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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foundation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Foundation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foundation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consolidation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consolidation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Consolidation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consolidation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Under_revolutionary_Iraq" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Under_revolutionary_Iraq"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Under revolutionary Iraq</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Under_revolutionary_Iraq-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Ba'ath_Party_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Ba'ath_Party_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Early Ba'ath Party rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Ba'ath_Party_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1974–75_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1974–75_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>1974–75 war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1974–75_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Under_Saddam_Hussein" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Under_Saddam_Hussein"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Under Saddam Hussein</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Under_Saddam_Hussein-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gulf_War_and_Kurdish_Uprising" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gulf_War_and_Kurdish_Uprising"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Gulf War and Kurdish Uprising</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gulf_War_and_Kurdish_Uprising-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-KRG_and_self-rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#KRG_and_self-rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>KRG and self-rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-KRG_and_self-rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Election_results" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election_results"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Election results</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Election_results-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Election results subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Election_results-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Presidential_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidential_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Presidential election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidential_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parliamentary_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parliamentary_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Parliamentary election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parliamentary_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governorate_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governorate_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Governorate election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governorate_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_leaders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_leaders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Political leaders</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_leaders-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Political leaders subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Political_leaders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Party_leaders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Party_leaders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Party leaders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Party_leaders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Branches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Branches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Branches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Branches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Congresses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Congresses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Congresses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Congresses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Congresses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Congresses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_Congress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Congress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>First Congress</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Congress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Congress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Congress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Second Congress</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Congress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_Congress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_Congress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Third Congress</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_Congress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fourth_Congress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fourth_Congress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Fourth Congress</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fourth_Congress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fifth_Congress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fifth_Congress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Fifth Congress</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fifth_Congress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sixth_Congress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sixth_Congress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Sixth Congress</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sixth_Congress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seventh_Congress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seventh_Congress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Seventh Congress</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seventh_Congress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eighth_Congress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eighth_Congress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>Eighth Congress</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eighth_Congress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ninth_Congress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ninth_Congress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9</span> <span>Ninth Congress</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ninth_Congress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tenth_Congress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tenth_Congress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.10</span> <span>Tenth Congress</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tenth_Congress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eleventh_Congress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eleventh_Congress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.11</span> <span>Eleventh Congress</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eleventh_Congress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twelfth_Congress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twelfth_Congress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.12</span> <span>Twelfth Congress</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twelfth_Congress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thirteenth_Congress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thirteenth_Congress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.13</span> <span>Thirteenth Congress</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thirteenth_Congress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kurdistan Democratic Party</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A" title="الحزب الديمقراطي الكردستاني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الحزب الديمقراطي الكردستاني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCrd%C3%BCstan_Demokrat_Partiyas%C4%B1" title="Kürdüstan Demokrat Partiyası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kürdüstan Demokrat Partiyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partit_Democr%C3%A0tic_del_Kurdistan" title="Partit Democràtic del Kurdistan – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Partit Democràtic del Kurdistan" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdsk%C3%A1_demokratick%C3%A1_strana_Ir%C3%A1ku" title="Kurdská demokratická strana Iráku – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kurdská demokratická strana Iráku" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratische_Partei_Kurdistans" title="Demokratische Partei Kurdistans – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Demokratische Partei Kurdistans" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistani_Demokraatlik_Partei" title="Kurdistani Demokraatlik Partei – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kurdistani Demokraatlik Partei" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_Dem%C3%B3crata_del_Kurdist%C3%A1n" title="Partido Demócrata del Kurdistán – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Partido Demócrata del Kurdistán" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDK" title="PDK – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="PDK" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8_%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_(%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82)" title="حزب دموکرات کردستان (عراق) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حزب دموکرات کردستان (عراق)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_d%C3%A9mocratique_du_Kurdistan" title="Parti démocratique du Kurdistan – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Parti démocratique du Kurdistan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BF%A0%EB%A5%B4%EB%94%94%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%84_%EB%AF%BC%EC%A3%BC%EB%8B%B9" title="쿠르디스탄 민주당 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="쿠르디스탄 민주당" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partai_Demokrat_Kurdistan" title="Partai Demokrat Kurdistan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Partai Demokrat Kurdistan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partito_Democratico_del_Kurdistan" title="Partito Democratico del Kurdistan – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Partito Democratico del Kurdistan" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%92%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%93%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="המפלגה הדמוקרטית הכורדיסטנית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המפלגה הדמוקרטית הכורדיסטנית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partiya_Demokrat_a_Kurdistan%C3%AA" title="Partiya Demokrat a Kurdistanê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Partiya Demokrat a Kurdistanê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irako_Kurdistano_demokratin%C4%97_partija" title="Irako Kurdistano demokratinė partija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Irako Kurdistano demokratinė partija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8" title="کوردستون دموکرات حزب – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کوردستون دموکرات حزب" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koerdische_Democratische_Partij_(Irak)" title="Koerdische Democratische Partij (Irak) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Koerdische Democratische Partij (Irak)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a 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searchaux" style="display:none">Political party in the Kurdistan Region (founded 1946)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Democratic_Party_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Kurdistan Democratic Party (disambiguation)">Kurdistan Democratic Party (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%;"><div style="padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #FFDB00; border-bottom:2px solid #FFDB00; line-height: 1;"><div class="fn org">Kurdistan Democratic Party</div> <div style="font-size: 0.8em; padding-top:0.3em;" class="nickname" lang="ku">پارتی دیموکراتی کوردستان<br />Partiya Demokrat a Kurdistanê</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo" style="padding-top:.4em;padding-bottom:.3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KDP_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/KDP_logo.svg/175px-KDP_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/KDP_logo.svg/263px-KDP_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/KDP_logo.svg/350px-KDP_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">President</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Masoud_Barzani" title="Masoud Barzani">Masoud Barzani</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Barzani" title="Mustafa Barzani">Mustafa Barzani</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">16 August 1946<span class="noprint">; 78 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1946-08-16</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pirmam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pirmam (page does not exist)">Pirmam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region" title="Kurdistan Region">Kurdistan Region</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_nationalism" title="Kurdish nationalism">Kurdish nationalism</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Atlanticism" title="Atlanticism">Atlanticism</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Barzanism" title="Barzanism">Barzanism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political position</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Big_tent" title="Big tent">Big tent</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGürbeyHofmannSeyder201765_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGürbeyHofmannSeyder201765-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Colours</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFDB00; color:black;border:1px solid darkgray;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Yellow" title="Yellow">Yellow</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Representatives_of_Iraq" title="Council of Representatives of Iraq">Council of Representatives of Iraq</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">31 / 329</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FFDB00; width: 9%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region_Parliament" title="Kurdistan Region Parliament">Kurdistan Region Parliament</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">39 / 100</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FFDB00; width: 39%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="line-height: 0.8em;">Party flag</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_KDP.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_the_KDP.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_KDP.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_the_KDP.svg/300px-Flag_of_the_KDP.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_the_KDP.svg/400px-Flag_of_the_KDP.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="line-height: 0.8em;">Website</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kdp.info">kdp.info</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="padding-top:0;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-top:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #FFDB00;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Iraq" title="Politics of Iraq">Politics of Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Iraq" title="List of political parties in Iraq">Political parties</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Iraq" title="Elections in Iraq">Elections</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Kurdistan Democratic Party</b> (<a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a>: <span lang="ku-Arab" dir="rtl">پارتی دیموکراتی کوردستان</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Kurdish" title="Romanization of Kurdish">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Kurdish-language romanization"><i lang="ku-Latn">Partiya Demokrat a Kurdistanê</i></span>), usually abbreviated as <b>KDP</b> or <b>PDK</b>, is the ruling <a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">party</a> in <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan" title="Iraqi Kurdistan">Iraqi Kurdistan</a> and the senior partner in the <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Regional_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdistan Regional Government">Kurdistan Regional Government</a>. It was founded in 1946 in <a href="/wiki/Mahabad" title="Mahabad">Mahabad</a> in <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Kurdistan" title="Iranian Kurdistan">Iranian Kurdistan</a>. The party states that it combines "democratic values and social justice to form a system whereby everyone in Kurdistan can live on an equal basis with great emphasis given to rights of individuals and freedom of expression." </p><p>The KDP is dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Barzani_Kurds" class="mw-redirect" title="Barzani Kurds">Barzani tribe</a> and the party's stated ideologies are <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">lawfulness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secularism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_nationalism" title="Kurdish nationalism">Kurdish nationalism</a>. It wants to build a "<a href="/wiki/Social_market_economy" title="Social market economy">social-oriented</a>" economy, and lists civil <a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">solidarity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">social justice</a> as the basis of its ideology.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGürbeyHofmannSeyder201765_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGürbeyHofmannSeyder201765-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurdistan_Democratic_Party&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foundation">Foundation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurdistan_Democratic_Party&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Foundation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KDP_poster_in_Zakho_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/KDP_poster_in_Zakho_02.jpg/220px-KDP_poster_in_Zakho_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/KDP_poster_in_Zakho_02.jpg/330px-KDP_poster_in_Zakho_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/KDP_poster_in_Zakho_02.jpg/440px-KDP_poster_in_Zakho_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3096" data-file-height="4128" /></a><figcaption>KDP <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a> poster in <a href="/wiki/Zakho" title="Zakho">Zakho</a>, 2016</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1946, the leader of the Soviet-backed <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Mahabad" title="Republic of Mahabad">Republic of Mahabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qazi_Muhammad" title="Qazi Muhammad">Qazi Muhammad</a>, announced the formation of a "Kurdish Democratic Party" based in Iran, or <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Kurdistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Kurdistan">Eastern Kurdistan</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, then supporting the Kurdish national struggle against the monarchies of Iran and Iraq, instructed <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Barzani" title="Mustafa Barzani">Mustafa Barzani</a> to place himself under the authority of Qazi Muhammad. It is not clear whether Barzani ever formally agreed to this arrangement, but as a fugitive from Iraqi authorities he relied upon the goodwill of the Iranian Kurds and their Soviet backers, and local Kurds were ordered by the authority of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Mahabad" title="Republic of Mahabad">Republic of Mahabad</a> to house and feed his destitute forces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDowall2004241_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDowall2004241-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was "well-known in nationalist circles that the relations between the two men [Barzani and Qazi] were not easy".<sup id="cite_ref-MDD_242_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MDD_242-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barzani attempted to create a special dispensation for the Barzanis in Iran, but Qazi rebuffed them stating "There is to be only one party, and you must not operate separately from it."<sup id="cite_ref-MDD_242_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MDD_242-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the meantime, Barzani was negotiating with Baghdad to allow his return to Iraq, and was successfully attempting to convince prominent Iraqi Kurds of the need for an Iraqi KDP. Rizgari, the Kurdish section of the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Communist_Party" title="Iraqi Communist Party">Iraqi Communist Party</a> (ICP), was vehemently opposed to the idea, as it would fracture the purpose of pan-Kurdish unity and give legitimacy to the <a href="/wiki/Iraq-Iran_border" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraq-Iran border">Iraq-Iran border</a> that divided Kurdistan.<sup id="cite_ref-MDD_242_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MDD_242-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nevertheless, Barzani's manoeuvrings were successful and he split Rizgari, even gaining support from committed leftists because of the wide popularity he enjoyed amongst Kurdish people, and his position as chief notable of the tribal elders, who it was argued, the nationalist movement needed on their side if it were to be militarily successful.<sup id="cite_ref-MDD_242_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MDD_242-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The new KDP of Iraq held its first congress in Baghdad on August 16, 1946. The 32 delegates elected a central committee with Hamza Abdullah as secretary-general, Shaykh Latif and Kaka Ziad Agha as vice-presidents, and Barzani as president-in-exile. The party demanded autonomy for Iraqi Kurdistan, stating that the political and economic situation of the Kurds in Iraq was different from that of Iran. The party programme was not specific about any social or economic content for fear of alienating the highly conservative tribal chiefs and landlords who had agreed to support it.<sup id="cite_ref-MDD_242_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MDD_242-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consolidation">Consolidation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurdistan_Democratic_Party&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Consolidation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the collapse of the Mahabad republic in early 1947, <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Ahmad" title="Ibrahim Ahmad">Ibrahim Ahmad</a>, previously the Sulaymaniyah representative of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Iranian_Kurdistan" title="Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan">Iranian KDP</a> (KDP-I), joined the Iraqi KDP. Ahmad was a highly influential Leftist intellectual, who by 1951 had succeeded in rallying most of the Iraqi Kurdish leftist-nationalists to the KDP, which in turn, took the opportunity to convene a second party congress and duly elect Ahmad as secretary-general (effectively acting chairman).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDowall2004297_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDowall2004297-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout the late 1940s and early 1950s, the KDP and the Kurdish members of the Iraqi Communist Party steadily increased their working relationship – in many cases fielding joint candidates. The ICP campaigned directly against the aghas (tribal elders) and won the support of the workers in the cities of Erbil, Duhok, and Sulaymaniyah – while the KDP reassured the aghas that the ICP was ultimately under their control. By 1954 the KDP was advocating the replacement of the Iraqi monarchy with a popular democratic republic – much to the consternation of many of their tribal supporters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDowall2004299_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDowall2004299-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Indeed, in 1956, the antagonism between the Kurdish aghas and the KDP-ICP reached such a height that emissaries for the former contacted the British consul in Mosul requesting arms and finance to establish an "anti-Communist and independent Kurdistan" in northern Iraq.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDowall2004300_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDowall2004300-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Under_revolutionary_Iraq">Under revolutionary Iraq</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurdistan_Democratic_Party&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Under revolutionary Iraq"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On July 14, 1958, Brigadier <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Karim_Qasim" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Karim Qasim">Abd al-Karim Qasim</a> and his fellow "Free Officers" (modeled after <a href="/wiki/Nasser" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasser">Nasser</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egyptian</a> <a href="/wiki/Free_Officers_Movement_(Egypt)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Officers Movement (Egypt)">Free Officers</a>) staged a successful coup that promised a brighter future for the Kurds of Iraq. Although the KDP and ICP were excluded from the new United National Front government, Qasim formed a three-man "Sovereignty Council" of a Sunni, a Shi'i, and a Kurd.<sup id="cite_ref-MDD_302_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MDD_302-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The KDP immediately pledged its support for the new regime, in its newspaper hailing a new era of "freedom and equality for the Kurdish and Arab peoples".<sup id="cite_ref-MDD_302_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MDD_302-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Ahmad" title="Ibrahim Ahmad">Ibrahim Ahmad</a> attempted to pressure Qasim into including Kurdish autonomy in the Provisional Constitution. However, Qasim was under much greater pressure from his deputy <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Salam_Arif" title="Abdul Salam Arif">Abdul Salam Arif</a> and other pan-Arab Nationalists – not least the Ba'ath – who wanted to take Iraq into the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Republic" title="United Arab Republic">United Arab Republic</a> (UAR). They objected to Qasim's apparently pro-Kurdish attitude and his friendliness towards <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Barzani" title="Mustafa Barzani">Mustafa Barzani</a> in particular.<sup id="cite_ref-MDD_303_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MDD_303-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Qasim and Mulla Mustafa had developed a close relationship, as Qasim saw in Barzani a powerful military ally that he could employ as a counterweight to the pan-Arab nationalists, who, he feared, threatened to subvert Iraq to Nasser's Egypt. Qasim had officially named him Chairman of the KDP (a position he held on paper since the party's founding), gave him one of <a href="/wiki/Nuri_as-Said" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuri as-Said">Nuri as-Said</a>'s old residences in Baghdad, an automobile, and a "handsome monthly stipend" (salary).<sup id="cite_ref-MDD_303_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MDD_303-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mulla Mustafa would prove his loyalty in March 1959, where he helped Qasim suppress a serious uprising in Mosul of pan-Arab nationalists and Ba'athist officers – at the behest of Mulla Mustafa, Kurds, in tandem with the Communists (also led by a Kurd) attacked Mosul wreaking havoc on Nationalists and Baathists and killing as many as 2,500 people in four days. While the Communists and Kurds settled scores, Qasim used the revolt as a pretext to purge Nationalists and Baathists from the Iraqi armed forces and government.<sup id="cite_ref-MDD_305_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MDD_305-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Qasim used an almost identical event that July, but this time in Kirkuk, as a pretext to act against the KDP's closest allies, the Communists. In 1959 half of the 150,000 population of Kirkuk was <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen" title="Iraqi Turkmen">Iraqi Turkmen</a>, with the balance comprising Kurds, Arabs, Assyrians, and Armenians (in that order). Mulla Mustafa's triumphal visit to the city the previous October had resulted in bloodshed, but this time killings were carried out by Communist and Kurdish members of a group called the "Popular Resistance Force", who attacked shops and their owners. As many as 50 Turkmen were killed. Qasim held the Communists responsible and claimed to have uncovered plans for a similar action in Baghdad. During the next few months, Mulla Mustafa helped Qasim reduce the ICP and there was open conflict in Iraqi Kurdistan between the KDP, backed by Kurdish tribesmen, and the Kurdish Communists.<sup id="cite_ref-MDD_305_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MDD_305-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, an ideological rift developed in the KDP between the intellectual and leftists Ibrahim Ahmad and <a href="/wiki/Jalal_Talabani" title="Jalal Talabani">Jalal Talabani</a> on the one hand, and Mulla Mustafa and the Barzanis on the other. Mulla Mustafa "talked freely, with a bitterness amounting to hatred, against the... intellectual presumptuousness of the KDP politicians, singling out Ibrahim Ahmad for his particular dislike". While Ahmad complained of Mulla Mustafa's "selfishness, arbitrariness, unfairness, tribal backwardness and even his dishonesty." But while each wanted to reduce the others' influence in the KDP, each also knew that the other was indispensable in securing the loyalty of their respective support-bases – the tribal villagers and nomads for Barzani, and the urban and educated for Ahmad/Talabani.<sup id="cite_ref-MDD_306_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MDD_306-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 1950s, Mulla Mustafa strengthened his position by eliminating the forces of rival tribes – the Harkis, Surchis, Baradustis, and Zibaris. Qasim urged restraint, but Mulla Mustafa pressed on regardless, a much intertribal bloodletting followed, eventually taking such scalps as Ahmad Muhammad Agha, chief of the Zibaris.<sup id="cite_ref-MDD_306_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MDD_306-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a result of this and past violence in Mosul and Kirkuk, Qasim slowly began to distance himself from the Mulla Mustafa and the KDP, and in a 1960 speech publicly disparaged the Barzani clan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDowall2004307_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDowall2004307-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Qasim feared Barzani hegemony and began supporting the Harki and Zibari tribes against Mulla Mustafa. The Kurds for their part, in particular Ibrahim Ahmad and Jalal Talabani, felt increasingly frustrated that Qasim had taken no practical steps towards Kurdish autonomy. </p><p>Kurdistan slowly and almost inadvertently headed towards revolt, and between 1961 and 1963, violence engulfed Kurdistan and the longstanding divisions between the socialist-nationalists such as Talabani, and Mulla Mustafa and the old tribal Aghas solidified as they disagreed as to how to conduct the revolt and for what purpose. Mullah Mustafa unsuccessfully sought the assistance first of Britain, and then the USA – which lost him any of the remaining allies he had in the Iraqi Communist Party. The whole country descended into chaos as a quarter of the villages of Kurdistan were attacked and 80,000 refugees created.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDowall2004311_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDowall2004311-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Qasim not only lost control of the mountains of Kurdistan, but was being isolated politically in Baghdad by the pan-Arab nationalists, and it seemed only a matter of time before he lost power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDowall2004312_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDowall2004312-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Ba'ath_Party_rule"><span id="Early_Ba.27ath_Party_rule"></span>Early Ba'ath Party rule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurdistan_Democratic_Party&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early Ba'ath Party rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The KDP, together with many other Kurds, welcomed the <a href="/wiki/February_1963_Iraqi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="February 1963 Iraqi coup d'état">February 1963 Iraqi coup d'état</a>, believing the various Baath assurances that Kurdish autonomy would be guaranteed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDowall2004313_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDowall2004313-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unfortunately for the Kurds, the zeitgeist had thoroughly turned against them, as in Baghdad there was a widespread belief that they were being used as a Trojan horse by either Iran, the West, or both. Negotiations on the status of Kurdistan deadlocked, especially over the status of Kirkuk. The KDP demanded control over the city and its rich oilfields, whereas the government countered that the 1947 census showed that Kurds made up only 25% of the population of the city, and <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen" title="Iraqi Turkmen">Iraqi Turkmen</a> over half. Mulla Mustafa threatened war, and Baghdad took up the challenge.<sup id="cite_ref-MDD_314_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MDD_314-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Baath troops occupied <a href="/wiki/Sulaymaniyah" title="Sulaymaniyah">Sulaymaniyah</a> and declared <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">martial law</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Curfew" title="Curfew">curfew</a>, rounding up political leaders and activists. Three days later when martial law was lifted, 80 bodies were found in a mass grave and hundreds more went missing.<sup id="cite_ref-MDD_314_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MDD_314-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kurdish delegates were arrested throughout Iraq, and the intellectuals of the KDP quarreled with Mulla Mustafa over his tactics. </p><p>The first Ba'ath government was overthrown and replaced by a "National Command of the Revolutionary Council" (NCRC) led by <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Salam_Arif" title="Abdul Salam Arif">Abdul Salam Arif</a>. While this regime's ideology was essentially the same, it favored peace with the Kurds as the war had been costly and unpopular. Indeed, Arif had contacted Mulla Mustafa before the coup in order to elicit his co-operation to resist the Baath offensive until he could oust them himself.<sup id="cite_ref-MDD_314_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MDD_314-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mulla Mustafa signed an agreement with Arif in his personal capacity, rather than as president of the KDP. This infuriated Ibrahim Ahmad and <a href="/wiki/Jalal_Talabani" title="Jalal Talabani">Jalal Talabani</a> as the agreement omitted any mention of self-administration, let alone autonomy – the whole point for which they had been fighting. Arif threatened force against any Kurdish opponent of Mulla Mustafa, while Mulla Mustafa declared that any resistance to Baghdad would constitute a declaration of war against himself and the Barzanis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDowall2004316_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDowall2004316-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mulla Mustafa informed Arif that he had no objection to the abolition of Kurdish political parties, so long as it served the "interests of Iraq", and began to receive arms and funds from <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Salam_Arif" title="Abdul Salam Arif">Abdul Salam Arif</a>. </p><p>Yet again, the Kurdish political scene was divided between the intelligentsia of Ibrahim Ahmad and Jalal Talabani who decried this complicity, and as they saw it, submission to Baghdad, and Mulla Mustafa who rallied the conservatives and tribal leaders to his side. Furious debates and campaigning followed, but Ahmad's and Talabani's arguments could not dislodge Mulla Mustafa's position as the popular figurehead of the Kurdish people. Mulla Mustafa would accept not dissent, and, fearing for their lives, Ahmad and his followers slipped away at night from a heated discussion with Mulla Mustafa, and retreated back to their stronghold in <a href="/wiki/Mawat,_Iraq" title="Mawat, Iraq">Mawat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MDD_317_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MDD_317-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the sixth Party Congress of the KDP in July 1964, representatives from the Ahmad-Talabani faction were promptly arrested upon arrival. A few fays later Mulla Mustafa sent his son, <a href="/wiki/Idris_Barzani" title="Idris Barzani">Idris Barzani</a> with a large force to drive Ahmad, Talabani, and their 4,000 or so followers into exile in Iran. With that, Mulla Mustafa had finally achieved undisputed control of the KDP.<sup id="cite_ref-MDD_317_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MDD_317-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the ensuing four years until the next Ba'ath coup, the Kurds continued their guerrilla war against the Iraqi regime. By 1966, Mulla Mustafa had enlisted the support of Baghdad's two foremost ideological enemies – Iran and Israel. He believed these two countries, in addition to the United States, would ultimately help him win independence from Baghdad.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDowall2004317–323_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDowall2004317–323-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1968, the second Ba'ath Coup was successful, and an agreement called the Bazzaz Declaration was reached between the KDP and the Ba'ath. Although Ba'ath Party founder <a href="/wiki/Michel_Aflaq" title="Michel Aflaq">Michel Aflaq</a> called for equal rights for all ethnic and religious minorities under Arab rule, in practice the new regime ultimately became more chauvinist than any before. The Arab nationalists had not forgotten the atrocities they suffered at the hands of the Mulla Mustafa and the Barzanis in 1959. One of the Baath's leading advocates of a more considered and amenable approach to the Kurdish question in these early days was <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam</a> Hussein.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDowall2004324_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDowall2004324-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ahmad and Talabani also welcomed the new Ba'ath regime, as they felt more at home with its socialist ethos than any previous Baghdad government. </p><p>Nevertheless, Baghdad was growing apprehensive with regards to Iran's continued involvement in Kurdistan – including supplying sophisticated artillery to Mulla Mustafa – and its recent claim to sovereignty over Bahrain. In an attempt both at appeasement and to undermine the growing strength of Mullah Mustafa, the Baath government declared its commitment to the 1968 Bazzaz Declaration and announced that Kurdish should be taught in all Iraqi schools and universities; that a new Kurdish university was to be established in Sulaymaniyah; and that Nawruz was to be recognized as a national holiday.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDowall2004325_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDowall2004325-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mulla Mustafa pressed on regardless, and shelled the government's oil installations in Kirkuk – much to the embarrassment of Baghdad internationally, particularly with the British-owned Iraqi Petroleum Company. </p><p>Talabani and Ahmad then sought the endorsement of the new Ba'ath regime, presenting themselves as both more responsible leaders and closer in ideology to the Ba'ath. In reality both Mulla Mustafa and Ahmad-Talabani jostled for influence and recognition from Baghdad. President <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Hassan_al-Bakr" title="Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr">Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr</a> was trying to consolidate his power in Arab Iraq, especially against the communists, so he ordered his deputy <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam</a> Hussein to travel to Kurdistan to reach a peace agreement with the Kurds. In 1970, <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam</a> traveled to Kurdistan to conclude an accord with Mulla Mustafa. A truly <a href="/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_Autonomy_Agreement_of_1970" title="Iraqi–Kurdish Autonomy Agreement of 1970">democratic, federalist, and equitable 15-point agreement was reached</a>, and the accord concluded with the statement "History will bear witness that you [the Kurds] did not have and never will have as sincere a brother and dependable an ally as the Arab people."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDowall2004328_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDowall2004328-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The peace didn't last long. As might be expected, the earliest obstacle was the demographic one. In 1972, when the government proposed to apply the 1957 census figures to Kirkuk, Mullah Mustafa rejected it, knowing that it would show the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen" title="Iraqi Turkmen">Iraqi Turkmen</a> were the majority in the city – and given the events of 1959, the Turkmen were likely to prefer Ba'ath rule to Kurdish. Mulla Mustafa refused to close the border with Iran as he had agreed to, and appealed to the United States for aid despite promising not to seek outside assistance. Moreover, by mid-September 1972 Mulla Mustafa was receiving a US$50,000 stipend from Israel to distract and undermine the Ba'ath.<sup id="cite_ref-MDD_331_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MDD_331-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, the government nationalized the country's oil facilities, provoking Kurdish fears that they would lose out on their own oil resources.<sup id="cite_ref-MDD_331_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MDD_331-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rhetoric on both sides intensified, and there were clashes in <a href="/wiki/Kirkuk" title="Kirkuk">Kirkuk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sinjar" title="Sinjar">Sinjar</a>. Mulla Mustafa boasted to the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a> in June 1973: "We are ready to act according to US policy, if the US protect us from the wolves. In the even of sufficient support we should be able to control the Kirkuk oilfields and confer exploitation rights on an American company."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDowall2004333_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDowall2004333-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Negotiations dragged on, but Mulla Mustafa was unwilling to budge on Kirkuk – despite being advised to do so by his own European advisors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDowall2004335_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDowall2004335-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Emboldened by offers of support from the US, Israel, and Iran, Mulla Mustafa allowed the deadline to expire. This caused several high-ranking KDP Politburo members to defect to the Iraqi National Front in Baghdad. The most significant of these defections was that of Mulla Mustafa's eldest son, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ubayd_Allah_Barzani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ubayd Allah Barzani (page does not exist)">Ubayd Allah Barzani</a>, who claimed that his father "does not want self-rule to be implemented even if he were given Kirkuk and all of its oil. His acceptance of the law will take everything from him, and he wants to remain absolute ruler," further condemning his father for failing to implement agrarian reform.<sup id="cite_ref-MDD_337_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MDD_337-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around this same time a section of the KDP (led by <a href="/wiki/Hashim_Aqrawi" title="Hashim Aqrawi">Hashim Aqrawi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Muhammad_Saeed_al-Atrushi" title="Ahmad Muhammad Saeed al-Atrushi">Ahmad Muhammad Saeed al-Atrushi</a> and Barzanis son Ubaidallah) split to join the Ba'ath-sponsored <a href="/wiki/National_Progressive_Front_(Iraq)" title="National Progressive Front (Iraq)">National Progressive Front</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MDD_337_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MDD_337-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1974–75_war"><span id="1974.E2.80.9375_war"></span>1974–75 war</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurdistan_Democratic_Party&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1974–75 war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Second_Kurdish_Iraqi_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Kurdish Iraqi War">Second Kurdish Iraqi War</a></div> <p>With approximately 50,000 trained <a href="/wiki/Peshmerga" title="Peshmerga">peshmerga</a> and possibly another 50,000 irregulars at his disposal, Mulla Mustafa was confident in the face of an Iraqi military assault. Against such a force Baghdad could deploy 90,000 troops, but importantly backed by over 1,200 tanks and armored vehicles, and 200 aircraft. With Iranian, as well as covert American and Israeli support, the Peshmerga were able to combat the technologically superior Iraqi army. Iranian support ended when it reached an agreement with Iraq during the <a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a> Conference in March 1975, encouraged by the United States, culminating in the <a href="/wiki/1975_Algiers_Agreement" title="1975 Algiers Agreement">1975 Algiers Agreement</a>. Unable to continue receiving ammunition for its anti-air and anti-armor weaponry, Mulla Mustafa ordered the KDP to begin retreating to avoid repercussions from the Iraqi Army. 200,000 Kurdish refugees fled to Iran, and there were somewhere in the region of 20,000 casualties on each side<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDowall2004339_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDowall2004339-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After its suppression of the armed resistance, the Ba'ath razed at least 1,400 villages to create a security belt along the Turkish and Iranian borders. At least 600,000 civilians were deported to collective "re-settlement camps", with anyone caught trying to abandon these camps being executed on the spot. The Iraqi government also used this opportunity to settle demographic scores in their favor – resettling Kurds from disputed territories and moving in Arab families in their place. The Ba'ath even offered financial incentives to Arabs who took Kurdish wives.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDowall2004340_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDowall2004340-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Under_Saddam_Hussein">Under Saddam Hussein</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurdistan_Democratic_Party&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Under Saddam Hussein"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Former_Flag_of_KDP.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Former_Flag_of_KDP.svg/200px-Former_Flag_of_KDP.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Former_Flag_of_KDP.svg/300px-Former_Flag_of_KDP.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Former_Flag_of_KDP.svg/400px-Former_Flag_of_KDP.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Former flag of KDP</figcaption></figure> <p>In the wake of their defeat during the 1974–1975 War, <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Barzani" title="Mustafa Barzani">Mustafa Barzani</a> and his sons <a href="/wiki/Idris_Barzani" title="Idris Barzani">Idris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Masoud_Barzani" title="Masoud Barzani">Masoud</a> fled to Iran. The power vacuum they left behind was thus filled by their ideological nemesis <a href="/wiki/Jalal_Talabani" title="Jalal Talabani">Jalal Talabani</a>, who, together with his leftist supporters announced in Damascus the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Union_of_Kurdistan" title="Patriotic Union of Kurdistan">Patriotic Union of Kurdistan</a> (PUK). </p><p>Despite the terrible hardships suffered by the Kurds as a whole, intra-Kurdish feuding did not cease following the 1974–1975 war, as KDP groups ambushed and killed PUK fighters on several occasions in 1976–1977.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDowall2004344_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDowall2004344-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Talabani vowed revenge, and at various moments ordered his troops to fire upon any KDP troops – but suffered from operational weaknesses compared to the KDP. Feuding and splitting continued throughout the late 1970s, as the KDP, PUK, and KDP-I jostled for influence and funding from neighboring states.<sup id="cite_ref-MDD_346_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MDD_346-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the commencement of the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> was able to publicly boast that "the Kurdish organizations would never be able to achieve anything since they are hopelessly divided against each other and subservient to foreign powers."<sup id="cite_ref-MDD_347_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MDD_347-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 1981, the KDP, <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Communist_Party" title="Iraqi Communist Party">Iraqi Communist Party</a>, and the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Socialist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish Socialist Party">Kurdish Socialist Party</a> colluded to attack PUK positions in Erbil governorate. The following month the PUK counter-attacked, killing 50 communists and capturing another 70. Each party accused the other of being in the pocket of Baghdad, and even Ankara.<sup id="cite_ref-MDD_347_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MDD_347-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam</a> was assured of support both financial and militarily in his war against the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Republic of Iran">Islamic Republic of Iran</a> not only from the US, but from France, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Britain</a>, and the USSR, the Kurdish groups eventually came to the realization that they must unite against the common foe (<a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam</a>). In 1986 the KDP, PUK, KSP, and ICP announced a joint declaration calling for unity against the Ba'ath regime and in November Masoud Barzani and Jalal Talabani finally met to form an official alliance, in <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>. By May 1987 the <a href="/w/index.php?title=KPDP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KPDP (page does not exist)">KPDP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Socialist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish Socialist Party">Pasok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Toilers%27_Party" title="Kurdistan Toilers' Party">Kurdistan Toilers' Party</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Democratic_Movement" title="Assyrian Democratic Movement">Assyrian Democratic Movement</a> all joined what was known as the Kurdistan Front, and now all Kurdish parties were receiving monetary and military support from Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-MDD_352_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MDD_352-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a> in a seemingly stronger position than in any time since the 1960s, and their betrayal in the mind of <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam</a> complete, large-scale repression commenced. In Sulaymaniyah (PUK territory) <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam</a> rounded up 500 male children, aged 10–14, and had a substantial number of them tortured before being killed.<sup id="cite_ref-MDD_352_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MDD_352-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The KDP and PUK received advanced weaponry from Iran, such as <a href="/wiki/SAM-7" class="mw-redirect" title="SAM-7">SAM-7</a> missiles, that allowed them for the first time in decades to capture and hold military centers and civilian territory from the Iraqi Army. As <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam</a> felt increasingly threatened, he commissioned his cousin, <a href="/wiki/Ali_Hassan_al-Majid" title="Ali Hassan al-Majid">Ali Hassan al-Majid</a> also known as <a href="/wiki/Chemical_Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical Ali">Chemical Ali</a> for his use of chemical weapons against Kurdish towns such as <a href="/wiki/Halabja" title="Halabja">Halabja</a>, to launch the <a href="/wiki/Al-Anfal_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Anfal campaign">Al-Anfal campaign</a>. Thousands of Kurdish villages were destroyed, and at least 180,000 civilians perished. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gulf_War_and_Kurdish_Uprising">Gulf War and Kurdish Uprising</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurdistan_Democratic_Party&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Gulf War and Kurdish Uprising"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the wholesale defeat of Iraqi forces by early 1991, unrest gathered pace in Kurdistan. Popular uprisings sprang up in <a href="/wiki/Ranya" title="Ranya">Ranya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duhok,_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Duhok, Iraq">Dohuk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulaymaniyah" title="Sulaymaniyah">Sulaymaniyah</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Erbil" title="Erbil">Erbil</a>. <a href="/wiki/Masoud_Barzani" title="Masoud Barzani">Masoud Barzani</a> himself stated "The uprising came from the people themselves. We didn't expect it."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDowall2004372_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDowall2004372-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the face of international and UN pressure, the United States, Britain, and France led <a href="/wiki/Operation_Provide_Comfort" title="Operation Provide Comfort">Operation Provide Comfort</a> and established the <a href="/w/index.php?title=No-Fly_Zones&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="No-Fly Zones (page does not exist)">No-Fly Zones</a> over what was to become the <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Regional_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdistan Regional Government">Kurdistan Regional Government</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDowall2004373_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDowall2004373-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="KRG_and_self-rule">KRG and self-rule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurdistan_Democratic_Party&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: KRG and self-rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the Iraqi Army re-took Kirkuk and the other southernmost Kurdish areas, while the American and European air forces prevented further encroachment, the KDP-PUK led Kurdistan Front was compelled to, once again, negotiate an autonomy deal with <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a>. <a href="/wiki/Masoud_Barzani" title="Masoud Barzani">Masoud Barzani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jalal_Talabani" title="Jalal Talabani">Jalal Talabani</a> negotiated, and acted, as separate leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-MDD_376_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MDD_376-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barzani continued to insist upon Kirkuk, while Talabani, deeply sceptical of any of <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam</a>'s promises, warned against signing any agreement that would not demand international recognition. This disunity weakened the Kurdish position, and <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam</a> preferred to deal with <a href="/wiki/Masoud_Barzani" title="Masoud Barzani">Barzani</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MDD_376_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MDD_376-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Negotiations stalled, and <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam</a> strengthened his position by isolating the Kurdish region, cutting off all imports and exports leading up to a harsh winter. Kurds began to demonstrate against both <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam</a> and the ineffectiveness of their leaders, chanting "We want bread and butter, not <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam</a> and not the Kurdistan Front!" <a href="/wiki/Masoud_Barzani" title="Masoud Barzani">Masoud Barzani</a> stated: "Our governing process is paralyzed.... there is a crisis in the Kurdistan Front."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDowall2004379_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDowall2004379-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iraqi_Kurdish_peshmerga_fighter_in_the_Kurdistan_Democratic_Party_(KDP)_in_2003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Iraqi_Kurdish_peshmerga_fighter_in_the_Kurdistan_Democratic_Party_%28KDP%29_in_2003.jpg" decoding="async" width="203" height="300" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="203" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Iraqi Kurdish peshmerga fighter in 2003.</figcaption></figure> <p>The isolation gave the Kurdish leadership the chance to hold elections, without Baghdad's interference. Thus in May 1992, the first Kurdish democratic <a href="/wiki/1992_Kurdish_Elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1992 Kurdish Elections">elections</a> in history took place. The election campaigning had little to do with ideology, and was mostly about loyalty to either tribe or Peshmerga group (KDP or PUK). Indeed, certain factions even sold their votes to one of the two leading parties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDowall2004380_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDowall2004380-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The PUK espoused a slightly more robust form of self-government, but the results accorded basically to each party's territorial control. The KDP won 51 of the available 100 seats, with the <a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Union_of_Kurdistan" title="Patriotic Union of Kurdistan">PUK</a> winning the remaining 49. </p><p>Despite this success, the division between the two parties was deep-seated. The KDP and Barzani loyalists were mostly from the north of the region and Bahdini-speakers, while the PUK's support was almost exclusively from the <a href="/wiki/Sorani" title="Sorani">Sorani</a>-speaking area, and based in the more progressive city of Sulaymaniyah. One veteran Kurdish politician said: "They [Barzani and Talabani] do not trust each other. If you visit one all he can do is talk about the other. They are obsessed with their party rivalry ... they do not work out any common strategy. There is not strategy at all, except to get ahead of the other party."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDowall2004385_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDowall2004385-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When PUK veteran <a href="/wiki/Fuad_Masum" title="Fuad Masum">Fuad Masum</a> was appointed prime minister, he resigned in protest of the bipolar situation. Thus the Kurdistan Region was effectively two states within a state, ruled by two different parties, armies, and security forces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDowall2004386_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDowall2004386-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fighting broke out in May 1994 between the KDP and the PUK, dividing Iraqi Kurdistan into two regions, with the KDP receiving support from the Iraqi government as well as Turkey and Iran. <a href="/wiki/PKK" class="mw-redirect" title="PKK">PKK</a> fought alongside the PUK, and the United States would intervene in 1996 and negotiate a peace agreement in September 1998.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-eaj_1_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eaj_1-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> both the KDP and PUK became wealthy recipients of Iraq's oil money transferred to them in cash by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Bremer" title="Paul Bremer">Paul Bremer</a>. </p><p>Most recently, when the <a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Change" class="mw-redirect" title="Movement for Change">Movement for Change</a> called for the resignation of the Cabinet and the disbanding of the <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Regional_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdistan Regional Government">Kurdistan Regional Government</a> following the <a href="/wiki/2011_Egyptian_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Egyptian protests">2011 Egyptian protests</a>, the KDP responded to the accompanying protests against the Kurdistan Regional Government, by opening fire, killing two protesters and wounding several others.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later in the evening, they burnt down several buildings belonging to Movement for Change, including a TV and radio station.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ao_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ao-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has led to more demonstrations and public outrage. Both governing and opposing parties criticized the party for causing unnecessary unrest, stating that there is no need for the Kurdish government to step down.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> have urged for the protests to be allowed and for an independent investigation into the killings to be made.<sup id="cite_ref-ao_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ao-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Election_results">Election results</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurdistan_Democratic_Party&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Election results"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Presidential_election">Presidential election</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurdistan_Democratic_Party&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Presidential election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4">Presidential election </th></tr> <tr> <th>Election </th> <th>Candidate </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>Result </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1992_Kurdistan_Region_presidential_election" title="1992 Kurdistan Region presidential election">1992</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Masoud_Barzani" title="Masoud Barzani">Masoud Barzani</a> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">–</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">–</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2009_Kurdistan_Region_presidential_election" title="2009 Kurdistan Region presidential election">2009</a> </td> <td>1,266,397 </td> <td>69.6% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parliamentary_election">Parliamentary election</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurdistan_Democratic_Party&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Parliamentary election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="8">Parliamentary election </th></tr> <tr> <th>Election </th> <th>Leader </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th>Seats </th> <th>+/– </th> <th>Position </th> <th>Outcome </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1992_Kurdistan_Region_parliamentary_election" title="1992 Kurdistan Region parliamentary election">1992</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Masoud_Barzani" title="Masoud Barzani">Masoud Barzani</a> </td> <td>437,879 </td> <td>45.3% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">51 / 100</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FFDB00; width: 51%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">–</div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>1st </td> <td style="background:#cfc;">Government </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2005_Kurdistan_Region_parliamentary_election" title="2005 Kurdistan Region parliamentary election">2005</a> </td> <td rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Nechirvan_Barzani" title="Nechirvan Barzani">Nechirvan Barzani</a> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">–</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">–</div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">40 / 111</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FFDB00; width: 36%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>11 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>1st </td> <td style="background:#cfc;">Government </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2009_Kurdistan_Region_parliamentary_election" title="2009 Kurdistan Region parliamentary election">2009</a> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">–</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">–</div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">30 / 111</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FFDB00; width: 27%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>10 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>1st </td> <td style="background:#cfc;">Government </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2013_Kurdistan_Region_parliamentary_election" title="2013 Kurdistan Region parliamentary election">2013</a> </td> <td>743,984 </td> <td>37.8% </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iraqi_Kurdistan_parliamentary_election_2013_results_%2B_minorities.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Iraqi_Kurdistan_parliamentary_election_2013_results_%2B_minorities.svg/100px-Iraqi_Kurdistan_parliamentary_election_2013_results_%2B_minorities.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Iraqi_Kurdistan_parliamentary_election_2013_results_%2B_minorities.svg/150px-Iraqi_Kurdistan_parliamentary_election_2013_results_%2B_minorities.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Iraqi_Kurdistan_parliamentary_election_2013_results_%2B_minorities.svg/200px-Iraqi_Kurdistan_parliamentary_election_2013_results_%2B_minorities.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <hr /><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">38 / 111</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FFDB00; width: 34%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>8 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>1st </td> <td style="background:#cfc;">Government </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2018_Kurdistan_Region_parliamentary_election" title="2018 Kurdistan Region parliamentary election">2018</a> </td> <td>688,070 </td> <td>44.1% </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iraqi_Kurdistan_Parliament_2018_results.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Iraqi_Kurdistan_Parliament_2018_results.svg/100px-Iraqi_Kurdistan_Parliament_2018_results.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Iraqi_Kurdistan_Parliament_2018_results.svg/150px-Iraqi_Kurdistan_Parliament_2018_results.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Iraqi_Kurdistan_Parliament_2018_results.svg/200px-Iraqi_Kurdistan_Parliament_2018_results.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <hr /><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">45 / 111</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FFDB00; width: 41%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>7 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>1st </td> <td style="background:#cfc;">Government </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2024_Kurdistan_Region_parliamentary_election" title="2024 Kurdistan Region parliamentary election">2024</a> </td> <td>809,197 </td> <td>43.15% </td> <td> <hr /><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">39 / 100</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FFDB00; width: 39%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>6 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>1st </td> <td style="background:#cfc;">Government </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Governorate_election">Governorate election</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurdistan_Democratic_Party&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Governorate election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="8">Governorate election </th></tr> <tr> <th>Election </th> <th>Leader </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th>Seats </th> <th>+/– </th> <th>Position </th> <th>Outcome </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2005_Kurdistan_Region_governorate_elections" title="2005 Kurdistan Region governorate elections">2005</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Masoud_Barzani" title="Masoud Barzani">Masoud Barzani</a> </td> <td>741,483 </td> <td>42.1% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">61 / 123</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FFDB00; width: 50%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">–</div> </td> <td>2nd </td> <td style="background:#cfc;">Government </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2014_Kurdistan_Region_governorate_elections" title="2014 Kurdistan Region governorate elections">2014</a> </td> <td>816,654 </td> <td>37.8% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">34 / 90</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FFDB00; width: 38%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>27 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>1st </td> <td style="background:#cfc;">Government </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_leaders">Political leaders</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurdistan_Democratic_Party&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Political leaders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Party_leaders">Party leaders</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurdistan_Democratic_Party&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Party leaders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Image </th> <th>Year </th> <th>Name </th> <th class="unsortable">Period </th> <th>Time in office </th></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Barzani1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Barzani1.jpg/60px-Barzani1.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Barzani1.jpg/90px-Barzani1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Barzani1.jpg/120px-Barzani1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="269" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> </td> <td>1946 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Barzani" title="Mustafa Barzani">Mustafa Barzani</a> </td> <td>1946–1979 </td> <td>33 years </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Masoud_Barzani_February_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Masoud_Barzani_February_2015.jpg/60px-Masoud_Barzani_February_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Masoud_Barzani_February_2015.jpg/90px-Masoud_Barzani_February_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Masoud_Barzani_February_2015.jpg/120px-Masoud_Barzani_February_2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1368" data-file-height="1964" /></a></span> </td> <td>1979 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Massoud_Barzani" class="mw-redirect" title="Massoud Barzani">Massoud Barzani</a> </td> <td>1979–present </td> <td>Incumbent </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Branches">Branches</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurdistan_Democratic_Party&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Branches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kurdistan Democratic Party was established on August 16, 1946, under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Barzani" title="Mustafa Barzani">Mustafa Barzani</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The leadership and organisational structure of the party is as follows: </p> <ul><li>President</li> <li>Vice President</li> <li>Political Bureau</li> <li>Central Committee</li></ul> <p>The structure and party administration is divided into regions or branches known as "Liq", districts as "Nawçe", local organisations as "Řekxiraw" and cells as "Şane". Each Liq is subdivided into Nawçe; Nawçe into Řekxiraw and Řekxiraw into Şanes. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li>1st Branch – <a href="/wiki/Dohuk" class="mw-redirect" title="Dohuk">Duhok</a></li> <li>2nd Branch – <a href="/wiki/Erbil" title="Erbil">Hewlêr</a></li> <li>3rd Branch – <a href="/wiki/Kirkuk" title="Kirkuk">Kerkûk</a></li> <li>4th Branch – <a href="/wiki/Sulaymaniyah" title="Sulaymaniyah">Silêmanî</a></li> <li>5th Branch – <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a></li> <li>6th Branch – <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> (London)</li> <li>7th Branch – <a href="/wiki/Northern_America" title="Northern America">Northern America</a> (Washington D.C.)</li></ul> <ul><li>9th Branch – <a href="/wiki/Aqrah" class="mw-redirect" title="Aqrah">Akrê</a></li> <li>10th Branch – <a href="/wiki/Diana,_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Diana, Iraq">Soran</a> (Rewanduz region)</li> <li>11th Branch – <a href="/wiki/Ranya" title="Ranya">Ranye</a>/ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Qeladiza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qeladiza (page does not exist)">Qeladiza</a></li> <li>12th Branch – <a href="/wiki/Halabja" title="Halabja">Helebce</a></li> <li>14th Branch – <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a></li> <li>15th Branch – <a href="/wiki/Khanaqin" title="Khanaqin">Xaneqîn</a></li> <li>16th Branch – Hewlêr-Şaweys</li> <li>17th Branch – <a href="/wiki/Sinjar" title="Sinjar">Şingal</a></li> <li>18th Branch – <a href="/wiki/Amadiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Amadiya">Amêdî</a></li> <li>19th Branch – <a href="/wiki/Chamchamal" title="Chamchamal">Çemçemal</a></li> <li>20th Branch – <a href="/wiki/Ain_Sifni" title="Ain Sifni">Şêxan</a></li> <li>21st Branch – Germiyan-<a href="/wiki/Kelar" class="mw-redirect" title="Kelar">Kelar</a></li> <li>23rd Branch – <a href="/wiki/Makhmur,_Iraq" title="Makhmur, Iraq">Mexmûr</a></li> <li>24th Branch – Şeqlawe</li> <li>26th Branch – Balekayetî-<a href="/wiki/Choman_(City)" class="mw-redirect" title="Choman (City)">Çoman</a></li></ul> </div> <p>Members of Political Bureau or Central Committee head each branch. Other members are elected at branch and district conferences. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Congresses">Congresses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurdistan_Democratic_Party&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Congresses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Congress">First Congress</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurdistan_Democratic_Party&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: First Congress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first congress of the party convened in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> in 1946, thanks to <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Barzani" title="Mustafa Barzani">Barzani</a>'s initiative in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Mahabad" title="Republic of Mahabad">Republic of Mahabad</a> Indeed, the peculiar circumstances of the <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish people">Kurdish people</a> necessitated the existence of a patriotic, nationalist and democratic party capable of leading the movement of the <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a>. At this congress, the party's statute was formulated and <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Barzani" title="Mustafa Barzani">Barzani</a> was elected the first president of the party.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Congress">Second Congress</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurdistan_Democratic_Party&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Second Congress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Second Congress convened in Baghdad in March 1951 at a time when some of the party's leadership members had been arrested by the Iraqi regime and the party members were subjected to arrest and chasing under martial laws and the party ranks were beginning to disintegrate.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_Congress">Third Congress</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurdistan_Democratic_Party&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Third Congress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Third Congress convened in <a href="/wiki/Kirkuk" title="Kirkuk">Kirkuk</a> on January 26, 1953, with the view of reinforcing the party ranks. It was in this congress that the party's name was changed from the Kurdish Democratic Party into the Kurdistan Democratic Party. It was also decided to form a number of Kurdish popular and professional organisations, and the name of the party's organ was changed from Rizgari to Khebat.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fourth_Congress">Fourth Congress</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurdistan_Democratic_Party&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Fourth Congress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This congress convened in Baghdad, October 4–7, 1959 following the demise of the Iraqi Monarchy amidst considerable political freedom. <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Barzani" title="Mustafa Barzani">Mustafa Barzani</a> and his comrades had already returned home from the Soviet exile. This Congress is considered to be one of the most important congresses of the KDP and the first one to be attended by Barzani. In this congress, the KDP was able to rid itself of the ideological conflicts and adopt a nationalist and progressive position.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fifth_Congress">Fifth Congress</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurdistan_Democratic_Party&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Fifth Congress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Fifth Congress convened at the KDP's Headquarter in Baghdad in early May 1960. It convened following the announcement of the political parties' law. This was the first time for the KDP to be officially permitted to conduct its activities publicly and legally.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sixth_Congress">Sixth Congress</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurdistan_Democratic_Party&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Sixth Congress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This congress convened in Qala Diza in early July 1964. It was devoted to the conflicts, within the leadership, brought about by the negotiations that had taken place between the Kurdish movement and the Iraqi regime. Representatives from the Ahmad-Talabani faction were arrested on arrival.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seventh_Congress">Seventh Congress</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurdistan_Democratic_Party&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Seventh Congress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Seventh Congress convened in Galala on November 15, 1966, in the wake of June 29 agreement. The KDP seized the chance to further unify its ranks<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eighth_Congress">Eighth Congress</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurdistan_Democratic_Party&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Eighth Congress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This congress convened in Naw Pirdan on July 1, 1970, almost four months after March 11 Agreement with the objective of enhancing the ranks of the party, the people of <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a> and that of Iraqi people as whole. This congress is considered to be a very important one with regard to organisation, maximum attendance by party members, guests, friends of the party and the <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish people">Kurdish people</a> as well as realisation of the congressional objectives.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ninth_Congress">Ninth Congress</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurdistan_Democratic_Party&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Ninth Congress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This congress convened on the Iraqi–Iranian–Turkish borders, December 4–13, 1979. It was the first congress after the death of its leader Mustafa Barzani. It was also the first congress after the 1975 conspiracy. The congress was considerably successful in reorganising the parties ranks and re-establishment of the May Revolution institutions. It was in this congress that <a href="/wiki/Masoud_Barzani" title="Masoud Barzani">Masoud Barzani</a> was elected the chairman of the KDP; in his words, "this was the most difficult and burdensome congress". <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sami_Abd_al_Rahman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sami Abd al Rahman (page does not exist)">Sami Abd al Rahman</a> and other intellectuals began to dissociate themselves from the party, dissatisfied with the traditionalism implicit in Barzani leadership and its supporters, and by the close ties forged by <a href="/wiki/Idris_Barzani" title="Idris Barzani">Idris Barzani</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Khomeini" class="mw-redirect" title="Khomeini">Khomeini</a> regime.<sup id="cite_ref-MDD_346_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MDD_346-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tenth_Congress">Tenth Congress</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurdistan_Democratic_Party&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Tenth Congress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This congress of the KDP convened in the district of Margewer, December 12–17, 1989. It was in the aftermath of the well documented barbaric chemical attacks against the Kurds and the <a href="/wiki/Anfal" class="mw-redirect" title="Anfal">Anfal</a> operations by the Iraqi regime resulting in the annihilation of tens of thousands of helpless people, displacement and deportation of a similar number of innocent civilians with devastation of more than 4.500 Kurdish villages and townships. In this congress heavy emphasis was laid on unifying the party ranks, and consolidating the Kurdistan Front and popular unity.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eleventh_Congress">Eleventh Congress</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurdistan_Democratic_Party&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Eleventh Congress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This congress was convened in <a href="/wiki/Erbil" title="Erbil">Erbil</a> on August 16, 1993, against the background of new and rapid developments in Kurdish politics and the region. Over two-thirds of the <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region" title="Kurdistan Region">Kurdistan Region</a> was controlled by the Kurds and an elected <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_National_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdistan National Assembly">Kurdish National Assembly</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Regional_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdistan Regional Government">regional government</a> was running the affairs of Kurds. In the 11th Congress, a number of other political parties reunited with the KDP and further consolidated and strengthened the party's position amongst the Kurdish nation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twelfth_Congress">Twelfth Congress</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurdistan_Democratic_Party&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Twelfth Congress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This congress was convened in Erbil from October 6 to October 13 and held against a background of several years of internal conflicts and KDP's leading role in the third cabinet of the <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Regional_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdistan Regional Government">regional government</a>. The developments in the region and the world all contributed to KDP's new outlook and approaches to international and regional politics. New figures and fresh blood were introduced into the new leadership through a democratic election of Central Committee.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thirteenth_Congress">Thirteenth Congress</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurdistan_Democratic_Party&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Thirteenth Congress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The party's 13th congress was held in December 2010 in <a href="/wiki/Erbil" title="Erbil">Erbil</a>, capital of Kurdistan, under the banner of Renewal, Justice and Coexistence. The congress re-elected Masoud Barzani as president of the party and welcomed the appointment of Nechirvan Barzani as vice president.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurdistan_Democratic_Party&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_storming_of_the_Kurdistan_Democratic_Party_headquarters" title="2020 storming of the Kurdistan Democratic Party headquarters">2020 storming of the Kurdistan Democratic Party headquarters</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurdistan_Democratic_Party&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://epc.ae/en/details/featured/what-changes-will-the-kurdistan-democratic-party-congress-bring-">"What Changes Will the Kurdistan Democratic Party Congress Bring?"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+Changes+Will+the+Kurdistan+Democratic+Party+Congress+Bring%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fepc.ae%2Fen%2Fdetails%2Ffeatured%2Fwhat-changes-will-the-kurdistan-democratic-party-congress-bring-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Democratic+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://epc.ae/en/details/featured/what-changes-will-the-kurdistan-democratic-party-congress-bring-">"What Changes Will the Kurdistan Democratic Party Congress Bring?"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+Changes+Will+the+Kurdistan+Democratic+Party+Congress+Bring%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fepc.ae%2Fen%2Fdetails%2Ffeatured%2Fwhat-changes-will-the-kurdistan-democratic-party-congress-bring-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Democratic+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span 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cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://epc.ae/en/details/featured/what-changes-will-the-kurdistan-democratic-party-congress-bring-">"What Changes Will the Kurdistan Democratic Party Congress Bring?"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+Changes+Will+the+Kurdistan+Democratic+Party+Congress+Bring%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fepc.ae%2Fen%2Fdetails%2Ffeatured%2Fwhat-changes-will-the-kurdistan-democratic-party-congress-bring-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Democratic+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://epc.ae/en/details/featured/what-changes-will-the-kurdistan-democratic-party-congress-bring-">"What Changes Will the Kurdistan Democratic Party Congress Bring?"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+Changes+Will+the+Kurdistan+Democratic+Party+Congress+Bring%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fepc.ae%2Fen%2Fdetails%2Ffeatured%2Fwhat-changes-will-the-kurdistan-democratic-party-congress-bring-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Democratic+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thekurdishproject.org/history-and-culture/kurdish-democracy/kdp-kurdistan-democratic-party/">"Kurdish Democratic Party KDP"</a>. <i>The Kurdish Project</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Eye&rft.atitle=Two+leading+Iraqi+Kurdish+parties+are+taken+off+US+terrorism+list&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.middleeasteye.net%2Fnews%2Ftwo-leading-iraqi-kurdish-parties-are-taken-us-terrorism-list&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Democratic+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDowall2004241-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDowall2004241_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcDowall2004">McDowall 2004</a>, p. 241.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MDD_242-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MDD_242_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MDD_242_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MDD_242_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MDD_242_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MDD_242_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcDowall2004">McDowall 2004</a>, p. 242</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDowall2004297-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDowall2004297_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcDowall2004">McDowall 2004</a>, p. 297.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDowall2004299-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDowall2004299_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcDowall2004">McDowall 2004</a>, p. 299.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDowall2004300-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDowall2004300_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcDowall2004">McDowall 2004</a>, p. 300.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MDD_302-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MDD_302_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MDD_302_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcDowall2004">McDowall 2004</a>, p. 302</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MDD_303-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MDD_303_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MDD_303_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcDowall2004">McDowall 2004</a>, p. 303</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MDD_305-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MDD_305_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MDD_305_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcDowall2004">McDowall 2004</a>, p. 305</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MDD_306-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MDD_306_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MDD_306_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcDowall2004">McDowall 2004</a>, p. 306</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDowall2004307-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDowall2004307_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcDowall2004">McDowall 2004</a>, p. 307.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDowall2004311-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDowall2004311_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcDowall2004">McDowall 2004</a>, p. 311.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDowall2004312-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDowall2004312_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcDowall2004">McDowall 2004</a>, p. 312.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDowall2004313-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDowall2004313_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcDowall2004">McDowall 2004</a>, p. 313.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MDD_314-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MDD_314_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MDD_314_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MDD_314_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcDowall2004">McDowall 2004</a>, p. 314</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDowall2004316-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDowall2004316_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcDowall2004">McDowall 2004</a>, p. 316.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MDD_317-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MDD_317_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MDD_317_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcDowall2004">McDowall 2004</a>, p. 317</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDowall2004317–323-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDowall2004317–323_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcDowall2004">McDowall 2004</a>, pp. 317–323.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDowall2004324-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDowall2004324_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcDowall2004">McDowall 2004</a>, p. 324.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDowall2004325-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDowall2004325_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcDowall2004">McDowall 2004</a>, p. 325.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDowall2004328-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDowall2004328_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcDowall2004">McDowall 2004</a>, p. 328.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MDD_331-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MDD_331_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MDD_331_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcDowall2004">McDowall 2004</a>, p. 331</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDowall2004333-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDowall2004333_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcDowall2004">McDowall 2004</a>, p. 333.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDowall2004335-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDowall2004335_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcDowall2004">McDowall 2004</a>, p. 335.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MDD_337-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MDD_337_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MDD_337_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcDowall2004">McDowall 2004</a>, p. 337</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDowall2004339-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDowall2004339_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcDowall2004">McDowall 2004</a>, p. 339.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDowall2004340-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDowall2004340_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcDowall2004">McDowall 2004</a>, p. 340.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDowall2004344-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDowall2004344_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcDowall2004">McDowall 2004</a>, p. 344.</span> </li> 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kdp.se">the original</a> on 10 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=KDP&rft.pub=Kdp.se&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kdp.se&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Democratic+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurdistan_Democratic_Party&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDowall2004" class="citation book cs1">McDowall, David (2004). <i>A modern history of the Kurds</i> (3rd ed.). London: I.B. Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85043-416-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-85043-416-6"><bdi>1-85043-416-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+modern+history+of+the+Kurds&rft.place=London&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-85043-416-6&rft.aulast=McDowall&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Democratic+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGürbeyHofmannSeyder2017" class="citation book cs1">Gürbey, Gülistan; Hofmann, Sabine; Seyder, Ferhad Ibrahim (2017). <i>Between State and Non-State: Politics and Society in Kurdistan-Iraq and Palestine</i>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781137601810" title="Special:BookSources/9781137601810"><bdi>9781137601810</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+State+and+Non-State%3A+Politics+and+Society+in+Kurdistan-Iraq+and+Palestine&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781137601810&rft.aulast=G%C3%BCrbey&rft.aufirst=G%C3%BClistan&rft.au=Hofmann%2C+Sabine&rft.au=Seyder%2C+Ferhad+Ibrahim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Democratic+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEntessar2010" class="citation book cs1">Entessar, N. (2010). <i>Kurdish Politics in the Middle East</i>. Lexington Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-4039-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-4039-0"><bdi>978-0-7391-4039-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kurdish+Politics+in+the+Middle+East&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-4039-0&rft.aulast=Entessar&rft.aufirst=N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdistan+Democratic+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iraqi political parties"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_parties_in_Iraq_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Iraq&#124;link=Iraq" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Iraq" title="List of political parties in Iraq">Political parties in Iraq</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq"><img alt="Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major political parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadrist_Movement" title="Sadrist Movement">Sadrists</a> (73)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_Party_(Iraq)" title="Progress Party (Iraq)">Progress Party</a> (37)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Law_Coalition" title="State of Law Coalition">State of Law Coalition</a> (33) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Dawa_Party" title="Islamic Dawa Party">Islamic Dawa Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Dawa_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Organisation" title="Islamic Dawa Party – Iraq Organisation">Islamic Dawa Party – Iraq Organisation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kurdistan Democratic Party</a> (31)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatah_Alliance" title="Fatah Alliance">Fatah Alliance</a> (17) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badr_Organization" title="Badr Organization">Badr Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sadiqoun_Bloc" title="Al-Sadiqoun Bloc">Al-Sadiqoun Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Supreme_Council_of_Iraq" title="Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq">Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Union_of_Kurdistan" title="Patriotic Union of Kurdistan">Patriotic Union of Kurdistan</a> (17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azem_Alliance" title="Azem Alliance">Azem Alliance</a> (14)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minor political parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emtidad_Movement" title="Emtidad Movement">Emtidad Movement</a> (9)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Generation_Movement" title="New Generation Movement">New Generation Movement</a> (9)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishraqat_Kanoon" title="Ishraqat Kanoon">Ishraqat Kanoon</a> (6)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasmim_Alliance" title="Tasmim Alliance">Tasmim Alliance</a> (5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_Alliance" title="Victory Alliance">Victory Alliance</a> (4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Justice_Group" title="Kurdistan Justice Group">Kurdistan Justice Group</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen_Front" title="Iraqi Turkmen Front">Iraqi Turkmen Front</a> (1)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reserved Christian seats (5)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babylon_Movement" title="Babylon Movement">Babylon Movement</a> (4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athra_Alliance" title="Athra Alliance">Athra Alliance</a> (1) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Democratic_Movement" title="Assyrian Democratic Movement">Assyrian Democratic Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Patriotic_Party" title="Assyrian Patriotic Party">Assyrian Patriotic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_Nahrin_Patriotic_Union" title="Beth Nahrin Patriotic Union">Beth Nahrin Patriotic Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Syriac_Assyrian_Popular_Council" title="Chaldean Syriac Assyrian Popular Council">Chaldean Syriac Assyrian Popular Council</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reserved minority seats (3)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hareth_Shanshal_Sunaid" title="Hareth Shanshal Sunaid">Hareth Shanshal Sunaid</a> (1) [Mandaean seat]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidi_Movement_for_Reform_and_Progress" title="Yazidi Movement for Reform and Progress">Yazidi Movement for Reform and Progress</a> (1) [Yazidi seat]</li> <li>Council of Free Shabaks (1) [Shabak seat]</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unrepresented in parliament</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Iraqis_(party)" title="The Iraqis (party)">The Iraqis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Banned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir" title="Hizb ut-Tahrir">Hizb ut-Tahrir</a></li> <li>Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region">in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Iraqi-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)">pan-Arab organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Awda_(guerrilla_organization)" title="Al-Awda (guerrilla organization)">al-Awda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberation_Front" title="Arab Liberation Front">Arab Liberation Front</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Iraq" title="Politics of Iraq">Politics of Iraq</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kurdistan_Region_Parliament_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Kurdistan_Region&#124;link=Kurdistan_Region" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kurdistan_Region_Parliament" title="Template:Kurdistan Region Parliament"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kurdistan_Region_Parliament" title="Template talk:Kurdistan Region Parliament"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kurdistan_Region_Parliament" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kurdistan Region Parliament"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kurdistan_Region_Parliament_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Kurdistan_Region&#124;link=Kurdistan_Region" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region_Parliament" title="Kurdistan Region Parliament">Kurdistan Region Parliament</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region" title="Kurdistan Region"><img alt="Kurdistan Region" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kurdistan Democratic Party</a> (38)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Change" class="mw-redirect" title="Movement for Change">Movement for Change</a> (24)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Union_of_Kurdistan" title="Patriotic Union of Kurdistan">Patriotic Union of Kurdistan</a> (18)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Islamic_Union" title="Kurdistan Islamic Union">Kurdistan Islamic Union</a> (10)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Justice_Group" title="Kurdistan Justice Group">Kurdistan Justice Group</a> (6)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Democratic_Movement" title="Assyrian Democratic Movement">Assyrian Democratic Movement</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Syriac_Assyrian_Popular_Council" title="Chaldean Syriac Assyrian Popular Council">Chaldean Syriac Assyrian Popular Council</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Kurdistan_%E2%80%93_Iraq" title="Communist Party of Kurdistan – Iraq">Communist Party of Kurdistan – Iraq</a> (1)</li> <li>Erbil Turkmen (1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen_Front" title="Iraqi Turkmen Front">Iraqi Turkmen Front</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Islamic_Movement" title="Kurdistan Islamic Movement">Kurdistan Islamic Movement</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Socialist_Democratic_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdistan Socialist Democratic Party">Kurdistan Socialist Democratic Party</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Mesopotamia" title="Sons of Mesopotamia">Sons of Mesopotamia</a> (1)</li> <li>Turkmen Change and Renewal (1)</li> <li>Turkmen Development List (1)</li> <li>Independent <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenians in Iraq">Armenian</a> (1)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurdistan_Democratic_Party&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Includes six seats from the KDP-led Kurdistan Alliance in the Nineveh Governorate</span> </li> </ol></div></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kurdish_organisations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kurdish_organisations" title="Template:Kurdish organisations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kurdish_organisations" title="Template talk:Kurdish organisations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kurdish_organisations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kurdish organisations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kurdish_organisations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kurdish_organisations" title="List of Kurdish organisations">Kurdish organisations</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Political parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yezidi_National_Union_ULE" title="Yezidi National Union ULE">Yezidi National Union (ULE)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Militant organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Komala_Party_of_Iranian_Kurdistan" title="Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan">Komala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komalah_(CPI)" title="Komalah (CPI)">Komalah (CPI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Iranian_Kurdistan" title="Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan">Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iran</a> (KDP-I)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Democratic_Party_(Iran)" title="Kurdistan Democratic Party (Iran)">Kurdistan Democratic Party</a> (KDP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Freedom_Party" title="Kurdistan Freedom Party">Kurdistan Freedom Party</a> (PAK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Free_Life_Party" title="Kurdistan Free Life Party">Kurdistan Free Life Party</a> (PJAK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Iranian_Kurdistan_Struggle" title="Organization of Iranian Kurdistan Struggle">Organization of Iranian Kurdistan Struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sipay_Rizgari" class="mw-redirect" title="Sipay Rizgari">Sipay Rizgari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Political parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Call_and_Reform_Organization" title="Iranian Call and Reform Organization">Iranian Call and Reform Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_United_Front" title="Kurdish United Front">Kurdish United Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Militant organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peshmerga" title="Peshmerga">Peshmerga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Az%C3%AEdxan_Protection_Force" title="Êzîdxan Protection Force">Êzîdxan Protection Force</a> (HPŞ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinjar_Resistance_Units" title="Sinjar Resistance Units">Sinjar Resistance Units</a> (YBŞ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Az%C3%AEdxan_Women%27s_Units" title="Êzîdxan Women's Units">Êzîdxan Women's Units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asay%C3%AE%C5%9Fa_%C3%8Az%C3%AEdxan%C3%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="Asayîşa Êzîdxanê">Asayîşa Êzîdxanê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badr_Organization#Structure" title="Badr Organization">Fayli Kurd Brigade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Political parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_Party_for_the_Independence_of_Kurdistan" title="Action Party for the Independence of Kurdistan">Action Party for the Independence of Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Union_of_Kurdistan" title="Democratic National Union of Kurdistan">Democratic National Union of Kurdistan</a> (YNDK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Patriotic_Alliance_of_Kurdistan" title="Democratic Patriotic Alliance of Kurdistan">Democratic Patriotic Alliance of Kurdistan</a> (DPAK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Change" class="mw-redirect" title="Movement for Change">Gorran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Fayli_Grouping_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Fayli Grouping in Iraq">Islamic Fayli Grouping in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Islamic_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdistan Islamic Group">Kurdistan Islamic Group</a> (IGK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Islamic_Movement" title="Kurdistan Islamic Movement">Kurdistan Islamic Movement</a> (IMK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Tribal_Association" title="Kurdish Tribal Association">Kurdish Tribal Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Kurdistan_%E2%80%93_Iraq" title="Communist Party of Kurdistan – Iraq">Communist Party of Kurdistan – Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Conservative_Party" title="Kurdistan Conservative Party">Kurdistan Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kurdistan Democratic Party</a> (KDP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Democratic_Party_%E2%80%93_Progressive_Front" title="Kurdistan Democratic Party – Progressive Front">Kurdistan Democratic Party – Progressive Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Democratic_Solution_Party" title="Kurdistan Democratic Solution Party">Kurdistan Democratic Solution Party</a> (PÇDK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Islamic_Union" title="Kurdistan Islamic Union">Kurdistan Islamic Union</a> (KIU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Generation_Movement" title="New Generation Movement">New Generation Movement</a> (NG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_List" title="Kurdistan List">Kurdistan List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Revolutionary_Party" title="Kurdistan Revolutionary Party">Kurdistan Revolutionary Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Socialist_Democratic_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdistan Socialist Democratic Party">Kurdistan Socialist Democratic Party</a> (KSDP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Toilers%27_Party" title="Kurdistan Toilers' Party">Kurdistan Toilers' Party</a> (KZP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Union_of_Kurdistan" title="Patriotic Union of Kurdistan">Patriotic Union of Kurdistan</a> (PUK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_and_Reform_List" title="Service and Reform List">Service and Reform List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shursh" title="Shursh">Shursh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Political_parties" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Political parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Democratic_Party_(Lebanon)" title="Kurdish Democratic Party (Lebanon)">Kurdish Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razkari_Party" title="Razkari Party">Razkari Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Militant organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Descendants_of_Saladin_Brigade" title="Descendants of Saladin Brigade">Descendants of Saladin Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Protection_Units" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Protection Units">People's Protection Units</a> (YPG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Protection_Units" title="Women's Protection Units">Women's Protection Units</a> (YPJ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabhat_al-Akrad" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabhat al-Akrad">Kurdish Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Political parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_National_Council" title="Kurdish National Council">Kurdish National Council</a> (KNC-ENKS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Supreme_Committee" title="Kurdish Supreme Committee">Kurdish Supreme Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_National_Alliance_in_Syria" title="Kurdish National Alliance in Syria">Kurdish National Alliance in Syria</a> (HNKS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Democratic_Party_of_Syria" title="Kurdistan Democratic Party of Syria">Kurdistan Democratic Party of Syria</a> (KDP-S)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Democratic_Political_Union" title="Kurdish Democratic Political Union">Kurdish Democratic Political Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_a_Democratic_Society" title="Movement for a Democratic Society">Movement for a Democratic Society</a> (TEV-DEM)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Militant organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party" title="Kurdistan Workers' Party">Kurdistan Workers' Party</a> (PKK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Hezbollah" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Hezbollah">Kurdish Hizbollah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Defence_Forces" title="People's Defence Forces">People's Defence Forces</a> (HPG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Women%27s_Units" title="Free Women's Units">Free Women's Units</a> (YJA-STAR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Freedom_Hawks" title="Kurdistan Freedom Hawks">Kurdistan Freedom Hawks</a> (TAK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/YDG-H" title="YDG-H">Patriotic Revolutionary Youth Movement</a> (YDG-H)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Protection_Units" title="Civil Protection Units">Civil Protection Units</a> (YPS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Protection_Units-Women" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Protection Units-Women">Civil Protection Units-Women</a> (YPS-Jin)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Political_Movement_in_Turkey" title="Kurdish Political Movement in Turkey">Political parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Kurdistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of Kurdistan">Communist Party of Kurdistan</a> (KKP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_Party_(Turkey)" title="Democracy Party (Turkey)">Democracy Party</a> (DEP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_People%27s_Party_(Turkey)" title="Democratic People's Party (Turkey)">Democratic People's Party</a> (DEHAP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Society_Party" title="Democratic Society Party">Democratic Society Party</a> (DTP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Regions_Party" title="Democratic Regions Party">Democratic Regions Party</a> (DBP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Cause_Party" title="Free Cause Party">Free Cause Party</a> (HÜDA PAR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_and_Democracy_Party" title="Freedom and Democracy Party">Freedom and Democracy Party</a> (ÖZDEP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_and_Equality_Party" title="Freedom and Equality Party">Freedom and Equality Party</a> (ÖZEP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Communities_Union" title="Kurdistan Communities Union">Kurdistan Communities Union</a> (KCK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Islamic_Movement_(Turkey)" title="Kurdistan Islamic Movement (Turkey)">Kurdistan Islamic Movement</a> (HİK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Party_of_Kurdistan" title="Islamic Party of Kurdistan">Islamic Party of Kurdistan</a> (PİK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Democratic_Party/North" title="Kurdistan Democratic Party/North">Kurdistan Democratic Party/North</a> (KDP/Bakur)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Democracy_Party_(Turkey)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace and Democracy Party (Turkey)">Peace and Democracy Party</a> (BDP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peoples%27_Democratic_Party_(Turkey)" title="Peoples' Democratic Party (Turkey)">Peoples' Democratic Party</a> (HDP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democracy_Party" title="People's Democracy Party">People's Democracy Party</a> (HADEP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peoples%27_Equality_and_Democracy_Party" title="Peoples' Equality and Democracy Party">Peoples' Equality and Democracy Party</a> (DEM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Labor_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Labor Party">People's Labor Party</a> (HEP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Party_of_Kurdistan" title="Revolutionary Party of Kurdistan">Revolutionary Party of Kurdistan</a> (PŞK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights_and_Freedoms_Party" title="Rights and Freedoms Party">Rights and Freedoms Party</a> (HAK-PAR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_the_Rise_of_Kurdistan" title="Society for the Rise of Kurdistan">Society for the Rise of Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xoyb%C3%BBn" title="Xoybûn">Xoybûn</a> (CSK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_Vanguard_Party_of_Kurdistan" title="Workers Vanguard Party of Kurdistan">Workers Vanguard Party of Kurdistan</a> (PPKK)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_nationalism" title="Kurdish nationalism">Kurdish nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kurdistan" title="Kingdom of Kurdistan">Kingdom of Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistansky_Uyezd" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdistansky Uyezd">Kurdistansky Uyezd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ararat" title="Republic of Ararat">Republic of Ararat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Mahabad" title="Republic of Mahabad">Republic of Mahabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region" title="Kurdistan Region">Kurdistan Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rojava" class="mw-redirect" title="Rojava">Rojava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kurdish_dynasties_and_countries" title="List of Kurdish dynasties and countries">List of Kurdish dynasties and countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q781221#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q781221#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q781221#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" 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