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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Group_E:_Polar_and_alpine_climates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Group_E:_Polar_and_alpine_climates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Group E: Polar and alpine climates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Group_E:_Polar_and_alpine_climates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Group_A:_Tropical/megathermal_climates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Group_A:_Tropical/megathermal_climates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Group A: Tropical/megathermal climates </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Group_A:_Tropical/megathermal_climates-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Group A: Tropical/megathermal climates subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Group_A:_Tropical/megathermal_climates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Af:_Tropical_rainforest_climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Af:_Tropical_rainforest_climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Af: Tropical rainforest climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Af:_Tropical_rainforest_climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Am:_Tropical_monsoon_climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Am:_Tropical_monsoon_climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Am: Tropical monsoon climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Am:_Tropical_monsoon_climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aw/As:_Tropical_savanna_climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aw/As:_Tropical_savanna_climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Aw/As: Tropical savanna climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aw/As:_Tropical_savanna_climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aw:_Tropical_savanna_climate_with_dry_winters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aw:_Tropical_savanna_climate_with_dry_winters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 Aw: Tropical savanna climate with dry winters </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aw:_Tropical_savanna_climate_with_dry_winters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As:_Tropical_savanna_climate_with_dry-summers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As:_Tropical_savanna_climate_with_dry-summers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.2 As: Tropical savanna climate with dry-summers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As:_Tropical_savanna_climate_with_dry-summers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Group_B:_Arid_(desert_and_semi-arid)_climates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Group_B:_Arid_(desert_and_semi-arid)_climates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Group B: Arid (desert and semi-arid) climates </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Group_B:_Arid_(desert_and_semi-arid)_climates-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Group B: Arid (desert and semi-arid) climates subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Group_B:_Arid_(desert_and_semi-arid)_climates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-BW:_Arid_climates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#BW:_Arid_climates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 BW: Arid climates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-BW:_Arid_climates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-BWh:_Hot_deserts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#BWh:_Hot_deserts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 BWh: Hot deserts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-BWh:_Hot_deserts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-BWk:_Cold_deserts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#BWk:_Cold_deserts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.2 BWk: Cold deserts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-BWk:_Cold_deserts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-BS:_Semi-arid_(steppe)_climates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#BS:_Semi-arid_(steppe)_climates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 BS: Semi-arid (steppe) climates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-BS:_Semi-arid_(steppe)_climates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-BSh:_Hot_semi-arid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#BSh:_Hot_semi-arid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 BSh: Hot semi-arid </div> </a> <ul id="toc-BSh:_Hot_semi-arid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-BSk:_Cold_semi-arid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#BSk:_Cold_semi-arid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2 BSk: Cold semi-arid </div> </a> <ul id="toc-BSk:_Cold_semi-arid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Group_C:_Temperate/mesothermal_climates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Group_C:_Temperate/mesothermal_climates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Group C: Temperate/mesothermal climates </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Group_C:_Temperate/mesothermal_climates-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Group C: Temperate/mesothermal climates subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Group_C:_Temperate/mesothermal_climates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cs:_Mediterranean-type_climates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cs:_Mediterranean-type_climates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Cs: Mediterranean-type climates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cs:_Mediterranean-type_climates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Csa:_Hot-summer_Mediterranean_climates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Csa:_Hot-summer_Mediterranean_climates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Csa: Hot-summer Mediterranean climates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Csa:_Hot-summer_Mediterranean_climates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Csb:_Warm-summer_Mediterranean_climates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Csb:_Warm-summer_Mediterranean_climates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2 Csb: Warm-summer Mediterranean climates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Csb:_Warm-summer_Mediterranean_climates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Csc:_Cold-summer_Mediterranean_climates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Csc:_Cold-summer_Mediterranean_climates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.3 Csc: Cold-summer Mediterranean climates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Csc:_Cold-summer_Mediterranean_climates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cfa:_Humid_subtropical_climates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cfa:_Humid_subtropical_climates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Cfa: Humid subtropical climates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cfa:_Humid_subtropical_climates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cfb:_Oceanic_climates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cfb:_Oceanic_climates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Cfb: Oceanic climates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cfb:_Oceanic_climates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Marine_west_coast_climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marine_west_coast_climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.1 Marine west coast climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marine_west_coast_climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subtropical_highland_climate_with_uniform_rainfall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subtropical_highland_climate_with_uniform_rainfall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.2 Subtropical highland climate with uniform rainfall </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subtropical_highland_climate_with_uniform_rainfall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cfc:_Subpolar_oceanic_climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cfc:_Subpolar_oceanic_climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Cfc: Subpolar oceanic climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cfc:_Subpolar_oceanic_climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cw:_Dry-winter_subtropical_climates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cw:_Dry-winter_subtropical_climates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Cw: Dry-winter subtropical climates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cw:_Dry-winter_subtropical_climates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cwa:_Dry-winter_humid_subtropical_climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cwa:_Dry-winter_humid_subtropical_climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.1 Cwa: Dry-winter humid subtropical climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cwa:_Dry-winter_humid_subtropical_climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cwb:_Dry-winter_subtropical_highland_climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cwb:_Dry-winter_subtropical_highland_climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.2 Cwb: Dry-winter subtropical highland climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cwb:_Dry-winter_subtropical_highland_climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cwc:_Dry-winter_cold_subtropical_highland_climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cwc:_Dry-winter_cold_subtropical_highland_climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.3 Cwc: Dry-winter cold subtropical highland climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cwc:_Dry-winter_cold_subtropical_highland_climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Group_D:_Continental/microthermal_climates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Group_D:_Continental/microthermal_climates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Group D: Continental/microthermal climates </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Group_D:_Continental/microthermal_climates-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Group D: Continental/microthermal climates subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Group_D:_Continental/microthermal_climates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dfa/Dwa/Dsa:_Hot_summer_humid_continental_climates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dfa/Dwa/Dsa:_Hot_summer_humid_continental_climates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Dfa/Dwa/Dsa: Hot summer humid continental climates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dfa/Dwa/Dsa:_Hot_summer_humid_continental_climates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dfb/Dwb/Dsb:_Warm_summer_humid_continental/hemiboreal_climates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dfb/Dwb/Dsb:_Warm_summer_humid_continental/hemiboreal_climates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Dfb/Dwb/Dsb: Warm summer humid continental/hemiboreal climates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dfb/Dwb/Dsb:_Warm_summer_humid_continental/hemiboreal_climates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dfc/Dwc/Dsc:_Subarctic/boreal_climates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dfc/Dwc/Dsc:_Subarctic/boreal_climates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Dfc/Dwc/Dsc: Subarctic/boreal climates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dfc/Dwc/Dsc:_Subarctic/boreal_climates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dfd/Dwd/Dsd:_Subarctic/boreal_climates_with_severe_winters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dfd/Dwd/Dsd:_Subarctic/boreal_climates_with_severe_winters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Dfd/Dwd/Dsd: Subarctic/boreal climates with severe winters </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dfd/Dwd/Dsd:_Subarctic/boreal_climates_with_severe_winters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Group_E:_Polar_climates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Group_E:_Polar_climates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Group E: Polar climates </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Group_E:_Polar_climates-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Group E: Polar climates subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Group_E:_Polar_climates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-ET:_Tundra_climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ET:_Tundra_climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 ET: Tundra climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ET:_Tundra_climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-EF:_Ice_cap_climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#EF:_Ice_cap_climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 EF: Ice cap climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-EF:_Ice_cap_climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecological_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecological_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Ecological significance </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ecological_significance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Ecological significance subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Ecological_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biomass" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biomass"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Biomass </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biomass-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Climate change </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_Köppen_climate_maps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_Köppen_climate_maps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Other Köppen climate maps </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_Köppen_climate_maps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate_records" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_records"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Climate records </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate_records-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Köppen climate classification</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 74 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-74" aria-hidden="true" > 74 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen-klimaatklassifikasie" title="Köppen-klimaatklassifikasie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Köppen-klimaatklassifikasie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%81_%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AE" title="تصنيف كوبن للمناخ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تصنيف كوبن للمناخ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clasificaci%C3%B3n_climatica_de_K%C3%B6ppen" title="Clasificación climatica de Köppen – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Clasificación climatica de Köppen" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clasificaci%C3%B3n_clim%C3%A1tica_de_K%C3%B6ppen" title="Clasificación climática de Köppen – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Clasificación climática de Köppen" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%81_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="কোপেন জলবায়ু শ্রেণিবিন্যাস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কোপেন জলবায়ু শ্রেণিবিন্যাস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_kh%C3%AC-h%C4%81u_hun-l%C5%ABi-hoat" title="Köppen khì-hāu hun-lūi-hoat – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Köppen khì-hāu hun-lūi-hoat" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%9E_%D0%9A%D1%91%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Класіфікацыя кліматаў Кёпена – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Класіфікацыя кліматаў Кёпена" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="कोपेन के जलवायु वर्गीकरण – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="कोपेन के जलवायु वर्गीकरण" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Климатична класификация на Кьопен – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Климатична класификация на Кьопен" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppenova_klasifikacija_klime" title="Köppenova klasifikacija klime – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Köppenova klasifikacija klime" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classificaci%C3%B3_clim%C3%A0tica_de_K%C3%B6ppen" title="Classificació climàtica de Köppen – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Classificació climàtica de Köppen" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppenova_klasifikace_podneb%C3%AD" title="Köppenova klasifikace podnebí – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Köppenova klasifikace podnebí" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppens_klimaklassifikation" title="Köppens klimaklassifikation – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Köppens klimaklassifikation" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen-Geiger-Klassifikation" title="Köppen-Geiger-Klassifikation – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Köppen-Geiger-Klassifikation" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppeni_kliimaklassifikatsioon" title="Köppeni kliimaklassifikatsioon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Köppeni kliimaklassifikatsioon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BE%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B7_%CE%9A%CE%AD%CF%80%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%BD" title="Κλιματική ταξινόμηση Κέππεν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κλιματική ταξινόμηση Κέππεν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clasificaci%C3%B3n_clim%C3%A1tica_de_K%C3%B6ppen" title="Clasificación climática de Köppen – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Clasificación climática de Köppen" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klimata_klasifiko_de_K%C3%B6ppen" title="Klimata klasifiko de Köppen – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Klimata klasifiko de Köppen" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_klima_sailkapena" title="Köppen klima sailkapena – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Köppen klima sailkapena" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87_%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%82%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%86" title="سامانه طبقه‌بندی اقلیمی کوپن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سامانه طبقه‌بندی اقلیمی کوپن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_de_K%C3%B6ppen" title="Classification de Köppen – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Classification de Köppen" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klimaatklassifikaasje_fan_K%C3%B6ppen" title="Klimaatklassifikaasje fan Köppen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Klimaatklassifikaasje fan Köppen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aicmi%C3%BA_aer%C3%A1ide_K%C3%B6ppen" title="Aicmiú aeráide Köppen – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Aicmiú aeráide Köppen" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clasificaci%C3%B3n_clim%C3%A1tica_de_K%C3%B6ppen" title="Clasificación climática de Köppen – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Clasificación climática de Köppen" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BE%A8%ED%8E%9C%EC%9D%98_%EA%B8%B0%ED%9B%84_%EA%B5%AC%EB%B6%84" title="쾨펜의 기후 구분 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="쾨펜의 기후 구분" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B5%D5%B8%D5%BA%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%AF%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Կյոպպենի կլիմաների դասակարգում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կյոպպենի կլիմաների դասակարգում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="कोपेन जलवायु वर्गीकरण – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कोपेन जलवायु वर्गीकरण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppenova_klasifikacija_klime" title="Köppenova klasifikacija klime – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Köppenova klasifikacija klime" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klimatala_klasifikuro_da_K%C3%B6ppen" title="Klimatala klasifikuro da Köppen – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Klimatala klasifikuro da Köppen" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klasifikasi_iklim_K%C3%B6ppen" title="Klasifikasi iklim Köppen – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Klasifikasi iklim Köppen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Köppen climate classification" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loftslagsbelti" title="Loftslagsbelti – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Loftslagsbelti" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classificazione_dei_climi_di_K%C3%B6ppen" title="Classificazione dei climi di Köppen – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Classificazione dei climi di Köppen" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%98%D7%AA_%D7%A7%D7%A4%D7%9F" title="שיטת קפן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שיטת קפן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klasifikasi_iklim_K%C3%B6ppen" title="Klasifikasi iklim Köppen – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Klasifikasi iklim Köppen" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="კიოპენის კლიმატის კლასიფიკაცია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კიოპენის კლიმატის კლასიფიკაცია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enumeratio_climatum_K%C3%B6ppen%E2%80%93Geiger" title="Enumeratio climatum Köppen–Geiger – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Enumeratio climatum Köppen–Geiger" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepena_klimata_klasifik%C4%81cija" title="Kepena klimata klasifikācija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kepena klimata klasifikācija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepeno_klimato_klasifikacija" title="Kepeno klimato klasifikacija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kepeno klimato klasifikacija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_kl%C3%ADmaoszt%C3%A1lyoz%C3%A1sa" title="Köppen klímaosztályozása – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Köppen klímaosztályozása" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Кепенова класификација на климата – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кепенова класификација на климата" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%BE_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A3_%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF" title="കോപ്പൻ കാലാവസ്ഥാ വിഭാഗീകരണ രീതി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കോപ്പൻ കാലാവസ്ഥാ വിഭാഗീകരണ രീതി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengelasan_iklim_K%C3%B6ppen" title="Pengelasan iklim Köppen – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pengelasan iklim Köppen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B7(%E1%80%81%E1%80%BA)%E1%80%95%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AE%E1%80%A5%E1%80%90%E1%80%AF%E1%80%81%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B2%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AF%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="ကော့(ခ်)ပန်ရာသီဥတုခွဲခြားမှုများ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကော့(ခ်)ပန်ရာသီဥတုခွဲခြားမှုများ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klimaatclassificatie_van_K%C3%B6ppen" title="Klimaatclassificatie van Köppen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Klimaatclassificatie van Köppen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="कोपेन हावापानी वर्गीकरण – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कोपेन हावापानी वर्गीकरण" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B1%E3%83%83%E3%83%9A%E3%83%B3%E3%81%AE%E6%B0%97%E5%80%99%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%86" title="ケッペンの気候区分 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ケッペンの気候区分" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppens_klimaklassifisering" title="Köppens klimaklassifisering – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Köppens klimaklassifisering" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_si_klimaklassifisering" title="Köppen si klimaklassifisering – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Köppen si klimaklassifisering" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classificacion_de_K%C3%B6ppen" title="Classificacion de Köppen – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Classificacion de Köppen" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%81_%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="کوپن موسمی زمرہ بندی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کوپن موسمی زمرہ بندی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klasyfikacja_klimat%C3%B3w_K%C3%B6ppena" title="Klasyfikacja klimatów Köppena – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Klasyfikacja klimatów Köppena" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classifica%C3%A7%C3%A3o_clim%C3%A1tica_de_K%C3%B6ppen-Geiger" title="Classificação climática de Köppen-Geiger – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Classificação climática de Köppen-Geiger" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clasificarea_climatic%C4%83_K%C3%B6ppen" title="Clasificarea climatică Köppen – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Clasificarea climatică Köppen" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D1%91%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Классификация климатов Кёппена – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Классификация климатов Кёппена" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_clessification" title="Köppen climate clessification – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Köppen climate clessification" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Köppen climate classification" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppenova_klasifik%C3%A1cia_podnebia" title="Köppenova klasifikácia podnebia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Köppenova klasifikácia podnebia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppnova_podnebna_klasifikacija" title="Köppnova podnebna klasifikacija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Köppnova podnebna klasifikacija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%86%D9%84%DB%8E%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%88%DA%BE%DB%95%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%BE%DB%8E%D9%86" title="پۆلێنکردنی ئاووھەوای کوپێن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پۆلێنکردنی ئاووھەوای کوپێن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Кепенова класификација климе – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кепенова класификација климе" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppenova_klasifikacija_klime" title="Köppenova klasifikacija klime – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Köppenova klasifikacija klime" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppenin_ilmastoluokitus" title="Köppenin ilmastoluokitus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Köppenin ilmastoluokitus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppens_klimatklassifikation" title="Köppens klimatklassifikation – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Köppens klimatklassifikation" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="கோப்பென் காலநிலை வகைப்பாடு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கோப்பென் காலநிலை வகைப்பாடு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asesmel_anezway_n_K%C3%B6ppen" title="Asesmel anezway n Köppen – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Asesmel anezway n Köppen" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="การแบ่งเขตภูมิอากาศแบบเคิพเพิน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การแบ่งเขตภูมิอากาศแบบเคิพเพิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_iklim_s%C4%B1n%C4%B1fland%C4%B1rmas%C4%B1" title="Köppen iklim sınıflandırması – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Köppen iklim sınıflandırması" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Класифікація кліматів Кеппена – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Класифікація кліматів Кеппена" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%81_%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="کوپن موسمی زمرہ بندی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کوپن موسمی زمرہ بندی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%A2n_lo%E1%BA%A1i_kh%C3%AD_h%E1%BA%ADu_K%C3%B6ppen" title="Phân loại khí hậu Köppen – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phân loại khí hậu Köppen" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%AF%E6%9C%AC%E6%B0%94%E5%80%99%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E6%B3%95" title="柯本气候分类法 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="柯本气候分类法" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E6%9C%AC%E6%B0%A3%E5%80%99%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E6%B3%95" title="哥本氣候分類法 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="哥本氣候分類法" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6ppen-Geiger_climate_classification_system&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Köppen-Geiger climate classification system">Köppen-Geiger climate classification system</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Climate classification system</div> The Köppen climate classification is one of the most widely used <a href="/wiki/Climate_classification" title="Climate classification">climate classification</a> systems. It was first published by German-Russian <a href="/wiki/Climate_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate science">climatologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Wladimir_K%C3%B6ppen" title="Wladimir Köppen">Wladimir Köppen</a> (1846–1940) in 1884,<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> with several later modifications by Köppen, notably in 1918 and 1936.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Later, German climatologist <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Geiger" title="Rudolf Geiger">Rudolf Geiger</a> (1894–1981) introduced some changes to the classification system in 1954 and 1961, which is thus sometimes called the Köppen–Geiger climate classification.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> The Köppen climate classification divides climates into five main climate groups, with each group being divided based on patterns of seasonal precipitation and temperature. The five main groups are A (tropical), B (arid), C (temperate), D (continental), and E (polar). Each group and subgroup is represented by a letter. All climates are assigned a main group (the first letter). All climates except for those in the E group are assigned a seasonal precipitation subgroup (the second letter). For example, Af indicates a <a href="/wiki/Tropical_rainforest_climate" title="Tropical rainforest climate">tropical rainforest climate</a>. The system assigns a temperature subgroup for all groups other than those in the A group, indicated by the third letter for climates in B, C, D, and the second letter for climates in E. For example, Cfb indicates an <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic climate</a> with warm summers as indicated by the ending b. Climates are classified based on specific criteria unique to each climate type.<a href="#cite_note-kottek2006-7">[7]</a> As Köppen designed the system based on his experience as a <a href="/wiki/Botanist" class="mw-redirect" title="Botanist">botanist</a>, his main climate groups are based on the types of vegetation occurring in a given climate classification region. In addition to identifying climates, the system can be used to analyze ecosystem conditions and identify the main types of vegetation within climates. Due to its association with the plant life of a given region, the system is useful in predicting future changes of plant life within that region.<a href="#cite_note-Beck-8">[8]</a> The Köppen climate classification system was modified further within the <a href="/wiki/Trewartha_climate_classification" title="Trewartha climate classification">Trewartha climate classification</a> system in 1966 (revised in 1980). The Trewartha system sought to create a more refined <a href="/wiki/Middle_latitudes" title="Middle latitudes">middle latitude</a> climate zone, which was one of the criticisms of the Köppen system (the climate group C was too general).<a href="#cite_note-McKnight-9">[9]</a>: 200–1  <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_World_1991%E2%80%932020.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_World_1991%E2%80%932020.svg/550px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_World_1991%E2%80%932020.svg.png" decoding="async" width="550" height="364" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_World_1991%E2%80%932020.svg/825px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_World_1991%E2%80%932020.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_World_1991%E2%80%932020.svg/1100px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_World_1991%E2%80%932020.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1401" data-file-height="928" /></a><figcaption>Köppen–Geiger climate map 1991–2020<a href="#cite_note-Beck-8">[8]</a> <table> <tbody><tr valign="top"> <td> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Tropical_rainforest_climate" title="Tropical rainforest climate">Af</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Tropical_monsoon_climate" title="Tropical monsoon climate">Am</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Tropical_savanna_climate" title="Tropical savanna climate">Aw</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Tropical_savanna_climate" title="Tropical savanna climate">As</a></div> </td> <td width="10"> </td> <td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Hot_desert_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot desert climate">BWh</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Cold_desert_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold desert climate">BWk</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Hot_semi-arid_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot semi-arid climate">BSh</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Cold_semi-arid_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold semi-arid climate">BSk</a></div> </td> <td width="5"> </td> <td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Hot-summer_Mediterranean_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot-summer Mediterranean climate">Csa</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Warm-summer_Mediterranean_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Warm-summer Mediterranean climate">Csb</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate#Cold-summer_Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Csc</a></div> </td> <td width="5"> </td> <td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">Cwa</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Subtropical_highland_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtropical highland climate">Cwb</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Subtropical_highland_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtropical highland climate">Cwc</a></div> </td> <td width="5"> </td> <td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">Cfa</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">Cfb</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Subpolar_oceanic_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Subpolar oceanic climate">Cfc</a></div> </td> <td width="5"> </td> <td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">Dsa</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">Dsb</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Subarctic_climate" title="Subarctic climate">Dsc</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Subarctic_climate" title="Subarctic climate">Dsd</a></div> </td> <td width="5"> </td> <td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">Dwa</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">Dwb</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Subarctic_climate" title="Subarctic climate">Dwc</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Subarctic_climate" title="Subarctic climate">Dwd</a></div> </td> <td width="5"> </td> <td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">Dfa</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">Dfb</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Subarctic_climate" title="Subarctic climate">Dfc</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Subarctic_climate" title="Subarctic climate">Dfd</a></div> </td> <td width="5"> </td> <td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Tundra_climate" title="Tundra climate">ET</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Ice_cap_climate" title="Ice cap climate">EF</a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1044870489">@media all and (max-width:720px){body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .tocright{display:none}.mw-parser-output .tocright{width:100%!important}}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tocright{float:right;clear:right;width:auto;margin:0 0 0.5em 1em}.mw-parser-output .tocright-clear-left{clear:left}.mw-parser-output .tocright-clear-both{clear:both}.mw-parser-output .tocright-clear-none{clear:none}}</style><div class="tocright"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable plainlist" style="float:right"> <caption>Köppen climate classification scheme symbols description table<a href="#cite_note-Beck-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-kottek2006-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Peel-10">[10]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">1st </th> <th scope="col">2nd </th> <th scope="col">3rd </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">A (Tropical) </th> <td> <ul><li>f (Rainforest)</li> <li>m (Monsoon)</li> <li>w (Savanna, dry winter)</li> <li>s (Savanna, dry summer)</li></ul> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">B (Dry) </th> <td> <ul><li>W (Arid desert)</li> <li>S (Semi-arid steppe)</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>h (Hot)</li> <li>k (Cold)</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">C (Temperate) </th> <td> <ul><li>w (Dry winter)</li> <li>f (No dry season)</li> <li>s (Dry summer)</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>a (Hot summer)</li> <li>b (Warm summer)</li> <li>c (Cold summer)</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">D (Continental) </th> <td> <ul><li>w (Dry winter)</li> <li>f (No dry season)</li> <li>s (Dry summer)</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>a (Hot summer)</li> <li>b (Warm summer)</li> <li>c (Cold summer)</li> <li>d (Very cold winter)</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">E (Polar) </th> <td> <ul><li>T (Tundra)</li> <li>F (Ice cap)</li></ul> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> The Köppen climate classification scheme divides climates into five main climate groups: A (tropical), B (arid), C (temperate), D (continental), and E (polar).<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> The second letter indicates the seasonal precipitation type, while the third letter indicates the level of heat.<a href="#cite_note-hanschen-12">[12]</a> Summers are defined as the six-month period that is warmer either from April to September and/or October to March, while winter is the six-month period that is cooler.<a href="#cite_note-Beck-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Peel-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Group_A:_Tropical_climates">Group A: Tropical climates</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Group A: Tropical climates">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Tropical_climate" title="Tropical climate">Tropical climates</a> have an average temperature of 18 °C (64.4 °F) or higher every month of the year, with significant <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Beck-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Peel-10">[10]</a> <ul><li>Af = <a href="/wiki/Tropical_rainforest_climate" title="Tropical rainforest climate">Tropical rainforest climate</a>; average precipitation of at least 60 mm (2.4 in) in every month.</li> <li>Am = <a href="/wiki/Tropical_monsoon_climate" title="Tropical monsoon climate">Tropical monsoon climate</a>; driest month (which nearly always occurs at or soon after the "winter" solstice for that side of the equator) with precipitation less than 60 mm (2.4 in), but at least <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\textstyle 100-\left({\frac {\mathrm {total\,annual\,precipitation\,(mm)} }{25}}\right)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>100</mn> <mo>−</mo> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mn>25</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\textstyle 100-\left({\frac {\mathrm {total\,annual\,precipitation\,(mm)} }{25}}\right)}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/633020c2da496b0fcb4ae49e79aa7c87f1ad6e18" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:32.484ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\textstyle 100-\left({\frac {\mathrm {total\,annual\,precipitation\,(mm)} }{25}}\right)}">.<a href="#cite_note-Beck-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Peel-10">[10]</a></li> <li>Aw or As = Tropical wet and dry or <a href="/wiki/Tropical_savanna_climate" title="Tropical savanna climate">savanna</a> climate; with the driest month having precipitation less than 60 mm (2.4 in) and less than <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\textstyle 100-\left({\frac {\mathrm {total\,annual\,precipitation\,(mm)} }{25}}\right)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>100</mn> <mo>−</mo> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mn>25</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\textstyle 100-\left({\frac {\mathrm {total\,annual\,precipitation\,(mm)} }{25}}\right)}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/633020c2da496b0fcb4ae49e79aa7c87f1ad6e18" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:32.484ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\textstyle 100-\left({\frac {\mathrm {total\,annual\,precipitation\,(mm)} }{25}}\right)}">.<a href="#cite_note-Beck-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Peel-10">[10]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Group_B:_Desert_and_semi-arid_climates">Group B: Desert and semi-arid climates</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Group B: Desert and semi-arid climates">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Desert_climate" title="Desert climate">Desert</a> and <a href="/wiki/Semi-arid_climate" title="Semi-arid climate">semi-arid</a> climates are defined by low precipitation in a region that does not fit the polar (EF or ET) criteria of no month with an average temperature greater than 10 °C (50 °F). The precipitation threshold in millimeters is determined by multiplying the average annual temperature in <a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">Celsius</a> by 20, then adding:<div><ol style="list-style-type:lower-alpha"><li>280 if 70% or more of the total precipitation is in the spring and summer months (April–September in the Northern Hemisphere, or October–March in the Southern), or</li><li>140 if 30%–70% of the total precipitation is received during the spring and summer, or</li><li>0 if less than 30% of the total precipitation is received during the spring and summer.</li></ol></div> If the annual precipitation is less than 50% of this threshold, the classification is BW (arid: desert climate); if it is in the range of 50%–100% of the threshold, the classification is BS (<a href="/wiki/Semi-arid_climate" title="Semi-arid climate">semi-arid</a>: steppe climate).<a href="#cite_note-Beck-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Peel-10">[10]</a> A third letter can be included to indicate temperature. Here, h signifies low-latitude climates (average annual temperature above 18 °C (64.4 °F)) while k signifies middle-latitude climates (average annual temperature less than 18 °C). In addition, n is used to denote a climate characterized by frequent fog and H for high altitudes.<a href="#cite_note-Cereceda-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-gepchile-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Inzunza-15">[15]</a> <ul><li>BWh = <a href="/wiki/Hot_desert_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot desert climate">Hot desert climate</a></li> <li>BWk = <a href="/wiki/Cold_desert_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold desert climate">Cold desert climate</a></li> <li>BSh = <a href="/wiki/Hot_semi-arid_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot semi-arid climate">Hot semi-arid climate</a></li> <li>BSk = <a href="/wiki/Cold_semi-arid_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold semi-arid climate">Cold semi-arid climate</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Group_C:_Temperate_climates">Group C: Temperate climates</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Group C: Temperate climates">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Temperate_climate" title="Temperate climate">Temperate climates</a> have the coldest month averaging between 0 °C (32 °F)<a href="#cite_note-Peel-10">[10]</a> (or −3 °C (26.6 °F))<a href="#cite_note-kottek2006-7">[7]</a> and 18 °C (64.4 °F) and at least one month averaging above 10 °C (50 °F).<a href="#cite_note-Peel-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-kottek2006-7">[7]</a> For the distribution of precipitation in locations that both satisfy a dry summer (Cs) and a dry winter (Cw), a location is considered to have a wet summer (Cw) when more precipitation falls within the summer months than the winter months while a location is considered to have a dry summer (Cs) when more precipitation falls within the winter months.<a href="#cite_note-Peel-10">[10]</a> This additional criterion applies to locations that satisfies both Ds and Dw as well.<a href="#cite_note-Peel-10">[10]</a> <ul><li>Cfa = <a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">Humid subtropical climate</a>; coldest month averaging above 0 °C (32 °F) (or −3 °C (26.6 °F)), at least one month's average temperature above 22 °C (71.6 °F), and at least four months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). No significant precipitation difference between seasons (neither the abovementioned set of conditions fulfilled).</li> <li>Cfb = Temperate <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic climate</a> or <a href="/wiki/Subtropical_highland_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtropical highland climate">subtropical highland climate</a>; coldest month averaging above 0 °C (32 °F) (or −3 °C (26.6 °F)), all months with average temperatures below 22 °C (71.6 °F), and at least four months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). No significant precipitation difference between seasons (neither the abovementioned set of conditions fulfilled).</li> <li>Cfc = <a href="/wiki/Subpolar_oceanic_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Subpolar oceanic climate">Subpolar oceanic climate</a>; coldest month averaging above 0 °C (32 °F) (or −3 °C (26.6 °F)) and 1–3 months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). No significant precipitation difference between seasons (neither the abovementioned set of conditions fulfilled).</li> <li>Cwa = <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">Monsoon</a>-influenced humid subtropical climate; coldest month averaging above 0 °C (32 °F) (or −3 °C (26.6 °F)), at least one month's average temperature above 22 °C (71.6 °F), and at least four months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). At least ten times as much rain in the wettest month of summer as in the driest month of winter.</li> <li>Cwb = <a href="/wiki/Subtropical_highland_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtropical highland climate">Subtropical highland climate</a> or Monsoon-influenced temperate oceanic climate; coldest month averaging above 0 °C (32 °F) (or −3 °C (26.6 °F)), all months with average temperatures below 22 °C (71.6 °F), and at least four months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). At least ten times as much rain in the wettest month of summer as in the driest month of winter.</li> <li>Cwc = Cold <a href="/wiki/Subtropical_highland_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtropical highland climate">subtropical highland climate</a> or Monsoon-influenced subpolar oceanic climate; coldest month averaging above 0 °C (32 °F) (or −3 °C (26.6 °F)) and 1–3 months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). At least ten times as much rain in the wettest month of summer as in the driest month of winter.</li> <li>Csa = <a href="/wiki/Hot-summer_Mediterranean_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot-summer Mediterranean climate">Hot-summer Mediterranean climate</a>; coldest month averaging above 0 °C (32 °F) (or −3 °C (26.6 °F)), at least one month's average temperature above 22 °C (71.6 °F), and at least four months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). At least three times as much precipitation in the wettest month of winter as in the driest month of summer, and the driest month of summer receives less than 40 mm (1.6 in).<a href="#cite_note-Beck-8">[8]</a></li> <li>Csb = <a href="/wiki/Warm-summer_Mediterranean_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Warm-summer Mediterranean climate">Warm-summer Mediterranean climate</a>; coldest month averaging above 0 °C (32 °F) (or −3 °C (26.6 °F)), all months with average temperatures below 22 °C (71.6 °F), and at least four months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). At least three times as much precipitation in the wettest month of winter as in the driest month of summer, and the driest month of summer receives less than 40 mm (1.6 in).<a href="#cite_note-Beck-8">[8]</a></li> <li>Csc = <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate#Cold-summer_Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Cold-summer Mediterranean climate</a>; coldest month averaging above 0 °C (32 °F) (or −3 °C (26.6 °F)) and 1–3 months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). At least three times as much precipitation in the wettest month of winter as in the driest month of summer, and the driest month of summer receives less than 40 mm (1.6 in).<a href="#cite_note-Beck-8">[8]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Group_D:_Continental_climates">Group D: Continental climates</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Group D: Continental climates">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Continental_climate" title="Continental climate">Continental climates</a> have at least one month averaging below 0 °C (32 °F) (or −3 °C (26.6 °F)) and at least one month averaging above 10 °C (50 °F).<a href="#cite_note-Peel-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-kottek2006-7">[7]</a> <ul><li>Dfa = Hot-summer <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">humid continental climate</a>; coldest month averaging below 0 °C (32 °F) (or −3 °C (26.6 °F)), at least one month's average temperature above 22 °C (71.6 °F), and at least four months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). No significant precipitation difference between seasons (neither the abovementioned set of conditions fulfilled).</li> <li>Dfb = Warm-summer <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">humid continental climate</a>; coldest month averaging below 0 °C (32 °F) (or −3 °C (26.6 °F)), all months with average temperatures below 22 °C (71.6 °F), and at least four months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). No significant precipitation difference between seasons (neither the abovementioned set of conditions fulfilled).</li> <li>Dfc = <a href="/wiki/Subarctic_climate" title="Subarctic climate">Subarctic climate</a>; coldest month averaging below 0 °C (32 °F) (or −3 °C (26.6 °F)) and 1–3 months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). No significant precipitation difference between seasons (neither the abovementioned set of conditions fulfilled).</li> <li>Dfd = Extremely cold subarctic climate; coldest month averaging below −38 °C (−36.4 °F) and 1–3 months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). No significant precipitation difference between seasons (neither the abovementioned set of conditions fulfilled).</li> <li>Dwa = Monsoon-influenced hot-summer humid continental climate; coldest month averaging below 0 °C (32 °F) (or −3 °C (26.6 °F)), at least one month's average temperature above 22 °C (71.6 °F), and at least four months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). At least ten times as much rain in the wettest month of summer as in the driest month of winter.</li> <li>Dwb = Monsoon-influenced warm-summer humid continental climate; coldest month averaging below 0 °C (32 °F) (or −3 °C (26.6 °F)), all months with average temperatures below 22 °C (71.6 °F), and at least four months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). At least ten times as much rain in the wettest month of summer as in the driest month of winter.</li> <li>Dwc = Monsoon-influenced <a href="/wiki/Subarctic_climate" title="Subarctic climate">subarctic climate</a>; coldest month averaging below 0 °C (32 °F) (or −3 °C (26.6 °F)) and 1–3 months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). At least ten times as much rain in the wettest month of summer as in the driest month of winter.</li> <li>Dwd = Monsoon-influenced extremely cold <a href="/wiki/Subarctic_climate" title="Subarctic climate">subarctic climate</a>; coldest month averaging below −38 °C (−36.4 °F) and 1–3 months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). At least ten times as much rain in the wettest month of summer as in the driest month of winter.</li> <li>Dsa = <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean</a>-influenced hot-summer humid continental climate; coldest month averaging below 0 °C (32 °F) (or −3 °C (26.6 °F)), average temperature of the warmest month above 22 °C (71.6 °F) and at least four months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). At least three times as much precipitation in the wettest month of winter as in the driest month of summer, and the driest month of summer receives less than 30 mm (1.2 in).</li> <li>Dsb = Mediterranean-influenced warm-summer humid continental climate; coldest month averaging below 0 °C (32 °F) (or −3 °C (26.6 °F)), average temperature of the warmest month below 22 °C (71.6 °F) and at least four months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). At least three times as much precipitation in the wettest month of winter as in the driest month of summer, and the driest month of summer receives less than 30 mm (1.2 in).</li> <li>Dsc = Mediterranean-influenced subarctic climate; coldest month averaging below 0 °C (32 °F) (or −3 °C (26.6 °F)) and 1–3 months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). At least three times as much precipitation in the wettest month of winter as in the driest month of summer, and the driest month of summer receives less than 30 mm (1.2 in).</li> <li>Dsd = Mediterranean-influenced extremely cold subarctic climate; coldest month averaging below −38 °C (−36.4 °F) and 1–3 months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). At least three times as much precipitation in the wettest month of winter as in the driest month of summer, and the driest month of summer receives less than 30 mm (1.2 in).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Group_E:_Polar_and_alpine_climates">Group E: Polar and alpine climates</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Group E: Polar and alpine climates">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Polar_climate" title="Polar climate">Polar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alpine_climate" title="Alpine climate">alpine climates</a> has every month of the year with an average temperature below 10 °C (50 °F).<a href="#cite_note-Beck-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Peel-10">[10]</a> <ul><li>ET = <a href="/wiki/Tundra_climate" title="Tundra climate">Tundra climate</a>; average temperature of warmest month between 0 °C (32 °F) and 10 °C (50 °F).<a href="#cite_note-Beck-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Peel-10">[10]</a></li> <li>EF = <a href="/wiki/Ice_cap_climate" title="Ice cap climate">Ice cap climate</a>; eternal winter, with all 12 months of the year with average temperatures below 0 °C (32 °F).<a href="#cite_note-Beck-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Peel-10">[10]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Group_A:_Tropical/megathermal_climates">Group A: Tropical/megathermal climates</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Group A: Tropical/megathermal climates">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_A_1991%E2%80%932020.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_A_1991%E2%80%932020.svg/330px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_A_1991%E2%80%932020.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_A_1991%E2%80%932020.svg/495px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_A_1991%E2%80%932020.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_A_1991%E2%80%932020.svg/660px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_A_1991%E2%80%932020.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1401" data-file-height="928" /></a><figcaption>Tropical climate distribution</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Tropical_climate" title="Tropical climate">Tropical climates</a> are characterized by constant high temperatures (at sea level and low elevations); all 12 months of the year have average temperatures of 18 °C (64.4 °F) or higher; and generally high annual precipitation. They are subdivided as follows: <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Af:_Tropical_rainforest_climate">Af: Tropical rainforest climate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Af: Tropical rainforest climate">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tropical_rainforest_climate" title="Tropical rainforest climate">Tropical rainforest climate</a></div> All 12 months have an average precipitation of at least 60 mm (2.4 in). These climates usually occur within 10° latitude of the <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equator</a>. This climate has no natural seasons in terms of thermal and moisture changes.<a href="#cite_note-McKnight-9">[9]</a> When it is dominated most of the year by the <a href="/wiki/Doldrums" class="mw-redirect" title="Doldrums">doldrums</a> low-pressure system due to the presence of the <a href="/wiki/Intertropical_Convergence_Zone" title="Intertropical Convergence Zone">Intertropical Convergence Zone</a> (ITCZ) and when there are no cyclones then the climate is qualified as equatorial. When the trade winds dominate most of the year, the climate is a tropical trade-wind rainforest climate.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Examples <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 50;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alofi" title="Alofi">Alofi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> (Af)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antalaha" title="Antalaha">Antalaha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> (Af)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apia" title="Apia">Apia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a> (Af)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atuona" title="Atuona">Atuona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hiva_Oa" title="Hiva Oa">Hiva Oa</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a> (Af)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avarua" title="Avarua">Avarua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a> (Af)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluefields" title="Bluefields">Bluefields</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a> (Af)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buenaventura,_Valle_del_Cauca" title="Buenaventura, Valle del Cauca">Buenaventura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> (Af)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castries" title="Castries">Castries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a> (Af, bordering on Am)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changuinola" title="Changuinola">Changuinola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a> (Af)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_Island" title="Cocos Island">Cocos Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a> (Af)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombo" title="Colombo">Colombo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> (Af)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davao_City" title="Davao City">Davao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> (Af)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> (Af)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Lauderdale" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Lauderdale">Fort Lauderdale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (Af, bordering on Am)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funafuti" title="Funafuti">Funafuti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a> (Af)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgetown,_Guyana" title="Georgetown, Guyana">Georgetown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a> (Af)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hag%C3%A5t%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Hagåtña">Hagåtña</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a> (Af)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Bermuda" title="Hamilton, Bermuda">Hamilton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a> (Af, bordering on Cfa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hig%C3%BCey" title="Higüey">Higüey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a> (Af, bordering on Am)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilo" class="mw-redirect" title="Hilo">Hilo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (Af)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honiara" title="Honiara">Honiara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a> (Af)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innisfail,_Queensland" title="Innisfail, Queensland">Innisfail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> (Af)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ipoh" title="Ipoh">Ipoh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> (Af)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iquitos" title="Iquitos">Iquitos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> (Af)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishigaki,_Okinawa" title="Ishigaki, Okinawa">Ishigaki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> (Af)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johor_Bahru" title="Johor Bahru">Johor Bahru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> (Af)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampala" title="Kampala">Kampala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> (Af)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kisumu" title="Kisumu">Kisumu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> (Af)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koror_(city)" title="Koror (city)">Koror</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a> (Af)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> (Af)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuching" title="Kuching">Kuching</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> (Af)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurunegala" title="Kurunegala">Kurunegala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> (Af, bordering on Am)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Ceiba" title="La Ceiba">La Ceiba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a> (Af)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lae" title="Lae">Lae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> (Af)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majuro" title="Majuro">Majuro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a> (Af)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manaus" title="Manaus">Manaus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> (Af)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mata_Utu" title="Mata Utu">Mata Utu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna" title="Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a> (Af)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medan" title="Medan">Medan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> (Af)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroni,_Comoros" title="Moroni, Comoros">Moroni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a> (Af)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakhon_Si_Thammarat" title="Nakhon Si Thammarat">Nakhon Si Thammarat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> (Af)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narathiwat" title="Narathiwat">Narathiwat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> (Af, bordering on Am)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuku%27alofa" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuku'alofa">Nuku'alofa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a> (Af)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchid_Island" title="Orchid Island">Orchid Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> (Af)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padang" title="Padang">Padang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> (Af)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pago_Pago" class="mw-redirect" title="Pago Pago">Pago Pago</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a> (Af)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palikir" title="Palikir">Palikir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a> (Af)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramaribo" title="Paramaribo">Paramaribo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a> (Af)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papeete" title="Papeete">Papeete</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tahiti" title="Tahiti">Tahiti</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a> (Af)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Island" title="Pitcairn Island">Pitcairn Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (Af)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointe-%C3%A0-Pitre" title="Pointe-à-Pitre">Pointe-à-Pitre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a> (Af, bordering on Am)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polomolok" title="Polomolok">Polomolok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> (Af)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Antonio" title="Port Antonio">Port Antonio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> (Af)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Vila" title="Port Vila">Port Vila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a> (Af)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Barrios" title="Puerto Barrios">Puerto Barrios</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a> (Af)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punta_Gorda,_Belize" title="Punta Gorda, Belize">Punta Gorda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a> (Af)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puyo,_Pastaza" title="Puyo, Pastaza">Puyo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a> (Af)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quibd%C3%B3" title="Quibdó">Quibdó</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> (Af)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratnapura" title="Ratnapura">Ratnapura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> (Af)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni" title="Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni">Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a> (Af)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_da_Bahia" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvador da Bahia">Salvador da Bahia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> (Af)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santos,_Sao_Paulo" class="mw-redirect" title="Santos, Sao Paulo">Santos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> (Af)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> (Af)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Jayawardenepura_Kotte" title="Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte">Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> (Af, bordering on Am)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._George%27s,_Grenada" title="St. George's, Grenada">St. George's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a> (Af)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suva" title="Suva">Suva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a> (Af)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabubil" title="Tabubil">Tabubil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> (Af)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacloban" title="Tacloban">Tacloban</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> (Af)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarawa" title="Tarawa">Tarawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a> (Af)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toamasina" title="Toamasina">Toamasina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> (Af)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubuai" title="Tubuai">Tubuai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austral_Islands" title="Austral Islands">Austral Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> (Af)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria,_Seychelles" title="Victoria, Seychelles">Victoria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a> (Af)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Tunari" title="Villa Tunari">Villa Tunari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> (Af)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Palm_Beach" class="mw-redirect" title="West Palm Beach">West Palm Beach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (Af, bordering on Am)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaren,_Nauru" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaren, Nauru">Yaren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a> (Af)</li></ul> </div> Some of the places with this climate are indeed uniformly and monotonously wet throughout the year (e.g., the northwest <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific</a> coast of <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a> to <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a>; see, for instance, <a href="/wiki/Andagoya" title="Andagoya">Andagoya</a>, Colombia), but in many cases, the period of higher sun and longer days is distinctly wettest (as at <a href="/wiki/Palembang" title="Palembang">Palembang</a>, Indonesia) or the time of lower sun and shorter days may have more rain (as at <a href="/wiki/Sitiawan" title="Sitiawan">Sitiawan</a>, Malaysia). Among these places, some have a pure equatorial climate (Balikpapan, Kuala Lumpur, Kuching, Lae, Medan, Paramaribo, Pontianak, and Singapore) with the dominant ITCZ aerological mechanism and no cyclones or a subequatorial climate with occasional hurricanes (Davao, Ratnapura, Victoria). (Note. The term <a href="/wiki/Season" title="Season">aseasonal</a> refers to the lack in the tropical zone of large differences in daylight hours and mean monthly (or daily) temperature throughout the year. Annual cyclic changes occur in the tropics, but not as predictably as those in the temperate zone, albeit unrelated to temperature, but to water availability whether as rain, mist, soil, or groundwater. Plant response (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Phenology" title="Phenology">phenology</a>), animal (feeding, migration, reproduction, etc.), and human activities (plant sowing, harvesting, hunting, fishing, etc.) are tuned to this 'seasonality'. Indeed, in tropical South America and Central America, the 'rainy season' (and the 'high water season') is called <a href="/wiki/Rainy_season" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainy season">invierno</a> (Spanish) or inverno (Portuguese), though it could occur in the Northern Hemisphere summer; likewise, the 'dry season (and 'low water season') is called <a href="/wiki/Dry_season" title="Dry season">verano</a> or verão, and can occur in the Northern Hemisphere winter). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Am:_Tropical_monsoon_climate">Am: Tropical monsoon climate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Am: Tropical monsoon climate">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tropical_monsoon_climate" title="Tropical monsoon climate">Tropical monsoon climate</a></div> This type of climate results from the <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a> winds which change direction according to the seasons. This climate has a driest month (which nearly always occurs at or soon after the "winter" solstice for that side of the equator) with rainfall less than 60 mm (2.4 in), but at least <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\textstyle 100-\left({\frac {\mathrm {total\,annual\,precipitation\,(mm)} }{25}}\right)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>100</mn> <mo>−</mo> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mn>25</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\textstyle 100-\left({\frac {\mathrm {total\,annual\,precipitation\,(mm)} }{25}}\right)}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/633020c2da496b0fcb4ae49e79aa7c87f1ad6e18" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:32.484ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\textstyle 100-\left({\frac {\mathrm {total\,annual\,precipitation\,(mm)} }{25}}\right)}"> of average monthly precipitation.<a href="#cite_note-McKnight-9">[9]</a>: 208  Examples <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 50;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alor_Setar" title="Alor Setar">Alor Setar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> (Am)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aracaju" title="Aracaju">Aracaju</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> (Am)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baguio" title="Baguio">Baguio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> (Am, bordering on Cwb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandung" title="Bandung">Bandung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> (Am, bordering on Af)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrancabermeja" title="Barrancabermeja">Barrancabermeja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> (Am)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basseterre" title="Basseterre">Basseterre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a> (Am)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bata,_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Bata, Equatorial Guinea">Bata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a> (Am)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batticaloa" title="Batticaloa">Batticaloa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> (Am, bordering on As)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belmopan" title="Belmopan">Belmopan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a> (Am)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A0_Mau" title="Cà Mau">Cà Mau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> (Am)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cali" title="Cali">Cali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> (Am)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairns" title="Cairns">Cairns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> (Am)<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayenne" title="Cayenne">Cayenne</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a> (Am, bordering on Af)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chichijima" title="Chichijima">Chichijima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> (Am, bordering on Aw and Cfa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong" title="Chittagong">Chittagong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> (Am)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> (Am)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coatzacoalcos" title="Coatzacoalcos">Coatzacoalcos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz">Veracruz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> (Am)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conakry" title="Conakry">Conakry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a> (Am)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curepipe" title="Curepipe">Curepipe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> (Am)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Da_Nang" title="Da Nang">Da Nang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> (Am)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douala" title="Douala">Douala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a> (Am)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freetown" title="Freetown">Freetown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a> (Am)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Myers,_Florida" title="Fort Myers, Florida">Fort Myers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (Am, bordering on Cfa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanare" title="Guanare">Guanare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> (Am)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hat_Yai" title="Hat Yai">Hat Yai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> (Am, bordering on Aw)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu%E1%BA%BF" title="Huế">Huế</a>, <a href="/wiki/Th%E1%BB%ABa_Thi%C3%AAn%E2%80%93Hu%E1%BA%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="Thừa Thiên–Huế">Thừa Thiên–Huế</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> (Am)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> (Am)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Kochi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> (Am)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko_Samui" title="Ko Samui">Ko Samui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> (Am, bordering on Af)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langkawi" title="Langkawi">Langkawi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> (Am)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libreville" title="Libreville">Libreville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a> (Am)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macei%C3%B3" title="Maceió">Maceió</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> (Am)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makassar" title="Makassar">Makassar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> (Am)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managua" title="Managua">Managua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a> (Am)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malabo" title="Malabo">Malabo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a> (Am)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mal%C3%A9" title="Malé">Malé</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a> (Am)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangalore" title="Mangalore">Mangalore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> (Am)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> (Am)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida,_M%C3%A9rida" title="Mérida, Mérida">Mérida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> (Am)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (Am)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monrovia" title="Monrovia">Monrovia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a> (Am)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nassau,_The_Bahamas" title="Nassau, The Bahamas">Nassau</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">The Bahamas</a> (Am, bordering on Aw)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama_City" title="Panama City">Panamá City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panam%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Panamá">Panamá</a> (Am)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattani,_Thailand" title="Pattani, Thailand">Pattani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> (Am)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phuntsholing" title="Phuntsholing">Phuntsholing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a> (Am, bordering on Cwa)<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pingtung_County" title="Pingtung County">Pingtung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> (Am)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Harcourt" title="Port Harcourt">Port Harcourt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rivers_State" title="Rivers State">Rivers State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> (Am)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Spain" title="Port of Spain">Port of Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a> (Am)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pucallpa" title="Pucallpa">Pucallpa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> (Am)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ayacucho" title="Puerto Ayacucho">Puerto Ayacucho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> (Am)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Maldonado" title="Puerto Maldonado">Puerto Maldonado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> (Am)<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qionghai" title="Qionghai">Qionghai City</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> (Am)<a href="#cite_note-auto1-20">[20]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quezon_City" title="Quezon City">Quezon City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> (Am)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recife" title="Recife">Recife</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pernambuco" title="Pernambuco">Pernambuco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> (Am)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roseau" title="Roseau">Roseau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a> (Am)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saipan,_Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Saipan, Northern Mariana Islands">Saipan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (Am, bordering on Af)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Juan,_Puerto_Rico" title="San Juan, Puerto Rico">San Juan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> (Am)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santo_Domingo" title="Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a> (Am)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sihanoukville_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sihanoukville (city)">Sihanoukville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> (Am)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylhet" title="Sylhet">Sylhet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> (Am, bordering on Cwa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taitung_City" title="Taitung City">Taitung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> (Am)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram">Thiruvananthapuram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> (Am)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad,_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinidad, Bolivia">Trinidad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>(Am)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villahermosa" title="Villahermosa">Villahermosa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> (Am)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanning" title="Wanning">Wanning</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> (Am)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenchang" title="Wenchang">Wenchang City</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> (Am)<a href="#cite_note-auto1-20">[20]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangon" title="Yangon">Yangon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> (Am)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar_City" title="Zanzibar City">Zanzibar City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a> (Am)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aw/As:_Tropical_savanna_climate">Aw/As: Tropical savanna climate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Aw/As: Tropical savanna climate">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tropical_savanna_climate" title="Tropical savanna climate">Tropical savanna climate</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aw:_Tropical_savanna_climate_with_dry_winters">Aw: Tropical savanna climate with dry winters</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Aw: Tropical savanna climate with dry winters">edit</a>]</div> Aw climates have a pronounced dry season, with the driest month having precipitation less than 60 mm (2.4 in) and less than <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\textstyle 100-\left({\frac {\mathrm {total\,annual\,precipitation\,(mm)} }{25}}\right)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>100</mn> <mo>−</mo> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mn>25</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\textstyle 100-\left({\frac {\mathrm {total\,annual\,precipitation\,(mm)} }{25}}\right)}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/633020c2da496b0fcb4ae49e79aa7c87f1ad6e18" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:32.484ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\textstyle 100-\left({\frac {\mathrm {total\,annual\,precipitation\,(mm)} }{25}}\right)}"> of average monthly precipitation.<a href="#cite_note-McKnight-9">[9]</a>: 208–211  Examples <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 50;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abidjan" title="Abidjan">Abidjan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a> (Aw)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abuja" title="Abuja">Abuja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> (Aw)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamako" title="Bamako">Bamako</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> (Aw)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangalore" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> (Aw)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> (Aw)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangui" title="Bangui">Bangui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a> (Aw)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjul" title="Banjul">Banjul</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a> (Aw)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barranquilla" title="Barranquilla">Barranquilla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> (Aw)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belo_Horizonte" title="Belo Horizonte">Belo Horizonte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> (Aw)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhubaneswar" title="Bhubaneswar">Bhubaneswar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> (Aw)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bissau" title="Bissau">Bissau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a> (Aw)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobo-Dioulasso" title="Bobo-Dioulasso">Bobo-Dioulasso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a> (Aw)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bras%C3%ADlia" title="Brasília">Brasília</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> (Aw)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville">Brazzaville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a> (Aw)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridgetown" title="Bridgetown">Bridgetown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a> (Aw)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bujumbura" title="Bujumbura">Bujumbura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a> (Aw)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canc%C3%BAn" title="Cancún">Cancún</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quintana_Roo" title="Quintana Roo">Quintana Roo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> (Aw, bordering on Am)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caracas" title="Caracas">Caracas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> (Aw)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartagena,_Colombia" title="Cartagena, Colombia">Cartagena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>,(Aw)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipata" title="Chipata">Chipata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a> (Aw)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotonou" title="Cotonou">Cotonou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a> (Aw)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuernavaca" title="Cuernavaca">Cuernavaca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> (Aw, bordering on Cwa)<a href="#cite_note-SMN-21">[21]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dar_es_Salaam" title="Dar es Salaam">Dar es Salaam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a> (Aw)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin,_Northern_Territory" title="Darwin, Northern Territory">Darwin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory" title="Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> (Aw)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> (Aw)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dili" title="Dili">Dili</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a> (Aw)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongfang,_Hainan" title="Dongfang, Hainan">Dongfang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hainan" title="Hainan">Hainan</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> (Aw)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemala_City" title="Guatemala City">Guatemala City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a> (Aw, bordering on Cwa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guayaquil" title="Guayaquil">Guayaquil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a> (Aw)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haikou" title="Haikou">Haikou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hainan" title="Hainan">Hainan</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> (Aw, bordering on Cwa)<a href="#cite_note-Mengla-22">[22]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> (Aw, bordering on Af)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City" title="Ho Chi Minh City">Ho Chi Minh City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> (Aw)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad" title="Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> (Aw, bordering on BSh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juba" title="Juba">Juba</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a> (Aw)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kano_(city)" title="Kano (city)">Kano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> (Aw)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaohsiung" title="Kaohsiung">Kaohsiung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> (Aw)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key_West" title="Key West">Key West</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (Aw)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khulna" title="Khulna">Khulna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> (Aw)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kigali" title="Kigali">Kigali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a> (Aw)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Jamaica" title="Kingston, Jamaica">Kingston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> (Aw, bordering on BSh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Republic of Congo">Democratic Republic of Congo</a> (Aw)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> (Aw)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumasi" title="Kumasi">Kumasi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> (Aw)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kupang" title="Kupang">Kupang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> (Aw)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> (Aw)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lom%C3%A9" title="Lomé">Lomé</a>, <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a> (Aw)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malanje" title="Malanje">Malanje</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a> (Aw, bordering on Cwa and Cwb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandalay" title="Mandalay">Mandalay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> (Aw, bordering on BSh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maputo" title="Maputo">Maputo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a> (Aw, bordering on BSh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mengla" class="mw-redirect" title="Mengla">Mengla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> (Aw, bordering on Cwa)<a href="#cite_note-Mengla-22">[22]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minamitorishima" title="Minamitorishima">Minamitorishima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> (Aw)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moundou" title="Moundou">Moundou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a> (Aw)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> (Aw, bordering on Am)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naples,_Florida" title="Naples, Florida">Naples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (Aw)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phnom_Penh" title="Phnom Penh">Phnom Penh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> (Aw)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port-au-Prince" title="Port-au-Prince">Port-au-Prince</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a> (Aw)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Louis" title="Port Louis">Port Louis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> (Aw)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Moresby" title="Port Moresby">Port Moresby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> (Aw)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Spain" title="Port of Spain">Port of Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a> (Aw)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> (Aw, bordering on Am)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Crist%C3%B3bal_Island" title="San Cristóbal Island">San Cristóbal Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a> (Aw)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Jos%C3%A9,_Costa_Rica" title="San José, Costa Rica">San José</a>, <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a> (Aw)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Pedro_Sula" title="San Pedro Sula">San Pedro Sula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a> (Aw, bordering on Am)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Salvador" title="San Salvador">San Salvador</a>, <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a> (Aw)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_de_la_Sierra" title="Santa Cruz de la Sierra">Santa Cruz de la Sierra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> (Aw, bordering on Af)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Cuba" title="Santiago de Cuba">Santiago de Cuba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> (Aw)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanya" title="Sanya">Sanya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hainan" title="Hainan">Hainan</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> (Aw)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._John%27s,_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="St. John's, Antigua and Barbuda">St. John's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a> (Aw)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surabaya" title="Surabaya">Surabaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> (Aw)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangail" title="Tangail">Tangail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> (Aw)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tegucigalpa" title="Tegucigalpa">Tegucigalpa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a> (Aw)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townsville" title="Townsville">Townsville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> (Aw)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veracruz,_Veracruz" class="mw-redirect" title="Veracruz, Veracruz">Veracruz, Veracruz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> (Aw)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vientiane" title="Vientiane">Vientiane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> (Aw)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wake_Island" title="Wake Island">Wake Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (Aw)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaound%C3%A9" title="Yaoundé">Yaoundé</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a> (Aw)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziguinchor" title="Ziguinchor">Ziguinchor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a> (Aw)<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></li></ul> </div> Most places that have this climate are found at the outer margins of the <a href="/wiki/Tropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical">tropical</a> zone from the low teens to the mid-20s latitudes, but occasionally an inner-tropical location (e.g., <a href="/wiki/San_Marcos,_Antioquia" title="San Marcos, Antioquia">San Marcos, Antioquia</a>, Colombia) also qualifies. The <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean</a> coast, eastward from the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Urab%C3%A1" title="Gulf of Urabá">Gulf of Urabá</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>–<a href="/wiki/Panam%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Panamá">Panamá</a> border to the <a href="/wiki/Orinoco_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Orinoco River">Orinoco River</a> delta, on the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> (about 4,000  km), have long dry periods (the extreme is the BWh climate (see below), characterized by very low, unreliable precipitation, present, for instance, in extensive areas in the <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guajira_Pen%C3%ADnsula" class="extiw" title="es:Guajira Península">Guajira</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Coro_region" title="Coro region">Coro</a>, western <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>, the northernmost peninsulas in South America, which receive <300  mm total annual precipitation, practically all in two or three months). This condition extends to the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Antilles" title="Lesser Antilles">Lesser Antilles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greater_Antilles" title="Greater Antilles">Greater Antilles</a> forming the circum-Caribbean dry belt. The length and severity of the dry season diminish inland (southward); at the latitude of the Amazon River—which flows eastward, just south of the <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equatorial</a> line—the climate is Af. East from the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a>, between the dry, arid Caribbean and the ever-wet Amazon are the Orinoco River's <a href="/wiki/Llanos" title="Llanos">Llanos</a> or <a href="/wiki/Savanna" title="Savanna">savannas</a>, from where this climate takes its name. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="As:_Tropical_savanna_climate_with_dry-summers">As: Tropical savanna climate with dry-summers</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: As: Tropical savanna climate with dry-summers">edit</a>]</div> Sometimes As is used in place of Aw if the dry season occurs during the time of higher sun and longer days (during summer).<a href="#cite_note-kottek2006-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-nwskoppen-24">[24]</a> This is the case in parts of <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, northwestern Dominican Republic, East Africa, southeast India and northeast Sri Lanka, and the Brazilian Northeastern Coast. In places that have this climate type, the dry season occurs during the time of lower sun and shorter days generally because of <a href="/wiki/Rain_shadow" title="Rain shadow">rain shadow</a> effects during the 'high-sun' part of the year. Examples <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Coast" title="Cape Coast">Cape Coast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> (both Aw/As)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> (As)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortaleza" title="Fortaleza">Fortaleza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> (As)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaffna" title="Jaffna">Jaffna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> (As)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapalua" class="mw-redirect" title="Kapalua">Kapalua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (As)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanai_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanai City">Lanai City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (As)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mombasa" title="Mombasa">Mombasa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> (As)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natal,_Rio_Grande_do_Norte" title="Natal, Rio Grande do Norte">Natal, Rio Grande do Norte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> (As)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nha_Trang" title="Nha Trang">Nha Trang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> (As)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noum%C3%A9a" title="Nouméa">Nouméa</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a> (As)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9" title="São Tomé">São Tomé</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Principe" class="mw-redirect" title="São Tomé and Principe">São Tomé and Principe</a> (As)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trincomalee" title="Trincomalee">Trincomalee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> (As)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Group_B:_Arid_(desert_and_semi-arid)_climates">Group B: Arid (desert and semi-arid) climates</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Group B: Arid (desert and semi-arid) climates">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Desert_climate" title="Desert climate">Desert climate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Semi-arid_climate" title="Semi-arid climate">Semi-arid climate</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_B_1991%E2%80%932020.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_B_1991%E2%80%932020.svg/330px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_B_1991%E2%80%932020.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_B_1991%E2%80%932020.svg/495px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_B_1991%E2%80%932020.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_B_1991%E2%80%932020.svg/660px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_B_1991%E2%80%932020.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1401" data-file-height="928" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Arid_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Arid climate">Arid climate</a> distribution</figcaption></figure> These climates are characterized by the amount of annual precipitation less than a threshold value that approximates the <a href="/wiki/Potential_evapotranspiration" title="Potential evapotranspiration">potential evapotranspiration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-McKnight-9">[9]</a>: 212  The threshold value (in millimeters) is calculated as follows: Multiply the average annual temperature in °C by 20, then add<div><ol style="list-style-type:lower-alpha"><li>280 if 70% or more of the total precipitation is in the high-sun half of the year (April through September in the Northern Hemisphere, or October through March in the Southern), or</li><li>140 if 30%–70% of the total precipitation is received during the applicable period, or</li><li>0 if less than 30% of the total precipitation is so received.</li></ol></div> According to the modified Köppen classification system used by modern climatologists, total precipitation in the warmest six months of the year is taken as a reference instead of the total precipitation in the high-sun half of the year.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> If the annual precipitation is less than 50% of this threshold, the classification is BW (arid: <a href="/wiki/Desert_climate" title="Desert climate">desert climate</a>); if it is in the range of 50%–100% of the threshold, the classification is BS (semi-arid: <a href="/wiki/Semi-arid_climate" title="Semi-arid climate">steppe climate</a>). A third letter can be included to indicate temperature. Here, h signifies low-latitude climate (average annual temperature above 18 °C) while k signified middle-latitude climate (average annual temperature below 18 °C). Desert areas situated along the west coasts of continents at tropical or near-tropical locations characterized by <a href="/wiki/Fog_desert" title="Fog desert">frequent fog</a> and low clouds, although these places rank among the driest on earth in terms of actual precipitation received, can be labeled BWn with the n denoting a climate characterized by frequent fog.<a href="#cite_note-Cereceda-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-gepchile-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Inzunza-15">[15]</a> An equivalent BSn category can be found in foggy coastal steppes.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="BW:_Arid_climates">BW: Arid climates</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: BW: Arid climates">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Desert_climate" title="Desert climate">Desert climate</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="BWh:_Hot_deserts">BWh: Hot deserts</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: BWh: Hot deserts">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 50;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BDAziziya" title="ʽAziziya">ʽAziziya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jafara" title="Jafara">Jafara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> (BWh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agadez" title="Agadez">Agadez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a> (BWh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahvaz" title="Ahvaz">Ahvaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khuzestan_province" title="Khuzestan province">Khuzestan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> (BWh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Springs" title="Alice Springs">Alice Springs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory" title="Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> (BWh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almer%C3%ADa" title="Almería">Almería</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andalusia" title="Andalusia">Andalusia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> (BWh, bordering on BSh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arica" title="Arica">Arica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> (BWh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (BWh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> (BWh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biskra" title="Biskra">Biskra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> (BWh)<a href="#cite_note-Biskra-27">[27]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> (BWh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coober_Pedy" title="Coober Pedy">Coober Pedy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> (BWh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dallol,_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Dallol, Ethiopia">Dallol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> (BWh), location of the hottest average annual temperature on Earth</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_Valley" title="Death Valley">Death Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (BWh), location of the hottest air temperature ever reliably recorded on Earth</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti_City" title="Djibouti City">Djibouti City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a> (BWh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doha,_Qatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Doha, Qatar">Doha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a> (BWh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubai,_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Dubai, United Arab Emirates">Dubai</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> (BWh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eilat" title="Eilat">Eilat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_District_(Israel)" title="Southern District (Israel)">Southern District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> (BWh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faya-Largeau" title="Faya-Largeau">Faya-Largeau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a> (BWh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuerteventura" title="Fuerteventura">Fuerteventura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> (BWh)<a href="#cite_note-auto-28">[28]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gab%C3%A8s" title="Gabès">Gabès</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a> (BWh, bordering on BSh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermosillo" title="Hermosillo">Hermosillo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sonora" title="Sonora">Sonora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> (BWh, bordering on BSh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iquique" title="Iquique">Iquique</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> (BWh, bordering on BWk)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalalabad" title="Jalalabad">Jalalabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nangarhar_Province" title="Nangarhar Province">Nangarhar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> (BWh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Saint_Helena" title="Jamestown, Saint Helena">Jamestown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (BWh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jodhpur" title="Jodhpur">Jodhpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> (BWh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachi,_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachi, Pakistan">Karachi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> (BWh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> (BWh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kufra" title="Kufra">Kufra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> (BWh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait_City" title="Kuwait City">Kuwait City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> (BWh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laayoune" title="Laayoune">Laayoune</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a> (BWh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanzarote" title="Lanzarote">Lanzarote</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> (BWh)<a href="#cite_note-auto-28">[28]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas" title="Las Vegas">Las Vegas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (BWh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> (BWh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxor" title="Luxor">Luxor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> (BWh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manama" title="Manama">Manama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a> (BWh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Makkah_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Makkah Region">Makkah Region</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> (BWh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexicali" title="Mexicali">Mexicali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baja_California" title="Baja California">Baja California</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> (BWh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat,_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscat, Oman">Muscat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a> (BWh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouakchott" title="Nouakchott">Nouakchott</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a> (BWh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (BWh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praia" title="Praia">Praia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a> (BWh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punto_Fijo" title="Punto Fijo">Punto Fijo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> (BWh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qom" title="Qom">Qom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> (BWh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> (BWh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabha,_Libya" title="Sabha, Libya">Sabha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> (BWh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharm_El_Sheikh" title="Sharm El Sheikh">Sharm El Sheikh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> (BWh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamanrasset" title="Tamanrasset">Tamanrasset</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> (BWh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trujillo,_Peru" title="Trujillo, Peru">Trujillo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> (BWh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu">Timbuktu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> (BWh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upington" title="Upington">Upington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cape" title="Northern Cape">Northern Cape</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> (BWh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazd" title="Yazd">Yazd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> (BWh)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="BWk:_Cold_deserts">BWk: Cold deserts</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: BWk: Cold deserts">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 50;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aktau" title="Aktau">Aktau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> (BWk)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antofagasta" title="Antofagasta">Antofagasta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> (BWk)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aral,_Kazakhstan" title="Aral, Kazakhstan">Aral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> (BWk)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashgabat" title="Ashgabat">Ashgabat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a> (BWk)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciudad_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Ciudad Juárez">Ciudad Juárez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chihuahua_(state)" title="Chihuahua (state)">Chihuahua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> (BWk, bordering on BWh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalanzadgad" title="Dalanzadgad">Dalanzadgad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> (BWk)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> (BWk)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isfahan" title="Isfahan">Isfahan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> (BWk)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> (BWk)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerman" title="Kerman">Kerman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> (BWk)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khovd_(city)" title="Khovd (city)">Khovd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> (BWk)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingman,_Arizona" title="Kingman, Arizona">Kingman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (BWk)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyzylorda" title="Kyzylorda">Kyzylorda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> (BWk)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Cruces,_New_Mexico" title="Las Cruces, New Mexico">Las Cruces</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (BWk, bordering on BWh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leh,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Leh, India">Leh</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> (BWk)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorca,_Spain" title="Lorca, Spain">Lorca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> (BWk)<a href="#cite_note-auto2-29">[29]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendoza,_Argentina" title="Mendoza, Argentina">Mendoza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> (BWk)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%C3%A2ma" title="Naâma">Naâma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> (BWk, bordering on BSk)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuqu%C3%A9n" title="Neuquén">Neuquén</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> (BWk)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukus" title="Nukus">Nukus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karakalpakstan" title="Karakalpakstan">Karakalpakstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> (BWk)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96lgii_(city)" title="Ölgii (city)">Ölgii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> (BWk)<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._George,_Utah" title="St. George, Utah">St. George</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (BWk, bordering on BWh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Juan,_Argentina" title="San Juan, Argentina">San Juan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> (BWk/BWh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanaa" title="Sanaa">Sanaa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> (BWk, bordering on BSk)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swakopmund" title="Swakopmund">Swakopmund</a>, <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a> (BWk)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabernas,_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabernas, Spain">Tabernas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> (BWk, bordering on BWh)<a href="#cite_note-auto2-29">[29]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turpan" title="Turpan">Turpan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> (BWk)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walvis_Bay" title="Walvis Bay">Walvis Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erongo_Region" title="Erongo Region">Erongo Region</a>, <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a> (BWk)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yinchuan" title="Yinchuan">Yinchuan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ningxia" title="Ningxia">Ningxia</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> (BWk)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="BS:_Semi-arid_(steppe)_climates">BS: Semi-arid (steppe) climates</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: BS: Semi-arid (steppe) climates">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Semi-arid_climate" title="Semi-arid climate">Semi-arid climate</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="BSh:_Hot_semi-arid">BSh: Hot semi-arid</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: BSh: Hot semi-arid">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 50;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad" title="Ahmedabad">Ahmedabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> (BSh, bordering on Aw)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accra" title="Accra">Accra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> (BSh, bordering on Aw)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aguascalientes_(city)" title="Aguascalientes (city)">Aguascalientes (city)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> (BSh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria,_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandria, Egypt">Alexandria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> (BSh, bordering on BWh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alicante,_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Alicante, Spain">Alicante</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> (BSh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barquisimeto" title="Barquisimeto">Barquisimeto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> (BSh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broome,_Western_Australia" title="Broome, Western Australia">Broome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> (BSh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulawayo" title="Bulawayo">Bulawayo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> (BSh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushehr" title="Bushehr">Bushehr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> (BSh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coimbatore" title="Coimbatore">Coimbatore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> (BSh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakar" title="Dakar">Dakar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a> (BSh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dezful" title="Dezful">Dezful</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> (BSh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaborone" title="Gaborone">Gaborone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a> (BSh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hargeisa" title="Hargeisa">Hargeisa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a> (BSh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (BSh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandahar" title="Kandahar">Kandahar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> (BSh, bordering on BWh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimberley,_Northern_Cape" title="Kimberley, Northern Cape">Kimberley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cape" title="Northern Cape">Northern Cape</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> (BSh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiritimati" title="Kiritimati">Kiritimati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a> (BSh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurnool" title="Kurnool">Kurnool</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> (BSh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> (BSh, bordering on Cwa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampedusa" title="Lampedusa">Lampedusa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> (BSh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (BSh, bordering on Csa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luanda" title="Luanda">Luanda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a> (BSh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malakal" title="Malakal">Malakal</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a> (BSh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maracaibo" title="Maracaibo">Maracaibo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> (BSh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marrakesh" title="Marrakesh">Marrakesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> (BSh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu">Mogadishu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> (BSh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Cristi,_Dominican_Republic" title="Monte Cristi, Dominican Republic">Monte Cristi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a> (BSh, bordering on As)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monterrey" title="Monterrey">Monterrey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> (BSh, bordering on Cfa)<a href="#cite_note-Monterreynormales-31">[31]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nineveh_Governorate" title="Nineveh Governorate">Nineveh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> (BSh, bordering on Csa)<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Isa" title="Mount Isa">Mount Isa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> (BSh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murcia" title="Murcia">Murcia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> (BSh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%27Djamena" title="N'Djamena">N'Djamena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a> (BSh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niamey" title="Niamey">Niamey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a> (BSh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicosia" title="Nicosia">Nicosia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> (BSh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odessa,_Texas" title="Odessa, Texas">Odessa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (BSh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oranjestad,_Aruba" title="Oranjestad, Aruba">Oranjestad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a> (BSh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouagadougou" title="Ouagadougou">Ouagadougou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a> (BSh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patos" title="Patos">Patos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Para%C3%ADba" title="Paraíba">Paraíba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> (BSh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrolina" title="Petrolina">Petrolina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pernambuco" title="Pernambuco">Pernambuco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> (BSh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piraeus" title="Piraeus">Piraeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> (BSh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polokwane" title="Polokwane">Polokwane</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> (BSh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quer%C3%A9taro_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Querétaro City">Querétaro City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quer%C3%A9taro" title="Querétaro">Querétaro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> (BSh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santiago_del_Estero" title="Santiago del Estero">Santiago del Estero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> (BSh)<a href="#cite_note-SMNextremes-33">[33]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sfax" title="Sfax">Sfax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a> (BSh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiraz" title="Shiraz">Shiraz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> (BSh, bordering on BSk)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toliara" title="Toliara">Toliara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> (BSh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> (BSh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> (BSh)<a href="#cite_note-auto-28">[28]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windhoek" title="Windhoek">Windhoek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a> (BSh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuanmou_County" title="Yuanmou County">Yuanmou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> (BSh)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="BSk:_Cold_semi-arid">BSk: Cold semi-arid</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: BSk: Cold semi-arid">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 50;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albacete" title="Albacete">Albacete</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> (BSk)<a href="#cite_note-auto-28">[28]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> (BSk)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandra,_New_Zealand" title="Alexandra, New Zealand">Alexandra</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> (BSk, bordering on Cfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> (BSk, bordering on BSh and Csa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara">Asmara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a> (BSk)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrakhan" title="Astrakhan">Astrakhan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (BSk)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atyrau" title="Atyrau">Atyrau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> (BSk, bordering on BWk)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> (BSk, bordering on BWk)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batna_(city)" title="Batna (city)">Batna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> (BSk)<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloemfontein" title="Bloemfontein">Bloemfontein</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> (BSk)<a href="#cite_note-saws-climstats-35">[35]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boise,_Idaho" title="Boise, Idaho">Boise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (BSk)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choibalsan_(city)" title="Choibalsan (city)">Choibalsan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> (BSk)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochabamba" title="Cochabamba">Cochabamba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> (BSk)<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comodoro_Rivadavia" title="Comodoro Rivadavia">Comodoro Rivadavia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> (BSk)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa" title="Daraa">Daraa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> (BSk, bordering on BSh)<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (BSk)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gevgelija" title="Gevgelija">Gevgelija</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a> (BSk)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> (BSk)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> (BSk)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalgoorlie" title="Kalgoorlie">Kalgoorlie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> (BSk)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamloops" title="Kamloops">Kamloops</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> (BSk)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaj" title="Karaj">Karaj</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> (BSk)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konya,_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Konya, Turkey">Konya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> (BSk)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyzyl" title="Kyzyl">Kyzyl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuva" title="Tuva">Tuva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (BSk, bordering on Dwb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Agulhas" title="L'Agulhas">L'Agulhas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Cape" title="Western Cape">Western Cape</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> (BSk)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Quiaca" title="La Quiaca">La Quiaca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jujuy_Province" title="Jujuy Province">Jujuy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> (BSk)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lethbridge" title="Lethbridge">Lethbridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> (BSk, bordering on Dfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhasa" title="Lhasa">Lhasa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> (BSk, bordering on Cwb and Dwb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> (BSk)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashhad" title="Mashhad">Mashhad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> (BSk)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazar-i-Sharif" title="Mazar-i-Sharif">Mazar-i-Sharif</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balkh_Province" title="Balkh Province">Balkh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> (BSk, bordering on BSh/BWh/BWk)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mildura" title="Mildura">Mildura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(state)" title="Victoria (state)">Victoria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> (BSk, bordering on BSh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6r%C3%B6n" title="Mörön">Mörön</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> (BSk)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navoiy" title="Navoiy">Navoiy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> (BSk, bordering on BWk)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polokwane" title="Polokwane">Polokwane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limpopo" title="Limpopo">Limpopo</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> (BSk, bordering on BSh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quetta" title="Quetta">Quetta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> (BSk)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reno" class="mw-redirect" title="Reno">Reno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (BSk)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saiq" title="Saiq">Saiq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a> (BSk)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> (BSk)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santiago" title="Santiago">Santiago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> (BSk)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saskatoon" title="Saskatoon">Saskatoon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> (BSk, bordering on Dfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shijiazhuang" title="Shijiazhuang">Shijiazhuang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> (BSk)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skardu" title="Skardu">Skardu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> (BSk)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulina" title="Sulina">Sulina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> (BSk)<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> (BSk, bordering on Dsa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taraz" title="Taraz">Taraz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> (BSk)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thala,_Tunisia" title="Thala, Tunisia">Thala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a> (BSk, bordering on Csa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> (BSk, bordering on BSh and Csa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> (BSk, bordering on Dwa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkistan_(city)" title="Turkistan (city)">Turkistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> (BSk)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulaanbaatar" title="Ulaanbaatar">Ulaanbaatar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> (BSk, bordering on Dwb and Dwc)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulan-Ude" title="Ulan-Ude">Ulan-Ude</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buryatia" title="Buryatia">Buryatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (BSk, bordering on Dwb and Dwc)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viedma,_R%C3%ADo_Negro" title="Viedma, Río Negro">Viedma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> (BSk)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> (BSk, bordering on Dfa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zacatecas_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Zacatecas City">Zacatecas City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zacatecas" title="Zacatecas">Zacatecas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> (BSk)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaragoza,_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaragoza, Spain">Zaragoza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> (BSk)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Group_C:_Temperate/mesothermal_climates">Group C: Temperate/mesothermal climates</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Group C: Temperate/mesothermal climates">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Temperate_climate" title="Temperate climate">Temperate climate</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_C_1991%E2%80%932020.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_C_1991%E2%80%932020.svg/330px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_C_1991%E2%80%932020.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_C_1991%E2%80%932020.svg/495px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_C_1991%E2%80%932020.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_C_1991%E2%80%932020.svg/660px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_C_1991%E2%80%932020.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1401" data-file-height="928" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Temperate_climate" title="Temperate climate">Temperate climate</a> distribution</figcaption></figure> In the Köppen climate system, temperate climates are defined as having an average temperature above 0 °C (32 °F) (or −3 °C (26.6 °F), as noted previously) in their coldest month but below 18 °C (64.4 °F). The average temperature of −3 °C (26.6 °F) roughly coincides with the equatorward limit of frozen ground and snow cover lasting for a month or more. The second letter indicates the precipitation pattern—w indicates dry winters (driest winter month average precipitation less than one-tenth wettest summer month average precipitation). s indicates at least three times as much rain in the wettest month of winter as in the driest month of summer. f means significant precipitation in all seasons (neither above-mentioned set of conditions fulfilled).<a href="#cite_note-Beck-8">[8]</a> The third letter indicates the degree of summer heat—a indicates warmest month average temperature above 22 °C (71.6 °F) while b indicates warmest month averaging below 22 °C but with at least four months averaging above 10 °C (50.0 °F), and c indicates one to three months averaging above 10 °C (50.0 °F).<a href="#cite_note-Beck-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Peel-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-kottek2006-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cs:_Mediterranean-type_climates">Cs: Mediterranean-type climates</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Cs: Mediterranean-type climates">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean climate</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Csa:_Hot-summer_Mediterranean_climates">Csa: Hot-summer Mediterranean climates</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Csa: Hot-summer Mediterranean climates">edit</a>]</div> These climates usually occur on the western sides of continents between the latitudes of 30° and 45°.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> These climates are in the polar front region in winter, and thus have moderate temperatures and changeable, rainy weather. Summers are hot and dry, due to the domination of the subtropical high-pressure systems, except in the immediate coastal areas, where summers are milder due to the nearby presence of cold ocean currents that may bring <a href="/wiki/Fog" title="Fog">fog</a> but prevent rain.<a href="#cite_note-McKnight-9">[9]</a>: 221–223  Examples <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 50;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide">Adelaide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> (Csa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> (Csa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angra_do_Hero%C3%ADsmo" title="Angra do Heroísmo">Angra do Heroísmo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terceira_Island" title="Terceira Island">Terceira Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> (Csa, bordering on Csb/Cfa/Cfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antalya" title="Antalya">Antalya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> (Csa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> (Csa, bordering on BSh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> (Csa, bordering on Cfa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> (Csa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casablanca" title="Casablanca">Casablanca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> (Csa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitral" title="Chitral">Chitral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> (Csa, bordering on BSk)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubrovnik" title="Dubrovnik">Dubrovnik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> (Csa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dushanbe" title="Dushanbe">Dushanbe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> (Csa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erbil" title="Erbil">Erbil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> (Csa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faro,_Portugal" title="Faro, Portugal">Faro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> (Csa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fez,_Morocco" title="Fez, Morocco">Fez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> (Csa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funchal" title="Funchal">Funchal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> (Csa, bordering on As)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> (Csa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraklion" title="Heraklion">Heraklion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> (Csa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homs" title="Homs">Homs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> (Csa)<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilam,_Iran" title="Ilam, Iran">Ilam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> (Csa)<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irbid" title="Irbid">Irbid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> (Csa)<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> (Csa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> (Csa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kardzhali" title="Kardzhali">Kardzhali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> (Csa, bordering on Cfa)<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kermanshah" title="Kermanshah">Kermanshah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> (Csa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latakia" title="Latakia">Latakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> (Csa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> (Csa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> (Csa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maymana" title="Maymana">Maymana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> (Csa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menorca" title="Menorca">Menorca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balearic_Islands" title="Balearic Islands">Balearic Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> (Csa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mersin" title="Mersin">Mersin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> (Csa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a> (Csa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> (Csa, bordering on Cfa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nice,_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Nice, France">Nice</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> (Csa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novorossiysk" title="Novorossiysk">Novorossiysk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krasnodar_Krai" title="Krasnodar Krai">Krasnodar Krai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (Csa, bordering on Cfa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> (Csa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patras" title="Patras">Patras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> (Csa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perth" title="Perth">Perth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> (Csa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podgorica" title="Podgorica">Podgorica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a> (Csa, bordering on Cfa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prodromos_(Cyprus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prodromos (Cyprus)">Prodromos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> (Csa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provo,_Utah" title="Provo, Utah">Provo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (Csa, bordering on Dsa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> (Csa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramento" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacramento">Sacramento</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (Csa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> (Csa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanandaj" title="Sanandaj">Sanandaj</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> (Csa, bordering on Dsa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shkod%C3%ABr" title="Shkodër">Shkodër</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> (Csa, bordering on Cfa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split,_Croatia" title="Split, Croatia">Split</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> (Csa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangier" title="Tangier">Tangier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> (Csa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> (Csa, bordering on BSk)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tecate" title="Tecate">Tecate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baja_California" title="Baja California">Baja California</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> (Csa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> (Csa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlemcen" title="Tlemcen">Tlemcen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> (Csa)<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a> (Csa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urfa" title="Urfa">Urfa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> (Csa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valletta" title="Valletta">Valletta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> (Csa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> (Csa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walla_Walla,_Washington" title="Walla Walla, Washington">Walla Walla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (Csa)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Csb:_Warm-summer_Mediterranean_climates">Csb: Warm-summer Mediterranean climates</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Csb: Warm-summer Mediterranean climates">edit</a>]</div> Dry-summer climates sometimes extend to additional areas where the warmest month average temperatures do not reach 22 °C (71.6 °F), most often in the 40s latitudes. These climates are classified as Csb.<a href="#cite_note-Beck-8">[8]</a> Examples <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 50;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albany,_Western_Australia" title="Albany, Western Australia">Albany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> (Csb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alumin%C3%A9_(town)" title="Aluminé (town)">Aluminé</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neuqu%C3%A9n_Province" title="Neuquén Province">Neuquén Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> (Csb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayda,_Libya" title="Bayda, Libya">Bayda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> (Csb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> (Csb, bordering on Csa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concepci%C3%B3n,_Chile" title="Concepción, Chile">Concepción</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> (Csb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guarda,_Portugal" title="Guarda, Portugal">Guarda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> (Csb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibarra,_Ecuador" title="Ibarra, Ecuador">Ibarra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a> (Csb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kor%C3%A7%C3%AB" title="Korçë">Korçë</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> (Csb, bordering on Dsb)<a href="#cite_note-noaa-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCtahya" title="Kütahya">Kütahya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> (Csb, bordering on Dsb)<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3n,_Spain" title="León, Spain">León</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> (Csb)<a href="#cite_note-auto-28">[28]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linares,_Chile" title="Linares, Chile">Linares</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> (Csb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lonquimay" title="Lonquimay">Lonquimay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Araucan%C3%ADa_Region" title="Araucanía Region">Araucanía Region</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> (Csb, bordering on Cfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Gambier,_South_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Gambier, South Australia">Mount Gambier, South Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> (Csb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakuru" title="Nakuru">Nakuru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> (Csb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanaimo,_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanaimo, British Columbia">Nanaimo</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> (Csb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohrid" title="Ohrid">Ohrid</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a> (Csb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasto,_Colombia" title="Pasto, Colombia">Pasto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> (Csb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Lincoln" title="Port Lincoln">Port Lincoln</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> (Csb, bordering on Cfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portland,_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (Csb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porto" title="Porto">Porto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> (Csb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rieti" title="Rieti">Rieti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> (Csb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salamanca" title="Salamanca">Salamanca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> (Csb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Carlos_de_Bariloche" class="mw-redirect" title="San Carlos de Bariloche">San Carlos de Bariloche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> (Csb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Crist%C3%B3bal_de_la_Laguna" class="mw-redirect" title="San Cristóbal de la Laguna">San Cristóbal de la Laguna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> (Csb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (Csb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segovia" title="Segovia">Segovia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> (Csb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (Csb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siah_Bisheh,_Chalus" title="Siah Bisheh, Chalus">Siah Bisheh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> (Csb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sintra" title="Sintra">Sintra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> (Csb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valladolid" title="Valladolid">Valladolid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> (Csb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria,_British_Columbia" title="Victoria, British Columbia">Victoria</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> (Csb)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Csc:_Cold-summer_Mediterranean_climates">Csc: Cold-summer Mediterranean climates</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Csc: Cold-summer Mediterranean climates">edit</a>]</div> Cold summer Mediterranean climates (Csc) exist in high-elevation areas adjacent to coastal Csb climate areas, where the strong maritime influence prevents the average winter monthly temperature from dropping below 0 °C. This climate is rare and is predominantly found in climate fringes and isolated areas of the Cascades and Andes Mountains, as the dry-summer climate extends further poleward in the Americas than elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-McKnight-9">[9]</a> Rare instances of this climate can be found in some coastal locations in the North Atlantic and at high altitudes in Hawaii. Examples <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balmaceda,_Chile" title="Balmaceda, Chile">Balmaceda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> (Csc, bordering on Csb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haleakal%C4%81" title="Haleakalā">Haleakalā</a> Summit, <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (Csc)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liawenee" title="Liawenee">Liawenee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> (Csc, bordering on Cfc and Cfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B8st_Municipality" title="Røst Municipality">Røst</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> (Csc, bordering on Cfc)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_Lake_(Washington)" title="Spirit Lake (Washington)">Spirit Lake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (Csc, bordering on Dsc)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cfa:_Humid_subtropical_climates">Cfa: Humid subtropical climates</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Cfa: Humid subtropical climates">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">Humid subtropical climate</a></div> These climates usually occur on the eastern coasts and eastern sides of continents, usually in the high 20s and 30s latitudes. Unlike the dry summer Mediterranean climates, humid subtropical climates have a warm and wet flow from the tropics that creates warm and moist conditions in the summer months. As such, summer (not winter as is the case in Mediterranean climates) is often the wettest season. The flow out of the subtropical highs and the summer monsoon creates a southerly flow from the tropics that brings warm and moist air to the lower east sides of continents. This flow is often what brings the frequent and strong but short-lived summer thundershowers so typical of the more southerly subtropical climates like the southeast United States, southern China, and Japan.<a href="#cite_note-McKnight-9">[9]</a>: 223–226  Examples <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 50;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astara,_Azerbaijan" title="Astara, Azerbaijan">Astara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> (Cfa, bordering on Csa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asunci%C3%B3n" title="Asunción">Asunción</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a> (Cfa, bordering on Aw)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (Cfa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balbalan" title="Balbalan">Balbalan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> (Cfa, bordering on Am)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandar-e_Anzali" title="Bandar-e Anzali">Bandar-e Anzali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gilan_province" title="Gilan province">Gilan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> (Cfa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgrade,_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgrade, Serbia">Belgrade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> (Cfa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> (Cfa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bratislava" title="Bratislava">Bratislava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a> (Cfa, bordering on Cfb/Dfa/Dfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brisbane" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> (Cfa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> (Cfa, bordering on Dfa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> (Cfa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> (Cfa, bordering on Cwa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciudad_del_Este" title="Ciudad del Este">Ciudad del Este</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a> (Cfa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Constanța">Constanța</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> (Cfa, bordering on BSk)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corvo_Island" title="Corvo Island">Corvo Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> (Cfa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (Cfa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dir_(city)" title="Dir (city)">Dir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> (Cfa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durban,_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Durban, South Africa">Durban</a>, <a href="/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal" title="KwaZulu-Natal">KwaZulu-Natal</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> (Cfa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florian%C3%B3polis" title="Florianópolis">Florianópolis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Catarina_(state)" title="Santa Catarina (state)">Santa Catarina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> (Cfa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florina" title="Florina">Florina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> (Cfa, bordering on Dfa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoje" title="Geoje">Geoje</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> (Cfa, bordering on Cwa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giresun" title="Giresun">Giresun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> (Cfa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girona" title="Girona">Girona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> (Cfa, bordering on Csa)<a href="#cite_note-auto-28">[28]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huesca" title="Huesca">Huesca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> (Cfa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijevan" title="Ijevan">Ijevan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tavush_Province" title="Tavush Province">Tavush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> (Cfa, bordering on Dfa)<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeju_Island" title="Jeju Island">Jeju</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> (Cfa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Islands" title="Juan Fernández Islands">Juan Fernández Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> (Cfa, bordering on Cfb/Csa/Csb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koper" title="Koper">Koper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> (Cfa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kozani" title="Kozani">Kozani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> (Cfa)<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krasnodar" title="Krasnodar">Krasnodar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (Cfa, bordering on Dfa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutaisi" title="Kutaisi">Kutaisi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> (Cfa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Plata" title="La Plata">La Plata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> (Cfa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugano" title="Lugano">Lugano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ticino" title="Ticino">Ticino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> (Cfa, bordering on Cfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> (Cfa, bordering on Cfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matamoros,_Tamaulipas" title="Matamoros, Tamaulipas">Matamoros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamaulipas" title="Tamaulipas">Tamaulipas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> (Cfa, bordering on Aw)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> (Cfa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montevideo" title="Montevideo">Montevideo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a> (Cfa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mostar" title="Mostar">Mostar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> (Cfa, bordering on Csa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (Cfa, bordering on Dfa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka">Osaka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> (Cfa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porto_Alegre" title="Porto Alegre">Porto Alegre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_do_Sul" title="Rio Grande do Sul">Rio Grande do Sul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> (Cfa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prizren" title="Prizren">Prizren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> (Cfa, bordering on Dfa and Cfb)<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasht" title="Rasht">Rasht</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gilan_province" title="Gilan province">Gilan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> (Cfa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rijeka" title="Rijeka">Rijeka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> (Cfa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosario" title="Rosario">Rosario</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> (Cfa, bordering on Cwa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun">Samsun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> (Cfa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siguatepeque" title="Siguatepeque">Siguatepeque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a> (Cfa, bordering on Cwa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a> (Cfa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> (Cfa, bordering on Cwa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sari,_Iran" title="Sari, Iran">Sari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mazandaran_province" title="Mazandaran province">Mazandaran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> (Cfa, bordering on Csa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> (Cfa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simferopol" title="Simferopol">Simferopol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> (Cfa, bordering on Dfa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a> (Cfa, bordering on Dfa and BSk)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sochi" title="Sochi">Sochi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (Cfa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinagar" title="Srinagar">Srinagar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)">Jammu and Kashmir</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> (Cfa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> (Cfa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> (Cfa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> (Cfa, bordering on BSk)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> (Cfa, bordering on Csa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> (Cfa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toulouse" title="Toulouse">Toulouse</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> (Cfa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulcea" title="Tulcea">Tulcea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> (Cfa, bordering on Dfa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulsan" title="Ulsan">Ulsan</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> (Cfa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varna,_Bulgaria" title="Varna, Bulgaria">Varna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> (Cfa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valence,_Dr%C3%B4me" title="Valence, Drôme">Valence</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> (Cfa, bordering on Cfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> (Cfa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagga_Wagga" title="Wagga Wagga">Wagga Wagga</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> (Cfa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (Cfa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hubei" title="Hubei">Hubei</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> (Cfa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yalta" title="Yalta">Yalta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> (Cfa, bordering on Csa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokohama" title="Yokohama">Yokohama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> (Cfa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaqatala_(city)" title="Zaqatala (city)">Zaqatala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> (Cfa)<a href="#cite_note-Zaqatala-51">[51]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zonguldak" title="Zonguldak">Zonguldak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> (Cfa, bordering on Cfb)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cfb:_Oceanic_climates">Cfb: Oceanic climates</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Cfb: Oceanic climates">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Marine_west_coast_climate">Marine west coast climate</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Marine west coast climate">edit</a>]</div> Cfb climates usually occur in the higher middle latitudes on the western sides of continents; they are typically situated immediately poleward of the Mediterranean climates in the 40s and 50s latitudes. However, in southeast Australia, southeast South America, and extreme southern Africa this climate is found immediately poleward of temperate climates, on places near the coast and at a somewhat lower latitude. In western Europe, this climate occurs in coastal areas up to 68°N in Norway. These climates are dominated all year round by the polar front, leading to changeable, often overcast weather. Summers are mild due to cool ocean currents. Winters are milder than other climates in similar latitudes, but usually very cloudy, and frequently wet. Cfb climates are also encountered at high elevations in certain subtropical and tropical areas, where the climate would be that of a subtropical/tropical rainforest if not for the altitude. These climates are called "highlands".<a href="#cite_note-McKnight-9">[9]</a>: 226–229  Examples <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 50;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam,_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Amsterdam, Netherlands">Amsterdam</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Holland" title="North Holland">North Holland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> (Cfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artvin" title="Artvin">Artvin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> (Cfb, bordering on Cfa/Csa/Csb)<a href="#cite_note-Artvin-52">[52]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> (Cfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltiysk" title="Baltiysk">Baltiysk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Kaliningrad Oblast">Kaliningrad Oblast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (Cfb, bordering on Dfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (Cfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergen" title="Bergen">Bergen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vestland" title="Vestland">Vestland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> (Cfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> (Cfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bern" title="Bern">Bern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> (Cfb, bordering on Dfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilbao" title="Bilbao">Bilbao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> (Cfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Block_Island" title="Block Island">Block Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (Cfb, bordering on Dfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolu" title="Bolu">Bolu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> (Cfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> (Cfb, bordering on Cfa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bornholm" title="Bornholm">Bornholm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> (Cfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> (Cfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caransebe%C5%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="Caransebeş">Caransebeş</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> (Cfb, bordering on Dfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cetinje" title="Cetinje">Cetinje</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a> (Cfb, bordering on Dfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christchurch" title="Christchurch">Christchurch</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> (Cfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> (Cfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> (Cfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forks,_Washington" title="Forks, Washington">Forks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (Cfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hesse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> (Cfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gdynia" title="Gdynia">Gdynia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> (Cfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> (Cfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George,_Western_Cape" class="mw-redirect" title="George, Western Cape">George</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Cape" title="Western Cape">Western Cape</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> (Cfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gij%C3%B3n" title="Gijón">Gijón</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> (Cfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (Cfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothenburg" title="Gothenburg">Gothenburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> (Cfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C5%91r" title="Győr">Győr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> (Cfb, bordering on Cfa/Dfa/Dfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobart" title="Hobart">Hobart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> (Cfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Amsterdam" title="Île Amsterdam">Île Amsterdam</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands" title="French Southern and Antarctic Lands">French Southern and Antarctic Lands</a> (Cfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_d%27Yeu" title="Île d'Yeu">Île d'Yeu</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> (Cfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketchikan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ketchikan">Ketchikan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (Cfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Aquila" title="L'Aquila">L'Aquila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> (Cfb, bordering on Cfa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ljubljana" title="Ljubljana">Ljubljana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> (Cfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lofoten" title="Lofoten">Lofoten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nordland" title="Nordland">Nordland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> (Cfb, bordering on Cfc/Dfb/Dfc)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (Cfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_City" title="Luxembourg City">Luxembourg City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> (Cfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malm%C3%B6" title="Malmö">Malmö</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> (Cfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar_del_Plata" title="Mar del Plata">Mar del Plata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> (Cfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(state)" title="Victoria (state)">Victoria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> (Cfb, bordering on Cfa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> (Cfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%98rland_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Ørland Municipality">Ørland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%B8ndelag" title="Trøndelag">Trøndelag</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> (Cfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osorno,_Chile" title="Osorno, Chile">Osorno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Los_Lagos_Region" title="Los Lagos Region">Los Lagos Region</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> (Cfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> (Cfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Elizabeth" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Elizabeth">Port Elizabeth</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> (Cfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> (Cfb, bordering on Dfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Rupert,_British_Columbia" title="Prince Rupert, British Columbia">Prince Rupert</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> (Cfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Montt" title="Puerto Montt">Puerto Montt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Los_Lagos_Region" title="Los Lagos Region">Los Lagos Region</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> (Cfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Natales" title="Puerto Natales">Puerto Natales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> (Cfb, bordering on Cfc)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punta_del_Este" title="Punta del Este">Punta del Este</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a> (Cfb, bordering on Cfa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salzburg" title="Salzburg">Salzburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> (Cfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santander,_Spain" title="Santander, Spain">Santander</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> (Cfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> (Cfb, bordering on Dfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skagen" title="Skagen">Skagen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> (Cfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trevico" title="Trevico">Trevico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> (Cfb)<a href="#cite_note-WMONormals-53">[53]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaduz,_Liechtenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaduz, Liechtenstein">Vaduz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a> (Cfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valdivia" title="Valdivia">Valdivia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Los_R%C3%ADos_Region" title="Los Ríos Region">Los Ríos Region</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> (Cfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> (Cfb, bordering on Csb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> (Cfb, bordering on Cfa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_La_Angostura" title="Villa La Angostura">Villa La Angostura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neuqu%C3%A9n_Province" title="Neuquén Province">Neuquén Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> (Cfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wellington" title="Wellington">Wellington</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> (Cfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wollongong" title="Wollongong">Wollongong</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> (Cfb, bordering on Cfa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> (Cfb, bordering on Dfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb">Zagreb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> (Cfb, bordering on Dfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zürich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> (Cfb)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Subtropical_highland_climate_with_uniform_rainfall">Subtropical highland climate with uniform rainfall</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Subtropical highland climate with uniform rainfall">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate#Subtropical_highland_variety_(Cfb,_Cwb)" title="Oceanic climate">Oceanic climate § Subtropical highland variety (Cfb, Cwb)</a></div> Subtropical highland climates with uniform rainfall (Cfb) are a type of oceanic climate mainly found in the highlands of <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, such as in or around the <a href="/wiki/Great_Dividing_Range" title="Great Dividing Range">Great Dividing Range</a> in the north of the state of <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>, and also sparsely in other continents, such as in <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>, among others. Unlike a typical Cwb climate, they tend to have rainfall spread evenly throughout the year. They have characteristics of both the Cfb and Cfa climates, but unlike these climates, they have a high <a href="/wiki/Diurnal_temperature_variation" class="mw-redirect" title="Diurnal temperature variation">diurnal temperature variation</a> and low humidity, owing to their inland location and relatively high <a href="/wiki/Elevation" title="Elevation">elevation</a>. Examples <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 50;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andorra_la_Vella" title="Andorra la Vella">Andorra la Vella</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a> (Cfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Mountains_(Jamaica)" title="Blue Mountains (Jamaica)">Blue Mountains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> (Cfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1" title="Bogotá">Bogotá</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> (Cfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian%C3%A7on" title="Briançon">Briançon</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> (Cfb, bordering on Dfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brinchang" title="Brinchang">Brinchang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> (Cfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameron_Highlands_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Cameron Highlands District">Cameron Highlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> (Cfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campos_do_Jord%C3%A3o" title="Campos do Jordão">Campos do Jordão</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_(state)" title="São Paulo (state)">São Paulo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> (Cfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra">Canberra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Australian Capital Territory">Australian Capital Territory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> (Cfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chachapoyas,_Peru" title="Chachapoyas, Peru">Chachapoyas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> (Cfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cob%C3%A1n" title="Cobán">Cobán</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a> (Cfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constanza,_Dominican_Republic" title="Constanza, Dominican Republic">Constanza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a> (Cfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuenca,_Ecuador" title="Cuenca, Ecuador">Cuenca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a> (Cfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curitiba" title="Curitiba">Curitiba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paran%C3%A1_(state)" title="Paraná (state)">Paraná</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> (Cfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dullstroom" title="Dullstroom">Dullstroom</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> (Cfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eldoret" title="Eldoret">Eldoret</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> (Cfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goris" title="Goris">Goris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syunik_Province" title="Syunik Province">Syunik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> (Cfb, bordering on Dfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Heng_(Hunan)" title="Mount Heng (Hunan)">Hengshan</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> (Cfb, bordering on Cfa/Dfa/Dfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabale" title="Kabale">Kabale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> (Cfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodaikanal" title="Kodaikanal">Kodaikanal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> (Cfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intibuc%C3%A1,_Intibuc%C3%A1" title="Intibucá, Intibucá">La Esperanza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a> (Cfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Tampon" title="Le Tampon">Le Tampon</a>, <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> (Cfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithgow,_New_South_Wales" title="Lithgow, New South Wales">Lithgow</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> (Cfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manizales" title="Manizales">Manizales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> (Cfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maseru" title="Maseru">Maseru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a> (Cfb, bordering on Cwb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mthatha" title="Mthatha">Mthatha</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> (Cfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mucuch%C3%ADes" title="Mucuchíes">Mucuchíes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> (Cfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puncak_Jaya_Regency" title="Puncak Jaya Regency">Mulia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> (Cfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuwara_Eliya" title="Nuwara Eliya">Nuwara Eliya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> (Cfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quito" title="Quito">Quito</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pichincha_Province" title="Pichincha Province">Pichincha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a> (Cfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa_Pa" title="Sa Pa">Sa Pa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> (Cfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soria" title="Soria">Soria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> (Cfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teres%C3%B3polis" title="Teresópolis">Teresópolis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro_(state)" title="Rio de Janeiro (state)">Rio de Janeiro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> (Cfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunja" title="Tunja">Tunja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> (Cfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcano,_Hawaii" title="Volcano, Hawaii">Volcano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (Cfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabag" title="Wabag">Wabag</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> (Cfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waynesville,_North_Carolina" title="Waynesville, North Carolina">Waynesville</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (Cfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williams,_Arizona" title="Williams, Arizona">Williams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (Cfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xalapa" title="Xalapa">Xalapa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz">Veracruz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> (Cfb, bordering on Cfa)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cfc:_Subpolar_oceanic_climate">Cfc: Subpolar oceanic climate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Cfc: Subpolar oceanic climate">edit</a>]</div> Subpolar oceanic climates (Cfc) occur poleward of or at higher elevations than the maritime temperate climates and are mostly confined either to narrow coastal strips on the western poleward margins of the continents, or, especially in the Northern Hemisphere, to islands off such coasts. They occur in both hemispheres, generally in the high 50s and 60s latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere and the 50s latitudes in the Southern Hemisphere.<a href="#cite_note-McKnight-9">[9]</a> Examples <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adak,_Alaska" title="Adak, Alaska">Adak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (Cfc, bordering on Dfc)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auckland_Islands" title="Auckland Islands">Auckland Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> (Cfc)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B8_Municipality_(Nordland)" title="Bø Municipality (Nordland)">Bø</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nordland" title="Nordland">Nordland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> (Cfc, bordering on Cfb/Dfb/Dfc)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafnarfj%C3%B6r%C3%B0ur" title="Hafnarfjörður">Hafnarfjörður</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> (Cfc, bordering on Dfc)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karls%C3%B8y_Municipality" title="Karlsøy Municipality">Karlsøy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> (Cfc, bordering on Dfc)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miena,_Tasmania" title="Miena, Tasmania">Miena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> (Cfc)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punta_Arenas" title="Punta Arenas">Punta Arenas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> (Cfc)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porvenir,_Chile" title="Porvenir, Chile">Porvenir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> (Cfc)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk" title="Reykjavík">Reykjavík</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> (Cfc)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Grande,_Tierra_del_Fuego" title="Río Grande, Tierra del Fuego">Río Grande</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tierra_del_Fuego_Province,_Argentina" title="Tierra del Fuego Province, Argentina">Tierra del Fuego</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> (Cfc, bordering on BSk/Dfc/ET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Turbio" title="Río Turbio">Río Turbio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Province,_Argentina" title="Santa Cruz Province, Argentina">Santa Cruz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> (Cfc)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley,_Falkland_Islands" title="Stanley, Falkland Islands">Stanley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a> (Cfc, bordering on ET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%B3rshavn" title="Tórshavn">Tórshavn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a> (Cfc)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unalaska,_Alaska" title="Unalaska, Alaska">Unalaska</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (Cfc)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A6r%C3%B8y_Municipality" title="Værøy Municipality">Værøy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> (Cfc, bordering on Csc)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestmannaeyjar" title="Vestmannaeyjar">Vestmannaeyjar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> (Cfc, bordering on ET)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cw:_Dry-winter_subtropical_climates">Cw: Dry-winter subtropical climates</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Cw: Dry-winter subtropical climates">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cwa:_Dry-winter_humid_subtropical_climate">Cwa: Dry-winter humid subtropical climate</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Cwa: Dry-winter humid subtropical climate">edit</a>]</div> Cwa is a monsoonal influenced version of the <a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">humid subtropical climate</a>, having the classic dry winter–wet summer pattern associated with tropical monsoonal climates. They are found at similar latitudes as the Cfa climates, except in regions where monsoons are more prevalent. These regions are in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Cone" title="Southern Cone">Southern Cone</a> of South America, the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Gangetic Plain</a> of South Asia, southeastern Africa, and parts of East Asia and Mexico. Examples <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 50;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antananarivo" title="Antananarivo">Antananarivo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> (Cwa, bordering on Cwb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birgunj" title="Birgunj">Birgunj</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> (Cwa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Busan" title="Busan">Busan</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> (Cwa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changwon" title="Changwon">Changwon</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> (Cwa, bordering on Cfa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> (Cwa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Argentina" title="Córdoba, Argentina">Córdoba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> (Cwa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> (Cwa, bordering on BSh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinajpur" title="Dinajpur">Dinajpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> (Cwa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadalajara" title="Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jalisco" title="Jalisco">Jalisco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> (Cwa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> (Cwa, bordering on Cfa)<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guwahati" title="Guwahati">Guwahati</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> (Cwa, bordering on Aw)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> (Cwa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> (Cwa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> (Cwa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathmandu" title="Kathmandu">Kathmandu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> (Cwa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3n,_Guanajuato" title="León, Guanajuato">León</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guanajuato" title="Guanajuato">Guanajuato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> (Cwa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilongwe" title="Lilongwe">Lilongwe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a> (Cwa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubumbashi" title="Lubumbashi">Lubumbashi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Republic of Congo">Democratic Republic of Congo</a> (Cwa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucknow" title="Lucknow">Lucknow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> (Cwa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luena,_Angola" title="Luena, Angola">Luena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a> (Cwa, bordering on Aw)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusaka" title="Lusaka">Lusaka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a> (Cwa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a> (Cwa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackay,_Queensland" title="Mackay, Queensland">Mackay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> (Cwa, bordering on Aw)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndola" title="Ndola">Ndola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a> (Cwa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonsavan" title="Phonsavan">Phonsavan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> (Cwa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pokhara" title="Pokhara">Pokhara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> (Cwa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria">Pretoria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gauteng" title="Gauteng">Gauteng</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> (Cwa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qingdao" title="Qingdao">Qingdao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> (Cwa, bordering on Dwa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangpur,_Bangladesh" title="Rangpur, Bangladesh">Rangpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> (Cwa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawalpindi" title="Rawalpindi">Rawalpindi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> (Cwa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saidpur,_Bangladesh" title="Saidpur, Bangladesh">Saidpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> (Cwa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sialkot" title="Sialkot">Sialkot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> (Cwa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Rosa_de_Copan" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Rosa de Copan">Santa Rosa de Copan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a> (Cwa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taunggyi" title="Taunggyi">Taunggyi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> (Cwa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Miguel_de_Tucum%C3%A1n" title="San Miguel de Tucumán">Tucumán</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> (Cwa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeosu" title="Yeosu">Yeosu</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> (Cwa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapopan" title="Zapopan">Zapopan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jalisco" title="Jalisco">Jalisco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> (Cwa)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cwb:_Dry-winter_subtropical_highland_climate">Cwb: Dry-winter subtropical highland climate</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Cwb: Dry-winter subtropical highland climate">edit</a>]</div> Dry-winter subtropical highland climate (Cwb) is a type of climate mainly found in highlands inside the tropics of <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> or areas in the subtropics. Winters are noticeable and dry, and summers can be very rainy. In the tropics, the monsoon is provoked by the tropical air masses and the dry winters by subtropical high pressure. Examples <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 50;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> (Cwb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arusha" title="Arusha">Arusha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a> (Cwb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batu,_East_Java" title="Batu, East Java">Batu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> (Cwb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byumba" title="Byumba">Byumba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a> (Cwb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cajamarca" title="Cajamarca">Cajamarca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> (Cwb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherrapunji" title="Cherrapunji">Cherrapunji</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> (Cwb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cusco" title="Cusco">Cusco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> (Cwb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Da_Lat" title="Da Lat">Da Lat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> (Cwb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dali_City" title="Dali City">Dali City</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> (Cwb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dedza" title="Dedza">Dedza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a> (Cwb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamantina,_Minas_Gerais" title="Diamantina, Minas Gerais">Diamantina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> (Cwb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieng_Plateau" title="Dieng Plateau">Dieng Plateau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> (Cwb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraijanes" title="Fraijanes">Fraijanes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a> (Cwb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangtok" title="Gangtok">Gangtok</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> (Cwb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakha" title="Hakha">Hakha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> (Cwb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harare" title="Harare">Harare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> (Cwb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huambo" title="Huambo">Huambo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a> (Cwb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huaraz" title="Huaraz">Huaraz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> (Cwb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ixchigu%C3%A1n" title="Ixchiguán">Ixchiguán</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a> (Cwb, bordering on Cwc)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> (Cwb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenscoff" title="Kenscoff">Kenscoff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a> (Cwb, bordering on Aw)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunming" title="Kunming">Kunming</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> (Cwb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Trinidad,_Benguet" title="La Trinidad, Benguet">La Trinidad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> (Cwb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichinga" title="Lichinga">Lichinga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a> (Cwb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lukla" title="Lukla">Lukla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> (Cwb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbabane" title="Mbabane">Mbabane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a> (Cwb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbeya" title="Mbeya">Mbeya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a> (Cwb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> (Cwb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokhotlong" title="Mokhotlong">Mokhotlong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a> (Cwb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> (Cwb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndu,_Cameroon" title="Ndu, Cameroon">Ndu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a> (Cwb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ooty" title="Ooty">Ooty</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> (Cwb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phongsali" title="Phongsali">Phongsali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> (Cwb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puebla" title="Puebla">Puebla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> (Cwb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quetzaltenango" title="Quetzaltenango">Quetzaltenango</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a> (Cwb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qujing" title="Qujing">Qujing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> (Cwb, bordering on Cfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salta" title="Salta">Salta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> (Cwb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimla" title="Shimla">Shimla</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> (Cwb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sucre" title="Sucre">Sucre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> (Cwb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thimphu" title="Thimphu">Thimphu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a> (Cwb, bordering on Cwa)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cwc:_Dry-winter_cold_subtropical_highland_climate">Cwc: Dry-winter cold subtropical highland climate</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Cwc: Dry-winter cold subtropical highland climate">edit</a>]</div> Dry-winter cold subtropical highland climates (Cwc) exist in high-elevation areas adjacent to Cwb climates. This climate is rare and is found mainly in isolated locations mostly in the Andes in Bolivia and Peru, as well as in sparse mountain locations in Southeast Asia. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/El_Alto" title="El Alto">El Alto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> (Cwc, bordering on ET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliaca" title="Juliaca">Juliaca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> (Cwc, bordering on ET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Paz" title="La Paz">La Paz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> (Cwc, bordering on ET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Pulag" title="Mount Pulag">Mount Pulag</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> (Cwc, bordering on ET and Cwb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potos%C3%AD" title="Potosí">Potosí</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> (Cwc, bordering on ET)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Group_D:_Continental/microthermal_climates">Group D: Continental/microthermal climates</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Group D: Continental/microthermal climates">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Continental_climate" title="Continental climate">Continental climate</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_D_1991%E2%80%932020.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_D_1991%E2%80%932020.svg/330px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_D_1991%E2%80%932020.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_D_1991%E2%80%932020.svg/495px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_D_1991%E2%80%932020.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_D_1991%E2%80%932020.svg/660px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_D_1991%E2%80%932020.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1401" data-file-height="928" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Continental_climate" title="Continental climate">Continental climate</a> distribution</figcaption></figure> These climates have an average temperature above 10 °C (50 °F) in their warmest months, and the coldest month average below 0 °C (or −3 °C (26.6 °F), as noted previously). These usually occur in the interiors of continents and on their upper east coasts, normally north of 40°N. In the Southern Hemisphere, group D climates are extremely rare due to the smaller land masses in the middle latitudes and the almost complete absence of land at 40–60°S, existing only in some highland locations. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dfa/Dwa/Dsa:_Hot_summer_humid_continental_climates">Dfa/Dwa/Dsa: Hot summer humid continental climates</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Dfa/Dwa/Dsa: Hot summer humid continental climates">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hot-summer_humid_continental_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot-summer humid continental climate">Hot-summer humid continental climate</a></div> Dfa climates usually occur in the high 30s and low 40s latitudes, with a qualifying average temperature in the warmest month of greater than 22 °C (72 °F). In Europe, these climates tend to be much drier than in North America. Dsa exists at higher elevations adjacent to areas with hot summer Mediterranean (Csa) climates.<a href="#cite_note-McKnight-9">[9]</a>: 231–32  These climates exist only in the Northern Hemisphere because the Southern Hemisphere has no large landmasses isolated from the moderating effects of the sea within the middle latitudes. Examples <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 50;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aktobe" title="Aktobe">Aktobe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> (Dfa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almaty" title="Almaty">Almaty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> (Dfa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aomori" title="Aomori">Aomori</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> (Dfa, bordering on Cfa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (Dfa, bordering on Cfa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> (Dfa, bordering on Cfa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87ank%C4%B1r%C4%B1" title="Çankırı">Çankırı</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> (Dfa, bordering on Cfa and BSk)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheonan" title="Cheonan">Cheonan</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> (Dfa, bordering on Dwa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (Dfa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u" title="Chișinău">Chișinău</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a> (Dfa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dnipro" title="Dnipro">Dnipro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> (Dfa, bordering on Dfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donetsk" title="Donetsk">Donetsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> (Dfa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakodate" title="Hakodate">Hakodate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hokkaido" title="Hokkaido">Hokkaido</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> (Dfa, bordering on Dfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Ontario" title="Hamilton, Ontario">Hamilton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> (Dfa, bordering on Dfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ia%C8%99i" title="Iași">Iași</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> (Dfa, bordering on Dfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimchaek" title="Kimchaek">Kimchaek</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> (Dfa, bordering on Dwa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (Dfa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa">Odesa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> (Dfa, bordering on Cfa and BSk)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral,_Kazakhstan" title="Oral, Kazakhstan">Oral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> (Dfa, bordering on BSk)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleven" title="Pleven">Pleven</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> (Dfa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogradec" title="Pogradec">Pogradec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> (Dfa, bordering on Cfa/Cfb/Dfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qabala" title="Qabala">Qabala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> (Dfa, bordering on Cfa and Dfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostov-on-Don" title="Rostov-on-Don">Rostov-on-Don</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (Dfa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruse,_Bulgaria" title="Ruse, Bulgaria">Ruse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> (Dfa, bordering on Cfa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapporo" title="Sapporo">Sapporo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hokkaido" title="Hokkaido">Hokkaido</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> (Dfa, bordering on Dfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saratov" title="Saratov">Saratov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (Dfa)<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szeged" title="Szeged">Szeged</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> (Dfa, bordering on Cfa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanchon" title="Tanchon">Tanchon</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> (Dfa, bordering on Dfb/Dwa/Dwb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> (Dfa, bordering on Dfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi" title="Ürümqi">Ürümqi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> (Dfa, bordering on BSk)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volgograd" title="Volgograd">Volgograd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (Dfa, bordering on BSk)<a href="#cite_note-pogoda-56">[56]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor,_Ontario" title="Windsor, Ontario">Windsor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> (Dfa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaje%C4%8Dar" title="Zaječar">Zaječar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> (Dfa, bordering on Cfa)</li></ul> </div> In eastern Asia, Dwa climates extend further south into the mid-30s latitudes due to the influence of the Siberian high-pressure system, which also causes winters there to be dry, and summers can be very wet because of <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a> circulation. Examples <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> (Dwa, bordering on BSk)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blagoveshchensk" title="Blagoveshchensk">Blagoveshchensk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amur_Oblast" title="Amur Oblast">Amur Oblast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (Dwa, bordering on Dwb)<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chongjin" title="Chongjin">Chongjin</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> (Dwa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuncheon" title="Chuncheon">Chuncheon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gangwon_Province_(South_Korea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangwon Province (South Korea)">Gangwon Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> (Dwa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin">Harbin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heilongjiang" title="Heilongjiang">Heilongjiang</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> (Dwa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incheon" title="Incheon">Incheon</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> (Dwa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaesong" title="Kaesong">Kaesong</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> (Dwa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Platte,_Nebraska" title="North Platte, Nebraska">North Platte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (Dwa, bordering on Dfa and BSk)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillipsburg,_Kansas" title="Phillipsburg, Kansas">Phillipsburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (Dwa, bordering on Dfa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang">Pyongyang</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> (Dwa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_City,_South_Dakota" title="Rapid City, South Dakota">Rapid City</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (Dwa, bordering on BSk)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> (Dwa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> (Dwa, bordering on Cwa)</li></ul> </div> Dsa exists only at higher elevations adjacent to areas with hot summer Mediterranean (Csa) climates. Examples <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arak,_Iran" title="Arak, Iran">Arak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> (Dsa, bordering on BSk)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishkek" title="Bishkek">Bishkek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a> (Dsa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bitlis" title="Bitlis">Bitlis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> (Dsa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Idaho" title="Cambridge, Idaho">Cambridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (Dsa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chirchiq" title="Chirchiq">Chirchiq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> (Dsa, bordering on Csa)<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayzabad,_Badakhshan" title="Fayzabad, Badakhshan">Fayzabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Badakhshan_Province" title="Badakhshan Province">Badakhshan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> (Dsa, bordering on Csa)<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghazni" title="Ghazni">Ghazni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> (Dsa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakk%C3%A2ri_(city)" title="Hakkâri (city)">Hakkâri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> (Dsa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamedan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamedan">Hamedan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> (Dsa, bordering on BSk)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isfara" title="Isfara">Isfara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> (Dsa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logan,_Utah" title="Logan, Utah">Logan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (Dsa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osh" title="Osh">Osh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a> (Dsa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puli_Alam" title="Puli Alam">Puli Alam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> (Dsa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%C5%9F" title="Muş">Muş</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> (Dsa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City" title="Salt Lake City">Salt Lake City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (Dsa, bordering on Csa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saqqez" title="Saqqez">Saqqez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> (Dsa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shymkent" title="Shymkent">Shymkent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> (Dsa, bordering on Csa)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dfb/Dwb/Dsb:_Warm_summer_humid_continental/hemiboreal_climates">Dfb/Dwb/Dsb: Warm summer humid continental/hemiboreal climates</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Dfb/Dwb/Dsb: Warm summer humid continental/hemiboreal climates">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Warm-summer_humid_continental_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Warm-summer humid continental climate">Warm-summer humid continental climate</a></div> Dfb climates are immediately poleward of hot summer continental climates, generally in the high 40s and low 50s latitudes in North America and Asia, and also extending to higher latitudes into the high 50s and low 60s latitudes in central and eastern Europe, between the maritime temperate and continental subarctic climates.<a href="#cite_note-McKnight-9">[9]</a> Examples <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 50;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aetomilitsa" title="Aetomilitsa">Aetomilitsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> (Dfb, bordering on Cfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhaltsikhe" title="Akhaltsikhe">Akhaltsikhe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> (Dfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardahan" title="Ardahan">Ardahan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> (Dfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asahikawa" title="Asahikawa">Asahikawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hokkaido" title="Hokkaido">Hokkaido</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> (Dfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> (Dfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> (Dfb, bordering on Cfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badrinath" title="Badrinath">Badrinath</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> (Dfb, bordering on Cfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bitola" title="Bitola">Bitola</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a> (Dfb, bordering on Dfa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Briceni" title="Briceni">Briceni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a> (Dfb)<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brno" title="Brno">Brno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> (Dfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamonix" title="Chamonix">Chamonix</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> (Dfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cluj-Napoca" title="Cluj-Napoca">Cluj-Napoca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> (Dfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortina_d%27Ampezzo" title="Cortina d'Ampezzo">Cortina d'Ampezzo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> (Dfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debrecen" title="Debrecen">Debrecen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> (Dfb, bordering on Cfa/Cfb/Dfa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton">Edmonton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> (Dfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Pas_de_la_Casa" title="El Pas de la Casa">El Pas de la Casa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a> (Dfb, bordering on Dfc)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzurum" title="Erzurum">Erzurum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> (Dfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairbanks" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairbanks">Fairbanks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (Dfb, bordering on Dfc)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falls_Creek,_Victoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Falls Creek, Victoria">Falls Creek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> (Dfb, bordering on Dfc and Cfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falun" title="Falun">Falun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dalarna_County" title="Dalarna County">Dalarna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> (Dfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6rlitz" title="Görlitz">Görlitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> (Dfb, bordering on Cfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospi%C4%87" title="Gospić">Gospić</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> (Dfb, bordering on Cfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyumri" title="Gyumri">Gyumri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shirak_Province" title="Shirak Province">Shirak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> (Dfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> (Dfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imilchil" title="Imilchil">Imilchil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> (Dfb, bordering on Cfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innsbruck" title="Innsbruck">Innsbruck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> (Dfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaganda" title="Karaganda">Karaganda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> (Dfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakol" title="Karakol">Karakol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a> (Dfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kars" title="Kars">Kars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> (Dfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klagenfurt" class="mw-redirect" title="Klagenfurt">Klagenfurt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> (Dfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%A1ice" title="Košice">Košice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a> (Dfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> (Dfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushiro" title="Kushiro">Kushiro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hokkaido" title="Hokkaido">Hokkaido</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> (Dfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> (Dfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Br%C3%A9vine" title="La Brévine">La Brévine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> (Dfb, bordering on Dfc)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Chaux-de-Fonds" title="La Chaux-de-Fonds">La Chaux-de-Fonds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> (Dfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lendava" title="Lendava">Lendava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> (Dfb, bordering on Cfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillehammer_(town)" title="Lillehammer (town)">Lillehammer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> (Dfb, bordering on Dfc)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livno" title="Livno">Livno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> (Dfb, bordering on Cfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv">Lviv</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> (Dfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquette,_Michigan" title="Marquette, Michigan">Marquette</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (Dfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miercurea_Ciuc" title="Miercurea Ciuc">Miercurea Ciuc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> (Dfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> (Dfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> (Dfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow,_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow, Russia">Moscow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (Dfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Buller" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Buller">Mount Buller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> (Dfb, bordering on Cfb/Cfc/Dfc)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouthe" title="Mouthe">Mouthe</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> (Dfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutsu,_Aomori" title="Mutsu, Aomori">Mutsu, Aomori</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> (Dfb, bordering on Cfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novosibirsk" title="Novosibirsk">Novosibirsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (Dfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> (Dfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottawa, Ontario">Ottawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> (Dfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavlodar" title="Pavlodar">Pavlodar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> (Dfb, bordering on Dfa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perisher_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Perisher Valley">Perisher Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> (Dfb, bordering on Cfb/Cfc/Dfc)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pljevlja" title="Pljevlja">Pljevlja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a> (Dfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portland,_Maine" title="Portland, Maine">Portland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (Dfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań">Poznań</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> (Dfb, bordering on Cfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pristina,_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Pristina, Kosovo">Pristina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> (Dfb, bordering on Cfb and Cfa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> (Dfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg,_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Petersburg, Russia">Saint Petersburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (Dfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-V%C3%A9ran" title="Saint-Véran">Saint-Véran</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> (Dfb, bordering on Dfc)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schaan" title="Schaan">Schaan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a> (Dfb, bordering on Cfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> (Dfb, bordering on Cfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> (Dfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subotica" title="Subotica">Subotica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> (Dfb, bordering on BSk)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szombathely" title="Szombathely">Szombathely</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> (Dfb, bordering on Cfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> (Dfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tampere" title="Tampere">Tampere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> (Dfb, bordering on Dfc)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toblach" title="Toblach">Toblach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> (Dfb)<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trondheim" title="Trondheim">Trondheim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> (Dfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turku" title="Turku">Turku</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> (Dfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppsala" title="Uppsala">Uppsala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> (Dfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanadzor" title="Vanadzor">Vanadzor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> (Dfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> (Dfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> (Dfb, bordering on Cfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BDabljak" title="Žabljak">Žabljak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a> (Dfb)</li></ul> </div> Like with all Group D climates, Dwb climates mostly only occur in the northern hemisphere. Examples <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baruunturuun" title="Baruunturuun">Baruunturuun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> (Dwb, bordering on Dwc)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary">Calgary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> (Dwb, bordering on Dfb and BSk)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darkhan_(city)" title="Darkhan (city)">Darkhan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> (Dwb, bordering on Dwc and BSk)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison,_Nebraska" title="Harrison, Nebraska">Harrison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (Dwb, bordering on Dfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heihe" title="Heihe">Heihe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heilongjiang" title="Heilongjiang">Heilongjiang</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> (Dwb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoeryong" title="Hoeryong">Hoeryong</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> (Dwb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irkutsk" title="Irkutsk">Irkutsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (Dwb, bordering on Dwc)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khabarovsk" title="Khabarovsk">Khabarovsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (Dwb, bordering on Dwa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pembina,_North_Dakota" title="Pembina, North Dakota">Pembina</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (Dwb, bordering on Dfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyeongchang_County" title="Pyeongchang County">Pyeongchang</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> (Dwb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rason" title="Rason">Rason</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> (Dwb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shigatse" title="Shigatse">Shigatse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> (Dwb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thief_River_Falls" class="mw-redirect" title="Thief River Falls">Thief River Falls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (Dwb, bordering on Dwa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladivostok" title="Vladivostok">Vladivostok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Primorsky_Krai" title="Primorsky Krai">Primorsky Krai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (Dwb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanji" title="Yanji">Yanji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jilin" title="Jilin">Jilin</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> (Dwb)</li></ul> </div> Dsb arises from the same scenario as Dsa, but at even higher altitudes or latitudes, and chiefly in North America, since the Mediterranean climates extend further poleward than in Eurasia. Examples <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abali" title="Abali">Abali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> (Dsb)<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C4%9Fr%C4%B1" title="Ağrı">Ağrı</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> (Dsb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alto_R%C3%ADo_Senguer" title="Alto Río Senguer">Alto Río Senguer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chubut_Province" title="Chubut Province">Chubut Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> (Dsb, bordering on BSk/Csb/Csc/Dsc)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castlegar,_British_Columbia" title="Castlegar, British Columbia">Castlegar</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> (Dsb, bordering on Dfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaghcharan" title="Chaghcharan">Chaghcharan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghor_Province" title="Ghor Province">Ghor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> (Dsb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dras" title="Dras">Dras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> (Dsb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flagstaff,_Arizona" title="Flagstaff, Arizona">Flagstaff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (Dsb, bordering on Csb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jermuk" title="Jermuk">Jermuk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vayots_Dzor_Province" title="Vayots Dzor Province">Vyots Dzor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> (Dsb, bordering on Dfb)<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maidan_Shar" title="Maidan Shar">Maidan Shar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> (Dsb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puente_del_Inca" title="Puente del Inca">Puente del Inca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mendoza_Province" title="Mendoza Province">Mendoza Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> (Dsb, bordering on Csb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_de_Navacerrada" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto de Navacerrada">Puerto de Navacerrada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> (Dsb, bordering on Csb)<a href="#cite_note-auto-28">[28]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocca_di_Mezzo" title="Rocca di Mezzo">Rocca di Mezzo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> (Dsb, bordering on Csb and Cfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roghun" title="Roghun">Roghun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> (Dsb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivas" title="Sivas">Sivas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> (Dsb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolyan" title="Smolyan">Smolyan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> (Dsb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Lake_Tahoe,_California" title="South Lake Tahoe, California">South Lake Tahoe</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (Dsb, bordering on Csb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spokane,_Washington" title="Spokane, Washington">Spokane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (Dsb, bordering on Dsa and Csb)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dfc/Dwc/Dsc:_Subarctic/boreal_climates">Dfc/Dwc/Dsc: Subarctic/boreal climates</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Dfc/Dwc/Dsc: Subarctic/boreal climates">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Subarctic_climate" title="Subarctic climate">Subarctic climate</a></div> Dfc, Dsc and Dwc climates occur poleward of the other group D climates, or at higher altitudes, generally in the 50s and 60s latitudes.<a href="#cite_note-McKnight-9">[9]</a>: 232–235  Examples: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 50;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akureyri" title="Akureyri">Akureyri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> (Dsc, bordering on Csc)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alta_(town)" title="Alta (town)">Alta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> (Dfc)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anchorage,_Alaska" title="Anchorage, Alaska">Anchorage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (Dfc, bordering on Dfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkhangelsk" title="Arkhangelsk">Arkhangelsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (Dfc)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brocken" title="Brocken">Brocken</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saxony-Anhalt" title="Saxony-Anhalt">Saxony-Anhalt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> (Dfc)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgan_(city)" title="Bulgan (city)">Bulgan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> (Dwc, bordering on Dwb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Pass" class="mw-redirect" title="Charlotte Pass">Charlotte Pass</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> (Dfc)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coma_Pedrosa" title="Coma Pedrosa">Coma Pedrosa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a> (Dfc)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crater_Lake" title="Crater Lake">Crater Lake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (Dsc)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davos" title="Davos">Davos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> (Dfc)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawson_City" title="Dawson City">Dawson City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> (Dsc)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Junction" class="mw-redirect" title="Delta Junction">Delta Junction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (Dwc, bordering on BSk)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feldberg,_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Feldberg, Baden-Württemberg">Feldberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> (Dfc)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser,_Colorado" title="Fraser, Colorado">Fraser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (Dfc)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hikkim" title="Hikkim">Hikkim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Himachel_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Himachel Pradesh">Himachel Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> (Dfc)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horsk%C3%A1_Kvilda" title="Horská Kvilda">Horská Kvilda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> (Dfc)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inukjuak" title="Inukjuak">Inukjuak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> (Dsc, bordering on ET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4" title="Jyväskylä">Jyväskylä</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> (Dfc)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangerlussuaq" title="Kangerlussuaq">Kangerlussuaq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> (Dfc, bordering on ET and BSk)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiruna" title="Kiruna">Kiruna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> (Dfc)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kopaonik" title="Kopaonik">Kopaonik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> (Dfc)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labrador_City" title="Labrador City">Labrador City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> (Dfc)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livigno" title="Livigno">Livigno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> (Dfc)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lule%C3%A5" title="Luleå">Luleå</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> (Dfc)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lys%C3%A1_hora" title="Lysá hora">Lysá hora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> (Dfc)<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohe_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohe County">Mohe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heilongjiang" title="Heilongjiang">Heilongjiang</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> (Dwc)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagqu" title="Nagqu">Nagqu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region" title="Tibet Autonomous Region">Tibet</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> (Dwc, bordering on ET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narsarsuaq" title="Narsarsuaq">Narsarsuaq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> (Dfc, bordering on ET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norilsk" title="Norilsk">Norilsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krasnoyarsk_Krai" title="Krasnoyarsk Krai">Krasnoyarsk Krai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (Dfc)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyurba" title="Nyurba">Nyurba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sakha_Republic" title="Sakha Republic">Sakha Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (Dsc, bordering on Dfc)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obergurgl" title="Obergurgl">Obergurgl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> (Dfc, bordering on ET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okhotsk" title="Okhotsk">Okhotsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khabarovsk_Krai" title="Khabarovsk Krai">Khabarovsk Krai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (Dwc)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oulu" title="Oulu">Oulu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> (Dfc, bordering on Dfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paganella" title="Paganella">Paganella</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> (Dfc, bordering on Dwc and ET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B8ros" title="Røros">Røros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> (Dfc)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> (Dfc, bordering on Dfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samjiyon" title="Samjiyon">Samjiyon</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> (Dwc, bordering on Dwb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skj%C3%A5k" title="Skjåk">Skjåk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> (Dsc, bordering on BSk)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldotna,_Alaska" title="Soldotna, Alaska">Soldotna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (Dsc)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Moritz" title="St. Moritz">St. Moritz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grisons" title="Grisons">Grisons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> (Dfc)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0er%C3%A1k" title="Šerák">Šerák</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> (Dfc)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0trbsk%C3%A9_Pleso" title="Štrbské Pleso">Štrbské Pleso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a> (Dfc)<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troms%C3%B8_(city)" title="Tromsø (city)">Tromsø</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> (Dfc)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsetserleg_(city)" title="Tsetserleg (city)">Tsetserleg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arkhangai_Province" title="Arkhangai Province">Arkhangai Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> (Dwc)<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ume%C3%A5" title="Umeå">Umeå</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> (Dfc, bordering on Dfb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaasa" title="Vaasa">Vaasa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> (Dfc)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valle_Nevado" title="Valle Nevado">Valle Nevado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> (Dfc)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitehorse" title="Whitehorse">Whitehorse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> (Dfc)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakutsk" title="Yakutsk">Yakutsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sakha_Republic" title="Sakha Republic">Sakha Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (Dfc, bordering on Dfd)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellowknife" title="Yellowknife">Yellowknife</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> (Dfc)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yushu_City,_Qinghai" title="Yushu City, Qinghai">Yushu City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> (Dwc, bordering on Dwb)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dfd/Dwd/Dsd:_Subarctic/boreal_climates_with_severe_winters">Dfd/Dwd/Dsd: Subarctic/boreal climates with severe winters</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Dfd/Dwd/Dsd: Subarctic/boreal climates with severe winters">edit</a>]</div> Places with this climate have severe winters, with the temperature in their coldest month lower than −38 °C. These climates occur only in eastern <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>, and are the second coldest, before EF. The coldest recorded temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere belonged to this climate. The names of some of the places with this climate have become veritable synonyms for the extreme, severe winter cold.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Examples <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khonuu" title="Khonuu">Khonuu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sakha_Republic" title="Sakha Republic">Sakha Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (Dwd)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oymyakon" title="Oymyakon">Oymyakon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sakha_Republic" title="Sakha Republic">Sakha Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (Dfd)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verkhoyansk" title="Verkhoyansk">Verkhoyansk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sakha_Republic" title="Sakha Republic">Sakha Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (Dsd)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Group_E:_Polar_climates">Group E: Polar climates</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Group E: Polar climates">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_E_1991%E2%80%932020.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_E_1991%E2%80%932020.svg/330px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_E_1991%E2%80%932020.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_E_1991%E2%80%932020.svg/495px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_E_1991%E2%80%932020.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_E_1991%E2%80%932020.svg/660px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_E_1991%E2%80%932020.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1401" data-file-height="928" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Polar_climate" title="Polar climate">Polar climate</a> distribution</figcaption></figure> In the Köppen climate system, polar climates are defined as the warmest temperature of any month being below 10 °C (50 °F). Polar climates are further divided into two types, tundra climates and icecap climates: <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ET:_Tundra_climate">ET: Tundra climate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: ET: Tundra climate">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Tundra_climate" title="Tundra climate">Tundra climate</a> (ET): warmest month has an average temperature between 0 and 10 °C. These climates occur on the northern edges of the North American and Eurasian land masses (generally north of 70 °N although they may be found farther south depending on local conditions), and on nearby islands. ET climates are also found on some islands near the Antarctic Convergence, and at high elevations outside the polar regions, above the tree line. Examples <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 50;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alert,_Nunavut" title="Alert, Nunavut">Alert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> (ET, bordering on EF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amdo_County" title="Amdo County">Amdo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> (ET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Nevis" title="Ben Nevis">Ben Nevis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (ET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouvet_Island" title="Bouvet Island">Bouvet Island</a> (ET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairn_Gorm" title="Cairn Gorm">Cairn Gorm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (ET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campbell_Island,_New_Zealand" title="Campbell Island, New Zealand">Campbell Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> (ET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerro_de_Pasco" title="Cerro de Pasco">Cerro de Pasco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> (ET)<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crozet_Islands" title="Crozet Islands">Crozet Islands</a> (ET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dikson_Island" title="Dikson Island">Dikson Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (ET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dingboche" title="Dingboche">Dingboche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> (ET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Aguilar" title="El Aguilar">El Aguilar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> (ET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esperanza_Base" title="Esperanza Base">Esperanza Base</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> (ET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finse" title="Finse">Finse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> (ET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilulissat" title="Ilulissat">Ilulissat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> (ET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iqaluit,_Nunavut" class="mw-redirect" title="Iqaluit, Nunavut">Iqaluit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> (ET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dsafj%C3%B6r%C3%B0ur" title="Ísafjörður">Ísafjörður</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> (ET, bordering on Csc)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ittoqqortoormiit" title="Ittoqqortoormiit">Ittoqqortoormiit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> (ET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Mayen" title="Jan Mayen">Jan Mayen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> (ET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungfraujoch" title="Jungfraujoch">Jungfraujoch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> (ET, bordering on EF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasprowy_Wierch" title="Kasprowy Wierch">Kasprowy Wierch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> (ET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerguelen_Islands" title="Kerguelen Islands">Kerguelen Islands</a> (ET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Rinconada,_Peru" title="La Rinconada, Peru">La Rinconada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> (ET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lomnick%C3%BD_%C5%A1t%C3%ADt" title="Lomnický štít">Lomnický štít</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pre%C5%A1ov_Region" title="Prešov Region">Prešov Region</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a> (ET)<a href="#cite_note-WMOCLINO-69">[69]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longyearbyen" title="Longyearbyen">Longyearbyen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> (ET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macquarie_Island" title="Macquarie Island">Macquarie Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> (ET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauna_Loa" title="Mauna Loa">Mauna Loa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (ET, bordering on Csc and Cfc)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6%C3%B0rudalur" title="Möðrudalur">Möðrudalur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> (ET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Apo" title="Mount Apo">Mount Apo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> (ET, bordering on Cfc)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Aragats" title="Mount Aragats">Mount Aragats</a> (slopes), <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> (ET, bordering on Dfc)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Fuji" title="Mount Fuji">Mount Fuji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> (ET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Washington" title="Mount Washington">Mount Washington</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (ET, bordering on Dfc)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Wellington_(Tasmania)" title="Mount Wellington (Tasmania)">Mount Wellington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> (ET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murghab,_Tajikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Murghab, Tajikistan">Murghab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> (ET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musala" title="Musala">Musala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> (ET)<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mykines,_Mykines" title="Mykines, Mykines">Mykines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a> (ET, bordering on Cfc)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mys_Shmidta" title="Mys Shmidta">Mys Shmidta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chukotka_Autonomous_Okrug" title="Chukotka Autonomous Okrug">Chukotka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (ET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevado_de_Toluca" title="Nevado de Toluca">Nevado de Toluca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> (ET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Salang" title="North Salang">North Salang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> (ET, bordering on Dsc)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novaya_Zemlya" title="Novaya Zemlya">Novaya Zemlya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arkhangelsk_Oblast" title="Arkhangelsk Oblast">Arkhangelsk Oblast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (ET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuuk,_Greenland" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuuk, Greenland">Nuuk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> (ET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parinacota,_Chile" title="Parinacota, Chile">Parinacota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> (ET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phari" title="Phari">Phari</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> (ET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piz_Corvatsch" title="Piz Corvatsch">Piz Corvatsch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> (ET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edwards_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Edwards Islands">Prince Edwards Islands</a> (ET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Williams" title="Puerto Williams">Puerto Williams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> (ET, bordering on Cfc)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qarabolaq" title="Qarabolaq">Qarabolaq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> (ET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sachs_Harbour" title="Sachs Harbour">Sachs Harbour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> (ET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimshal" title="Shimshal">Shimshal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> (ET)<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sn%C4%9B%C5%BEka" title="Sněžka">Sněžka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> (ET, bordering on Dfc)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoher_Sonnblick" title="Hoher Sonnblick">Sonnblick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> (ET)<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a> (ET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanggulashan" title="Tanggulashan">Tanggulashan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> (ET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiksi" title="Tiksi">Tiksi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sakha_Republic" title="Sakha Republic">Sakha Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (ET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolhuin" title="Tolhuin">Tolhuin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tierra_del_Fuego_Province,_Argentina" title="Tierra del Fuego Province, Argentina">Tierra del Fuego</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> (ET, bordering on Dfc)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trepalle" title="Trepalle">Trepalle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> (ET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ushuaia" title="Ushuaia">Ushuaia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tierra_del_Fuego_Province,_Argentina" title="Tierra del Fuego Province, Argentina">Tierra del Fuego</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> (ET, bordering on Cfc)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utqiagvik" class="mw-redirect" title="Utqiagvik">Utqiagvik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (ET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A2rful_Omu" class="mw-redirect" title="Vârful Omu">Vârful Omu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> (ET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vetas" title="Vetas">Vetas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> (ET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yu_Shan" title="Yu Shan">Yu Shan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> (ET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zugspitze" title="Zugspitze">Zugspitze</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> (ET)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="EF:_Ice_cap_climate">EF: Ice cap climate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: EF: Ice cap climate">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Ice_cap_climate" title="Ice cap climate">Ice cap climate</a> (EF): this climate is dominant in Antarctica, inner Greenland, and summits of many high mountains, even at lower latitudes. Monthly average temperatures never exceed 0 °C (32 °F). Examples <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 50;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aconcagua" title="Aconcagua">Aconcagua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>/<a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> (EF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amundsen%E2%80%93Scott_South_Pole_Station" title="Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station">Amundsen–Scott Station</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> (EF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimborazo" title="Chimborazo">Chimborazo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a> (EF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mt_McKinley" class="mw-redirect" title="Mt McKinley">Denali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (EF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dome_Fuji" class="mw-redirect" title="Dome Fuji">Dome Fuji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> (EF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huascar%C3%A1n" title="Huascarán">Huascarán</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> (EF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismoil_Somoni_Peak" title="Ismoil Somoni Peak">Ismoil Somoni Peak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> (EF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jengish_Chokusu" title="Jengish Chokusu">Jengish Chokusu</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a> (EF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K2" title="K2">K2</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>/<a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> (EF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangchenjunga" title="Kangchenjunga">Kangchenjunga</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>/<a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> (EF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilimanjaro" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilimanjaro">Kilimanjaro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a> (EF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhotse" title="Lhotse">Lhotse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> (EF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makalu" title="Makalu">Makalu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>/<a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> (EF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Ararat" title="Mount Ararat">Mount Ararat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> (EF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Everest" title="Mount Everest">Mount Everest</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>/<a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> (EF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Logan" title="Mount Logan">Mount Logan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> (EF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rainier" title="Mount Rainier">Mount Rainier</a> (summit), <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (EF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojos_del_Salado" title="Ojos del Salado">Ojos del Salado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> (EF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pico_de_Orizaba" title="Pico de Orizaba">Pico de Orizaba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> (EF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puncak_Jaya" title="Puncak Jaya">Puncak Jaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> (EF, bordering on ET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevado_Sajama" title="Nevado Sajama">Sajama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> (EF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summit_Camp" title="Summit Camp">Summit Camp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> (EF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ushakov_Island" title="Ushakov Island">Ushakov Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (EF, bordering on ET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_Station" title="Vostok Station">Vostok Station</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> (EF)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecological_significance">Ecological significance</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Ecological significance">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biomass">Biomass</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Biomass">edit</a>]</div> The Köppen climate classification is based on the empirical relationship between climate and vegetation. This classification provides an efficient way to describe climatic conditions defined by temperature and precipitation and their seasonality with a single metric. Because climatic conditions identified by the Köppen classification are ecologically relevant, it has been widely used to map the geographic distribution of long-term climate and associated ecosystem conditions.<a href="#cite_note-Chen-73">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate_change">Climate change</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Climate change">edit</a>]</div> Over recent years, there has been an increasing interest in using the classification to identify changes in climate and potential changes in vegetation over time.<a href="#cite_note-hanschen-12">[12]</a> The most important ecological significance of the Köppen climate classification is that it helps to predict the dominant vegetation type based on the climatic data and vice versa.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> In 2015, a <a href="/wiki/Nanjing_University" title="Nanjing University">Nanjing University</a> paper published in Scientific Reports analyzing climate classifications found that between 1950 and 2010, approximately 5.7% of all land area worldwide had moved from wetter and colder classifications to drier and hotter classifications. The authors also found that the change "cannot be explained as natural variations but are driven by anthropogenic factors".<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> A 2018 study provides detailed maps for present and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_Köppen_climate_maps">Other Köppen climate maps</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Other Köppen climate maps">edit</a>]</div> All maps use the ≥0 °C definition for the temperate-continental border.<a href="#cite_note-Beck-8">[8]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed" style="text-align:center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 258.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 256.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_North_America_1991%E2%80%932020.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="North America"><img alt="North America" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_North_America_1991%E2%80%932020.svg/385px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_North_America_1991%E2%80%932020.svg.png" decoding="async" width="257" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_North_America_1991%E2%80%932020.svg/577px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_North_America_1991%E2%80%932020.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_North_America_1991%E2%80%932020.svg/770px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_North_America_1991%E2%80%932020.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1816" data-file-height="850" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">North America</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 258.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 256.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_Europe_1991%E2%80%932020.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Europe"><img alt="Europe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_Europe_1991%E2%80%932020.svg/385px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_Europe_1991%E2%80%932020.svg.png" decoding="async" width="257" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_Europe_1991%E2%80%932020.svg/577px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_Europe_1991%E2%80%932020.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_Europe_1991%E2%80%932020.svg/770px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_Europe_1991%E2%80%932020.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1816" data-file-height="850" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Europe</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 258.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 256.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_RUS_1991%E2%80%932020.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_RUS_1991%E2%80%932020.svg/385px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_RUS_1991%E2%80%932020.svg.png" decoding="async" width="257" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_RUS_1991%E2%80%932020.svg/577px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_RUS_1991%E2%80%932020.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_RUS_1991%E2%80%932020.svg/770px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_RUS_1991%E2%80%932020.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1816" data-file-height="850" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Russia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 257.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_Central_Asia_1991%E2%80%932020.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Central Asia"><img alt="Central Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_Central_Asia_1991%E2%80%932020.svg/383px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_Central_Asia_1991%E2%80%932020.svg.png" decoding="async" width="256" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_Central_Asia_1991%E2%80%932020.svg/574px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_Central_Asia_1991%E2%80%932020.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_Central_Asia_1991%E2%80%932020.svg/765px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_Central_Asia_1991%E2%80%932020.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1804" data-file-height="850" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Central Asia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 258.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 256.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_Eastern_Asia_1991%E2%80%932020.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="East Asia"><img alt="East Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_Eastern_Asia_1991%E2%80%932020.svg/385px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_Eastern_Asia_1991%E2%80%932020.svg.png" decoding="async" width="257" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_Eastern_Asia_1991%E2%80%932020.svg/577px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_Eastern_Asia_1991%E2%80%932020.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_Eastern_Asia_1991%E2%80%932020.svg/770px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_Eastern_Asia_1991%E2%80%932020.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1816" data-file-height="850" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">East Asia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 194.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 192.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_South_America_1991%E2%80%932020.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="South America"><img alt="South America" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_South_America_1991%E2%80%932020.svg/289px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_South_America_1991%E2%80%932020.svg.png" decoding="async" width="193" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_South_America_1991%E2%80%932020.svg/434px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_South_America_1991%E2%80%932020.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_South_America_1991%E2%80%932020.svg/578px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_South_America_1991%E2%80%932020.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="850" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">South America</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 214.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 212.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_Africa_1991%E2%80%932020.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Africa"><img alt="Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_Africa_1991%E2%80%932020.svg/319px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_Africa_1991%E2%80%932020.svg.png" decoding="async" width="213" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_Africa_1991%E2%80%932020.svg/479px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_Africa_1991%E2%80%932020.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_Africa_1991%E2%80%932020.svg/638px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_Africa_1991%E2%80%932020.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1506" data-file-height="850" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Africa</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 208px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 206px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_Western_Asia_1991%E2%80%932020.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Western Asia"><img alt="Western Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_Western_Asia_1991%E2%80%932020.svg/309px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_Western_Asia_1991%E2%80%932020.svg.png" decoding="async" width="206" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_Western_Asia_1991%E2%80%932020.svg/463px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_Western_Asia_1991%E2%80%932020.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_Western_Asia_1991%E2%80%932020.svg/617px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_Western_Asia_1991%E2%80%932020.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1553" data-file-height="907" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Western Asia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 208px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_Southern_Asia_1991%E2%80%932020.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="South Asia"><img alt="South Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_Southern_Asia_1991%E2%80%932020.svg/312px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_Southern_Asia_1991%E2%80%932020.svg.png" decoding="async" width="208" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_Southern_Asia_1991%E2%80%932020.svg/468px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_Southern_Asia_1991%E2%80%932020.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_Southern_Asia_1991%E2%80%932020.svg/623px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_Southern_Asia_1991%E2%80%932020.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1471" data-file-height="850" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">South Asia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_Southeastern_Asia_1991%E2%80%932020.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Southeast Asia"><img alt="Southeast Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_Southeastern_Asia_1991%E2%80%932020.svg/320px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_Southeastern_Asia_1991%E2%80%932020.svg.png" decoding="async" width="214" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_Southeastern_Asia_1991%E2%80%932020.svg/479px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_Southeastern_Asia_1991%E2%80%932020.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_Southeastern_Asia_1991%E2%80%932020.svg/639px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_Southeastern_Asia_1991%E2%80%932020.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1508" data-file-height="850" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Southeast Asia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 206px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 204px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_Melanesia_1991%E2%80%932020.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Melanesia/Oceania"><img alt="Melanesia/Oceania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_Melanesia_1991%E2%80%932020.svg/306px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_Melanesia_1991%E2%80%932020.svg.png" decoding="async" width="204" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_Melanesia_1991%E2%80%932020.svg/459px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_Melanesia_1991%E2%80%932020.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_Melanesia_1991%E2%80%932020.svg/612px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_Melanesia_1991%E2%80%932020.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1443" data-file-height="850" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Melanesia/Oceania</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 204px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 202px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_AUS_1991%E2%80%932020.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_AUS_1991%E2%80%932020.svg/303px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_AUS_1991%E2%80%932020.svg.png" decoding="async" width="202" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_AUS_1991%E2%80%932020.svg/454px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_AUS_1991%E2%80%932020.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_AUS_1991%E2%80%932020.svg/605px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_AUS_1991%E2%80%932020.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1428" data-file-height="850" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Australia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 191.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 189.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_NZL_1991%E2%80%932020.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="New Zealand"><img alt="New Zealand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_NZL_1991%E2%80%932020.svg/284px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_NZL_1991%E2%80%932020.svg.png" decoding="async" width="190" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_NZL_1991%E2%80%932020.svg/426px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_NZL_1991%E2%80%932020.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_NZL_1991%E2%80%932020.svg/568px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_NZL_1991%E2%80%932020.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1341" data-file-height="850" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">New Zealand</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 183.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 181.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_World_1991%E2%80%932020.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="World (1991–2020)"><img alt="World (1991–2020)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_World_1991%E2%80%932020.svg/272px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_World_1991%E2%80%932020.svg.png" decoding="async" width="182" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_World_1991%E2%80%932020.svg/408px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_World_1991%E2%80%932020.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_World_1991%E2%80%932020.svg/544px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_World_1991%E2%80%932020.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1401" data-file-height="928" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">World (1991–2020)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 183.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 181.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_World_2071%E2%80%932099_SSP245.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="World (2071–2099, SSP245)"><img alt="World (2071–2099, SSP245)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_World_2071%E2%80%932099_SSP245.svg/272px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_World_2071%E2%80%932099_SSP245.svg.png" decoding="async" width="182" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_World_2071%E2%80%932099_SSP245.svg/408px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_World_2071%E2%80%932099_SSP245.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_World_2071%E2%80%932099_SSP245.svg/544px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_World_2071%E2%80%932099_SSP245.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1401" data-file-height="928" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">World (2071–2099, SSP245)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trewartha_climate_classification" title="Trewartha climate classification">Trewartha climate classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardiness_zone" title="Hardiness zone">Hardiness zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holdridge_life_zones" title="Holdridge life zones">Holdridge life zones</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKöppen1884" class="citation journal cs1">Köppen, Wladimir (1884). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/koeppen.htm">"Die Wärmezonen der Erde, nach der Dauer der heissen, gemässigten und kalten Zeit und nach der Wirkung der Wärme auf die organische Welt betrachtet"</a> [The thermal zones of the earth according to the duration of hot, moderate and cold periods and to the impact of heat on the organic world)]. Meteorologische Zeitschrift. 20 (3). Translated by Volken, E.; Brönnimann, S (published 2011): 351–360. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011MetZe..20..351K">2011MetZe..20..351K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1127%2F0941-2948%2F2011%2F105">10.1127/0941-2948/2011/105</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:209855204">209855204</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160908130507/http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/koeppen.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 September 2016. Retrieved 2 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Meteorologische+Zeitschrift&rft.atitle=Die+W%C3%A4rmezonen+der+Erde%2C+nach+der+Dauer+der+heissen%2C+gem%C3%A4ssigten+und+kalten+Zeit+und+nach+der+Wirkung+der+W%C3%A4rme+auf+die+organische+Welt+betrachtet&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=351-360&rft.date=1884&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A209855204%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1127%2F0941-2948%2F2011%2F105&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011MetZe..20..351K&rft.aulast=K%C3%B6ppen&rft.aufirst=Wladimir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkoeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at%2Fkoeppen.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%C3%B6ppen+climate+classification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubelKottek2011" class="citation journal cs1">Rubel, F.; Kottek, M (2011). "Comments on: 'The thermal zones of the Earth' by Wladimir Köppen (1884)". Meteorologische Zeitschrift. 20 (3): 361–365. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011MetZe..20..361R">2011MetZe..20..361R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1127%2F0941-2948%2F2011%2F0285">10.1127/0941-2948/2011/0285</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Meteorologische+Zeitschrift&rft.atitle=Comments+on%3A+%27The+thermal+zones+of+the+Earth%27+by+Wladimir+K%C3%B6ppen+%281884%29&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=361-365&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1127%2F0941-2948%2F2011%2F0285&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011MetZe..20..361R&rft.aulast=Rubel&rft.aufirst=F.&rft.au=Kottek%2C+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%C3%B6ppen+climate+classification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKöppen1918" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Köppen, Wladimir (1918). "Klassification der Klimate nach Temperatur, Niederschlag and Jahreslauf". Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen. Vol. 64. pp. 193–203, 243–248 – via koeppen-geiger.Vu-Wien.ac.at/Koeppen.htm.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Klassification+der+Klimate+nach+Temperatur%2C+Niederschlag+and+Jahreslauf&rft.btitle=Petermanns+Geographische+Mitteilungen&rft.pages=193-203%2C+243-248&rft.date=1918&rft.aulast=K%C3%B6ppen&rft.aufirst=Wladimir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%C3%B6ppen+climate+classification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKöppen1936" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Köppen, Wladimir (1936). "C". In Köppen, Wladimir; Geiger (publisher), Rudolf (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/Koppen_1936.pdf">Das geographische System der Klimate</a> [The geographic system of climates] (PDF). Vol. 1. Berlin: Borntraeger. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304135236/http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/Koppen_1936.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Moldova/CSV/Briceni_33664.csv">the original</a> on 21 August 2023. 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.side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:K%C3%B6ppen-Geiger" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Köppen-Geiger">Köppen-Geiger</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://360.org/climate/koppen-classification/">World maps and graphs plus a video about the Köppen climate classification</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100906034159/http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/">World Map of the Köppen–Geiger climate classification for the period 1951–2000</a> (archived 6 September 2010)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210110084254/http://www.fao.org/nr/climpag/globgrids/KC_classification_en.asp">New gridded maps of Koeppen's climate classification</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 10 January 2021)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate_records">Climate records</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Climate records">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160418082322/http://www.ipcc-data.org/maps/">IPCC Data Distribution Center</a> (archived 18 April 2016)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:K%C3%B6ppen" title="Template:Köppen"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:K%C3%B6ppen" title="Template talk:Köppen"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:K%C3%B6ppen" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Köppen"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Climate_types_under_the_Köppen_climate_classification" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">Climate</a> types under the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Köppen climate classification</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cceeff;"><a href="/wiki/Tropical_climate" title="Tropical climate">Class A</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_rainforest_climate" title="Tropical rainforest climate">Tropical rainforest (Af)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_monsoon_climate" title="Tropical monsoon climate">Tropical monsoon (Am)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_savanna_climate" title="Tropical savanna climate">Tropical savanna (Aw, As)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cceeff;">Class B</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Desert_climate" title="Desert climate">Desert (BWh, BWk)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-arid_climate" title="Semi-arid climate">Semi-arid (BSh, BSk)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cceeff;"><a href="/wiki/Temperate_climate" title="Temperate climate">Class C</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">Humid subtropical (Cfa, Cwa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">Oceanic (Cfb, Cwb, Cfc, Cwc)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean (Csa, Csb, Csc)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cceeff;"><a href="/wiki/Continental_climate" title="Continental climate">Class D</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">Humid continental (Dfa, Dwa, Dsa, Dfb, Dwb, Dsb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subarctic_climate" title="Subarctic climate">Subarctic (Dfc, Dwc, Dsc, Dfd, Dwd, Dsd)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" 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