport">Gloucestershire Airport</a> at <a href="/wiki/Staverton,_Gloucestershire" title="Staverton, Gloucestershire">Staverton</a>; Helimedia is the UK distributor of the L-3 <a href="/wiki/Wescam" title="Wescam">Wescam</a>, the Canadian thermal imaging system found with many UK <a href="/wiki/Police_aviation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Police aviation in the United Kingdom">police air support units</a> and <a href="/wiki/Air_ambulances_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Air ambulances in the United Kingdom">air ambulances</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_%26_Gloucester" title="Cheltenham & Gloucester">Cheltenham & Gloucester</a> bank was <a href="/wiki/Barnwood" title="Barnwood">Barnwood</a> (north Gloucester), next to <a href="/wiki/Unilever" title="Unilever">Unilever</a>'s manufacturing site for <a href="/wiki/Wall%27s_(ice_cream)" title="Wall's (ice cream)">Wall's</a> ice cream at the <a href="/wiki/A417_road" title="A417 road">A417</a>/A38 roundabout next to the railway; on other side of the railway in <a href="/wiki/Elmbridge,_Gloucester" title="Elmbridge, Gloucester">Elmbridge</a> is <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lanes_Health&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lanes Health (page does not exist)">Lanes Health</a> who make <a href="/wiki/Olbas_Oil" title="Olbas Oil">Olbas Oil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kalms" title="Kalms">Kalms</a>; to the south, <a href="/wiki/EDF_Energy" title="EDF Energy">EDF Energy</a> (former <a href="/wiki/British_Energy" title="British Energy">British Energy</a>) have their <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Nuclear power in the United Kingdom">nuclear energy</a> engineering centre with <a href="/wiki/Horizon_Nuclear_Power" title="Horizon Nuclear Power">Horizon Nuclear Power</a>. Between the former C&G and EDF at Barnwood, <a href="/wiki/Barclays" title="Barclays">Barclays</a>' data centre services all of its <a href="/wiki/Automated_teller_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Automated teller machine">ATMs</a> in the south of England.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Main_landing_gear_of_Airbus_A330_and_A340.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Main_landing_gear_of_Airbus_A330_and_A340.jpg/170px-Main_landing_gear_of_Airbus_A330_and_A340.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Main_landing_gear_of_Airbus_A330_and_A340.jpg/255px-Main_landing_gear_of_Airbus_A330_and_A340.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Main_landing_gear_of_Airbus_A330_and_A340.jpg/340px-Main_landing_gear_of_Airbus_A330_and_A340.jpg 2x" data-file-width="853" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Safran_Landing_Systems" title="Safran Landing Systems">Safran Landing Systems UK</a> (former Messier-Dowty, historically Britain's main aircraft <a href="/wiki/Landing_gear" title="Landing gear">undercarriage</a> manufacturer, now owned by <a href="/wiki/Safran" title="Safran">Safran</a>) make undercarriage for Boeing aircraft; the South West region has the most <a href="/wiki/Aerospace_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Aerospace industry in the United Kingdom">aerospace industry in the UK</a> (followed by the North West, which has <a href="/wiki/Warton_Aerodrome" title="Warton Aerodrome">Warton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samlesbury_Aerodrome" title="Samlesbury Aerodrome">Samlesbury</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Moog_Inc" class="mw-redirect" title="Moog Inc">Moog Controls</a> UK, on the <a href="/wiki/Ashchurch" title="Ashchurch">Ashchurch</a> Ind Estate by <a href="/wiki/Ashchurch_for_Tewkesbury_railway_station" title="Ashchurch for Tewkesbury railway station">Ashchurch for Tewkesbury</a> near junction 9 (A46) of the M5, make <a href="/wiki/Electrohydraulic_servo_valve" title="Electrohydraulic servo valve">servo valves</a> for the aerospace industry (<a href="/wiki/Aircraft_flight_control_system" title="Aircraft flight control system">flight control systems</a> or AFCS), in <a href="/wiki/Northway,_Gloucestershire" title="Northway, Gloucestershire">Northway</a>; also on the estate is <a href="/wiki/Steinhoff_International" title="Steinhoff International">Steinhoff</a> UK, who own <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sleepmasters&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sleepmasters (page does not exist)">Sleepmasters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bensons_for_Beds" title="Bensons for Beds">Bensons for Beds</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Floortex&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Floortex (page does not exist)">Floortex</a> (floor coverings) is on Tewkesbury Business Park, west of the M5 south of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Duraflex&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Duraflex (page does not exist)">Duraflex</a>. Near the M5 Ashchurch Interchange off the <a href="/wiki/A438_road" class="mw-redirect" title="A438 road">A438</a>, <a href="/wiki/RR_Donnelley" title="RR Donnelley">RR Donnelley</a> GDS print Barclaycard statements. The <a href="/wiki/Colt_Car_Company" title="Colt Car Company">Colt Car Company UK</a> (who distribute <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Motors" title="Mitsubishi Motors">Mitsubishi Motors</a>) are in <a href="/wiki/Cirencester" title="Cirencester">Cirencester</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Corin_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corin Group (page does not exist)">Corin Group</a> make <a href="/wiki/Joint_replacement" title="Joint replacement">artificial joints</a> on the <a href="/wiki/A429_road" title="A429 road">A429</a> near the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Agricultural_University" title="Royal Agricultural University">Royal Agricultural University</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Stroud_%26_Swindon_Building_Society" title="Stroud & Swindon Building Society">Stroud & Swindon Building Society</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ecotricity" title="Ecotricity">Ecotricity</a> are in <a href="/wiki/Stroud,_Gloucestershire" class="mw-redirect" title="Stroud, Gloucestershire">Stroud</a> near <a href="/wiki/Stroud_railway_station" title="Stroud railway station">Stroud station</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=WSP_Textiles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="WSP Textiles (page does not exist)">WSP Textiles</a> (a former division of <a href="/wiki/Milliken_%26_Company" title="Milliken & Company">Milliken</a>) on the A46 towards <a href="/wiki/Rodborough" title="Rodborough">Rodborough</a> in the south of Stroud make felt for <a href="/wiki/Billiard_table" title="Billiard table">billiard tables</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Strachan_cloth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strachan cloth (page does not exist)">Strachan cloth</a>), and for <a href="/wiki/Tennis_ball" title="Tennis ball">tennis balls</a> for three <a href="/wiki/Grand_Slam_(tennis)" title="Grand Slam (tennis)">Grand Slam</a> tournaments (<a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Playne_%26_Co&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Playne & Co (page does not exist)">Playne's tennis ball cloth</a>). <a href="/wiki/Dairy_Crest" class="mw-redirect" title="Dairy Crest">Dairy Crest</a> makes <a href="/wiki/Frijj" title="Frijj">Frijj</a> milkshake at its large dairy at <a href="/wiki/Severnside" title="Severnside">Severnside</a> on the Stroudwater Business Park at <a href="/wiki/Stonehouse,_Gloucestershire" title="Stonehouse, Gloucestershire">Stonehouse</a> next to the M5, within walking distance of <a href="/wiki/Stonehouse_railway_station" title="Stonehouse railway station">Stonehouse station</a>; nearby ReedHycalog (owned by <a href="/wiki/National_Oilwell_Varco" class="mw-redirect" title="National Oilwell Varco">National Oilwell Varco</a>) make industrial <a href="/wiki/Drill_bit" title="Drill bit">drill bits</a> off the <a href="/wiki/A419_road" title="A419 road">A419</a> on the Oldends Ind Est, near <a href="/wiki/ABB" title="ABB">ABB</a> UK, who make <a href="/wiki/Flow_measurement" title="Flow measurement">flow meters</a>; <a href="/wiki/Delphi_Automotive" class="mw-redirect" title="Delphi Automotive">Delphi Diesel Systems</a> UK, on the business park, make <a href="/wiki/Unit_Injector" class="mw-redirect" title="Unit Injector">electronic unit injectors</a>; Renishaw plc have large machining centre on north of the business park; <a href="/wiki/SKF" title="SKF">SKF</a> (Swedish) make <a href="/wiki/Ball_bearing" title="Ball bearing">ball bearings</a> (Aeroengine & High Precision Bearings Division, for Rolls-Royce) to the south of the estate (former <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ransome_Hoffmann_Pollard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ransome Hoffmann Pollard (page does not exist)">Ransome Hoffmann Pollard</a>), then <a href="/wiki/NSK_Ltd." title="NSK Ltd.">NSK</a> until 2002); the company has another site at Clevedon in Somerset. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Entrance_to_UCAS_-_geograph.org.uk_-_881386.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Entrance_to_UCAS_-_geograph.org.uk_-_881386.jpg/220px-Entrance_to_UCAS_-_geograph.org.uk_-_881386.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Entrance_to_UCAS_-_geograph.org.uk_-_881386.jpg/330px-Entrance_to_UCAS_-_geograph.org.uk_-_881386.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Entrance_to_UCAS_-_geograph.org.uk_-_881386.jpg/440px-Entrance_to_UCAS_-_geograph.org.uk_-_881386.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="469" /></a><figcaption>The entrance to <a href="/wiki/UCAS" title="UCAS">UCAS</a> in 2008; it has around 37,000 courses at 370 institutions; it is in the north of Cheltenham, near the <a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_Racecourse" title="Cheltenham Racecourse">racecourse</a> in <a href="/wiki/Prestbury,_Gloucestershire" title="Prestbury, Gloucestershire">Prestbury</a> at the <a href="/wiki/A435_road" class="mw-redirect" title="A435 road">A435</a>/B4075 junction</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Beverage_Brands" title="Beverage Brands">Beverage Brands</a> is based at <a href="/wiki/Hucclecote" title="Hucclecote">Hucclecote</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Gloucester_Business_Park" title="Gloucester Business Park">Gloucester Business Park</a> off B4641 east of the M5 <a href="/wiki/Brockworth,_Gloucestershire" class="mw-redirect" title="Brockworth, Gloucestershire">Brockworth</a> Interchange, with Horizon Nuclear Power, and next to <a href="/w/index.php?title=NHS_Gloucestershire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NHS Gloucestershire (page does not exist)">NHS Gloucestershire</a>); in the same building is MessageLabs (<a href="/wiki/NortonLifeLock" class="mw-redirect" title="NortonLifeLock">Symantec</a>), and a main office of <a href="/wiki/Ageas" title="Ageas">Ageas</a> UK (insurance). Further south in Brockworth is <a href="/w/index.php?title=Direct_Wines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Direct Wines (page does not exist)">Direct Wines</a> (Laithwaites); to the east is a <a href="/w/index.php?title=G-TEKT_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="G-TEKT Corporation (page does not exist)">G-TEKT</a> (former Takao Europe) automotive <a href="/wiki/Stamping_(metalworking)" title="Stamping (metalworking)">metal pressings</a> and sub-assemblies factory and a large <a href="/wiki/Invista" title="Invista">Invista</a> textiles factory (former ICI Fibres, then Dupont from 1992, which makes nylon fibres); the site is built on the former Gloster Aircraft factory, which closed around 1960. <a href="/wiki/Renishaw_plc" title="Renishaw plc">Renishaw plc</a> is in <a href="/wiki/Wotton-under-Edge" title="Wotton-under-Edge">Wotton-under-Edge</a>, previously being in <a href="/wiki/Nailsworth" title="Nailsworth">Nailsworth</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lister_Petter" title="Lister Petter">Lister Petter</a>, off the <a href="/wiki/A4135_road" title="A4135 road">A4135</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dursley" title="Dursley">Dursley</a>, make <a href="/wiki/Diesel_generator" title="Diesel generator">diesel engine generator</a> sets; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lister_Shearing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lister Shearing (page does not exist)">Lister Shearing</a> is the only British manufacturer of <a href="/wiki/Hair_clipper" title="Hair clipper">clipping</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sheep_shearing" title="Sheep shearing">shearing</a> (animals) equipment. The <a href="/wiki/Fire_Service_College" title="Fire Service College">Fire Service College</a> is in <a href="/wiki/Moreton-in-Marsh" title="Moreton-in-Marsh">Moreton-in-Marsh</a> near <a href="/wiki/Moreton-in-Marsh_railway_station" title="Moreton-in-Marsh railway station">Moreton-in-Marsh station</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Northcot_Brick&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northcot Brick (page does not exist)">Northcot Brick</a> is at <a href="/wiki/Blockley" title="Blockley">Blockley</a>, in the north-east, next to the <a href="/wiki/Cotswold_Line" title="Cotswold Line">railway</a>; <a href="/wiki/Per_Una" class="mw-redirect" title="Per Una">Per Una</a> is based near <a href="/wiki/Draycott,_Gloucestershire" title="Draycott, Gloucestershire">Draycott</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mabey_Group" title="Mabey Group">Mabey Group</a>, off the <a href="/wiki/A48_road" title="A48 road">A48</a> at <a href="/wiki/Lydney" title="Lydney">Lydney</a> make wind turbine towers; on the other side of the A48, <a href="/wiki/Federal-Mogul" title="Federal-Mogul">Federal-Mogul</a> have a foundry making <a href="/wiki/Camshaft" title="Camshaft">camshafts</a>. <a href="/wiki/Suntory" title="Suntory">Suntory</a> (Japanese) makes <a href="/wiki/Lucozade" title="Lucozade">Lucozade</a> (from 1957) and <a href="/wiki/Ribena" title="Ribena">Ribena</a> (from 1947) at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Forest_Factory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Royal Forest Factory (page does not exist)">Royal Forest Factory</a> off the B4228 in <a href="/wiki/Coleford,_Gloucestershire" title="Coleford, Gloucestershire">Coleford</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Forest_of_Dean_(district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest of Dean (district)">Forest of Dean</a>; <a href="/wiki/William_Horlick" title="William Horlick">William Horlick</a>, originator of another well-known former <a href="/wiki/GlaxoSmithKline" class="mw-redirect" title="GlaxoSmithKline">GSK</a> product, was born in the Forest of Dean in 1846. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Westland_apache_wah-64d_longbow_zj206_arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Westland_apache_wah-64d_longbow_zj206_arp.jpg/220px-Westland_apache_wah-64d_longbow_zj206_arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Westland_apache_wah-64d_longbow_zj206_arp.jpg/330px-Westland_apache_wah-64d_longbow_zj206_arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Westland_apache_wah-64d_longbow_zj206_arp.jpg/440px-Westland_apache_wah-64d_longbow_zj206_arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2876" data-file-height="1825" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Army_Air_Corps_(United_Kingdom)" title="Army Air Corps (United Kingdom)">Army Air Corps</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_active_United_Kingdom_military_aircraft" title="List of active United Kingdom military aircraft">has 67</a> Yeovil-built, <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Turbomeca_RTM322" title="Rolls-Royce Turbomeca RTM322">Rolls-Royce RTM322</a>-powered <a href="/wiki/AgustaWestland_Apache" title="AgustaWestland Apache">AgustaWestland Apache</a> AH1 helicopters; since 2010, the helicopters now have the much-more advanced <a href="/wiki/Apache_Arrowhead" title="Apache Arrowhead">Apache Arrowhead</a> night-vision system which superseded <a href="/wiki/Target_Acquisition_and_Designation_Sights,_Pilot_Night_Vision_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Target Acquisition and Designation Sights, Pilot Night Vision System">TADS/PNVS</a>; in October 2016, the Royal Navy had 94 helicopters; the <a href="/wiki/Fleet_Air_Arm_Museum" title="Fleet Air Arm Museum">Fleet Air Arm Museum</a> is Europe's largest naval air museum</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Somerset">Somerset</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_West_England&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Somerset"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Somerset" title="Economy of Somerset">Economy of Somerset</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shunting_the_engine_-_geograph.org.uk_-_107049.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Shunting_the_engine_-_geograph.org.uk_-_107049.jpg/220px-Shunting_the_engine_-_geograph.org.uk_-_107049.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Shunting_the_engine_-_geograph.org.uk_-_107049.jpg/330px-Shunting_the_engine_-_geograph.org.uk_-_107049.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Shunting_the_engine_-_geograph.org.uk_-_107049.jpg/440px-Shunting_the_engine_-_geograph.org.uk_-_107049.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="441" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mendip_Vale_railway_station" title="Mendip Vale railway station">Mendip Vale</a> the nearest station to the city of <a href="/wiki/Wells,_Somerset" title="Wells, Somerset">Wells</a> which is cut off from the rest of the UK by the <a href="/wiki/Beeching_cuts" title="Beeching cuts">Beeching cuts</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Screwfix" title="Screwfix">Screwfix</a> is in Yeovil, and <a href="/wiki/C%26J_Clark" class="mw-redirect" title="C&J Clark">Clarks shoes</a> with <a href="/wiki/K-Swiss" title="K-Swiss">K-Swiss</a> Europe are in <a href="/wiki/Street,_Somerset" title="Street, Somerset">Street</a>, although most of its shoes are made in the Far East. <a href="/wiki/Shepton_Mallet" title="Shepton Mallet">Shepton Mallet</a> is home of <a href="/wiki/Blackthorn_Cider" title="Blackthorn Cider">Blackthorn Cider</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gaymer_Cider_Company" title="Gaymer Cider Company">Gaymer Cider Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dairy_Crest" class="mw-redirect" title="Dairy Crest">Dairy Crest</a> packs <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_City_Cheddar" title="Cathedral City Cheddar">Cathedral City</a> cheese in <a href="/wiki/Frome" title="Frome">Frome</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Glastonbury_Festival" title="Glastonbury Festival">Glastonbury Festival</a> at <a href="/wiki/Pilton,_Somerset" title="Pilton, Somerset">Pilton</a> (nearer to Shepton Mallet than Glastonbury), off the <a href="/wiki/A361_road" title="A361 road">A361</a>, is the UK's biggest music festival.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uniq_factory,_Evercreech_-_geograph.org.uk_-_446994.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Uniq_factory%2C_Evercreech_-_geograph.org.uk_-_446994.jpg/220px-Uniq_factory%2C_Evercreech_-_geograph.org.uk_-_446994.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Uniq_factory%2C_Evercreech_-_geograph.org.uk_-_446994.jpg/330px-Uniq_factory%2C_Evercreech_-_geograph.org.uk_-_446994.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Uniq_factory%2C_Evercreech_-_geograph.org.uk_-_446994.jpg/440px-Uniq_factory%2C_Evercreech_-_geograph.org.uk_-_446994.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Greencore make premium chilled desserts, such as <a href="/wiki/Tiramisu" title="Tiramisu">tiramisu</a> for M & S, at their site (former <a href="/wiki/St_Ivel" title="St Ivel">St Ivel</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Uniq_plc" title="Uniq plc">Uniq</a> Desserts) off the B3081 at <a href="/wiki/Evercreech" title="Evercreech">Evercreech</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Marines" title="Royal Marines">Royal Marines</a> have a <a href="/wiki/Norton_Manor_Camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Norton Manor Camp">large base</a> for <a href="/wiki/40_Commando" title="40 Commando">40 Commando</a> west of <a href="/wiki/Taunton" title="Taunton">Taunton</a>, with their <a href="/wiki/Commando_Training_Centre_Royal_Marines" title="Commando Training Centre Royal Marines">training centre</a> at <a href="/wiki/Lympstone_Commando" class="mw-redirect" title="Lympstone Commando">Lympstone Commando</a> in Devon, on the <a href="/wiki/Avocet_Line" title="Avocet Line">Avocet Line</a> with its own station of <a href="/wiki/Lympstone_Commando_railway_station" title="Lympstone Commando railway station">Lympstone</a> and the A376 and <a href="/wiki/River_Exe" title="River Exe">River Exe</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Attentional&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Attentional (page does not exist)">Attentional</a> in Taunton deliver audience figures for <a href="/wiki/Broadcasters%27_Audience_Research_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadcasters' Audience Research Board">BARB</a>. <a href="/wiki/DS_Smith" title="DS Smith">DS Smith</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Wansbrough_Paper_Mill" title="Wansbrough Paper Mill">Wansbrough Paper Mill</a> at <a href="/wiki/Watchet" title="Watchet">Watchet</a> on the coast is the UK's largest manufacturer of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Coreboard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coreboard (page does not exist)">coreboard</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fletcher_Boats&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fletcher Boats (page does not exist)">Fletcher Boats</a> make speedboats in <a href="/wiki/Langport" title="Langport">Langport</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=TePe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TePe (page does not exist)">TePe</a> UK (Swedish) supply toothbrushes. </p><p>Thales Defence closed its radar site (former EMI Electronics) near Wookey Hole, in <a href="/wiki/St_Cuthbert_Out" title="St Cuthbert Out">St Cuthbert Out</a>. <a href="/wiki/Thales_Underwater_Systems" title="Thales Underwater Systems">Thales Underwater Systems</a> (former <a href="/wiki/Plessey" title="Plessey">Plessey</a> Marine) is at <a href="/wiki/Templecombe" title="Templecombe">Abbas and Templecombe</a>, Somerset, off the A357 towards Dorset in the <a href="/wiki/Blackmore_Vale" title="Blackmore Vale">Blackmore Vale</a>, east of Yeovil. <a href="/wiki/Commando_Helicopter_Force" title="Commando Helicopter Force">Commando Helicopter Force</a> at <a href="/wiki/RNAS_Yeovilton_(HMS_Heron)" title="RNAS Yeovilton (HMS Heron)">Yeovilton</a> operates Merlins and Wildcats (the upgraded version of the <a href="/wiki/Westland_Lynx" title="Westland Lynx">Lynx</a>). <a href="/wiki/Mulberry_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry (company)">Mulberry</a> is based at <a href="/wiki/Chilcompton" title="Chilcompton">Chilcompton</a> on the B3139, north of Shepton Mallet, in the Mendips. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cox_%26_Cox&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cox & Cox (page does not exist)">Cox & Cox</a> furnishings, is north of Frome in <a href="/wiki/Berkley,_Somerset" title="Berkley, Somerset">Berkley, Somerset</a> off the A361. <a href="/wiki/Fox_Brothers" title="Fox Brothers">Fox Brothers</a> make cloth in <a href="/wiki/Wellington,_Somerset" title="Wellington, Somerset">Wellington</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Relyon_(furniture)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Relyon (furniture) (page does not exist)">Relyon</a> (part of <a href="/wiki/Steinhoff_International" title="Steinhoff International">Steinhoff International</a>) make beds. </p><p>Italian defence contractor <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_S.p.A." class="mw-redirect" title="Leonardo S.p.A.">Leonardo</a> makes helicopters at <a href="/wiki/Yeovil" title="Yeovil">Yeovil</a>, formerly the home of <a href="/wiki/Westland_Helicopters" title="Westland Helicopters">Westland Helicopters</a>, building the <a href="/wiki/AgustaWestland_AW159_Wildcat" title="AgustaWestland AW159 Wildcat">AgustaWestland AW159 Wildcat</a>. To the east of Yeovil, in <a href="/wiki/Houndstone" class="mw-redirect" title="Houndstone">Houndstone</a>, Garador make <a href="/wiki/Garage_door" title="Garage door">garage doors</a> (part of Hörmann Group of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amshausen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amshausen (page does not exist)">Amshausen</a>, Europe's largest mechanical door manufacturer). <a href="/wiki/Yeo_Valley_Organic" class="mw-redirect" title="Yeo Valley Organic">Yeo Valley Organic</a> is in <a href="/wiki/Blagdon" title="Blagdon">Blagdon</a>. <a href="/wiki/Numatic_International_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Numatic International Limited">Numatic International Limited</a> makes <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_cleaner" title="Vacuum cleaner">vacuum cleaners</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chard,_Somerset" title="Chard, Somerset">Chard</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brecknell_Willis" title="Brecknell Willis">Brecknell Willis</a>, a railway engineering company on the <a href="/wiki/A30_road" title="A30 road">A30</a>, makes <a href="/wiki/Pantograph_(rail)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pantograph (rail)">pantographs</a>; <a href="/wiki/ActionAid_UK" class="mw-redirect" title="ActionAid UK">ActionAid UK</a> is in the Chard Business Centre, off the A358 in the north of Chard, near a centrifugal <a href="/wiki/Oil_filter" title="Oil filter">oil filter</a> plant of <a href="/wiki/Mann%2BHummel" title="Mann+Hummel">Mann+Hummel</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dairy_Crest" class="mw-redirect" title="Dairy Crest">Dairy Crest</a> made <a href="/wiki/Brandy_butter" class="mw-redirect" title="Brandy butter">brandy butter</a> south of the town in <a href="/wiki/Tatworth" title="Tatworth">Tatworth and Forton</a>, near the meeting point of Dorset, Somerset and Devon. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Cake&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Cake (page does not exist)">Ministry of Cake</a>, owned by Greencore since December 2007 on the A3065 in <a href="/wiki/Staplegrove" class="mw-redirect" title="Staplegrove">Staplegrove</a> in the west of Taunton, is the leading provider of frozen desserts to the UK foodservice industry. The <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Hydrographic_Office" title="United Kingdom Hydrographic Office">United Kingdom Hydrographic Office</a> is in Taunton. <a href="/wiki/Pilgrims_Choice" title="Pilgrims Choice">Pilgrims Choice</a> cheddar is made by Adams Foods (former <a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Downs_Dairy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North Downs Dairy (page does not exist)">North Downs Dairy</a>) at Wincanton. <a href="/wiki/Ariel_Motor_Company" title="Ariel Motor Company">Ariel Motor Company</a> in Crewkerne, make the <a href="/wiki/Ariel_Atom" title="Ariel Atom">Ariel Atom</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gerber_Products_Company" title="Gerber Products Company">Refresco Gerber</a> in the north of Bridgwater, between the A38 and the <a href="/wiki/River_Parrett" title="River Parrett">River Parrett</a>, make <a href="/wiki/SunnyD" title="SunnyD">SunnyD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libby%27s" title="Libby's">Libby's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Innocent_Drinks" title="Innocent Drinks">Innocent Drinks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Del_Monte_Foods" title="Del Monte Foods">Del Monte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Just_Juice" class="mw-redirect" title="Just Juice">Just Juice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ocean_Spray_(cooperative)" title="Ocean Spray (cooperative)">Ocean Spray</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Higher_Stockham_Farm_-_geograph.org.uk_-_241476.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Higher_Stockham_Farm_-_geograph.org.uk_-_241476.jpg/220px-Higher_Stockham_Farm_-_geograph.org.uk_-_241476.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Higher_Stockham_Farm_-_geograph.org.uk_-_241476.jpg/330px-Higher_Stockham_Farm_-_geograph.org.uk_-_241476.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Higher_Stockham_Farm_-_geograph.org.uk_-_241476.jpg/440px-Higher_Stockham_Farm_-_geograph.org.uk_-_241476.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Former brandy butter plant at <a href="/wiki/Chard_Junction" class="mw-redirect" title="Chard Junction">Chard Junction</a> next to the <a href="/wiki/River_Axe_(Lyme_Bay)" title="River Axe (Lyme Bay)">River Axe</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>Next to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Portbury_Dock" title="Royal Portbury Dock">Royal Portbury Dock</a>, off junction 19 of the M5 on the A369 is <a href="/wiki/Lafarge_(company)" title="Lafarge (company)">Lafarge</a> Plasterboard. <a href="/wiki/Thatchers_Cider" title="Thatchers Cider">Thatchers Cider</a> is in <a href="/wiki/Sandford,_Somerset" title="Sandford, Somerset">Sandford</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Somerset" title="North Somerset">North Somerset</a> on the <a href="/wiki/A368_road" title="A368 road">A368</a>, two miles east of the M5. Towards Bristol Airport, <a href="/wiki/Claverham_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Claverham (company)">Claverham</a> make actuation equipment for the aerospace sector in <a href="/wiki/Yatton" title="Yatton">Yatton</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_Somerset" title="North Somerset">North Somerset</a>, off the <a href="/wiki/A370_road" title="A370 road">A370</a>, and is part of <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Sundstrand" title="Hamilton Sundstrand">Hamilton Sundstrand</a>, derived from the electrical systems part of <a href="/wiki/Fairey_Aviation" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairey Aviation">Fairey Aviation</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Wessex_Water" title="Wessex Water">Wessex Water</a>, <a href="/wiki/Future_plc" title="Future plc">Future plc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buro_Happold" title="Buro Happold">Buro Happold</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rotork" title="Rotork">Rotork</a> are in <a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath</a>. Cadbury used to make <i><a href="/wiki/Curly_Wurly" title="Curly Wurly">Curly Wurly</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Double_Decker_(chocolate_bar)" title="Double Decker (chocolate bar)">Double Decker</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Crunchie" title="Crunchie">Crunchie</a></i> at the <a href="/wiki/Somerdale_Factory" title="Somerdale Factory">Somerdale Factory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keynsham" title="Keynsham">Keynsham</a> until Kraft closed the plant in March 2011 and moved production to <a href="/wiki/Skarbimierz,_Opole_Voivodeship" title="Skarbimierz, Opole Voivodeship">Skarbimierz, Opole Voivodeship</a> in Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wiltshire">Wiltshire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_West_England&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Wiltshire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Wiltshire" title="Economy of Wiltshire">Economy of Wiltshire</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Salisbury_Cathedral.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Salisbury_Cathedral.jpg/220px-Salisbury_Cathedral.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Salisbury_Cathedral.jpg/330px-Salisbury_Cathedral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Salisbury_Cathedral.jpg/440px-Salisbury_Cathedral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1295" data-file-height="1096" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Salisbury_Cathedral" title="Salisbury Cathedral">Salisbury Cathedral</a> at 123 m (404 ft) which is the tallest in the UK</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Nationwide_Building_Society" title="Nationwide Building Society">Nationwide Building Society</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Research_Councils_UK" title="Research Councils UK">Research Councils UK</a> and five <a href="/wiki/UK_Research_Councils" class="mw-redirect" title="UK Research Councils">research councils</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intel_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel Corporation">Intel Europe</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/British_Computer_Society" title="British Computer Society">British Computer Society</a><sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are in Swindon, as are the main offices of <a href="/wiki/Historic_England" title="Historic England">Historic England</a><sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Trust_for_Places_of_Historic_Interest_or_Natural_Beauty" class="mw-redirect" title="National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty">National Trust</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> both housed in the former <a href="/wiki/Great_Western_Railway" title="Great Western Railway">Great Western Railway</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Swindon_Works" title="Swindon Works">Swindon Works</a>. <a href="/wiki/Allied_Dunbar" title="Allied Dunbar">Allied Dunbar</a> was headquartered in the centre of Swindon until 1998, when bought by <a href="/wiki/Zurich_Insurance_Group" title="Zurich Insurance Group">Zurich Financial Services</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Stratton_St_Margaret" title="Stratton St Margaret">Stratton St Margaret</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMW" title="BMW">BMW</a> press metal for the <a href="/wiki/Mini_(marque)" title="Mini (marque)">Mini</a><sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the former <a href="/wiki/Pressed_Steel_Company" title="Pressed Steel Company">Pressed Steel Company</a>, there is a major <a href="/wiki/List_of_Honda_assembly_plants" title="List of Honda assembly plants">Honda</a> <a href="/wiki/Honda_of_the_UK_Manufacturing" class="mw-redirect" title="Honda of the UK Manufacturing">manufacturing plant</a> (in South Marston) where the <a href="/wiki/Honda_Fit" title="Honda Fit">Jazz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honda_Civic" title="Honda Civic">Civic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Honda_CR-V" title="Honda CR-V">CR-V</a> are manufactured at Britain's second-largest car manufacturing plant;<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> nearby are <a href="/wiki/Zimmer_Biomet" title="Zimmer Biomet">Zimmer</a> UK (medical devices) and <a href="/wiki/GS_Yuasa" title="GS Yuasa">Yuasa</a> UK (automotive batteries). </p><p>The headquarters of <a href="/wiki/WHSmith" title="WHSmith">WHSmith</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Smiths_News" title="Smiths News">Smiths News</a>, is near the <a href="/wiki/School_Library_Association" title="School Library Association">School Library Association</a>, west of the MINI works in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Stratton" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Stratton">Upper Stratton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Valero_Energy" title="Valero Energy">Valero Energy</a> UK, who bought Texaco from <a href="/wiki/Chevron_Corporation" title="Chevron Corporation">Chevron</a> in 2011, are in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eldene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eldene (page does not exist)">Eldene</a>, in the former head office of <a href="/wiki/St_Ivel" title="St Ivel">St Ivel</a>; <a href="/wiki/Patheon" title="Patheon">Patheon</a> UK (pharmaceuticals, on the former site of <a href="/wiki/Roussel_Uclaf" title="Roussel Uclaf">Roussel Uclaf</a>) are on the B4006 in <a href="/wiki/Covingham" title="Covingham">Covingham</a>, north of Valero, in the east of Swindon. <a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Gasket_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="British Gasket Group (page does not exist)">BG Automotive</a>, on the Cheney Manor industrial estate, make gaskets on the B4006 in <a href="/wiki/Rodbourne" title="Rodbourne">Rodbourne</a>; <a href="/wiki/Dynamatic_Technologies" title="Dynamatic Technologies">Dynamatic</a> UK are in a former <a href="/wiki/Plessey" title="Plessey">Plessey</a> factory. <a href="/wiki/Burmah_Oil" title="Burmah Oil">Burmah Oil</a> was headquartered in the south of Swindon; Burmah bought <a href="/wiki/Castrol" title="Castrol">Castrol</a> in 1966 (owned by <a href="/wiki/BP" title="BP">BP</a> from 2000). <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Black_%26_Decker" title="Stanley Black & Decker">Stanley Security</a> (former Amano Blick) is on the Techno trading estate, north of the town centre. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plessey_Semiconductors_1982.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Plessey_Semiconductors_1982.jpg/220px-Plessey_Semiconductors_1982.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Plessey_Semiconductors_1982.jpg/330px-Plessey_Semiconductors_1982.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Plessey_Semiconductors_1982.jpg/440px-Plessey_Semiconductors_1982.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2837" data-file-height="819" /></a><figcaption>Former Plessey Semiconductors factory in Swindon, on the Cheney Manor Industrial Estate, west of Rodbourne</figcaption></figure> <p>Near the M4 Spittleborough Roundabout, close to <a href="/wiki/Freshbrook" title="Freshbrook">Freshbrook</a>, are <a href="/wiki/Synergy_Health" title="Synergy Health">Synergy Health</a> and <a href="/wiki/Npower_(United_Kingdom)" title="Npower (United Kingdom)">RWE npower</a>; also on the Windmill Hill Business park are <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arval_(company)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arval (company) (page does not exist)">Arval</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vehicle_leasing" title="Vehicle leasing">vehicle leasing</a> and fuel cards), and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Allstar_(fuel_card)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allstar (fuel card) (page does not exist)">Allstar</a> (fuel card); also nearby are <a href="/wiki/Realogy" class="mw-redirect" title="Realogy">Cartus</a> Europe, <a href="/wiki/Catalent" title="Catalent">Catalent Pharma Solutions</a> UK and <a href="/wiki/MAN_Truck_%26_Bus" title="MAN Truck & Bus">MAN Truck & Bus</a> UK (with <a href="/wiki/Neoplan" title="Neoplan">Neoplan</a> and <a href="/wiki/ERF_(lorry_manufacturer)" class="mw-redirect" title="ERF (lorry manufacturer)">ERF</a>); further east is <a href="/wiki/WRc" title="WRc">WRc</a> (the former Water Research Centre). Nearby on Lydiard Fields in <a href="/wiki/Lydiard_Tregoze" title="Lydiard Tregoze">Lydiard Tregoze</a> is <a href="/wiki/Johnson_Matthey" title="Johnson Matthey">Johnson Matthey</a> Fuel Cells, which in 2002 was the world's first production site of <a href="/wiki/Membrane_electrode_assembly" title="Membrane electrode assembly">membrane electrode assemblies</a>, and next door is <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neptune_(Europe)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neptune (Europe) (page does not exist)">Neptune</a>, who make furniture and kitchens; also <a href="/w/index.php?title=BuildStore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BuildStore (page does not exist)">BuildStore</a> have their National Self Build & Renovation Centre. Sauer-Danfoss UK provide hydraulics off the <a href="/wiki/A419_road" title="A419 road">A419</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dorcan" title="Dorcan">Dorcan</a>, and nearby is <a href="/wiki/TE_Connectivity" title="TE Connectivity">TE Connectivity</a> UK (former Tyco Electronics and <a href="/wiki/Raychem" title="Raychem">Raychem</a>). The <a href="/wiki/British_%26_Foreign_Bible_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="British & Foreign Bible Society">British & Foreign Bible Society</a> is on the Delta Business Park in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Westlea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Westlea (page does not exist)">Westlea</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Intergraph" title="Intergraph">Intergraph</a> UK (<a href="/wiki/Geographic_information_system" title="Geographic information system">geospatial software</a>, owned by <a href="/wiki/Hexagon_AB" title="Hexagon AB">Hexagon AB</a>) on the other side of Westmead industrial estate, with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metric_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metric Group (page does not exist)">Metric Group</a>, the only UK manufacturer of <a href="/wiki/Parking_meter" title="Parking meter">parking meters</a>. <a href="/wiki/Triumph_International" title="Triumph International">Triumph International UK</a> is in <a href="/wiki/Blunsdon" title="Blunsdon">Blunsdon St Andrew</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dyson_(company)" title="Dyson (company)">Dyson</a> is in <a href="/wiki/Malmesbury" title="Malmesbury">Malmesbury</a>, north of the M4.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cotswold_Outdoor" title="Cotswold Outdoor">Cotswold Outdoor</a> (recommended supplier to the <a href="/wiki/The_Duke_of_Edinburgh%27s_Award" title="The Duke of Edinburgh's Award">DofE Award</a> and the Scout Association) is based at the <a href="/wiki/Cotswold_Airport" title="Cotswold Airport">Cotswold Airport</a> near the Gloucestershire boundary, south of Cirencester. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Staverton_Chimney_-_geograph.org.uk_-_613951.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/The_Staverton_Chimney_-_geograph.org.uk_-_613951.jpg/170px-The_Staverton_Chimney_-_geograph.org.uk_-_613951.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/The_Staverton_Chimney_-_geograph.org.uk_-_613951.jpg/255px-The_Staverton_Chimney_-_geograph.org.uk_-_613951.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/The_Staverton_Chimney_-_geograph.org.uk_-_613951.jpg/340px-The_Staverton_Chimney_-_geograph.org.uk_-_613951.jpg 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shredded_wheat" title="Shredded wheat">Shredded Wheat</a> factory at <a href="/wiki/Staverton,_Wiltshire" title="Staverton, Wiltshire">Staverton</a> north of Trowbridge</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Trowbridge" title="Trowbridge">Trowbridge</a> has <a href="/wiki/Apetito" title="Apetito">Apetito</a> UK,<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Wiltshire_Farm_Foods" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiltshire Farm Foods">Wiltshire Farm Foods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Danone" title="Danone">Danone UK</a> and their subsidiary <a href="/wiki/Numico" class="mw-redirect" title="Numico">Numico</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cereal_Partners" class="mw-redirect" title="Cereal Partners">Cereal Partners</a> make <a href="/wiki/Shredded_wheat" title="Shredded wheat">Shredded Wheat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shreddies" title="Shreddies">Shreddies</a> at <a href="/wiki/Staverton,_Wiltshire" title="Staverton, Wiltshire">Staverton</a>, near Trowbridge. In <a href="/wiki/Devizes" title="Devizes">Devizes</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Wadworth_Brewery" title="Wadworth Brewery">Wadworth Brewery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Salisbury_Cathedral" title="Salisbury Cathedral">Salisbury Cathedral</a> in <a href="/wiki/Salisbury" title="Salisbury">Salisbury</a> attracts many tourists. <a href="/wiki/Rockhopper_Exploration" title="Rockhopper Exploration">Rockhopper Exploration</a> is in the town and <a href="/wiki/Naim_Audio" title="Naim Audio">Naim Audio</a> make hi-fi equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nearby, <a href="/wiki/Defence_Science_and_Technology_Laboratory" title="Defence Science and Technology Laboratory">Dstl</a> is at <a href="/wiki/Porton_Down" title="Porton Down">Porton Down</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Knorr-Bremse" title="Knorr-Bremse">Knorr-Bremse Rail Systems UK</a> (formerly Westinghouse) make <a href="/wiki/Railway_air_brake" title="Railway air brake">railway air brakes</a> in Bowerhill<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> just south of <a href="/wiki/Melksham" title="Melksham">Melksham</a> and nearby are the headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Avon_Rubber" class="mw-redirect" title="Avon Rubber">Avon Rubber</a><sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Herman_Miller" title="Herman Miller">Herman Miller</a> UK, a maker of office furniture. <a href="/wiki/Chippenham" title="Chippenham">Chippenham</a> has the HQ of <a href="/wiki/Wincanton_plc" title="Wincanton plc">Wincanton plc</a>, the large logistics company,<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Invensys_Rail_Group" title="Invensys Rail Group">Invensys Rail Group</a> (formerly <a href="/wiki/Westinghouse_Rail_Systems" title="Westinghouse Rail Systems">Westinghouse Rail Systems</a>) who make <a href="/wiki/Railway_signalling" title="Railway signalling">rail signalling equipment</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the software company <a href="/wiki/SCISYS" class="mw-redirect" title="SCISYS">SCISYS</a>. </p><p>In the centre of the county are many military establishments, notably <a href="/wiki/MoD_Boscombe_Down" class="mw-redirect" title="MoD Boscombe Down">MoD Boscombe Down</a>, the training sites on <a href="/wiki/Salisbury_Plain_Training_Area" title="Salisbury Plain Training Area">Salisbury Plain</a> and at <a href="/wiki/MOD_Lyneham" title="MOD Lyneham">MoD Lyneham</a>, and the army bases around <a href="/wiki/Tidworth" title="Tidworth">Tidworth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Larkhill" title="Larkhill">Larkhill</a> (home of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_School_of_Artillery" title="Royal School of Artillery">Royal School of Artillery</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Warminster" title="Warminster">Warminster</a> (HQ of the <a href="/wiki/Infantry_of_the_British_Army" title="Infantry of the British Army">Infantry</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subdivisions">Subdivisions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_West_England&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Subdivisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The region covers much of the historical area of <a href="/wiki/Wessex" title="Wessex">Wessex</a> (omitting only <a href="/wiki/Hampshire" title="Hampshire">Hampshire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Berkshire" title="Berkshire">Berkshire</a>), and all of the Celtic Kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Dumnonia" title="Dumnonia">Dumnonia</a> which comprised Cornwall, Devon, and parts of Somerset and Dorset. In terms of local government, it was divided after 1974 into <a href="/wiki/Avon_(county)" title="Avon (county)">Avon</a>, Cornwall, <a href="/wiki/Devon" title="Devon">Devon</a>, Dorset, <a href="/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire">Gloucestershire</a>, Somerset, and <a href="/wiki/Wiltshire" title="Wiltshire">Wiltshire</a>. Avon has since been abolished, and several mainly urban areas have become <a href="/wiki/Unitary_authority#England" title="Unitary authority">unitary authorities</a>. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local_government">Local government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_West_England&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Local government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The official region consists of the following geographic counties and local government areas: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Map</th> <th>Ceremonial county</th> <th>Non-metropolitan county</th> <th>Non-metropolitan districts </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="15"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SouthWest-local-government-2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/SouthWest-local-government-2019.jpg/300px-SouthWest-local-government-2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/SouthWest-local-government-2019.jpg/450px-SouthWest-local-government-2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/SouthWest-local-government-2019.jpg/600px-SouthWest-local-government-2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5938" data-file-height="4658" /></a></span></td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Somerset" title="Somerset">Somerset</a></td> <td colspan="2">1. <a href="/wiki/Bath_and_North_East_Somerset" title="Bath and North East Somerset">Bath and North East Somerset</a> UA </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">2. <a href="/wiki/North_Somerset" title="North Somerset">North Somerset</a> UA </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">10. <a href="/wiki/Somerset_Council" title="Somerset Council">Somerset</a> UA </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a></td> <td colspan="2">3. <a href="/wiki/Bristol_City_Council" title="Bristol City Council">Bristol</a> UA </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire">Gloucestershire</a></td> <td colspan="2">4. <a href="/wiki/South_Gloucestershire" title="South Gloucestershire">South Gloucestershire</a> UA </td></tr> <tr> <td>5. <a href="/wiki/Gloucestershire_County_Council" title="Gloucestershire County Council">Gloucestershire CC</a></td> <td><i>a</i>) <a href="/wiki/Gloucester" title="Gloucester">Gloucester</a>, <i>b</i>) <a href="/wiki/Tewkesbury_(borough)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tewkesbury (borough)">Tewkesbury</a>, <i>c</i>) <a href="/wiki/Cheltenham" title="Cheltenham">Cheltenham</a>, <i>d</i>) <a href="/wiki/Cotswold_(district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cotswold (district)">Cotswold</a>, <i>e</i>) <a href="/wiki/Stroud_(district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stroud (district)">Stroud</a>, <i>f</i>) <a href="/wiki/Forest_of_Dean_(district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest of Dean (district)">Forest of Dean</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Wiltshire" title="Wiltshire">Wiltshire</a></td> <td colspan="2">6. <a href="/wiki/Swindon_(borough)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swindon (borough)">Swindon</a> UA </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">7. <a href="/wiki/Wiltshire_(district)" title="Wiltshire (district)">Wiltshire</a> UA </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Dorset" title="Dorset">Dorset</a></td> <td colspan="2">8. <a href="/wiki/Dorset_(unitary_authority)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorset (unitary authority)">Dorset</a> UA </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">9. <a href="/wiki/Bournemouth,_Christchurch_and_Poole" title="Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole">Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole</a> UA </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Devon" title="Devon">Devon</a></td> <td>11. <a href="/wiki/Devon_County_Council" title="Devon County Council">Devon CC</a></td> <td><i>a</i>) <a href="/wiki/Exeter" title="Exeter">Exeter</a>, <i>b</i>) <a href="/wiki/East_Devon" title="East Devon">East Devon</a>, <i>c</i>) <a href="/wiki/Mid_Devon" title="Mid Devon">Mid Devon</a>, <i>d</i>) <a href="/wiki/North_Devon" title="North Devon">North Devon</a>, <i>e</i>) <a href="/wiki/Torridge_District" title="Torridge District">Torridge</a>, <i>f</i>) <a href="/wiki/West_Devon" title="West Devon">West Devon</a>, <i>g</i>) <a href="/wiki/South_Hams" title="South Hams">South Hams</a>, <i>h</i>) <a href="/wiki/Teignbridge" title="Teignbridge">Teignbridge</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">12. <a href="/wiki/Torbay" title="Torbay">Torbay</a> UA </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">14. <a href="/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth">Plymouth</a> UA </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a></td> <td colspan="2">15. <a href="/wiki/Isles_of_Scilly" title="Isles of Scilly">Isles of Scilly</a> <i>sui generis</i> UA </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">13. <a href="/wiki/Cornwall_Council" title="Cornwall Council">Cornwall UA</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>UA = <a href="/wiki/Unitary_authority" title="Unitary authority">unitary authority</a> area (non-metropolitan county and district)</li> <li>CC = <a href="/wiki/County_council" title="County council">county council</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eurostat_NUTS">Eurostat NUTS</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_West_England&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Eurostat NUTS"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Eurostat" title="Eurostat">Eurostat</a> <a href="/wiki/Nomenclature_of_Territorial_Units_for_Statistics" title="Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics">Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics</a> (NUTS), South West England is a level-1 NUTS region, coded "UKK", which is subdivided as follows: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr style="background:gold; text-align:left;"> <th>NUTS 1 </th> <th>Code </th> <th>NUTS 2 </th> <th>Code </th> <th>NUTS 3 </th> <th>Code </th></tr> <tr> <td>South West England </td> <td>UKK </td> <td rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire">Gloucestershire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wiltshire" title="Wiltshire">Wiltshire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a>/<a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath</a> area </td> <td rowspan="5">UKK1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a> </td> <td>UKK11 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NUTS_3_regions_of_South_West_England_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/NUTS_3_regions_of_South_West_England_map.svg/240px-NUTS_3_regions_of_South_West_England_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/NUTS_3_regions_of_South_West_England_map.svg/360px-NUTS_3_regions_of_South_West_England_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/NUTS_3_regions_of_South_West_England_map.svg/480px-NUTS_3_regions_of_South_West_England_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="1118" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bath_and_North_East_Somerset" title="Bath and North East Somerset">Bath and North East Somerset</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Somerset" title="North Somerset">North Somerset</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Gloucestershire" title="South Gloucestershire">South Gloucestershire</a> </td> <td>UKK12 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire">Gloucestershire</a> CC </td> <td>UKK13 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Swindon_(borough)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swindon (borough)">Swindon</a> </td> <td>UKK14 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wiltshire_(district)" title="Wiltshire (district)">Wiltshire</a> </td> <td>UKK15 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Dorset" title="Dorset">Dorset</a> and <a href="/wiki/Somerset" title="Somerset">Somerset</a> </td> <td rowspan="3">UKK2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bournemouth_(borough)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bournemouth (borough)">Bournemouth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poole" title="Poole">Poole</a> </td> <td>UKK21 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dorset" title="Dorset">Dorset</a> CC </td> <td>UKK22 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Somerset" title="Somerset">Somerset</a> </td> <td>UKK23 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isles_of_Scilly" title="Isles of Scilly">Isles of Scilly</a> </td> <td>UKK3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isles_of_Scilly" title="Isles of Scilly">Isles of Scilly</a> </td> <td>UKK30 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Devon" title="Devon">Devon</a> </td> <td rowspan="3">UKK4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth">Plymouth</a> </td> <td>UKK41 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Torbay" title="Torbay">Torbay</a> </td> <td>UKK42 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Devon" title="Devon">Devon</a> CC </td> <td>UKK43 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="South_West_Regional_Assembly">South West Regional Assembly</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_West_England&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: South West Regional Assembly"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Durdledoor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Durdledoor.jpg/220px-Durdledoor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Durdledoor.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="227" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Durdle_Door" title="Durdle Door">Durdle Door</a> in Dorset is part of the <a href="/wiki/Jurassic_Coast" title="Jurassic Coast">Jurassic Coast</a>, England's only natural <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Although referendums had been planned on whether elected assemblies should be set up in some of the regions, none was planned in the South West. The <a href="/wiki/South_West_Regional_Assembly" title="South West Regional Assembly">South West Regional Assembly</a> (SWRA) was the <a href="/wiki/Regional_Assemblies_in_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional Assemblies in England">regional assembly</a> for the South West region, established in 1999. It was based in <a href="/wiki/Exeter" title="Exeter">Exeter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taunton" title="Taunton">Taunton</a>. The SWRA was a partnership of councillors from all local authorities in the region and representatives of various sectors with a role in the region's economic, social and environmental well-being. There was much opposition to the formation of the SWRA with critics saying it was an unelected unrepresentative and unaccountable "quango". The Regional Assembly was wound up in May 2009, and its functions taken on by the <a href="/wiki/South_West_Strategic_Leaders%27_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="South West Strategic Leaders' Board">Strategic Leaders' Board</a> (SLB) of South West Councils.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_West_England&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of the <a href="/wiki/2024_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2024 United Kingdom general election">2024 United Kingdom general election</a>, The South West contains 58 seats in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a>. <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> hold 24 seats, The <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Liberal Democrats</a> hold 22 seats, The <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservatives</a> hold 11 seats and The <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_England_and_Wales" title="Green Party of England and Wales">Greens</a> hold 1 seat. </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Constituencies_in_South_West_England_(58)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Constituencies_in_South_West_England" title="Template:Constituencies in South West England"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Constituencies_in_South_West_England" title="Template talk:Constituencies in South West England"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Constituencies_in_South_West_England" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Constituencies in South West England"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Constituencies_in_South_West_England_(58)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_constituencies_in_South_West_England" title="Parliamentary constituencies in South West England">Constituencies in South West England</a> (58)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> (24)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bournemouth_East_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Bournemouth East (UK Parliament constituency)">Bournemouth East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bournemouth_West_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Bournemouth West (UK Parliament constituency)">Bournemouth West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_East_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Bristol East (UK Parliament constituency)">Bristol East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_North_East_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Bristol North East (UK Parliament constituency)">Bristol North East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_North_West_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Bristol North West (UK Parliament constituency)">Bristol North West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_South_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Bristol South (UK Parliament constituency)">Bristol South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camborne_and_Redruth_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Camborne and Redruth (UK Parliament constituency)">Camborne and Redruth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exeter_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Exeter (UK Parliament constituency)">Exeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filton_and_Bradley_Stoke_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Filton and Bradley Stoke (UK Parliament constituency)">Filton and Bradley Stoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_of_Dean_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Forest of Dean (UK Parliament constituency)">Forest of Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloucester_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Gloucester (UK Parliament constituency)">Gloucester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_East_Somerset_and_Hanham_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="North East Somerset and Hanham (UK Parliament constituency)">North East Somerset and Hanham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Somerset_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="North Somerset (UK Parliament constituency)">North Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Moor_View_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Plymouth Moor View (UK Parliament constituency)">Plymouth Moor View</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Sutton_and_Devonport_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Plymouth Sutton and Devonport (UK Parliament constituency)">Plymouth Sutton and Devonport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poole_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Poole (UK Parliament constituency)">Poole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Dorset_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="South Dorset (UK Parliament constituency)">South Dorset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_East_Cornwall_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="South East Cornwall (UK Parliament constituency)">South East Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Austell_and_Newquay_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="St Austell and Newquay (UK Parliament constituency)">St Austell and Newquay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroud_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Stroud (UK Parliament constituency)">Stroud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swindon_North_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Swindon North (UK Parliament constituency)">Swindon North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swindon_South_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Swindon South (UK Parliament constituency)">Swindon South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truro_and_Falmouth_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Truro and Falmouth (UK Parliament constituency)">Truro and Falmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weston-super-Mare_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Weston-super-Mare (UK Parliament constituency)">Weston-super-Mare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Liberal Democrats</a> (22)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bath_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Bath (UK Parliament constituency)">Bath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Cheltenham (UK Parliament constituency)">Cheltenham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chippenham_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Chippenham (UK Parliament constituency)">Chippenham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frome_and_East_Somerset_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Frome and East Somerset (UK Parliament constituency)">Frome and East Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glastonbury_and_Somerton_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Glastonbury and Somerton (UK Parliament constituency)">Glastonbury and Somerton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honiton_and_Sidmouth_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Honiton and Sidmouth (UK Parliament constituency)">Honiton and Sidmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melksham_and_Devizes_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Melksham and Devizes (UK Parliament constituency)">Melksham and Devizes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid_Dorset_and_North_Poole_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Mid Dorset and North Poole (UK Parliament constituency)">Mid Dorset and North Poole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton_Abbot_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Newton Abbot (UK Parliament constituency)">Newton Abbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Cornwall_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="North Cornwall (UK Parliament constituency)">North Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Devon_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="North Devon (UK Parliament constituency)">North Devon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Cotswolds_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="South Cotswolds (UK Parliament constituency)">South Cotswolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Devon_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="South Devon (UK Parliament constituency)">South Devon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Ives_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="St Ives (UK Parliament constituency)">St Ives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taunton_and_Wellington_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Taunton and Wellington (UK Parliament constituency)">Taunton and Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tewkesbury_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Tewkesbury (UK Parliament constituency)">Tewkesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thornbury_and_Yate_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Thornbury and Yate (UK Parliament constituency)">Thornbury and Yate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiverton_and_Minehead_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Tiverton and Minehead (UK Parliament constituency)">Tiverton and Minehead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torbay_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Torbay (UK Parliament constituency)">Torbay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wells_and_Mendip_Hills_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Wells and Mendip Hills (UK Parliament constituency)">Wells and Mendip Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Dorset_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="West Dorset (UK Parliament constituency)">West Dorset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeovil_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Yeovil (UK Parliament constituency)">Yeovil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> (11)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bridgwater_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Bridgwater (UK Parliament constituency)">Bridgwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Devon_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Central Devon (UK Parliament constituency)">Central Devon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christchurch_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Christchurch (UK Parliament constituency)">Christchurch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Wiltshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="East Wiltshire (UK Parliament constituency)">East Wiltshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exmouth_and_Exeter_East_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Exmouth and Exeter East (UK Parliament constituency)">Exmouth and Exeter East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Cotswolds_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="North Cotswolds (UK Parliament constituency)">North Cotswolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Dorset_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="North Dorset (UK Parliament constituency)">North Dorset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salisbury_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Salisbury (UK Parliament constituency)">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_West_Devon_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="South West Devon (UK Parliament constituency)">South West Devon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_West_Wiltshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="South West Wiltshire (UK Parliament constituency)">South West Wiltshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torridge_and_Tavistock_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Torridge and Tavistock (UK Parliament constituency)">Torridge and Tavistock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_England_and_Wales" title="Green Party of England and Wales">Green</a> (1)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Central_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Bristol Central (UK Parliament constituency)">Bristol Central</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_West_England&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Schools">Schools</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_West_England&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_England#South_West_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools in England">List of schools in England § South West of England</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_education">Secondary education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_West_England&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Secondary education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The South West has a below average rate of attainment in GCSE (and equivalent) examinations, with the lowest regional performance in England from 2009 to 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-education.gov.uk_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-education.gov.uk-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012, <a href="/wiki/South_Hams" title="South Hams">South Hams</a> had the highest percentage of pupils achieving 5 or more GCSEs at grade A*-C at 86%, whilst <a href="/wiki/Purbeck_District" title="Purbeck District">Purbeck</a> had the lowest at 70%.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The region has an above average rate of attainment in A-Level (and equivalent) examinations, having outperformed the <a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_(region)" title="West Midlands (region)">West Midlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Midlands" title="East Midlands">East Midlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_East_England" title="North East England">North East</a> and <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-education.gov.uk_169-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-education.gov.uk-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_education">Further education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_West_England&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Further education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are around 29 <a href="/wiki/Further_education" title="Further education">further education</a> colleges in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Higher_education">Higher education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_West_England&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Higher education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uni.of.bath.campus.arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Uni.of.bath.campus.arp.jpg/220px-Uni.of.bath.campus.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Uni.of.bath.campus.arp.jpg/330px-Uni.of.bath.campus.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Uni.of.bath.campus.arp.jpg/440px-Uni.of.bath.campus.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1037" /></a><figcaption>University of Bath</figcaption></figure> <p>There are twelve universities in the region: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arts_University_Bournemouth" title="Arts University Bournemouth">Arts University Bournemouth</a><sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bournemouth_University" title="Bournemouth University">Bournemouth University</a><sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bath_Spa_University" title="Bath Spa University">Bath Spa University</a><sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Bath" title="University of Bath">University of Bath</a><sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Bristol" title="University of Bristol">University of Bristol</a><sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camborne_School_of_Mines" title="Camborne School of Mines">Camborne School of Mines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Part of the University of Exeter.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Exeter" title="University of Exeter">University of Exeter</a><sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falmouth_University" title="Falmouth University">Falmouth University</a><sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Gloucestershire" title="University of Gloucestershire">University of Gloucestershire</a><sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_University_of_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="The University of Law">The University of Law</a><sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Plymouth" title="University of Plymouth">University of Plymouth</a><sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Marjon_University" title="Plymouth Marjon University">Plymouth Marjon University</a><sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Agricultural_University" title="Royal Agricultural University">Royal Agricultural University</a><sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_the_West_of_England" title="University of the West of England">University of the West of England</a> (UWE)<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>There are also four higher education colleges. The region has the lowest number of people registered on higher education courses at FE colleges. </p><p>The University of Bristol receives the most total funding, according to <a href="/wiki/Higher_Education_Funding_Council_for_England" title="Higher Education Funding Council for England">Higher Education Funding Council for England</a> figures for the 2006/2007 academic year, and the largest research grant—twice as big as any other in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bath has the next largest research grant, closely followed by Exeter. UWE and Plymouth get small research grants, but no other universities in the region receive much of a research grant. The University of Plymouth has the largest teaching grant. </p><p>Of the region's students (postgraduate and undergraduate), 50% are from the region, and around 40% from other regions. For full-time first degree students, 35% come from the region, around 22% are from <a href="/wiki/South_East_England" title="South East England">South East England</a>, and 8% are from London. Including the <a href="/wiki/East_of_England" title="East of England">East of England</a>, around 70% are from <a href="/wiki/Southern_England" title="Southern England">Southern England</a>. 10% are from the <a href="/wiki/English_Midlands" class="mw-redirect" title="English Midlands">Midlands</a>, and 5% from <a href="/wiki/Northern_England" title="Northern England">Northern England</a>. The main access for students from the north is the <a href="/wiki/Cross_Country_Route" title="Cross Country Route">Cross Country Route</a>. Around 33% of native South West students stay in the region, with 18% going to the South East (around 60% stay in the south of England). Around 14% go to Wales, but very few go to the East of England. Access by road or rail to the East of England region is not straightforward, with around the same amount of travel as to Scotland. Many more native South West students are prepared to go to the north of England, than northern students are prepared to study in the South West. Once graduated, around 50% stay in the region, with 15% each going to London or the South East (around 80% find work in the south of England). Very few go elsewhere (especially the north of England); around 4% go to the West Midlands or Wales.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Local_media">Local media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_West_England&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Local media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BBC_Radio_Swindon_-_geograph.org.uk_-_110351.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/BBC_Radio_Swindon_-_geograph.org.uk_-_110351.jpg/220px-BBC_Radio_Swindon_-_geograph.org.uk_-_110351.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/BBC_Radio_Swindon_-_geograph.org.uk_-_110351.jpg/330px-BBC_Radio_Swindon_-_geograph.org.uk_-_110351.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/BBC_Radio_Swindon_-_geograph.org.uk_-_110351.jpg/440px-BBC_Radio_Swindon_-_geograph.org.uk_-_110351.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_Wiltshire" title="BBC Radio Wiltshire">BBC Radio Wiltshire</a>'s building in Swindon</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/South_West_England" title="Special:EditPage/South West England">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television">Television</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_West_England&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BBC_South_West" title="BBC South West">BBC South West</a>, based in <a href="/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth">Plymouth</a> with the <i><a href="/wiki/Spotlight_(BBC_News)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spotlight (BBC News)">Spotlight</a></i> regional programme.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BBC_West" title="BBC West">BBC West</a>, based in <a href="/wiki/Clifton,_Bristol" title="Clifton, Bristol">Clifton</a> in Bristol with the <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_Points_West" title="BBC Points West">Points West</a></i> regional programme.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITV_West_Country" title="ITV West Country">ITV West Country</a>, based in Bristol (following the merger of <a href="/wiki/ITV_Wales_%26_West" title="ITV Wales & West">ITV West</a> and <a href="/wiki/ITV_Westcountry" title="ITV Westcountry">ITV Westcountry</a>), with the <i><a href="/wiki/ITV_News_West_Country" title="ITV News West Country">ITV News West Country</a></i> regional programme.</li></ul> <p>Parts of Wiltshire and Dorset, including the Swindon, Salisbury, Bournemouth, Poole, Dorchester and Weymouth areas, receive <a href="/wiki/BBC_South" title="BBC South">BBC South</a> and <a href="/wiki/ITV_Meridian" title="ITV Meridian">ITV Meridian</a> from <a href="/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton">Southampton</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radio">Radio</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_West_England&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Radio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/BBC_Local_Radio" title="BBC Local Radio">BBC Local Radio</a> services in the region include <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_Cornwall" title="BBC Radio Cornwall">Cornwall</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_Devon" title="BBC Radio Devon">Devon</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_Somerset" title="BBC Radio Somerset">Somerset</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_Bristol" title="BBC Radio Bristol">Bristol</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_Wiltshire" title="BBC Radio Wiltshire">Wiltshire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_Gloucestershire" title="BBC Radio Gloucestershire">Gloucestershire</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_Solent" title="BBC Radio Solent">BBC Radio Solent</a>'s partial opt-out service for Dorset. </p><p>Commercial radio stations include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heart_West" title="Heart West">Heart West</a>, owned by <a href="/wiki/Global_Media_%26_Entertainment" title="Global Media & Entertainment">Global</a>, broadcasts a regional weekday programme for the South West, as well as localised news on frequencies previously occupied by <a href="/wiki/Heart_West_Country" title="Heart West Country">Heart West Country</a> (Bristol/Bath), <a href="/wiki/Heart_Devon" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart Devon">Heart Devon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heart_Gloucestershire" title="Heart Gloucestershire">Heart Gloucestershire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heart_Wiltshire" title="Heart Wiltshire">Heart Wiltshire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_FM" title="Atlantic FM">Atlantic FM</a> (Cornwall).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greatest_Hits_Radio_South_West" title="Greatest Hits Radio South West">Greatest Hits Radio South West</a>, owned by <a href="/wiki/Bauer_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Bauer Radio">Bauer</a>, occupies a number of frequencies previously broadcast as part of <a href="/wiki/The_Breeze_(radio_network)" title="The Breeze (radio network)">The Breeze network</a>. As on Heart, one regional weekday afternoon programme for the wider region is retained alongside local news and advertising. A version of GHR for Cornwall is provided on DAB and online. The former <a href="/wiki/Spire_FM" title="Spire FM">Spire FM</a> (<a href="/wiki/Salisbury" title="Salisbury">Salisbury</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Wessex_FM" title="Wessex FM">Wessex FM</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dorchester,_Dorset" title="Dorchester, Dorset">Dorchester</a>) broadcast as part of <a href="/wiki/Greatest_Hits_Radio_South" title="Greatest Hits Radio South">Greatest Hits Radio South</a> in a similar manner.</li> <li>Bauer Radio also operates, as of September 2021: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hits_Radio" title="Hits Radio">Hits Radio</a> services for <a href="/wiki/Sam_FM_(Bristol)" title="Sam FM (Bristol)">Bristol</a> (formerly <a href="/wiki/Sam_FM_(Bristol)" title="Sam FM (Bristol)">Sam FM</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Fire_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire Radio">Bournemouth</a> (previously <a href="/wiki/Fire_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire Radio">Fire Radio</a>); each has a local afternoon drivetime programme, taking Hits Radio Network content at other times including breakfast.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiss_(UK_radio_station)" title="Kiss (UK radio station)">Kiss</a> (national service, formerly <a href="/wiki/Kiss_101" title="Kiss 101">Kiss 101</a> for the Severn Estuary region).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_FM" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirate FM">Pirate FM</a> (Cornwall), which has retained much of its local identity and programming.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Exe" title="Radio Exe">Radio Exe</a> (formerly Exeter FM) is an independent locally-run commercial station for Exeter. The station expanded to serve <a href="/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth">Plymouth</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Digital_Audio_Broadcasting" title="Digital Audio Broadcasting">DAB digital radio</a> platform in March 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Licensed community radio services in the region include <a href="/wiki/BCfm" title="BCfm">BCfm</a> (Bristol), <a href="/wiki/Soundart_Radio" title="Soundart Radio">Soundart Radio</a> (Totnes), <a href="/wiki/FromeFM" title="FromeFM">FromeFM</a> (Somerset), <a href="/wiki/Gloucester_FM" title="Gloucester FM">Gloucester FM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phonic_FM" title="Phonic FM">Phonic FM</a> (Exeter), <a href="/wiki/Somer_Valley_FM" title="Somer Valley FM">Somer Valley FM</a> (north Somerset), <a href="/wiki/Radio_St_Austell_Bay" title="Radio St Austell Bay">Radio St Austell Bay</a> (Cornwall), <a href="/wiki/Ujima_Radio" title="Ujima Radio">Ujima Radio</a> (Bristol), <a href="/wiki/The_Voice_(North_Devon)" title="The Voice (North Devon)">The Voice (North Devon)</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Devon_Radio" title="East Devon Radio">East Devon Radio</a> (formerly ExmouthAiR and Bay FM), and <a href="/wiki/Cross_Rhythms_Plymouth" title="Cross Rhythms Plymouth">Cross Rhythms Plymouth</a>.</li></ul> <p>National radio is transmitted from <a href="/wiki/North_Hessary_Tor_transmitting_station" title="North Hessary Tor transmitting station">North Hessary Tor</a> (west Devon) and <a href="/wiki/Wenvoe_transmitting_station" title="Wenvoe transmitting station">Wenvoe</a> (west of Cardiff). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Newspapers">Newspapers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_West_England&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Newspapers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Regional newspapers include the <a href="/wiki/Bath_Chronicle" title="Bath Chronicle">Bath Chronicle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Post" title="Bristol Post">Bristol Post</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Daily_Press" title="Western Daily Press">Western Daily Press</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dorset_Echo" title="Dorset Echo">Dorset Echo</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Express_%26_Echo" title="Express & Echo">Exeter Express and Echo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Morning_News" title="Western Morning News">Western Morning News</a>, the <a href="/wiki/North_Devon_Journal" title="North Devon Journal">North Devon Journal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cornish_Guardian" title="Cornish Guardian">Cornish Guardian</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_West_Briton" title="The West Briton">The West Briton</a> (Truro), <a href="/wiki/The_Cornishman_(newspaper)" title="The Cornishman (newspaper)">The Cornishman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wiltshire_Times" title="Wiltshire Times">Wiltshire Times</a> (<a href="/wiki/Trowbridge" title="Trowbridge">Trowbridge</a>), <a href="/wiki/Gazette_and_Herald" title="Gazette and Herald">Gazette and Herald</a> (North & West Wiltshire), <a href="/wiki/Gloucestershire_Echo" class="mw-redirect" title="Gloucestershire Echo">Gloucestershire Echo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gloucester_Citizen" title="Gloucester Citizen">Gloucester Citizen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Evening_Herald" class="mw-redirect" title="Plymouth Evening Herald">Plymouth Herald</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torquay_Herald_Express" title="Torquay Herald Express">Torquay Herald Express</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swindon_Advertiser" title="Swindon Advertiser">Swindon Advertiser</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Salisbury_Journal" title="Salisbury Journal">Salisbury Journal</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sport">Sport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_West_England&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Sport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rugby">Rugby</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_West_England&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Rugby"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">rugby union</a>, the region has four <a href="/wiki/Premiership_Rugby" title="Premiership Rugby">Premiership Rugby</a> teams: <a href="/wiki/Bath_Rugby" title="Bath Rugby">Bath Rugby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Bears" title="Bristol Bears">Bristol Bears</a>, <a href="/wiki/Exeter_Chiefs" title="Exeter Chiefs">Exeter Chiefs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gloucester_Rugby" title="Gloucester Rugby">Gloucester Rugby</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Rugby_league" title="Rugby league">rugby league</a>, the region has one club, <a href="/wiki/Cornwall_RLFC" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornwall RLFC">Cornwall RLFC</a>, playing in <a href="/wiki/RFL_League_1" class="mw-redirect" title="RFL League 1">RFL League 1</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Football">Football</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_West_England&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Football"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The region for two seasons until the conclusion of 2021–22 had no <a href="/wiki/Premier_League" title="Premier League">Premier League</a> team since the relegation of <a href="/wiki/AFC_Bournemouth" title="AFC Bournemouth">AFC Bournemouth</a> in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 2016/17 season, the region had seven teams in the <a href="/wiki/English_Football_League" title="English Football League">English Football League</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bristol_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Bristol City">Bristol City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Rovers" class="mw-redirect" title="Bristol Rovers">Bristol Rovers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_Town_F.C." title="Cheltenham Town F.C.">Cheltenham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Exeter_City_F.C." title="Exeter City F.C.">Exeter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Argyle" class="mw-redirect" title="Plymouth Argyle">Plymouth Argyle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swindon_Town_F.C." title="Swindon Town F.C.">Swindon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yeovil_Town_F.C." title="Yeovil Town F.C.">Yeovil</a>. In the 2017/18 season they were joined by <a href="/wiki/Forest_Green_Rovers" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest Green Rovers">Forest Green Rovers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other teams play in the South divisions of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Football_League" title="Southern Football League">Southern League</a>, at levels 7 and 8 of the <a href="/wiki/English_football_league_system#The_system" title="English football league system">league system</a>. At levels 9 and 10, the <a href="/wiki/Western_Football_League" title="Western Football League">Western League</a> covers the whole region except the most eastern parts, while the <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Football_League" title="Hellenic Football League">Hellenic League</a> extends into Gloucestershire and north Wiltshire, and the <a href="/wiki/Wessex_Football_League" title="Wessex Football League">Wessex League</a> has teams from east Dorset and south Wiltshire. Also at level 10, the <a href="/wiki/South_West_Peninsula_League" title="South West Peninsula League">South West Peninsula League</a> has teams from Cornwall and Devon. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_West_England&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Leaders'_board-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Leaders'_board_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://swcouncils.gov.uk/">"Home - South West Councils"</a>. <i>South West Councils</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+West+Councils&rft.atitle=Home+-+South+West+Councils&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fswcouncils.gov.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ONS_Standard_Area_Measurement-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ONS_Standard_Area_Measurement_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoportal.statistics.gov.uk/datasets/ons::standard-area-measurements-latest-for-administrative-areas-in-the-united-kingdom/about">"Standard Area Measurements (Latest) for Administrative Areas in the United Kingdom"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/ONS_Open_Geography_Portal" title="ONS Open Geography Portal">Open Geography Portal</a></i>. Office for National Statistics. 24 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Open+Geography+Portal&rft.atitle=Standard+Area+Measurements+%28Latest%29+for+Administrative+Areas+in+the+United+Kingdom&rft.date=2024-04-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeoportal.statistics.gov.uk%2Fdatasets%2Fons%3A%3Astandard-area-measurements-latest-for-administrative-areas-in-the-united-kingdom%2Fabout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-popstats-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-popstats_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-popstats_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/datasets/populationestimatesforukenglandandwalesscotlandandnorthernireland/mid2022/mye22final.xlsx">"Mid-Year Population Estimates, UK, June 2022"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics" title="Office for National Statistics">Office for National Statistics</a></i>. 26 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft.atitle=Mid-Year+Population+Estimates%2C+UK%2C+June+2022&rft.date=2024-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Ffile%3Furi%3D%2Fpeoplepopulationandcommunity%2Fpopulationandmigration%2Fpopulationestimates%2Fdatasets%2Fpopulationestimatesforukenglandandwalesscotlandandnorthernireland%2Fmid2022%2Fmye22final.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2021_Nomis-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2021_Nomis_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2021_Nomis_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCensus_2021E12000009" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/2021_United_Kingdom_census" title="2021 United Kingdom census">UK Census</a> (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/sources/census_2021/report?compare=E12000009">"2021 Census Area Profile – South West Region (E12000009)"</a>. <i>Nomis</i>. <a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Office for National Statistics (United Kingdom)">Office for National Statistics</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nomis&rft.atitle=2021+Census+Area+Profile+%E2%80%93+South+West+Region+%28E12000009%29&rft.date=2021&rft.au=UK+Census&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nomisweb.co.uk%2Fsources%2Fcensus_2021%2Freport%3Fcompare%3DE12000009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://southwest-ra.gov.uk/media/SWRA/RSS%20Documents/Final%20Draft/draftrssfull.pdf">"South West Regional Assembly, Draft Regional Spatial Strategy for the South West, para.1.1.1"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120304203728/http://www.southwest-ra.gov.uk/media/SWRA/RSS%20Documents/Final%20Draft/draftrssfull.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 4 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+West+Regional+Assembly%2C+Draft+Regional+Spatial+Strategy+for+the+South+West%2C+para.1.1.1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsouthwest-ra.gov.uk%2Fmedia%2FSWRA%2FRSS%2520Documents%2FFinal%2520Draft%2Fdraftrssfull.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://southwest-ra.gov.uk/media/SWRA/RSS%20Documents/Final%20Draft/draftrssfull.pdf">"South West Regional Assembly, Draft Regional Spatial Strategy for the South West, paras.1.1.3 and 7.2.1"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120304203728/http://www.southwest-ra.gov.uk/media/SWRA/RSS%20Documents/Final%20Draft/draftrssfull.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 4 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+West+Regional+Assembly%2C+Draft+Regional+Spatial+Strategy+for+the+South+West%2C+paras.1.1.3+and+7.2.1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsouthwest-ra.gov.uk%2Fmedia%2FSWRA%2FRSS%2520Documents%2FFinal%2520Draft%2Fdraftrssfull.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dartmoor-npa.gov.uk/sheet_1e-b.pdf">"Information Sheet 1E: The Dartmoor granite and associated igneous rocks"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Dartmoor National Park Authority. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091115033241/http://www.dartmoor-npa.gov.uk/sheet_1e-b.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 15 November 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Information+Sheet+1E%3A+The+Dartmoor+granite+and+associated+igneous+rocks&rft.pub=Dartmoor+National+Park+Authority&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dartmoor-npa.gov.uk%2Fsheet_1e-b.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=9545">"High Willhays"</a>. Peakbagger.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120119074848/http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=9545">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=High+Willhays&rft.pub=Peakbagger.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.peakbagger.com%2Fpeak.aspx%3Fpid%3D9545&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thisisdorset.co.uk/westerngazette/news/Direct-Dorset-Producer-case-study/article-612470-detail/article.html">"Direct From Dorset Producer case study"</a>. <i>Western Gazette</i>. This is Dorset. 16 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dorset+and+East+Devon+Coast&rft.pub=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.date=2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fpg.cfm%3Fcid%3D31%26id_site%3D1029&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-weather-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-weather_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weather_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weather_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weather_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110605003222/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/sw/">"South West England: climate"</a>. <i>Met Office</i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bournemouth.gov.uk/Residents/roads/transport/LTP/default.asp">the original</a> on 15 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bournemouth+2006%E2%80%9311+Local+Transport+Plan&rft.pub=Bournemouth+Borough+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bournemouth.gov.uk%2FResidents%2Froads%2Ftransport%2FLTP%2Fdefault.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LTP-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LTP_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cornwall.gov.uk/default.aspx?page=4595">"Cornwall 2006–11 Local Transport Plan"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cornwall_Council" title="Cornwall Council">Cornwall Council</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090804213009/http://www.cornwall.gov.uk/default.aspx?page=4595">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cornwall+2006%E2%80%9311+Local+Transport+Plan&rft.pub=Cornwall+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cornwall.gov.uk%2Fdefault.aspx%3Fpage%3D4595&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DvLTP-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DvLTP_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.devon.gov.uk/index/transportroads/devon_local_transport_plan/dltp.htm">"Devon 2006–11 Local Transport Plan"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Devon" title="Devon">Devon County Council</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091111134735/http://www.devon.gov.uk/index/transportroads/devon_local_transport_plan/dltp.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Devon+2006%E2%80%9311+Local+Transport+Plan&rft.pub=Devon+County+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.devon.gov.uk%2Findex%2Ftransportroads%2Fdevon_local_transport_plan%2Fdltp.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DrLTP-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DrLTP_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dorsetforyou.com/index.jsp?articleid=2579">"Dorset 2006–11 Local Transport Plan"</a>. Dorset County Council. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071011160631/http://www.dorsetforyou.com/index.jsp?articleid=2579">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dorset+2006%E2%80%9311+Local+Transport+Plan&rft.pub=Dorset+County+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dorsetforyou.com%2Findex.jsp%3Farticleid%3D2579&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GlLTP-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GlLTP_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gloucestershire.gov.uk/index.cfm?articleid=10987">"Gloucestershire 2006–11 Local Transport Plan"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gloucestershire_County_Council" title="Gloucestershire County Council">Gloucestershire County Council</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071007100049/http://www.gloucestershire.gov.uk/index.cfm?articleid=10987">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gloucestershire+2006%E2%80%9311+Local+Transport+Plan&rft.pub=Gloucestershire+County+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gloucestershire.gov.uk%2Findex.cfm%3Farticleid%3D10987&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PmLTP-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PmLTP_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plymouth.gov.uk/homepage/transportandstreets/transportplanning/ltp2006-2011.htm">"Plymouth 2006–11 Local Transport Plan"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth">Plymouth City Council</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080726174056/http://www.plymouth.gov.uk/homepage/transportandstreets/transportplanning/ltp2006-2011.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Plymouth+2006%E2%80%9311+Local+Transport+Plan&rft.pub=Plymouth+City+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.plymouth.gov.uk%2Fhomepage%2Ftransportandstreets%2Ftransportplanning%2Fltp2006-2011.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SsLTP-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SsLTP_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.somerset.gov.uk/somerset/ete/transport/localtransportplans/localtransportplan2/index.cfm?override=publications&pubid=">"Somerset 2006–11 Local Transport Plan"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Somerset_County_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Somerset County Council">Somerset County Council</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090109222217/http://www.somerset.gov.uk/somerset/ete/transport/localtransportplans/localtransportplan2/index.cfm?override=publications&pubid=">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Somerset+2006%E2%80%9311+Local+Transport+Plan&rft.pub=Somerset+County+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.somerset.gov.uk%2Fsomerset%2Fete%2Ftransport%2Flocaltransportplans%2Flocaltransportplan2%2Findex.cfm%3Foverride%3Dpublications%26pubid%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SwLTP-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SwLTP_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swindon.gov.uk/roadstransport/transportplan.htm">"Swindon 2006–11 Local Transport Plan"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Swindon_Borough_Council" title="Swindon Borough Council">Swindon Borough Council</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090501183017/http://www.swindon.gov.uk/roadstransport/transportplan.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Swindon+2006%E2%80%9311+Local+Transport+Plan&rft.pub=Swindon+Borough+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.swindon.gov.uk%2Froadstransport%2Ftransportplan.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TbLTP-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TbLTP_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.torbay.gov.uk/index/transport-streets/transport/transportpolicy/transportplan.htm">"Torbay 2006–11 Local Transport Plan"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Torbay" title="Torbay">Torbay Borough Council</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070815180733/http://www.torbay.gov.uk/index/transport-streets/transport/transportpolicy/transportplan.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Torbay+2006%E2%80%9311+Local+Transport+Plan&rft.pub=Torbay+Borough+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.torbay.gov.uk%2Findex%2Ftransport-streets%2Ftransport%2Ftransportpolicy%2Ftransportplan.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WlLTP-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WlLTP_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wiltshire.gov.uk/parkingtransportandstreets/roadandtransportplans/localtransportplan2.htm">"Wiltshire 2006–11 Local Transport Plan"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wiltshire_Council" title="Wiltshire Council">Wiltshire Council</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100910045625/http://www.wiltshire.gov.uk/parkingtransportandstreets/roadandtransportplans/localtransportplan2.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 10 September 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wiltshire+2006%E2%80%9311+Local+Transport+Plan&rft.pub=Wiltshire+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wiltshire.gov.uk%2Fparkingtransportandstreets%2Froadandtransportplans%2Flocaltransportplan2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WoELTP-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WoELTP_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101024204219/http://travelplus.org.uk/our-vision/joint-local-transport-plan-3/let%27s-talk---read-the-draft-jltp3">"West of England Partnership 2011–26 Local Transport Plan"</a>. West of England Partnership. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://travelplus.org.uk/our-vision/joint-local-transport-plan-3/let%27s-talk---read-the-draft-jltp3">the original</a> on 24 October 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=West+of+England+Partnership+2011%E2%80%9326+Local+Transport+Plan&rft.pub=West+of+England+Partnership&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftravelplus.org.uk%2Four-vision%2Fjoint-local-transport-plan-3%2Flet%2527s-talk---read-the-draft-jltp3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-somerset.gov.uk-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-somerset.gov.uk_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.somerset.gov.uk/archives/hes/downloads/HES_MendipAONB.pdf">"Mendip Hills An Archaeological Survey of the Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Somerset County Council Archeological Projects</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110516154619/http://www1.somerset.gov.uk/archives/hes/downloads/HES_MendipAONB.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 16 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Somerset+County+Council+Archeological+Projects&rft.atitle=Mendip+Hills+An+Archaeological+Survey+of+the+Area+of+Outstanding+Natural+Beauty&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.somerset.gov.uk%2Farchives%2Fhes%2Fdownloads%2FHES_MendipAONB.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.somerset.gov.uk/media/896B4/MendipAONB.pdf">"Earliest British cemetery dated"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>BBC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070206032722/http://www.somerset.gov.uk/media/896B4/MendipAONB.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 6 February 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Earliest+British+cemetery+dated&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.somerset.gov.uk%2Fmedia%2F896B4%2FMendipAONB.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dunning-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dunning_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dunning_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunning1983" class="citation book cs1">Dunning, Robert (1983). <i>A History of Somerset</i>. Chichester: Phillimore & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85033-461-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-85033-461-6"><bdi>0-85033-461-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Somerset&rft.place=Chichester&rft.pub=Phillimore+%26+Co&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-85033-461-6&rft.aulast=Dunning&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080611054000/http://www.rn-ds-partnership.com/reconstruction/cheddarman.html">"Cheddar Man"</a>. <i>RN-DS Partnership</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rn-ds-partnership.com/reconstruction/cheddarman.html">the original</a> on 11 June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RN-DS+Partnership&rft.atitle=Cheddar+Man&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rn-ds-partnership.com%2Freconstruction%2Fcheddarman.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-somhist-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-somhist_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-somhist_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070926223213/http://www.defra.gov.uk/erdp/pdfs/esaspdfs/stage1/SOMHIST.pdf">"Historical Monitoring in the Somerset Levels and Moors ESA 1987–1994"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>DEFRA</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defra.gov.uk/erdp/pdfs/esaspdfs/stage1/SOMHIST.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 26 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DEFRA&rft.atitle=Historical+Monitoring+in+the+Somerset+Levels+and+Moors+ESA+1987%E2%80%931994&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.defra.gov.uk%2Ferdp%2Fpdfs%2Fesaspdfs%2Fstage1%2FSOMHIST.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdkinsAdkins1992" class="citation book cs1">Adkins, Lesley; Adkins, Roy (1992). <i>A field guide to Somerset archeology</i>. Wimborne: Dovecote Press. pp. 69–70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-946159-94-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-946159-94-9"><bdi>978-0-946159-94-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+field+guide+to+Somerset+archeology&rft.place=Wimborne&rft.pages=69-70&rft.pub=Dovecote+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-946159-94-9&rft.aulast=Adkins&rft.aufirst=Lesley&rft.au=Adkins%2C+Roy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dot-domesday.me.uk/tribes.htm">"British Tribes"</a>. <i>From Dot to Domesday</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080122144457/http://www.dot-domesday.me.uk/tribes.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=From+Dot+to+Domesday&rft.atitle=British+Tribes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dot-domesday.me.uk%2Ftribes.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kmatthews.org.uk/Ravenna_Cosmography/group12.html">"Britannia in the Ravenna Cosmography"</a>. <i>cyberhome of Keith Fitzpatrick-Matthews</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070315165719/http://www.kmatthews.org.uk/Ravenna_Cosmography/group12.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 March 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cyberhome+of+Keith+Fitzpatrick-Matthews&rft.atitle=Britannia+in+the+Ravenna+Cosmography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kmatthews.org.uk%2FRavenna_Cosmography%2Fgroup12.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=liY4AAAAIAAJ&dq=language+and+history+in+the+british+isles&pg=PA241">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170217084301/https://books.google.com/books?id=liY4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA241&dq=language+and+history+in+the+british+isles&hl=en&ei=Lmz2Tc3zN8yGhQe4-7ngBg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA">Archived</a> 17 February 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Language in the British Isles, Peter Trudgill, 1984</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rajan-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rajan_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRajan2007" class="citation news cs1">Rajan, Amal (24 August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090214141911/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/around-a-county-in-40-facts-a-very-brief-history-of-somerset-462828.html">"Around a county in 40 facts: A (very) brief history of Somerset"</a>. <i>Independent on Sunday</i>. London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/around-a-county-in-40-facts-a-very-brief-history-of-somerset-462828.html">the original</a> on 14 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Independent+on+Sunday&rft.atitle=Around+a+county+in+40+facts%3A+A+%28very%29+brief+history+of+Somerset&rft.date=2007-08-24&rft.aulast=Rajan&rft.aufirst=Amal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fthis-britain%2Faround-a-county-in-40-facts-a-very-brief-history-of-somerset-462828.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-havinden-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-havinden_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHavinden1981" class="citation book cs1">Havinden, Michael (1981). <i>The Somerset Landscape</i>. The making of the English landscape. London: Hodder and Stoughton. p. 979. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-340-20116-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-340-20116-9"><bdi>0-340-20116-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Somerset+Landscape&rft.place=London&rft.series=The+making+of+the+English+landscape&rft.pages=979&rft.pub=Hodder+and+Stoughton&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-340-20116-9&rft.aulast=Havinden&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RBSomerset-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RBSomerset_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121017030550/http://www1.somerset.gov.uk/archives/ASH/Romano-brit.htm">"Romano-British Somerset"</a>. <i>Somerset County Council: History of Somerset</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.somerset.gov.uk/archives/ASH/Romano-brit.htm">the original</a> on 17 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Somerset+County+Council%3A+History+of+Somerset&rft.atitle=Romano-British+Somerset&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.somerset.gov.uk%2Farchives%2FASH%2FRomano-brit.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090615202319/http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?id=442194">"Roman Baths Treatment Centre"</a>. <i>Images of England</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?id=442194">the original</a> on 15 June 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Images+of+England&rft.atitle=Roman+Baths+Treatment+Centre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imagesofengland.org.uk%2Fdetails%2Fdefault.aspx%3Fid%3D442194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ross-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ross_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ross_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss,_Lesley2004" class="citation book cs1">Ross, Lesley, ed. (2004). <i>Before the Lake: Memories of the Chew Valley</i>. The Harptree Historic Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9548832-0-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-9548832-0-9"><bdi>0-9548832-0-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Before+the+Lake%3A+Memories+of+the+Chew+Valley&rft.pub=The+Harptree+Historic+Society&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-9548832-0-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hucker-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hucker_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHucker,_Ernest1997" class="citation book cs1">Hucker, Ernest (1997). <i>Chew Stoke Recalled in Old Photographs</i>. Ernest Hucker.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chew+Stoke+Recalled+in+Old+Photographs&rft.pub=Ernest+Hucker&rft.date=1997&rft.au=Hucker%2C+Ernest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717174526/http://www.sanhs.org/Newsletter67.htm">"The West Bagborough Hoard"</a>. <i>Newsletter Spring/Summer 2003</i>. <a href="/wiki/Somerset_Archaeological_and_Natural_History_Society" title="Somerset Archaeological and Natural History Society">Somerset Archaeological and Natural History Society</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sanhs.org/Newsletter67.htm#WestBag">the original</a> on 17 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newsletter+Spring%2FSummer+2003&rft.atitle=The+West+Bagborough+Hoard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sanhs.org%2FNewsletter67.htm%23WestBag&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/10546960.stm">"Huge Roman coin find for hobbyist"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 8 July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Huge+Roman+coin+find+for+hobbyist&rft.date=2010-07-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fuk%2F10546960.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBooth2010" class="citation web cs1">Booth, Anna (8 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100712200444/http://finds.org.uk/blogs/fromehoard/">"The Frome Hoard"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Portable_Antiquities_Scheme" title="Portable Antiquities Scheme">Portable Antiquities Scheme</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://finds.org.uk/blogs/fromehoard/">the original</a> on 12 July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Frome+Hoard&rft.pub=Portable+Antiquities+Scheme&rft.date=2010-07-08&rft.aulast=Booth&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffinds.org.uk%2Fblogs%2Ffromehoard%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pearce-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pearce_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pearce, Susan M. (1978), <i>The Kingdom of Dumnonia: Studies in History and Tradition in South-Western Britain A.D. 350–1150</i> Padstow: Lodenek Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStenton1971" class="citation book cs1">Stenton, F. M. (1971). <i>Anglo-Saxon England</i> (3rd ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280139-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280139-5"><bdi>978-0-19-280139-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=30&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280139-5&rft.aulast=Stenton&rft.aufirst=F.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Morris_(historian)" title="John Morris (historian)">Morris, John</a> (1973). <i>The Age of Arthur</i>. London: Phoenix. p. 299. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84212-477-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-84212-477-3"><bdi>1-84212-477-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Arthur&rft.place=London&rft.pages=299&rft.pub=Phoenix&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=1-84212-477-3&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ASC577-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ASC577_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://britannia.com/history/docs/501-97.html">501–97 AD</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061110114415/http://www.britannia.com/history/docs/501-97.html">Archived</a> 10 November 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ASC652-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ASC652_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://britannia.com/history/docs/645-56.html">645–56 AD</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071212033046/http://www.britannia.com/history/docs/645-56.html">Archived</a> 12 December 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ASC658-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ASC658_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://britannia.com/history/docs/658-75.html">658–75 AD</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071212065210/http://www.britannia.com/history/docs/658-75.html">Archived</a> 12 December 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VCH-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VCH_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Victoria History of the County of Somerset</i>, Vol 1 (1906)<a class="mw-selflink selflink">South West England</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061112073000/http://www.britannia.com/history/somerset/somhist3.html">"Roman Times"</a>. <i>Britannia</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannia.com/history/somerset/somhist3.html">the original</a> on 12 November 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannia&rft.atitle=Roman+Times&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannia.com%2Fhistory%2Fsomerset%2Fsomhist3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott1995" class="citation book cs1">Scott, Shane (1995). <i>The hidden places of Somerset</i>. Aldermaston: Travel Publishing Ltd. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-902007-01-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-902007-01-8"><bdi>1-902007-01-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+hidden+places+of+Somerset&rft.place=Aldermaston&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Travel+Publishing+Ltd&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=1-902007-01-8&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Shane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearson2003" class="citation book cs1">Pearson, Michael (2003). <i>Kennet & Avon Middle Thames: Pearson's Canal Companion</i>. Rugby: Central Waterways Supplies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-907864-97-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-907864-97-X"><bdi>0-907864-97-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kennet+%26+Avon+Middle+Thames%3A+Pearson%27s+Canal+Companion&rft.place=Rugby&rft.pub=Central+Waterways+Supplies&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-907864-97-X&rft.aulast=Pearson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannia-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-britannia_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Oman" class="citation web cs1">Charles Oman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080531115627/http://www.britannia.com/history/somerset/castles/tauntoncast.html">"History of Taunton Castle in Somerset"</a>. <i>Britannia castles</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannia.com/history/somerset/castles/tauntoncast.html">the original</a> on 31 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannia+castles&rft.atitle=History+of+Taunton+Castle+in+Somerset&rft.au=Charles+Oman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannia.com%2Fhistory%2Fsomerset%2Fcastles%2Ftauntoncast.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Cornish hill is usually accepted as the location mentioned in an entry in the <i><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle" title="Anglo-Saxon Chronicle">Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</a></i> for 835 (corrected by scholars to 838) which says that <a href="/wiki/Egbert_of_Wessex" class="mw-redirect" title="Egbert of Wessex">Egbert</a> king of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_West_Saxons" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of the West Saxons">West Saxons</a> defeated an army of <a href="/wiki/Viking" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking">Vikings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cornish_people" title="Cornish people">Cornish</a> at <i>Hengestdun</i> = "Stallion Hill". See, for example: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHigham2008" class="citation book cs1">Higham, Robert (2008). <i>Making Anglo-Saxon Devon</i>. Exeter: The Mint Press. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-903356-57-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-903356-57-9"><bdi>978-1-903356-57-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+Anglo-Saxon+Devon&rft.place=Exeter&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=The+Mint+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-903356-57-9&rft.aulast=Higham&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span>. However, Hingston Down in Devon has also been proposed as the site.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShipley_Duckett1956" class="citation book cs1">Shipley Duckett, Eleanor (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alfredgreatkingh00duck/page/73"><i>Alfred the Great: The King and His England</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alfredgreatkingh00duck/page/73">73–74</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-16779-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-16779-8"><bdi>0-226-16779-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alfred+the+Great%3A+The+King+and+His+England&rft.pages=73-74&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1956&rft.isbn=0-226-16779-8&rft.aulast=Shipley+Duckett&rft.aufirst=Eleanor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falfredgreatkingh00duck%2Fpage%2F73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Payton_1996-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Payton_1996_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Payton" title="Philip Payton">Payton, Philip</a> (1996). <i>Cornwall</i>. Fowey: Alexander Associates</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Todd" title="Malcolm Todd">Todd, Malcolm</a> <i>The South West to AD 1000</i>. London, 1987; p. 289</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-somharbours-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-somharbours_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-somharbours_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarr1954" class="citation book cs1">Farr, Grahame (1954). <i>Somerset Harbours</i>. London: Christopher Johnson. pp. 125–137.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Somerset+Harbours&rft.place=London&rft.pages=125-137&rft.pub=Christopher+Johnson&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Farr&rft.aufirst=Grahame&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071102043417/http://www.trin.cam.ac.uk/sdk13/AlfJewel.html">"Replicas of the Alfred Jewel"</a>. <i>The Anglo Saxon Index, Trinity College, Cambridge</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trin.cam.ac.uk/sdk13/AlfJewel.html">the original</a> on 2 November 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Anglo+Saxon+Index%2C+Trinity+College%2C+Cambridge&rft.atitle=Replicas+of+the+Alfred+Jewel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trin.cam.ac.uk%2Fsdk13%2FAlfJewel.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-localhist-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-localhist_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nthpetherton.co.uk/history.htm">"Local History"</a>. <i>North Petherton</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070630113826/http://www.nthpetherton.co.uk/history.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=North+Petherton&rft.atitle=Local+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nthpetherton.co.uk%2Fhistory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRahtz" class="citation web cs1">Rahtz, Philip. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/arch-769-1/ahds/dissemination/pdf/vol06-07/6_053_066.pdf">"The Saxon and Medieval Palaces at Cheddar, Somerset-an Interim Report of Excavations in I 960-62"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archaeology Data Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080410225720/http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/arch-769-1/ahds/dissemination/pdf/vol06-07/6_053_066.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 10 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Saxon+and+Medieval+Palaces+at+Cheddar%2C+Somerset-an+Interim+Report+of+Excavations+in+I+960-62&rft.pub=Archaeology+Data+Service&rft.aulast=Rahtz&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fads.ahds.ac.uk%2Fcatalogue%2Fadsdata%2Farch-769-1%2Fahds%2Fdissemination%2Fpdf%2Fvol06-07%2F6_053_066.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlair2003" class="citation book cs1">Blair, Peter Hunter (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9eN87VsPaw0C"><i>An Introduction to Anglo-Saxon England</i></a> (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-53777-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-53777-0"><bdi>0-521-53777-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170218054049/https://books.google.com/books?id=9eN87VsPaw0C&printsec=frontcover&cad=0">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.pages=98&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-521-53777-0&rft.aulast=Blair&rft.aufirst=Peter+Hunter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9eN87VsPaw0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-asc-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-asc_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mcllibrary.org/Anglo/">The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180320043920/http://mcllibrary.org/Anglo/">Archived</a> 20 March 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. LondonL J. M. Dent, 1912. Translation by <a href="/wiki/James_Ingram_(antiquary)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Ingram (antiquary)">James Ingram</a> (London, 1823) and <a href="/wiki/J._A._Giles" class="mw-redirect" title="J. A. Giles">J. A. Giles</a> (London, 1847). Medieval and Classical Literature Library Release #17. Retrieved 4 May 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blackwell-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blackwell_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lapidge, Michael (2001). "Swein Forkbeard", <i>The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England</i>. Ed. Michael Lapidge, John Blair, et al. London: Blackwell Publishing; p. 437. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-15565-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-15565-1">0-631-15565-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarlow1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Barlow_(historian)" title="Frank Barlow (historian)">Barlow, Frank</a> (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/edwardconfessor00barl/page/29"><i>Edward the Confessor</i></a>. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/edwardconfessor00barl/page/29">29–36</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-01671-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-01671-8"><bdi>0-520-01671-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edward+the+Confessor&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+CA&rft.pages=29-36&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0-520-01671-8&rft.aulast=Barlow&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fedwardconfessor00barl%2Fpage%2F29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archontology.org/nations/uk/england/anglosaxon/edmund2.php">"Eadmund"</a>. Archontology.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100927054621/http://www.archontology.org/nations/uk/england/anglosaxon/edmund2.php">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eadmund&rft.pub=Archontology.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archontology.org%2Fnations%2Fuk%2Fengland%2Fanglosaxon%2Fedmund2.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannia.com/history/somerset/somhist6.html">"Saxon Times"</a>. <i>Britannia</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061112073026/http://www.britannia.com/history/somerset/somhist6.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannia&rft.atitle=Saxon+Times&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannia.com%2Fhistory%2Fsomerset%2Fsomhist6.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.somersetheritage.org.uk/record/12419">"Bridgwater Castle, Bridgwater"</a>. <i>Somerset Historic Environment Record</i>. Somerset County Council. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161003110458/http://www.somersetheritage.org.uk/record/12419">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Somerset+Historic+Environment+Record&rft.atitle=Bridgwater+Castle%2C+Bridgwater&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.somersetheritage.org.uk%2Frecord%2F12419&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-natparkhist-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-natparkhist_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130729085614/http://www.exmoor-nationalpark.gov.uk/environment/history/the-hiistory-of-exmoor">"The history of Exmoor"</a>. <i>Exmoor National Park</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.exmoor-nationalpark.gov.uk/environment/history/the-hiistory-of-exmoor">the original</a> on 29 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Exmoor+National+Park&rft.atitle=The+history+of+Exmoor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.exmoor-nationalpark.gov.uk%2Fenvironment%2Fhistory%2Fthe-hiistory-of-exmoor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lawrence-8-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lawrence-8_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lawrence, J.F. (revised and completed by Lawrence, J.C.) (2005). <i>A History of Bridgwater</i>. Chichester: Phillimore. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86077-363-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-86077-363-X">1-86077-363-X</a>. Chapter 8: "The Medieval Port of Bridgwater".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarr1954" class="citation book cs1">Farr, Grahame (1954). <i>Somerset Harbours</i>. London: Christopher Johnson. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-900131-15-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-900131-15-2"><bdi>0-900131-15-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Somerset+Harbours&rft.place=London&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Christopher+Johnson&rft.date=1954&rft.isbn=0-900131-15-2&rft.aulast=Farr&rft.aufirst=Grahame&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunning1992b" class="citation book cs1">Dunning, Robert (1992b). <i>Bridgwater: History and Guide</i>. Stroud: Alan Sutton. p. 193. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7509-0192-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7509-0192-6"><bdi>0-7509-0192-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bridgwater%3A+History+and+Guide&rft.place=Stroud&rft.pages=193&rft.pub=Alan+Sutton&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-7509-0192-6&rft.aulast=Dunning&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunning1992b" class="citation book cs1">Dunning, Robert (1992b). <i>Bridgwater: History and Guide</i>. Stroud: Alan Sutton. p. 193. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7509-0192-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7509-0192-6"><bdi>0-7509-0192-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bridgwater%3A+History+and+Guide&rft.place=Stroud&rft.pages=193&rft.pub=Alan+Sutton&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-7509-0192-6&rft.aulast=Dunning&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brace-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brace_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrace1996" class="citation book cs1">Brace, Keith (1996). <i>Portrait of Bristol</i>. London: Robert Hale. pp. 13–15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7091-5435-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7091-5435-6"><bdi>0-7091-5435-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Portrait+of+Bristol&rft.place=London&rft.pages=13-15&rft.pub=Robert+Hale&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-7091-5435-6&rft.aulast=Brace&rft.aufirst=Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-croxton-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-croxton_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCroxton1990–1991" class="citation journal cs1">Croxton, Derek (1990–1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etext.virginia.edu/journals/EH/EH33/croxto33.html">"The Cabot Dilemma: John Cabot's 1497 Voyage & the Limits of Historiography"</a>. <i>Essays in History</i>. <b>33</b>. Virginia: Corcoran Department of History at the University of Virginia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090228081415/http://etext.virginia.edu/journals/EH/EH33/croxto33.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Essays+in+History&rft.atitle=The+Cabot+Dilemma%3A+John+Cabot%27s+1497+Voyage+%26+the+Limits+of+Historiography&rft.volume=33&rft.date=1990%2F1991&rft.aulast=Croxton&rft.aufirst=Derek&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fetext.virginia.edu%2Fjournals%2FEH%2FEH33%2Fcroxto33.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lovemytown.co.uk/LocalHistory/LocalHistoryTable1.asp">"Largest towns in England in 1334"</a>. <i>Love my town</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511064410/http://www.lovemytown.co.uk/LocalHistory/LocalHistoryTable1.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Love+my+town&rft.atitle=Largest+towns+in+England+in+1334&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lovemytown.co.uk%2FLocalHistory%2FLocalHistoryTable1.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bristol-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bristol_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bristol_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fortified-places.com/bristol.html">"Bristol"</a>. <i>Fortified Places</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070320215022/http://www.fortified-places.com/bristol.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fortified+Places&rft.atitle=Bristol&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fortified-places.com%2Fbristol.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStansfield-Cudworth2009" class="citation book cs1">Stansfield-Cudworth, R.E. (2009). <i>Political Elites in South-West England, 1450–1500: Politics, Governance and the Wars of the Roses</i>. <a href="/wiki/Lewiston,_New_York" title="Lewiston, New York">Lewiston, New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Mellen_Press" title="Edwin Mellen Press">Edwin Mellen Press</a>. pp. 149–89, 191–225, 303–45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-77344-714-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-77344-714-1"><bdi>978-0-77344-714-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Elites+in+South-West+England%2C+1450%E2%80%931500%3A+Politics%2C+Governance+and+the+Wars+of+the+Roses&rft.place=Lewiston%2C+New+York&rft.pages=149-89%2C+191-225%2C+303-45&rft.pub=Edwin+Mellen+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-77344-714-1&rft.aulast=Stansfield-Cudworth&rft.aufirst=R.E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heal, Felicity (2003). <i>Reformation in Britain and Ireland</i>, p. 225. Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-826924-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-826924-2">0-19-826924-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Secor, Philip Bruce (1999). <i>Richard Hooker: Prophet of Anglicanism</i>, p. 13. Continuum International Publishing Group. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86012-289-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-86012-289-1">0-86012-289-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillen1975" class="citation journal cs1">Willen, Diane (Autumn 1975). "Lord Russell and the Western Counties, 1539–1555". <i>The Journal of British Studies</i>. <b>15</b> (1): 26–45. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F385677">10.1086/385677</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162954069">162954069</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+British+Studies&rft.atitle=Lord+Russell+and+the+Western+Counties%2C+1539%E2%80%931555&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=26-45&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F385677&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162954069%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Willen&rft.aufirst=Diane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryantHaslett2002" class="citation journal cs1">Bryant, Edward; Haslett, Simon (2002). "Was the AD 1607 coastal flooding event in the Severn estuary and Bristol channel due to a Tsunami?". <i>Archaeology in the Severn Estuary</i>. <b>13</b>: 163–167.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeology+in+the+Severn+Estuary&rft.atitle=Was+the+AD+1607+coastal+flooding+event+in+the+Severn+estuary+and+Bristol+channel+due+to+a+Tsunami%3F&rft.volume=13&rft.pages=163-167&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Bryant&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft.au=Haslett%2C+Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryantHaslett2004" class="citation journal cs1">Bryant, Edward; Haslett, Simon (2004). "The AD 1607 Coastal Flood in the Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary: Historical Records from Devon and Cornwall (UK)". <i>Archaeology in the Severn Estuary</i>. <b>15</b>: 81–89.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeology+in+the+Severn+Estuary&rft.atitle=The+AD+1607+Coastal+Flood+in+the+Bristol+Channel+and+Severn+Estuary%3A+Historical+Records+from+Devon+and+Cornwall+%28UK%29&rft.volume=15&rft.pages=81-89&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Bryant&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft.au=Haslett%2C+Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120118052345/http://www.sheptonmallet.info/site/index.php?page_id=189">"Historic Buildings of Shepton Mallet"</a>. <i>Shepton Mallet Town Council</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sheptonmallet.info/site/index.php?page_id=189">the original</a> on 18 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Shepton+Mallet+Town+Council&rft.atitle=Historic+Buildings+of+Shepton+Mallet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sheptonmallet.info%2Fsite%2Findex.php%3Fpage_id%3D189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Disney-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Disney_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDisney1992" class="citation book cs1">Disney, Francis (1992). <i>Shepton Mallet Prison (2nd Ed)</i>. Published by the Author. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9511470-2-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-9511470-2-1"><bdi>0-9511470-2-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shepton+Mallet+Prison+%282nd+Ed%29&rft.pub=Published+by+the+Author&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-9511470-2-1&rft.aulast=Disney&rft.aufirst=Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodgers1968" class="citation book cs1">Rodgers, Colonel H.C.B. (1968). <i>Battles and Generals of the Civil Wars</i>. Seeley Service & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battles+and+Generals+of+the+Civil+Wars&rft.pub=Seeley+Service+%26+Co.&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Rodgers&rft.aufirst=Colonel+H.C.B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070603195008/http://www.tauntontowncentre.co.uk/about_taunton_history.htm">"Taunton's History"</a>. <i>Taunton Town Centre!</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tauntontowncentre.co.uk/about_taunton_history.htm">the original</a> on 3 June 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Taunton+Town+Centre%21&rft.atitle=Taunton%27s+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tauntontowncentre.co.uk%2Fabout_taunton_history.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060925010243/http://www.somerset.gov.uk/archives/ASH/Civilwar.htm">"The Civil War in Somerset"</a>. <i>Somerset County Council: History of Somerset</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=New+dawn+for+UK+nuclear+power&rft.date=2008-09-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.world-nuclear-news.org%2FNN_New_dawn_for_UK_nuclear_power_2409081.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/energy/3073749/Nuclear-energy-British-Energy-facts.html">"Nuclear energy: British Energy facts"</a>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. London. 24 September 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080927074509/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/energy/3073749/Nuclear-energy-British-Energy-facts.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Nuclear+energy%3A+British+Energy+facts&rft.date=2008-09-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ffinance%2Fnewsbysector%2Fenergy%2F3073749%2FNuclear-energy-British-Energy-facts.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ons.gov.uk-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ons.gov.uk_120-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ons.gov.uk_120-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ons.gov.uk_120-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/datasets/TS021/editions/2021/versions/1/filter-outputs/d2f0a39a-75b6-4995-b4bd-a5b68ff79027#get-data">"Ethnic group - Office for National Statistics"</a>. <i>www.ons.gov.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ons.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Ethnic+group+-+Office+for+National+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fdatasets%2FTS021%2Feditions%2F2021%2Fversions%2F1%2Ffilter-outputs%2Fd2f0a39a-75b6-4995-b4bd-a5b68ff79027%23get-data&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/unit/10089803/cube/TOT_POP">the South West GovOf through time | Population Statistics | Total Population</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121012152032/http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/data_cube_page.jsp?data_theme=T_POP&data_cube=N_TOT_POP&u_id=10205724&c_id=10001043&add=N">Archived</a> 12 October 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Visionofbritain.org.uk. Retrieved on 14 March 2021</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As UK Census data past 2001 is unavailable through the ONS website, it has been <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/census/2011census/2011censusdata/censusdata18011991">recommended</a> to use archival census collection websites. Data is from the <a href="/wiki/UK_Data_Service" title="UK Data Service">UK Data Service</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://casweb.ukdataservice.ac.uk/step1.cfm">1991 Census on Ethnic Data for England</a> (Table 6)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/census-2001-key-statistics/local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/local-authorities-ks06--ethnic-group.xls">"Office of National Statistics; 2001 Census Key Statistics"</a>. <i>webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Office+of+National+Statistics%3B+2001+Census+Key+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwebarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fukgwa%2F20160105160709%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fons%2Frel%2Fcensus%2Fcensus-2001-key-statistics%2Flocal-authorities-in-england-and-wales%2Flocal-authorities-ks06--ethnic-group.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-ks201ew.xls">"2011 Census: Ethnic Group, local authorities in England and Wales"</a>. <i>webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk&rft.atitle=2011+Census%3A+Ethnic+Group%2C+local+authorities+in+England+and+Wales&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwebarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fukgwa%2F20160105160709%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fons%2Frel%2Fcensus%2F2011-census%2Fkey-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales%2Frft-table-ks201ew.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/datasets/c2021ts030">"TS030 - Religion Edit query"</a>. <i>www.nomisweb.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nomisweb.co.uk&rft.atitle=TS030+-+Religion+Edit+query&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nomisweb.co.uk%2Fdatasets%2Fc2021ts030&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/census/2011/ks209ew">"KS209EW (Religion) - Nomis - 2011"</a>. <i>www.nomisweb.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nomisweb.co.uk&rft.atitle=KS209EW+%28Religion%29+-+Nomis+-+2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nomisweb.co.uk%2Fcensus%2F2011%2Fks209ew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/datasets/ks007">"KS007 - Religion - Nomis - 2001"</a>. <i>www.nomisweb.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nomisweb.co.uk&rft.atitle=KS007+-+Religion+-+Nomis+-+2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nomisweb.co.uk%2Fdatasets%2Fks007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thisissouthdevon.co.uk/news/Disappointment-teen-pregnancies-increase/article-1093382-detail/article.html">"Disappointment as teen pregnancies increase"</a>. This is South Devon. 20 June 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Disappointment+as+teen+pregnancies+increase&rft.pub=This+is+South+Devon&rft.date=2009-06-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thisissouthdevon.co.uk%2Fnews%2FDisappointment-teen-pregnancies-increase%2Farticle-1093382-detail%2Farticle.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120609171001/http://www.communities.gov.uk/documents/communities/pdf/576659.pdf">"Deprivation indices 2007"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.communities.gov.uk/documents/communities/pdf/576659.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 9 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Deprivation+indices+2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.communities.gov.uk%2Fdocuments%2Fcommunities%2Fpdf%2F576659.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.gov.uk/dataset/index_of_multiple_deprivation_imd_2007">"Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) 2007"</a>. Data.gov. 9 February 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130127164056/http://data.gov.uk/dataset/index_of_multiple_deprivation_imd_2007">Archived</a> from the original on 27 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Changing+Regional+Economies+%E2%80%94+South+West&rft.pub=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fons%2Frel%2Fregional-analysis%2Fchanging-regional-economies%2Fchanging-regional-economies%2Fchanging-regional-economies---south-west.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson,_Kenneth1953" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Kenneth (1953). <i>Language and History in Early Britain</i>. 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Fowey: Alexander Associates (1996).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kernowek.com/pages/cornish-history-kernowek-kernewek.html">"The Cornish Language"</a>. Kernowek. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120919202534/http://kernowek.com/pages/cornish-history-kernowek-kernewek.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Danone. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171230174307/http://corporate.danone.co.uk/connect/consumers/contact-us/waters/address/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Wadworths. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171230172324/https://www.wadworth.co.uk/more/brewery-tours/visiting-our-brewery/visit-us/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Visit+Us&rft.pub=Wadworths&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wadworth.co.uk%2Fmore%2Fbrewery-tours%2Fvisiting-our-brewery%2Fvisit-us%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.naimaudio.com/contact-information">"Contact Information"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Contact+Information&rft.pub=Naim&rft.date=2014-09-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.naimaudio.com%2Fcontact-information&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/defence-science-and-technology-laboratory">"dstl"</a>. dstl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171229215603/https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/defence-science-and-technology-laboratory">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Wincanton PLC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171230172335/https://www.wincanton.co.uk/contact/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Contact&rft.pub=Wincanton+PLC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wincanton.co.uk%2Fcontact%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong2013" class="citation news cs1">Armstrong, Julie (8 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gazetteandherald.co.uk/news/10405106.__1_8bn_takeover_of_Invensys_Rail_in_Chippenham_concluded/">"£1.8bn takeover of Invensys Rail in Chippenham concluded"</a>. <i>Gazette and Herald</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171230172605/http://www.gazetteandherald.co.uk/news/10405106.__1_8bn_takeover_of_Invensys_Rail_in_Chippenham_concluded/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Salisbury+Plain+Training+Area+%28SPTA%29&rft.pub=Army&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.army.mod.uk%2Fstructure%2F34026.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSW_Councils2012" class="citation web cs1">SW Councils (17 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swcouncils.gov.uk/nqcontent.cfm?a_id=4733&tt=swra">"Strategic Leaders' Board"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=University+of+Bath&rft.pub=University+of+Bath&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bath.ac.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bristol.ac.uk/">"University of Bristol"</a>. University of Bristol. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101232831/http://www.bristol.ac.uk/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=University+of+Bristol&rft.pub=University+of+Bristol&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbristol.ac.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.exeter.ac.uk/cornwall/research/facilitiesandcentres/csm/">"Camborne School of Mines"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Camborne+School+of+Mines&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.exeter.ac.uk%2Fcornwall%2Fresearch%2Ffacilitiesandcentres%2Fcsm%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.exeter.ac.uk/">"University of Exeter"</a>. University of Exeter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151231183949/http://www.exeter.ac.uk/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=University+of+Exeter&rft.pub=University+of+Exeter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.exeter.ac.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.falmouth.ac.uk/">"Falmouth University"</a>. Falmouth University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160102042858/http://www.falmouth.ac.uk/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Falmouth+University&rft.pub=Falmouth+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.falmouth.ac.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glos.ac.uk/">"University of Gloucestershire"</a>. University of Gloucestershire. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041128020127/http://www.glos.ac.uk/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=University+of+Gloucestershire&rft.pub=University+of+Gloucestershire&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.glos.ac.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.ac.uk/">"University of Law"</a>. University of Law. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151229223313/http://www.law.ac.uk/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=University+of+Law&rft.pub=University+of+Law&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.ac.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.plymouth.ac.uk/">"Plymouth University"</a>. Plymouth University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160110201009/https://www.plymouth.ac.uk/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Plymouth+University&rft.pub=Plymouth+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.plymouth.ac.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marjon.ac.uk/">"University of St Mark & St John"</a>. University of St Mark & St John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151226152743/http://marjon.ac.uk/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=University+of+St+Mark+%26+St+John&rft.pub=University+of+St+Mark+%26+St+John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marjon.ac.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rau.ac.uk/">"Royal Agricultural University"</a>. Royal Agricultural University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151226190856/https://www.rau.ac.uk/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Royal+Agricultural+University&rft.pub=Royal+Agricultural+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rau.ac.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uwe.ac.uk/">"University of the West of England"</a>. University of the West of England. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160102032245/http://uwe.ac.uk/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=University+of+the+West+of+England&rft.pub=University+of+the+West+of+England&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uwe.ac.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hefce.ac.uk/pubs/hefce/2007/07_18/outputSW.pdf">"South West Region"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Regional profiles of higher education 2007</i>. HEFCE. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091112183516/http://www.hefce.ac.uk/pubs/hefce/2007/07_18/outputSW.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 12 November 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Regional+profiles+of+higher+education+2007&rft.atitle=South+West+Region&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hefce.ac.uk%2Fpubs%2Fhefce%2F2007%2F07_18%2FoutputSW.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radioexe.co.uk/news-and-features/local-news/radio-exe-expands-to-cover-whole-of-devon/">Radio Exe, 2022-03-04</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards2020" class="citation web cs1">Richards, Alex (26 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/news/breaking-premier-league-relegation-watford-22418133">"Premier League relegation: Watford and Bournemouth down as Aston Villa safe after final day"</a>. <i>Mirror</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mirror&rft.atitle=Premier+League+relegation%3A+Watford+and+Bournemouth+down+as+Aston+Villa+safe+after+final+day&rft.date=2020-07-26&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mirror.co.uk%2Fsport%2Ffootball%2Fnews%2Fbreaking-premier-league-relegation-watford-22418133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/39923153">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Forest Green Rovers: The village team that reached the English Football League", <i>BBC News</i>, 15 May 2017"</a>. <i>BBC Sport</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180114144655/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/39923153">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+Sport&rft.atitle=%22Forest+Green+Rovers%3A+The+village+team+that+reached+the+English+Football+League%22%2C+BBC+News%2C+15+May+2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fsport%2Ffootball%2F39923153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_West_England&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrayshay1986" class="citation book cs1">Brayshay, Mark (1986). <i>Topographical Writers in South-West England</i>. Exeter: University of Exeter Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85989-424-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-85989-424-X"><bdi>0-85989-424-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Topographical+Writers+in+South-West+England&rft.place=Exeter&rft.pub=University+of+Exeter+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-85989-424-X&rft.aulast=Brayshay&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunning1983" class="citation book cs1">Dunning, Robert (1983). <i>A History of Somerset</i>. Chichester: Phillimore & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85033-461-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-85033-461-6"><bdi>0-85033-461-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Somerset&rft.place=Chichester&rft.pub=Phillimore+%26+Co&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-85033-461-6&rft.aulast=Dunning&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHigham1989" class="citation book cs1">Higham, Robert (1989). <i>Landscape and Townscape in the South-West</i>. Exeter: University of Exeter Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85989-309-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-85989-309-X"><bdi>0-85989-309-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Landscape+and+Townscape+in+the+South-West&rft.place=Exeter&rft.pub=University+of+Exeter+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-85989-309-X&rft.aulast=Higham&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStansfield-Cudworth2009" class="citation book cs1">Stansfield-Cudworth, R.E. (2009). <i>Political Elites in South-West England, 1450–1500</i>. <a href="/wiki/Lewiston,_New_York" title="Lewiston, New York">Lewiston, New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Mellen_Press" title="Edwin Mellen Press">Edwin Mellen Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-77344-714-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-77344-714-1"><bdi>978-0-77344-714-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Elites+in+South-West+England%2C+1450%E2%80%931500&rft.place=Lewiston%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Edwin+Mellen+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-77344-714-1&rft.aulast=Stansfield-Cudworth&rft.aufirst=R.E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearce2004" class="citation book cs1">Pearce, Susan (2004). <i>South-Western Britain in the Early Middle Ages</i>. London: Leicester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-71850-055-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-71850-055-5"><bdi>0-71850-055-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South-Western+Britain+in+the+Early+Middle+Ages&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Leicester+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-71850-055-5&rft.aulast=Pearce&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTodd1987" class="citation book cs1">Todd, Malcolm (1987). <i>The South West to AD 1000</i>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-58249-274-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-58249-274-2"><bdi>0-58249-274-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+South+West+to+AD+1000&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-58249-274-2&rft.aulast=Todd&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+West+England" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_West_England&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/West_Country#Q48026" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:West Country">West Country</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visitsouthwest.co.uk">Visit South West England – Official Regional Tourist Board</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040604002726/http://www.gosw.gov.uk/">Government Office for the South West</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_Kingdom_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_Kingdom_topics" title="Template:United Kingdom topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_Kingdom_topics" title="Template talk:United Kingdom topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_Kingdom_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United Kingdom topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_Kingdom_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the United Kingdom">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_British_history" title="Timeline of British history">Chronology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Formation_of_the_United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Formation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland">Formation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_England_and_Scotland_Act_1603" title="Union of England and Scotland Act 1603">Union of England and Scotland Act 1603</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Union" title="Treaty of Union">Treaty of Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Acts of Union 1707</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_with_Scotland_(Amendment)_Act_1707" title="Union with Scotland (Amendment) Act 1707">Union with Scotland (Amendment) Act 1707</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_era" title="Georgian era">Georgian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwardian_era" title="Edwardian era">Edwardian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_the_First_World_War" title="History of the United Kingdom during the First World War">First World War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_Britain" title="Interwar Britain">Interwar</a></li> <li>Second World War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United Kingdom home front during World War II">civilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">military</a></li></ul></li> <li>Postwar <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postwar_Britain_(1945%E2%80%931979)" class="mw-redirect" title="Postwar Britain (1945–1979)">political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_history_of_Postwar_Britain_(1945%E2%80%931979)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social history of Postwar Britain (1945–1979)">social</a></li></ul></li> <li>Since 1979 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_(1979%E2%80%93present)" title="Political history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)">political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_(1979%E2%80%93present)" title="Social history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)">social</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economic history of the United Kingdom">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_foreign_relations_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the foreign relations of the United Kingdom">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_relations_(1814%E2%80%931919)" title="International relations (1814–1919)">1814–1919</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of law enforcement in the United Kingdom">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Maritime history of the United Kingdom">Maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mass_surveillance_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of mass surveillance in the United Kingdom">Mass surveillance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Military history of the United Kingdom">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_taxation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of taxation in the United Kingdom">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of women in the United Kingdom">Women's history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Geography of the United Kingdom">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_geography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Administrative geography of the United Kingdom">Administrative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Counties of the United Kingdom">Counties of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Countries of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">Overseas territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="City status in the United Kingdom">City status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of towns in the United Kingdom">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_that_have_gained_independence_from_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of countries that have gained independence from the United Kingdom">Former colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Geography of the United Kingdom">Physical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminology_of_the_British_Isles" title="Terminology of the British Isles">terminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Climate of the United Kingdom">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Climate change in the United Kingdom">change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastline_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Coastline of the United Kingdom">Coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Great_Britain" title="Geology of Great Britain">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_and_lochs_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of lakes and lochs of the United Kingdom">Lakes and lochs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_and_hills_in_the_British_Isles" title="Lists of mountains and hills in the British Isles">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of rivers of the United Kingdom">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of volcanoes in the United Kingdom">Volcanoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_renewable_resources_produced_and_traded_by_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of renewable resources produced and traded by the United Kingdom">Resources</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Agriculture in the United Kingdom">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Energy in the United Kingdom">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiesel_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiesel in the United Kingdom">biodiesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_mining_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Coal mining in the United Kingdom">coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Geothermal power in the United Kingdom">geothermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_fracturing_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic fracturing in the United Kingdom">hydraulic frac.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hydroelectricity in the United Kingdom">hydroelectricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_United_Kingdom#Ocean_power" title="Renewable energy in the United Kingdom">marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_oil" title="North Sea oil">North Sea oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Renewable energy in the United Kingdom">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Solar power in the United Kingdom">solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Wind power in the United Kingdom">wind</a></li></ul></li> <li>Fishing <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_England" title="Fishing industry in England">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Scotland" title="Fishing industry in Scotland">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Wales" title="Fishing industry in Wales">Welsh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_and_shooting_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hunting and shooting in the United Kingdom">Hunting</a></li> <li>Materials <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Forestry in the United Kingdom">forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Mining in the United Kingdom">mining</a></li></ul></li> <li>Wildlife <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Great_Britain" title="Fauna of Great Britain">fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="Flora of Great Britain and Ireland">flora</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Politics of the United Kingdom">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Constitution of the United Kingdom">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Corruption in the United Kingdom">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devolution_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Devolution in the United Kingdom">Devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Elections in the United Kingdom">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UK_parliamentary_by-elections" title="UK parliamentary by-elections">By-elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Foreign relations of the United Kingdom">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Human rights in the United Kingdom">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the United Kingdom">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciaries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Judiciaries of the United Kingdom">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Law of the United Kingdom">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Law enforcement in the United Kingdom">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Local government in the United Kingdom">Local government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">Monarchy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_monarchs" title="List of British monarchs">monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Republicanism in the United Kingdom">republicanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_nationality_law" title="British nationality law">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of political parties in the United Kingdom">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_leaders_of_British_political_parties" title="List of female leaders of British political parties">Female party leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_scandals_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of political scandals in the United Kingdom">Political scandals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_Opposition_Shadow_Cabinet_(United_Kingdom)" title="Official Opposition Shadow Cabinet (United Kingdom)">Shadow Cabinet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cabinet of the United Kingdom">Cabinet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_governments" title="List of British governments">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Service_(United_Kingdom)" title="Civil Service (United Kingdom)">Civil service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Departments_of_the_Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Departments of the Government of the United Kingdom">Departments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunak_ministry" title="Sunak ministry">Ministers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_government_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of government ministers of the United Kingdom">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of prime ministers of the United Kingdom">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/British_Armed_Forces" title="British Armed Forces">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Naval_Service" title="His Majesty's Naval Service">His Majesty's Naval Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="United Kingdom and weapons of mass destruction">Weapons of mass destruction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economy of the United Kingdom">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of banks in the United Kingdom">Banks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budget_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Budget of the United Kingdom">Budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_geography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economic geography of the United Kingdom">Economic geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade_agreements_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Free trade agreements of the United Kingdom">Free trade agreements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Income in the United Kingdom">Income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Manufacturing in the United Kingdom">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">Pound sterling <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Science and technology in the United Kingdom">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stock_exchanges_in_the_United_Kingdom,_the_British_Crown_Dependencies_and_United_Kingdom_Overseas_Territories" title="List of stock exchanges in the United Kingdom, the British Crown Dependencies and United Kingdom Overseas Territories">Stock exchanges</a> (<a href="/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange" title="London Stock Exchange">London Exchange</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Taxation in the United Kingdom">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Telecommunications in the United Kingdom">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Tourism in the United Kingdom">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Transport in the United Kingdom">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_transport_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Air transport in the United Kingdom">Air transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Bus transport">Bus transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Driving in the United Kingdom">Driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Roads in the United Kingdom">Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail transport in the United Kingdom">Rail transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Society of the United Kingdom">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cannabis in the United Kingdom">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Crime in the United Kingdom">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Demographics of the United Kingdom">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Drug policy of the United Kingdom">Drug policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Education in the United Kingdom">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_inequality_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Environmental inequality in the United Kingdom">Environmental inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Environmental issues in the United Kingdom">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Health in the United Kingdom">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Homelessness in the United Kingdom">Homelessness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_England" title="Homelessness in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Scotland" title="Homelessness in Scotland">Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Housing in the United Kingdom">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hunger in the United Kingdom">Hunger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_immigration_to_the_United_Kingdom" title="Modern immigration to the United Kingdom">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_innovations_and_discoveries" title="List of British innovations and discoveries">Innovation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Languages of the United Kingdom">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_regions_by_life_expectancy" title="List of British regions by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Mental health in the United Kingdom">Mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Poverty in the United Kingdom">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prostitution in the United Kingdom">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Public holidays in the United Kingdom">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Racism in the United Kingdom">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_care_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Social care in the United Kingdom">Social care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Social class in the United Kingdom">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Suicide in the United Kingdom">Suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_basic_income_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Universal basic income in the United Kingdom">Universal basic income (UBI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Water supply and sanitation in the United Kingdom">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Waste in the United Kingdom">Waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Welfare state in the United Kingdom">Welfare state</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Culture of the United Kingdom">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Art of the United Kingdom">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_Save_the_King" title="God Save the King">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cinema of the United Kingdom">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_cuisine" title="British cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wine_from_the_United_Kingdom" title="Wine from the United Kingdom">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_national_identity" title="British national identity">Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_literature" title="British literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Mass media in the United Kingdom">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Music of the United Kingdom">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Religion in the United Kingdom">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Sport in the United Kingdom">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_symbols_of_the_United_Kingdom,_the_Channel_Islands_and_the_Isle_of_Man" title="List of national symbols of the United Kingdom, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Theatre of the United Kingdom">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_the_British" class="mw-redirect" title="Stereotypes of the British">Stereotypes of the British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom">World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Countries of the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_England" title="History of England">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_society" title="English society">social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_English_history" title="Timeline of English history">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_England" title="Geography of England">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_England" title="Politics of England">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_law" title="English law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_England" title="Economy of England">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_England" title="Tourism in England">tourism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_England" title="Education in England">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_England" title="Healthcare in England">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_England" title="Homelessness in England">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_England" title="Culture of England">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_England" title="National symbols of England">Symbols</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northern_Ireland" title="History of Northern Ireland">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland#Geography_and_climate" title="Northern Ireland">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Politics of Northern Ireland">Politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly" title="Northern Ireland Assembly">Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Executive" title="Northern Ireland Executive">Executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Minister_and_deputy_First_Minister_of_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="First Minister and deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland">First Minister and deputy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Law of Northern Ireland">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Economy of Northern Ireland">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Ireland" title="List of tourist attractions in Ireland">tourism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Education in Northern Ireland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_and_Social_Care_(Northern_Ireland)" title="Health and Social Care (Northern Ireland)">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Culture of Northern Ireland">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Religion in Northern Ireland">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland#Symbols" title="Northern Ireland">Symbols</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scotland" title="History of Scotland">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Scottish_history" title="Timeline of Scottish history">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Scotland" title="Geography of Scotland">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Scotland" title="Politics of Scotland">Politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament" title="Scottish Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Government" title="Scottish Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Minister_of_Scotland" title="First Minister of Scotland">First Minister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_law" title="Scots law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Scotland" title="Economy of Scotland">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Scotland" title="Tourism in Scotland">tourism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Scotland" title="Education in Scotland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Scotland" title="Healthcare in Scotland">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Scotland" title="Homelessness in Scotland">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Scotland" title="Culture of Scotland">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Scotland" title="Religion in Scotland">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Scotland" title="National symbols of Scotland">Symbols</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wales" title="History of Wales">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Wales" title="Geography of Wales">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Wales" title="Politics of Wales">Politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senedd" title="Senedd">Senedd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Government" title="Welsh Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Minister_of_Wales" title="First Minister of Wales">First Minister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_law" title="Welsh law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Wales" title="Economy of Wales">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Wales" title="Tourism in Wales">tourism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Wales" title="Education in Wales">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Wales" title="Healthcare in Wales">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Wales" title="Culture of Wales">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Wales" title="Religion in Wales">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Wales" title="National symbols of Wales">Symbols</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Outline of the United Kingdom">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_United_Kingdom%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of United Kingdom–related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_Kingdom" title="Category:United Kingdom">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=England&#124;link=England_Regions_of_England" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English_regions" title="Template:English regions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English_regions" title="Template talk:English regions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English_regions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English regions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=England&#124;link=England_Regions_of_England" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England"><img alt="England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/35px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/46px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_England" title="Regions of England">Regions of England</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_of_England" title="East of England">East of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Midlands" title="East Midlands">East Midlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_London" title="Greater London">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_East_England" title="North East England">North East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_West_England" title="North West England">North West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_East_England" title="South East England">South East</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">South West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_(region)" title="West Midlands (region)">West Midlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_and_the_Humber" title="Yorkshire and the Humber">Yorkshire and the Humber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Districts_of_South_West_England" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:SW_England" title="Template:SW England"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:SW_England" title="Template talk:SW England"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:SW_England" title="Special:EditPage/Template:SW England"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Districts_of_South_West_England" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_England" title="Districts of England">Districts</a> of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">South West England</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Devon" title="Devon">Devon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Devon" title="East Devon">East Devon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exeter" title="Exeter">Exeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid_Devon" title="Mid Devon">Mid Devon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Devon" title="North Devon">North Devon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Hams" title="South Hams">South Hams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teignbridge" title="Teignbridge">Teignbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torridge_District" title="Torridge District">Torridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Devon" title="West Devon">West Devon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire">Gloucestershire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 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href="/wiki/Bournemouth,_Christchurch_and_Poole_Council" title="Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole Council">Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_City_Council" title="Bristol City Council">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornwall_Council" title="Cornwall Council">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Isles_of_Scilly" title="Council of the Isles of Scilly">Isles of Scilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorset_(district)" title="Dorset (district)">Dorset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Somerset_Council" title="North Somerset Council">North Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_City_Council" title="Plymouth City Council">Plymouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somerset_Council" title="Somerset Council">Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Gloucestershire_Council" title="South Gloucestershire Council">South Gloucestershire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Swindon" title="Borough of Swindon">Borough of Swindon</a></li> 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