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href="https://www.worldbank.org/bg/country/bulgaria">Български</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/burkinafaso">Burkina Faso</a> <ul> <li lang="fr"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.banquemondiale.org/fr/country/burkinafaso">Français</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/burundi">Burundi</a> <ul> <li lang="fr"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.banquemondiale.org/fr/country/burundi">Français</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/caboverde">Cabo Verde</a> <ul> <li lang="pt"> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/pt/country/caboverde">Português</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/cambodia">Cambodia</a> <ul> <li lang="km"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/km/country/cambodia">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/cameroon ">Cameroon</a> <ul> <li lang="fr"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.banquemondiale.org/fr/country/cameroon">Français</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/canada">Canada</a> <ul> <li lang="fr"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.banquemondiale.org/fr/country/canada">Français</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/centralafricanrepublic">Central African Republic</a> <ul> <li lang="fr"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.banquemondiale.org/fr/country/centralafricanrepublic">Français</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/chad">Chad</a> <ul> <li lang="fr"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.banquemondiale.org/fr/country/chad">Français</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/chile">Chile</a> <ul> <li lang="es"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.bancomundial.org/es/country/chile">Español</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/china">China</a> <ul> <li lang="zh"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.shihang.org/zh/country/china">中文</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/colombia">Colombia</a> <ul><li lang="es"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.bancomundial.org/es/country/colombia">Español</a></li></ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/comoros">Comoros</a> <ul><li lang="fr"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.banquemondiale.org/fr/country/comoros">Français</a></li></ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/drc">Democratic Republic of Congo</a> <ul><li lang="fr"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.banquemondiale.org/fr/country/drc">Français</a></li></ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/congo">Republic of Congo </a> <ul><li lang="fr"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.banquemondiale.org/fr/country/congo">Français</a></li></ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/costarica">Costa Rica</a> <ul><li lang="es"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.bancomundial.org/es/country/costarica">Español</a></li></ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/cotedivoire">Cote d'Ivoire</a> <ul><li lang="fr"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.banquemondiale.org/fr/country/cotedivoire">Français</a></li></ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/croatia">Croatia</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/eu">Czech Republic</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/denmark">Denmark</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/djibouti">Djibouti</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/caribbean">Dominica</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/dominicanrepublic">Dominican Republic</a> <ul><li lang="es"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.bancomundial.org/es/country/dominicanrepublic">Español</a></li></ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/ecuador">Ecuador</a> <ul><li lang="es"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.bancomundial.org/es/country/ecuador">Español</a></li></ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/egypt">Egypt</a> <ul><li lang="ar"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.albankaldawli.org/ar/country/egypt">عربي</a></li></ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/elsalvador">El Salvador</a> <ul><li lang="es"> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.bancomundial.org/es/country/elsalvador">Español</a></li></ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/equatorialguinea">Equatorial Guinea</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/eritrea">Eritrea</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/estonia">Estonia</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/westerneurope">Europe (Western)</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/pacificislands">Fiji</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/finland">Finland</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/france">France</a> <ul><li lang="fr"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.banquemondiale.org/fr/country/france">Français</a></li></ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/gabon">Gabon</a> <ul><li lang="fr"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.banquemondiale.org/fr/country/gabon">Français</a></li></ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/gambia">The Gambia</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/georgia">Georgia</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/germany">Germany</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/ghana">Ghana</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/greece">Greece</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/caribbean">Grenada</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/guatemala">Guatemala</a> <ul><li lang="es"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.bancomundial.org/es/country/guatemala">Español</a></li></ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/guinea">Guinea</a> <ul><li lang="fr"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.banquemondiale.org/fr/country/guinea">Français</a></li></ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/guineabissau">Guinea-Bissau</a> <ul><li lang="pt"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/pt/country/guineabissau">Português</a></li></ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/guineabissau">Guyana</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/haiti">Haiti</a> <ul><li lang="fr"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.banquemondiale.org/fr/country/haiti">Français</a></li></ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/honduras">Honduras</a> <ul><li lang="es"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.bancomundial.org/es/country/honduras">Español</a></li></ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/eu">Hungary</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/iceland">Iceland</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/india">India</a> <ul><li lang="hi"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/hi/country/india">Hindi</a></li></ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/indonesia">Indonesia</a> <ul><li lang="in"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/in/country/indonesia">Bahasa</a></li></ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/iran">Iran</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/iraq">Iraq</a> <ul><li lang="ar"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.albankaldawli.org/ar/country/iraq">عربي</a></li></ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/israel">Israel</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/italy">Italy</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/jamaica">Jamaica</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/japan">Japan</a> <ul><li lang="ja"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/ja/country/japan">日本語</a></li></ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/jordan">Jordan</a> <ul><li lang="ar"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.albankaldawli.org/ar/country/jordan">عربي</a></li></ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> <ul><li lang="ru"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.vsemirnyjbank.org/ru/country/kazakhstan">Русский</a></li></ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/kenya">Kenya</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/pacificislands">Kiribati</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/korea">Korea</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/kosovo">Kosovo</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/gcc">Kuwait</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/kyrgyzrepublic">Kyrgyz Republic</a> <ul><li lang="ru"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.vsemirnyjbank.org/ru/country/kyrgyzrepublic">Русский</a></li></ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/lao">Lao PDR</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/latvia">Latvia</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/lebanon">Lebanon</a> <ul><li lang="ar"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.albankaldawli.org/ar/country/lebanon">عربي</a></li></ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/lesotho">Lesotho</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/liberia">Liberia</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/libya">Libya</a> <ul><li lang="ar"> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.albankaldawli.org/ar/country/libya">عربي</a></li></ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/lithuania">Lithuania</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> <ul><li lang="fr"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.banquemondiale.org/fr/country/luxembourg">Français</a></li></ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/northmacedonia">FYR of Macedonia</a> <ul><li lang="mk"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/mk/country/macedonia">македонски</a></li></ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/madagascar">Madagascar</a> <ul><li lang="fr"> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.banquemondiale.org/fr/country/madagascar">Français</a></li></ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/malawi">Malawi</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/malaysia">Malaysia</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/maldives">Maldives</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/mali">Mali</a> <ul><li lang="fr"> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.banquemondiale.org/fr/country/mali">Français</a></li></ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/pacificislands">Marshall Islands</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/mauritania">Mauritania</a> <ul><li lang="fr"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.banquemondiale.org/fr/country/mauritania">Français</a></li></ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/mauritius">Mauritius</a> <ul><li lang="fr"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.banquemondiale.org/fr/country/mauritius">Français</a></li></ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/mexico">Mexico</a> <ul><li lang="es"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.bancomundial.org/es/country/mexico">Español</a></li></ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/moldova">Moldova</a> <ul><li lang="ro"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/ro/country/moldova">română</a></li></ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/mongolia">Mongolia</a> <ul><li lang="mn"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/mn/country/mongolia">Монгол</a></li></ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/montenegro">Montenegro</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/morocco">Morocco</a> <ul> <li lang="ar"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.albankaldawli.org/ar/country/morocco">عربي</a></li> <li lang="fr"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.banquemondiale.org/fr/country/morocco">Français</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/mozambique">Mozambique</a> <ul><li lang="pt"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/pt/country/mozambique">Português</a></li></ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/myanmar">Myanmar</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/namibia">Namibia</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/nepal">Nepal</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/netherlands">Netherlands</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/nicaragua">Nicaragua</a> <ul><li lang="es"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.bancomundial.org/es/country/nicaragua">Español</a></li></ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/niger">Niger</a> <ul><li lang="fr"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.banquemondiale.org/fr/country/niger">Français</a></li></ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/nigeria">Nigeria</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/norway">Norway</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/gcc">Oman</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/pakistan">Pakistan</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/pacificislands">Palau</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/panama">Panama</a> <ul><li lang="es"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.bancomundial.org/es/country/panama">Español</a></li></ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/png">Papua New Guinea</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/paraguay">Paraguay</a> <ul><li lang="es"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.bancomundial.org/es/country/paraguay">Español</a></li></ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/peru">Peru</a> <ul><li lang="es"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.bancomundial.org/es/country/peru">Español</a></li></ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/philippines">Philippines</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/poland">Poland</a> <ul><li lang="pl"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/pl/country/poland">Polski</a></li></ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/portugal">Portugal</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/gcc">Qatar</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/romania">Romania</a> <ul><li lang="ro"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/ro/country/romania">Română</a></li></ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/russia">Russia</a> <ul><li lang="ru"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.vsemirnyjbank.org/ru/country/russia">Русский</a></li></ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/rwanda">Rwanda</a> <ul><li lang="fr"> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.banquemondiale.org/fr/country/rwanda">Français</a></li></ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/pacificislands">Samoa</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/saotome">Sao Tome and Principe</a> <ul><li lang="pt"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/pt/country/saotome">Português</a></li></ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/senegal">Senegal</a> <ul><li lang="fr"> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.banquemondiale.org/fr/country/senegal">Français</a></li></ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/serbia">Serbia</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/seychelles">Seychelles</a> <ul><li lang="fr"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.banquemondiale.org/fr/country/seychelles">Français</a></li></ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/sierraleone">Sierra Leone</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/singapore">Singapore</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/eu">Slovak Republic</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/eu">Slovenia</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/pacificislands">Solomon Islands</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/somalia">Somalia</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/southafrica">South Africa</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/southsudan">South Sudan</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/spain">Spain</a> <ul><li lang="es"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.bancomundial.org/es/country/spain">Español</a></li></ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/srilanka">Sri Lanka</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/caribbean">St. Kitts and Nevis</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/caribbean">St. Lucia</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/caribbean">St. Vincent and Grenadines</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/sudan">Sudan</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/caribbean">Suriname</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/eswatini">Swaziland</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/sweden">Sweden</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/switzerland">Switzerland</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/syria">Syria</a> <ul><li lang="ar"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.albankaldawli.org/ar/country/syria">عربي</a></li></ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> <ul><li lang="ru"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.vsemirnyjbank.org/ru/country/tajikistan">Русский</a></li></ul> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/tanzania">Tanzania</a> </li> <li><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/thailand">Thailand</a> <ul><li lang="th"><a class="dropdown-item" 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Poverty reduction, social equity, and sustainable growth are only possible with sound monetary and fiscal policies.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="pagenavigation parbase section"> <div class="n01v1-nav-list"> <div class="full-row-countrynav wrap__country_tab "> <div class = "container"> <nav class="lp__page_nav" aria-label="sub navigation of country page"> <ul class="lp__page_navlist"> <li id="sr__page_navitem0" class = "1 lp__page_navitem active" ><a aria-current="page" title="Macroeconomics Home">Macroeconomics Home</a> </li> <li id="sr__page_navitem1" class = "2 lp__page_navitem "> <a class="" title="Overview" href="/en/topic/macroeconomics/overview">Overview</a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </div><div class="clearfix" aria-hidden="true"></div> </div> <div class="supergrid parbase section"> <div class="full-row-white-components" style=" "> <div class="container"> <div class=""> <div class="par parsys"><div class="redesign_title parbase section"> <div class="lp__heading_v1 "> <h2 class='h2 '>Featured</h2> </div> <div class="clearfix" aria-hidden="true"></div> </div> <div class="carousal_container parbase section"> <div class="lp__featured_components"> <div class="lp__featured_components swiper-container lp__slide_3"> <ul class="swiper-wrapper"> <li class="swiper-slide col-lg-4 col-md-4 col-sm-12 col-xs-12 "> <div class="featuredcard_0 featuredcard parbase"> <!--section for Manual entry IMAGE--> <div class="lp__card lp__card_img_overlay "> <div class="lp__card_img"> <picture> <source type="image/webp" media="(min-width:768px)" srcset="https://worldbank.scene7.com/is/image/worldbankprod/Somalia-story-780x439?wid=780&hei=439&qlt=85,0&resMode=sharp" class="img-responsive lp__cover"> <source type="image/webp" media="(min-width:320px)" srcset="https://worldbank.scene7.com/is/image/worldbankprod/Somalia-story-780x439?wid=780&hei=439&qlt=85,0&resMode=sharp" class="img-responsive lp__cover"> <source media="(min-width:992px)" srcset="https://worldbank.scene7.com/is/image/worldbankprod/Somalia-story-780x439?wid=780&hei=439&qlt=85,0&resMode=sharp" class="img-responsive lp__cover"> <source media="(min-width:768px)" srcset="https://worldbank.scene7.com/is/image/worldbankprod/Somalia-story-780x439?wid=780&hei=439&qlt=85,0&resMode=sharp" class="img-responsive lp__cover"> <source media="(min-width:320px)" srcset="https://worldbank.scene7.com/is/image/worldbankprod/Somalia-story-780x439?wid=780&hei=439&qlt=85,0&resMode=sharp" class="img-responsive lp__cover"> <img src="https://worldbank.scene7.com/is/image/worldbankprod/Somalia-story-780x439?wid=780&hei=439&qlt=85,0&resMode=sharp" alt="How Somalia turned a page amid a global debt crisis" title="How Somalia turned a page amid a global debt crisis" class="img-responsive card_img_cover "> </picture> </div> <section class="lp__card_overlay_content"> <div class="lp__hammer">Immersive story</div> <h3 class= 'lp__card_title'><a href='https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/immersive-story/2024/04/24/reforms-and-relief-how-somalia-turned-a-page-amid-a-global-debt-crisis' tabindex='0'>Reforms and relief: How Somalia turned a page amid a global debt crisis</a></h3> <p class="lp__card_description">Somalia's achievements in debt reduction send a clear signal to the world: the country turned an important page in history—yet big challenges remain ahead.</p> </section> <a href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/immersive-story/2024/04/24/reforms-and-relief-how-somalia-turned-a-page-amid-a-global-debt-crisis" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="lp__overlay-link">Reforms and relief: How Somalia turned a page amid a global debt crisis</a> <!--section for Manual entry EMBED VIDEO--> </div> </div> </li> <li class="swiper-slide col-lg-4 col-md-4 col-sm-12 col-xs-12 "> <div class="featuredcard_1 featuredcard parbase"> <!--section for Manual entry IMAGE--> <div class="lp__card lp__card_img_overlay "> <div class="lp__card_img"> <picture> <source type="image/webp" media="(min-width:768px)" srcset="https://worldbank.scene7.com/is/image/worldbankprod/rising-challenge-policy-action-780x439?wid=780&hei=439&qlt=85,0&resMode=sharp" class="img-responsive lp__cover"> <source type="image/webp" media="(min-width:320px)" srcset="https://worldbank.scene7.com/is/image/worldbankprod/rising-challenge-policy-action-780x439?wid=780&hei=439&qlt=85,0&resMode=sharp" class="img-responsive lp__cover"> <source media="(min-width:992px)" srcset="https://worldbank.scene7.com/is/image/worldbankprod/rising-challenge-policy-action-780x439?wid=780&hei=439&qlt=85,0&resMode=sharp" class="img-responsive lp__cover"> <source media="(min-width:768px)" srcset="https://worldbank.scene7.com/is/image/worldbankprod/rising-challenge-policy-action-780x439?wid=780&hei=439&qlt=85,0&resMode=sharp" class="img-responsive lp__cover"> <source media="(min-width:320px)" srcset="https://worldbank.scene7.com/is/image/worldbankprod/rising-challenge-policy-action-780x439?wid=780&hei=439&qlt=85,0&resMode=sharp" class="img-responsive lp__cover"> <img src="https://worldbank.scene7.com/is/image/worldbankprod/rising-challenge-policy-action-780x439?wid=780&hei=439&qlt=85,0&resMode=sharp" alt="Rising to the Challenge: Policy Action in Low-income Countries" title="Rising to the Challenge: Policy Action in Low-income Countries" class="img-responsive card_img_cover "> </picture> </div> <section class="lp__card_overlay_content"> <div class="lp__hammer">EVENT</div> <h3 class= 'lp__card_title'><a href='https://live.worldbank.org/en/event/2024/wbg-imf-rising-to-the-challenge-policy-action-in-low-income-countries-and-the-role-of-the-international-community' tabindex='0'>Rising to the Challenge: Policy Action in Low-Income Countries and the Role of the International Community</a></h3> <p class="lp__card_description">How can low-income countries foster economic stability and sustainable growth? Join us to explore solutions and the role of the international community.</p> </section> <a href="https://live.worldbank.org/en/event/2024/wbg-imf-rising-to-the-challenge-policy-action-in-low-income-countries-and-the-role-of-the-international-community" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="lp__overlay-link">Rising to the Challenge: Policy Action in Low-Income Countries and the Role of the International Community</a> <!--section for Manual entry EMBED VIDEO--> </div> </div> </li> <li class="swiper-slide col-lg-4 col-md-4 col-sm-12 col-xs-12 "> <div class="featuredcard_2 featuredcard parbase"> <!--section for Manual entry IMAGE--> <div class="lp__card lp__card_img_overlay "> <div class="lp__card_img"> <picture> <source type="image/webp" media="(min-width:768px)" srcset="https://worldbank.scene7.com/is/image/worldbankprod/gep-social?wid=780&hei=439&qlt=85,0&resMode=sharp" class="img-responsive lp__cover"> <source type="image/webp" media="(min-width:320px)" srcset="https://worldbank.scene7.com/is/image/worldbankprod/gep-social?wid=780&hei=439&qlt=85,0&resMode=sharp" class="img-responsive lp__cover"> <source media="(min-width:992px)" srcset="https://worldbank.scene7.com/is/image/worldbankprod/gep-social?wid=780&hei=439&qlt=85,0&resMode=sharp" class="img-responsive lp__cover"> <source media="(min-width:768px)" srcset="https://worldbank.scene7.com/is/image/worldbankprod/gep-social?wid=780&hei=439&qlt=85,0&resMode=sharp" class="img-responsive lp__cover"> <source media="(min-width:320px)" srcset="https://worldbank.scene7.com/is/image/worldbankprod/gep-social?wid=780&hei=439&qlt=85,0&resMode=sharp" class="img-responsive lp__cover"> <img src="https://worldbank.scene7.com/is/image/worldbankprod/gep-social?wid=780&hei=439&qlt=85,0&resMode=sharp" alt="Photo: World Bank" title="Photo: World Bank" class="img-responsive card_img_cover "> </picture> </div> <section class="lp__card_overlay_content"> <div class="lp__hammer">Report</div> <h3 class= 'lp__card_title'><a href='https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/global-economic-prospects' tabindex='0'>Global Economic Prospects</a></h3> <p class="lp__card_description">What will it take to generate the kind of investment boom needed to step up productivity, increase incomes, and reduce poverty? 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