CINXE.COM
Blogs - CHM
<!DOCTYPE html> <!--[if lte IE 8 ]> <html lang="en" class="no-js oldie"> <![endif]--> <!--[if IE 9 ]> <html lang="en" class="no-js ie9"> <![endif]--> <!--[if (gt IE 9)|!(IE)]><!--> <html lang="en" style="margin: 0 !important; position: relative!important;" class="no-js"> <!--<![endif]--> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" /> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"><script type="text/javascript">(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).init={ajax:{deny_list:["bam.nr-data.net"]}};(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).loader_config={licenseKey:"3711322ece",applicationID:"406198101"};;/*! For license information please see nr-loader-rum-1.286.0.min.js.LICENSE.txt */ (()=>{var e,t,r={8122:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{a:()=>i});var n=r(944);function i(e,t){try{if(!e||"object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.R)(3);if(!t||"object"!=typeof t)return(0,n.R)(4);const r=Object.create(Object.getPrototypeOf(t),Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(t)),o=0===Object.keys(r).length?e:r;for(let a in o)if(void 0!==e[a])try{if(null===e[a]){r[a]=null;continue}Array.isArray(e[a])&&Array.isArray(t[a])?r[a]=Array.from(new Set([...e[a],...t[a]])):"object"==typeof e[a]&&"object"==typeof t[a]?r[a]=i(e[a],t[a]):r[a]=e[a]}catch(e){(0,n.R)(1,e)}return r}catch(e){(0,n.R)(2,e)}}},2555:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{fn:()=>s,x1:()=>c});var n=r(384),i=r(8122);const o={beacon:n.NT.beacon,errorBeacon:n.NT.errorBeacon,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,sa:void 0,queueTime:void 0,applicationTime:void 0,ttGuid:void 0,user:void 0,account:void 0,product:void 0,extra:void 0,jsAttributes:{},userAttributes:void 0,atts:void 0,transactionName:void 0,tNamePlain:void 0},a={};function s(e){try{const t=function(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("Info for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}(e);return!!t.licenseKey&&!!t.errorBeacon&&!!t.applicationID}catch(e){return!1}}function c(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.a)(t,o);const r=(0,n.nY)(e);r&&(r.info=a[e])}},5217:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{gD:()=>h,xN:()=>m});r(860).K7.genericEvents;const n="experimental.marks",i="experimental.measures",o="experimental.resources",a=e=>{if(!e||"string"!=typeof e)return!1;try{document.createDocumentFragment().querySelector(e)}catch{return!1}return!0};var s=r(2614),c=r(944),u=r(384),d=r(8122);const l="[data-nr-mask]",f=()=>{const e={feature_flags:[],experimental:{marks:!1,measures:!1,resources:!1},mask_selector:"*",block_selector:"[data-nr-block]",mask_input_options:{color:!1,date:!1,"datetime-local":!1,email:!1,month:!1,number:!1,range:!1,search:!1,tel:!1,text:!1,time:!1,url:!1,week:!1,textarea:!1,select:!1,password:!0}};return{ajax:{deny_list:void 0,block_internal:!0,enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},distributed_tracing:{enabled:void 0,exclude_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_tracecontext_headers:void 0,allowed_origins:void 0},get feature_flags(){return e.feature_flags},set feature_flags(t){e.feature_flags=t},generic_events:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},harvest:{interval:30},jserrors:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},logging:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},metrics:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},obfuscate:void 0,page_action:{enabled:!0},page_view_event:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},page_view_timing:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},performance:{get capture_marks(){return e.feature_flags.includes(n)||e.experimental.marks},set capture_marks(t){e.experimental.marks=t},get capture_measures(){return e.feature_flags.includes(i)||e.experimental.measures},set capture_measures(t){e.experimental.measures=t},capture_detail:!0,resources:{get enabled(){return e.feature_flags.includes(o)||e.experimental.resources},set enabled(t){e.experimental.resources=t},asset_types:[],first_party_domains:[],ignore_newrelic:!0}},privacy:{cookies_enabled:!0},proxy:{assets:void 0,beacon:void 0},session:{expiresMs:s.wk,inactiveMs:s.BB},session_replay:{autoStart:!0,enabled:!1,preload:!1,sampling_rate:10,error_sampling_rate:100,collect_fonts:!1,inline_images:!1,fix_stylesheets:!0,mask_all_inputs:!0,get mask_text_selector(){return e.mask_selector},set mask_text_selector(t){a(t)?e.mask_selector="".concat(t,",").concat(l):""===t||null===t?e.mask_selector=l:(0,c.R)(5,t)},get block_class(){return"nr-block"},get ignore_class(){return"nr-ignore"},get mask_text_class(){return"nr-mask"},get block_selector(){return e.block_selector},set block_selector(t){a(t)?e.block_selector+=",".concat(t):""!==t&&(0,c.R)(6,t)},get mask_input_options(){return e.mask_input_options},set mask_input_options(t){t&&"object"==typeof t?e.mask_input_options={...t,password:!0}:(0,c.R)(7,t)}},session_trace:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},soft_navigations:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},spa:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},ssl:void 0,user_actions:{enabled:!0,elementAttributes:["id","className","tagName","type"]}}},g={},p="All configuration objects require an agent identifier!";function m(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(p);g[e]=(0,d.a)(t,f());const r=(0,u.nY)(e);r&&(r.init=g[e])}function h(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(p);var r=function(e){if(!e)throw new Error(p);if(!g[e])throw new Error("Configuration for ".concat(e," was never set"));return g[e]}(e);if(r){for(var n=t.split("."),i=0;i<n.length-1;i++)if("object"!=typeof(r=r[n[i]]))return;r=r[n[n.length-1]]}return r}},3371:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{V:()=>f,f:()=>l});var n=r(8122),i=r(384),o=r(6154),a=r(9324);let s=0;const c={buildEnv:a.F3,distMethod:a.Xs,version:a.xv,originTime:o.WN},u={customTransaction:void 0,disabled:!1,isolatedBacklog:!1,loaderType:void 0,maxBytes:3e4,onerror:void 0,ptid:void 0,releaseIds:{},appMetadata:{},session:void 0,denyList:void 0,timeKeeper:void 0,obfuscator:void 0,harvester:void 0},d={};function l(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");if(!d[e])throw new Error("Runtime for ".concat(e," was never set"));return d[e]}function f(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");d[e]={...(0,n.a)(t,u),...c},Object.hasOwnProperty.call(d[e],"harvestCount")||Object.defineProperty(d[e],"harvestCount",{get:()=>++s});const r=(0,i.nY)(e);r&&(r.runtime=d[e])}},9324:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{F3:()=>i,Xs:()=>o,xv:()=>n});const n="1.286.0",i="PROD",o="CDN"},6154:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{OF:()=>c,RI:()=>i,WN:()=>d,bv:()=>o,gm:()=>a,mw:()=>s,sb:()=>u});var n=r(1863);const i="undefined"!=typeof window&&!!window.document,o="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator),a=i?window:"undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis),s=Boolean("hidden"===a?.document?.visibilityState),c=/iPad|iPhone|iPod/.test(a.navigator?.userAgent),u=c&&"undefined"==typeof SharedWorker,d=((()=>{const e=a.navigator?.userAgent?.match(/Firefox[/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);Array.isArray(e)&&e.length>=2&&e[1]})(),Date.now()-(0,n.t)())},3241:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>o});var n=r(6154);const i="newrelic";function o(e={}){try{n.gm.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent(i,{detail:e}))}catch(e){}}},1687:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Ak:()=>c,Ze:()=>l,x3:()=>u});var n=r(7836),i=r(3606),o=r(860),a=r(2646);const s={};function c(e,t){const r={staged:!1,priority:o.P3[t]||0};d(e),s[e].get(t)||s[e].set(t,r)}function u(e,t){e&&s[e]&&(s[e].get(t)&&s[e].delete(t),g(e,t,!1),s[e].size&&f(e))}function d(e){if(!e)throw new Error("agentIdentifier required");s[e]||(s[e]=new Map)}function l(e="",t="feature",r=!1){if(d(e),!e||!s[e].get(t)||r)return g(e,t);s[e].get(t).staged=!0,f(e)}function f(e){const t=Array.from(s[e]);t.every((([e,t])=>t.staged))&&(t.sort(((e,t)=>e[1].priority-t[1].priority)),t.forEach((([t])=>{s[e].delete(t),g(e,t)})))}function g(e,t,r=!0){const o=e?n.ee.get(e):n.ee,s=i.i.handlers;if(!o.aborted&&o.backlog&&s){if(r){const e=o.backlog[t],r=s[t];if(r){for(let t=0;e&&t<e.length;++t)p(e[t],r);Object.entries(r).forEach((([e,t])=>{Object.values(t||{}).forEach((t=>{t[0]?.on&&t[0]?.context()instanceof a.y&&t[0].on(e,t[1])}))}))}}o.isolatedBacklog||delete s[t],o.backlog[t]=null,o.emit("drain-"+t,[])}}function p(e,t){var r=e[1];Object.values(t[r]||{}).forEach((t=>{var r=e[0];if(t[0]===r){var n=t[1],i=e[3],o=e[2];n.apply(i,o)}}))}},7836:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{P:()=>c,ee:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(8990),o=r(3371),a=r(2646),s=r(5607);const c="nr@context:".concat(s.W),u=function e(t,r){var n={},s={},d={},l=!1;try{l=16===r.length&&(0,o.f)(r).isolatedBacklog}catch(e){}var f={on:p,addEventListener:p,removeEventListener:function(e,t){var r=n[e];if(!r)return;for(var i=0;i<r.length;i++)r[i]===t&&r.splice(i,1)},emit:function(e,r,n,i,o){!1!==o&&(o=!0);if(u.aborted&&!i)return;t&&o&&t.emit(e,r,n);for(var a=g(n),c=m(e),d=c.length,l=0;l<d;l++)c[l].apply(a,r);var p=v()[s[e]];p&&p.push([f,e,r,a]);return a},get:h,listeners:m,context:g,buffer:function(e,t){const r=v();if(t=t||"feature",f.aborted)return;Object.entries(e||{}).forEach((([e,n])=>{s[n]=t,t in r||(r[t]=[])}))},abort:function(){f._aborted=!0,Object.keys(f.backlog).forEach((e=>{delete f.backlog[e]}))},isBuffering:function(e){return!!v()[s[e]]},debugId:r,backlog:l?{}:t&&"object"==typeof t.backlog?t.backlog:{},isolatedBacklog:l};return Object.defineProperty(f,"aborted",{get:()=>{let e=f._aborted||!1;return e||(t&&(e=t.aborted),e)}}),f;function g(e){return e&&e instanceof a.y?e:e?(0,i.I)(e,c,(()=>new a.y(c))):new a.y(c)}function p(e,t){n[e]=m(e).concat(t)}function m(e){return n[e]||[]}function h(t){return d[t]=d[t]||e(f,t)}function v(){return f.backlog}}(void 0,"globalEE"),d=(0,n.Zm)();d.ee||(d.ee=u)},2646:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{y:()=>n});class n{constructor(e){this.contextId=e}}},9908:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{d:()=>n,p:()=>i});var n=r(7836).ee.get("handle");function i(e,t,r,i,o){o?(o.buffer([e],i),o.emit(e,t,r)):(n.buffer([e],i),n.emit(e,t,r))}},3606:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{i:()=>o});var n=r(9908);o.on=a;var i=o.handlers={};function o(e,t,r,o){a(o||n.d,i,e,t,r)}function a(e,t,r,i,o){o||(o="feature"),e||(e=n.d);var a=t[o]=t[o]||{};(a[r]=a[r]||[]).push([e,i])}},3878:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){return{capture:e,passive:!1,signal:t}}function i(e,t,r=!1,i){window.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}function o(e,t,r=!1,i){document.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}r.d(t,{DD:()=>o,jT:()=>n,sp:()=>i})},5607:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>n});const n=(0,r(9566).bz)()},9566:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{LA:()=>s,bz:()=>a});var n=r(6154);const i="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx";function o(e,t){return e?15&e[t]:16*Math.random()|0}function a(){const e=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let t,r=0;return e&&e.getRandomValues&&(t=e.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(30))),i.split("").map((e=>"x"===e?o(t,r++).toString(16):"y"===e?(3&o()|8).toString(16):e)).join("")}function s(e){const t=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let r,i=0;t&&t.getRandomValues&&(r=t.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(e)));const a=[];for(var s=0;s<e;s++)a.push(o(r,i++).toString(16));return a.join("")}},2614:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{BB:()=>a,H3:()=>n,g:()=>u,iL:()=>c,tS:()=>s,uh:()=>i,wk:()=>o});const n="NRBA",i="SESSION",o=144e5,a=18e5,s={STARTED:"session-started",PAUSE:"session-pause",RESET:"session-reset",RESUME:"session-resume",UPDATE:"session-update"},c={SAME_TAB:"same-tab",CROSS_TAB:"cross-tab"},u={OFF:0,FULL:1,ERROR:2}},1863:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(){return Math.floor(performance.now())}r.d(t,{t:()=>n})},944:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){"function"==typeof console.debug&&console.debug("New Relic Warning: https://github.com/newrelic/newrelic-browser-agent/blob/main/docs/warning-codes.md#".concat(e),t)}r.d(t,{R:()=>n})},5701:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{B:()=>a,t:()=>s});var n=r(7836),i=r(3241);const o=new Set,a={};function s(e,t){const r=n.ee.get(t);a[t]??={},e&&"object"==typeof e&&(o.has(t)||(r.emit("rumresp",[e]),a[t]=e,o.add(t),(0,i.W)({agentIdentifier:t,loaded:!0,drained:!0,type:"lifecycle",name:"load",feature:void 0,data:e})))}},8990:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{I:()=>i});var n=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t,r){if(n.call(e,t))return e[t];var i=r();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:i,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),i}catch(e){}return e[t]=i,i}},6389:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t=500,r={}){const n=r?.leading||!1;let i;return(...r)=>{n&&void 0===i&&(e.apply(this,r),i=setTimeout((()=>{i=clearTimeout(i)}),t)),n||(clearTimeout(i),i=setTimeout((()=>{e.apply(this,r)}),t))}}function i(e){let t=!1;return(...r)=>{t||(t=!0,e.apply(this,r))}}r.d(t,{J:()=>i,s:()=>n})},5289:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{GG:()=>o,sB:()=>a});var n=r(3878);function i(){return"undefined"==typeof document||"complete"===document.readyState}function o(e,t){if(i())return e();(0,n.sp)("load",e,t)}function a(e){if(i())return e();(0,n.DD)("DOMContentLoaded",e)}},384:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{NT:()=>o,US:()=>d,Zm:()=>a,bQ:()=>c,dV:()=>s,nY:()=>u,pV:()=>l});var n=r(6154),i=r(1863);const o={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net"};function a(){return n.gm.NREUM||(n.gm.NREUM={}),void 0===n.gm.newrelic&&(n.gm.newrelic=n.gm.NREUM),n.gm.NREUM}function s(){let e=a();return e.o||(e.o={ST:n.gm.setTimeout,SI:n.gm.setImmediate,CT:n.gm.clearTimeout,XHR:n.gm.XMLHttpRequest,REQ:n.gm.Request,EV:n.gm.Event,PR:n.gm.Promise,MO:n.gm.MutationObserver,FETCH:n.gm.fetch,WS:n.gm.WebSocket}),e}function c(e,t){let r=a();r.initializedAgents??={},t.initializedAt={ms:(0,i.t)(),date:new Date},r.initializedAgents[e]=t}function u(e){let t=a();return t.initializedAgents?.[e]}function d(e,t){a()[e]=t}function l(){return function(){let e=a();const t=e.info||{};e.info={beacon:o.beacon,errorBeacon:o.errorBeacon,...t}}(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.init||{};e.init={...t}}(),s(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.loader_config||{};e.loader_config={...t}}(),a()}},2843:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{u:()=>i});var n=r(3878);function i(e,t=!1,r,i){(0,n.DD)("visibilitychange",(function(){if(t)return void("hidden"===document.visibilityState&&e());e(document.visibilityState)}),r,i)}},3434:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Jt:()=>o,YM:()=>c});var n=r(7836),i=r(5607);const o="nr@original:".concat(i.W);var a=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,s=!1;function c(e,t){return e||(e=n.ee),r.inPlace=function(e,t,n,i,o){n||(n="");const a="-"===n.charAt(0);for(let s=0;s<t.length;s++){const c=t[s],u=e[c];d(u)||(e[c]=r(u,a?c+n:n,i,c,o))}},r.flag=o,r;function r(t,r,n,s,c){return d(t)?t:(r||(r=""),nrWrapper[o]=t,function(e,t,r){if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.keys(e).forEach((function(r){Object.defineProperty(t,r,{get:function(){return e[r]},set:function(t){return e[r]=t,t}})})),t}catch(e){u([e],r)}for(var n in e)a.call(e,n)&&(t[n]=e[n])}(t,nrWrapper,e),nrWrapper);function nrWrapper(){var o,a,d,l;try{a=this,o=[...arguments],d="function"==typeof n?n(o,a):n||{}}catch(t){u([t,"",[o,a,s],d],e)}i(r+"start",[o,a,s],d,c);try{return l=t.apply(a,o)}catch(e){throw i(r+"err",[o,a,e],d,c),e}finally{i(r+"end",[o,a,l],d,c)}}}function i(r,n,i,o){if(!s||t){var a=s;s=!0;try{e.emit(r,n,i,t,o)}catch(t){u([t,r,n,i],e)}s=a}}}function u(e,t){t||(t=n.ee);try{t.emit("internal-error",e)}catch(e){}}function d(e){return!(e&&"function"==typeof e&&e.apply&&!e[o])}},993:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{A$:()=>o,ET:()=>a,p_:()=>i});var n=r(860);const i={ERROR:"ERROR",WARN:"WARN",INFO:"INFO",DEBUG:"DEBUG",TRACE:"TRACE"},o={OFF:0,ERROR:1,WARN:2,INFO:3,DEBUG:4,TRACE:5},a="log";n.K7.logging},8154:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{z_:()=>o,XG:()=>s,TZ:()=>n,rs:()=>i,xV:()=>a});r(6154),r(9566),r(384);const n=r(860).K7.metrics,i="sm",o="cm",a="storeSupportabilityMetrics",s="storeEventMetrics"},6630:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewEvent},782:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewTiming},6344:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{G4:()=>i});var n=r(2614);r(860).K7.sessionReplay;const i={RECORD:"recordReplay",PAUSE:"pauseReplay",REPLAY_RUNNING:"replayRunning",ERROR_DURING_REPLAY:"errorDuringReplay"};n.g.ERROR,n.g.FULL,n.g.OFF},4234:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>o});var n=r(7836),i=r(1687);class o{constructor(e,t){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.ee=n.ee.get(e),this.featureName=t,this.blocked=!1}deregisterDrain(){(0,i.x3)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName)}}},7603:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{j:()=>V});var n=r(860),i=r(2555),o=r(9908),a=r(1687),s=r(5289),c=r(6154),u=r(944),d=r(8154),l=r(384),f=r(6344);const g=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease","recordCustomEvent","addPageAction","setCurrentRouteName","setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","interaction","noticeError","setUserId","setApplicationVersion","start",f.G4.RECORD,f.G4.PAUSE,"log","wrapLogger"],p=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease"];var m=r(1863),h=r(2614),v=r(993);var b=r(7836),y=r(2646),w=r(3434);const R=new Map;function A(e,t,r,n){if("object"!=typeof t||!t||"string"!=typeof r||!r||"function"!=typeof t[r])return(0,u.R)(29);const i=function(e){return(e||b.ee).get("logger")}(e),o=(0,w.YM)(i),a=new y.y(b.P);a.level=n.level,a.customAttributes=n.customAttributes;const s=t[r]?.[w.Jt]||t[r];return R.set(s,a),o.inPlace(t,[r],"wrap-logger-",(()=>R.get(s))),i}var E=r(3241),_=r(5701);function x(){const e=(0,l.pV)();g.forEach((t=>{e[t]=(...r)=>function(t,...r){let n=[];return Object.values(e.initializedAgents).forEach((e=>{e&&e.runtime?e.exposed&&e[t]&&"micro-agent"!==e.runtime.loaderType&&n.push(e[t](...r)):(0,u.R)(38,t)})),n[0]}(t,...r)}))}const N={};function I(e,t){t||(0,a.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,"api");const l=e.ee.get("tracer");N[e.agentIdentifier]=h.g.OFF,e.ee.on(f.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(t=>{N[e.agentIdentifier]=t}));const g="api-",b=g+"ixn-";function y(t,r,n,o){const a=e.info;return null===r?delete a.jsAttributes[t]:(0,i.x1)(e.agentIdentifier,{...a,jsAttributes:{...a.jsAttributes,[t]:r}}),x(g,n,!0,o||null===r?"session":void 0)(t,r)}function w(){}e.log=function(t,{customAttributes:r={},level:i=v.p_.INFO}={}){(0,o.p)(d.xV,["API/log/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,e.ee),function(e,t,r={},i=v.p_.INFO){(0,o.p)(d.xV,["API/logging/".concat(i.toLowerCase(),"/called")],void 0,n.K7.metrics,e),(0,o.p)(v.ET,[(0,m.t)(),t,r,i],void 0,n.K7.logging,e)}(e.ee,t,r,i)},e.wrapLogger=(t,r,{customAttributes:i={},level:a=v.p_.INFO}={})=>{(0,o.p)(d.xV,["API/wrapLogger/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,e.ee),A(e.ee,t,r,{customAttributes:i,level:a})},p.forEach((t=>{e[t]=x(g,t,!0,"api")})),e.addPageAction=x(g,"addPageAction",!0,n.K7.genericEvents),e.recordCustomEvent=x(g,"recordCustomEvent",!0,n.K7.genericEvents),e.setPageViewName=function(t,r){if("string"==typeof t)return"/"!==t.charAt(0)&&(t="/"+t),e.runtime.customTransaction=(r||"http://custom.transaction")+t,x(g,"setPageViewName",!0)()},e.setCustomAttribute=function(e,t,r=!1){if("string"==typeof e){if(["string","number","boolean"].includes(typeof t)||null===t)return y(e,t,"setCustomAttribute",r);(0,u.R)(40,typeof t)}else(0,u.R)(39,typeof e)},e.setUserId=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return y("enduser.id",e,"setUserId",!0);(0,u.R)(41,typeof e)},e.setApplicationVersion=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return y("application.version",e,"setApplicationVersion",!1);(0,u.R)(42,typeof e)},e.start=()=>{try{(0,o.p)(d.xV,["API/start/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,e.ee),e.ee.emit("manual-start-all")}catch(e){(0,u.R)(23,e)}},e[f.G4.RECORD]=function(){(0,o.p)(d.xV,["API/recordReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,e.ee),(0,o.p)(f.G4.RECORD,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,e.ee)},e[f.G4.PAUSE]=function(){(0,o.p)(d.xV,["API/pauseReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,e.ee),(0,o.p)(f.G4.PAUSE,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,e.ee)},e.interaction=function(e){return(new w).get("object"==typeof e?e:{})};const R=w.prototype={createTracer:function(t,r){var i={},a=this,s="function"==typeof r;return(0,o.p)(d.xV,["API/createTracer/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,e.ee),e.runSoftNavOverSpa||(0,o.p)(b+"tracer",[(0,m.t)(),t,i],a,n.K7.spa,e.ee),function(){if(l.emit((s?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[(0,m.t)(),a,s],i),s)try{return r.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){const t="string"==typeof e?new Error(e):e;throw l.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,t],i),t}finally{l.emit("fn-end",[(0,m.t)()],i)}}}};function x(t,r,i,a){return function(){return(0,o.p)(d.xV,["API/"+r+"/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,e.ee),(0,E.W)({agentIdentifier:e.agentIdentifier,drained:!!_.B?.[e.agentIdentifier],type:"data",name:"api",feature:t+r,data:{notSpa:i,bufferGroup:a}}),a&&(0,o.p)(t+r,[i?(0,m.t)():performance.now(),...arguments],i?null:this,a,e.ee),i?void 0:this}}function I(){r.e(296).then(r.bind(r,8778)).then((({setAsyncAPI:t})=>{t(e),(0,a.Ze)(e.agentIdentifier,"api")})).catch((t=>{(0,u.R)(27,t),e.ee.abort()}))}return["actionText","setName","setAttribute","save","ignore","onEnd","getContext","end","get"].forEach((t=>{R[t]=x(b,t,void 0,e.runSoftNavOverSpa?n.K7.softNav:n.K7.spa)})),e.setCurrentRouteName=e.runSoftNavOverSpa?x(b,"routeName",void 0,n.K7.softNav):x(g,"routeName",!0,n.K7.spa),e.noticeError=function(t,r){"string"==typeof t&&(t=new Error(t)),(0,o.p)(d.xV,["API/noticeError/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,e.ee),(0,o.p)("err",[t,(0,m.t)(),!1,r,!!N[e.agentIdentifier]],void 0,n.K7.jserrors,e.ee)},c.RI?(0,s.GG)((()=>I()),!0):I(),!0}var k=r(5217),S=r(8122);const T={accountID:void 0,trustKey:void 0,agentID:void 0,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,xpid:void 0},O={};var j=r(3371);const P=e=>{const t=e.startsWith("http");e+="/",r.p=t?e:"https://"+e},K=new Set;function V(e,t={},r,n){let{init:o,info:a,loader_config:s,runtime:u={},exposed:d=!0}=t;u.loaderType=r;const f=(0,l.pV)();a||(o=f.init,a=f.info,s=f.loader_config),(0,k.xN)(e.agentIdentifier,o||{}),function(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");O[e]=(0,S.a)(t,T);const r=(0,l.nY)(e);r&&(r.loader_config=O[e])}(e.agentIdentifier,s||{}),a.jsAttributes??={},c.bv&&(a.jsAttributes.isWorker=!0),(0,i.x1)(e.agentIdentifier,a);const g=e.init,p=[a.beacon,a.errorBeacon];K.has(e.agentIdentifier)||(g.proxy.assets&&(P(g.proxy.assets),p.push(g.proxy.assets)),g.proxy.beacon&&p.push(g.proxy.beacon),x(),(0,l.US)("activatedFeatures",_.B),e.runSoftNavOverSpa&&=!0===g.soft_navigations.enabled&&g.feature_flags.includes("soft_nav")),u.denyList=[...g.ajax.deny_list||[],...g.ajax.block_internal?p:[]],u.ptid=e.agentIdentifier,(0,j.V)(e.agentIdentifier,u),K.has(e.agentIdentifier)||(e.ee=b.ee.get(e.agentIdentifier),e.exposed=d,I(e,n),(0,E.W)({agentIdentifier:e.agentIdentifier,drained:!!_.B?.[e.agentIdentifier],type:"lifecycle",name:"initialize",feature:void 0,data:e.config})),K.add(e.agentIdentifier)}},8374:(e,t,r)=>{r.nc=(()=>{try{return document?.currentScript?.nonce}catch(e){}return""})()},860:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{$J:()=>d,K7:()=>c,P3:()=>u,XX:()=>i,Yy:()=>s,df:()=>o,qY:()=>n,v4:()=>a});const n="events",i="jserrors",o="browser/blobs",a="rum",s="browser/logs",c={ajax:"ajax",genericEvents:"generic_events",jserrors:i,logging:"logging",metrics:"metrics",pageAction:"page_action",pageViewEvent:"page_view_event",pageViewTiming:"page_view_timing",sessionReplay:"session_replay",sessionTrace:"session_trace",softNav:"soft_navigations",spa:"spa"},u={[c.pageViewEvent]:1,[c.pageViewTiming]:2,[c.metrics]:3,[c.jserrors]:4,[c.spa]:5,[c.ajax]:6,[c.sessionTrace]:7,[c.softNav]:8,[c.sessionReplay]:9,[c.logging]:10,[c.genericEvents]:11},d={[c.pageViewEvent]:a,[c.pageViewTiming]:n,[c.ajax]:n,[c.spa]:n,[c.softNav]:n,[c.metrics]:i,[c.jserrors]:i,[c.sessionTrace]:o,[c.sessionReplay]:o,[c.logging]:s,[c.genericEvents]:"ins"}}},n={};function i(e){var t=n[e];if(void 0!==t)return t.exports;var o=n[e]={exports:{}};return r[e](o,o.exports,i),o.exports}i.m=r,i.d=(e,t)=>{for(var r in t)i.o(t,r)&&!i.o(e,r)&&Object.defineProperty(e,r,{enumerable:!0,get:t[r]})},i.f={},i.e=e=>Promise.all(Object.keys(i.f).reduce(((t,r)=>(i.f[r](e,t),t)),[])),i.u=e=>"nr-rum-1.286.0.min.js",i.o=(e,t)=>Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t),e={},t="NRBA-1.286.0.PROD:",i.l=(r,n,o,a)=>{if(e[r])e[r].push(n);else{var s,c;if(void 0!==o)for(var u=document.getElementsByTagName("script"),d=0;d<u.length;d++){var l=u[d];if(l.getAttribute("src")==r||l.getAttribute("data-webpack")==t+o){s=l;break}}if(!s){c=!0;var f={296:"sha512-+MkNp41sKZ0iYMHsept2X5HfDqyTLnDR9rprfuuxTRn6FVcYOei0L1PleWwmSuU2wrJDnMXcNYjTfSPQ3xYU/w=="};(s=document.createElement("script")).charset="utf-8",s.timeout=120,i.nc&&s.setAttribute("nonce",i.nc),s.setAttribute("data-webpack",t+o),s.src=r,0!==s.src.indexOf(window.location.origin+"/")&&(s.crossOrigin="anonymous"),f[a]&&(s.integrity=f[a])}e[r]=[n];var g=(t,n)=>{s.onerror=s.onload=null,clearTimeout(p);var i=e[r];if(delete e[r],s.parentNode&&s.parentNode.removeChild(s),i&&i.forEach((e=>e(n))),t)return t(n)},p=setTimeout(g.bind(null,void 0,{type:"timeout",target:s}),12e4);s.onerror=g.bind(null,s.onerror),s.onload=g.bind(null,s.onload),c&&document.head.appendChild(s)}},i.r=e=>{"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},i.p="https://js-agent.newrelic.com/",(()=>{var e={374:0,840:0};i.f.j=(t,r)=>{var n=i.o(e,t)?e[t]:void 0;if(0!==n)if(n)r.push(n[2]);else{var o=new Promise(((r,i)=>n=e[t]=[r,i]));r.push(n[2]=o);var a=i.p+i.u(t),s=new Error;i.l(a,(r=>{if(i.o(e,t)&&(0!==(n=e[t])&&(e[t]=void 0),n)){var o=r&&("load"===r.type?"missing":r.type),a=r&&r.target&&r.target.src;s.message="Loading chunk "+t+" failed.\n("+o+": "+a+")",s.name="ChunkLoadError",s.type=o,s.request=a,n[1](s)}}),"chunk-"+t,t)}};var t=(t,r)=>{var n,o,[a,s,c]=r,u=0;if(a.some((t=>0!==e[t]))){for(n in s)i.o(s,n)&&(i.m[n]=s[n]);if(c)c(i)}for(t&&t(r);u<a.length;u++)o=a[u],i.o(e,o)&&e[o]&&e[o][0](),e[o]=0},r=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.286.0.PROD"]=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.286.0.PROD"]||[];r.forEach(t.bind(null,0)),r.push=t.bind(null,r.push.bind(r))})(),(()=>{"use strict";i(8374);var e=i(944),t=i(6344),r=i(9566);class n{agentIdentifier;constructor(){this.agentIdentifier=(0,r.LA)(16)}#e(t,...r){if(this[t]!==n.prototype[t])return this[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}addPageAction(e,t){return this.#e("addPageAction",e,t)}recordCustomEvent(e,t){return this.#e("recordCustomEvent",e,t)}setPageViewName(e,t){return this.#e("setPageViewName",e,t)}setCustomAttribute(e,t,r){return this.#e("setCustomAttribute",e,t,r)}noticeError(e,t){return this.#e("noticeError",e,t)}setUserId(e){return this.#e("setUserId",e)}setApplicationVersion(e){return this.#e("setApplicationVersion",e)}setErrorHandler(e){return this.#e("setErrorHandler",e)}addRelease(e,t){return this.#e("addRelease",e,t)}log(e,t){return this.#e("log",e,t)}}class o extends n{#e(t,...r){if(this[t]!==o.prototype[t]&&this[t]!==n.prototype[t])return this[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}start(){return this.#e("start")}finished(e){return this.#e("finished",e)}recordReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.RECORD)}pauseReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.PAUSE)}addToTrace(e){return this.#e("addToTrace",e)}setCurrentRouteName(e){return this.#e("setCurrentRouteName",e)}interaction(){return this.#e("interaction")}wrapLogger(e,t,r){return this.#e("wrapLogger",e,t,r)}}var a=i(860),s=i(5217);const c=Object.values(a.K7);function u(e){const t={};return c.forEach((r=>{t[r]=function(e,t){return!0===(0,s.gD)(t,"".concat(e,".enabled"))}(r,e)})),t}var d=i(7603);var l=i(1687),f=i(4234),g=i(5289),p=i(6154),m=i(384);const h=e=>p.RI&&!0===(0,s.gD)(e,"privacy.cookies_enabled");function v(e){return!!(0,m.dV)().o.MO&&h(e)&&!0===(0,s.gD)(e,"session_trace.enabled")}var b=i(6389);class y extends f.W{constructor(e,t,r=!0){super(e.agentIdentifier,t),this.auto=r,this.abortHandler=void 0,this.featAggregate=void 0,this.onAggregateImported=void 0,!1===e.init[this.featureName].autoStart&&(this.auto=!1),this.auto?(0,l.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,t):this.ee.on("manual-start-all",(0,b.J)((()=>{(0,l.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),this.auto=!0,this.importAggregator(e)})))}importAggregator(t,r={}){if(this.featAggregate||!this.auto)return;let n;this.onAggregateImported=new Promise((e=>{n=e}));const o=async()=>{let o;try{if(h(this.agentIdentifier)){const{setupAgentSession:e}=await i.e(296).then(i.bind(i,3861));o=e(t)}}catch(t){(0,e.R)(20,t),this.ee.emit("internal-error",[t]),this.featureName===a.K7.sessionReplay&&this.abortHandler?.()}try{if(!this.#t(this.featureName,o))return(0,l.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),void n(!1);const{lazyFeatureLoader:e}=await i.e(296).then(i.bind(i,6103)),{Aggregate:a}=await e(this.featureName,"aggregate");this.featAggregate=new a(t,r),t.runtime.harvester.initializedAggregates.push(this.featAggregate),n(!0)}catch(t){(0,e.R)(34,t),this.abortHandler?.(),(0,l.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName,!0),n(!1),this.ee&&this.ee.abort()}};p.RI?(0,g.GG)((()=>o()),!0):o()}#t(e,t){switch(e){case a.K7.sessionReplay:return v(this.agentIdentifier)&&!!t;case a.K7.sessionTrace:return!!t;default:return!0}}}var w=i(6630);class R extends y{static featureName=w.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,w.T,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}var A=i(9908),E=i(2843),_=i(3878),x=i(782),N=i(1863);class I extends y{static featureName=x.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,x.T,t),p.RI&&((0,E.u)((()=>(0,A.p)("docHidden",[(0,N.t)()],void 0,x.T,this.ee)),!0),(0,_.sp)("pagehide",(()=>(0,A.p)("winPagehide",[(0,N.t)()],void 0,x.T,this.ee))),this.importAggregator(e))}}var k=i(8154);class S extends y{static featureName=k.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,k.TZ,t),p.RI&&document.addEventListener("securitypolicyviolation",(e=>{(0,A.p)(k.xV,["Generic/CSPViolation/Detected"],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)})),this.importAggregator(e)}}new class extends o{constructor(t){super(),p.gm?(this.features={},(0,m.bQ)(this.agentIdentifier,this),this.desiredFeatures=new Set(t.features||[]),this.desiredFeatures.add(R),this.runSoftNavOverSpa=[...this.desiredFeatures].some((e=>e.featureName===a.K7.softNav)),(0,d.j)(this,t,t.loaderType||"agent"),this.run()):(0,e.R)(21)}get config(){return{info:this.info,init:this.init,loader_config:this.loader_config,runtime:this.runtime}}get api(){return this}run(){try{const t=u(this.agentIdentifier),r=[...this.desiredFeatures];r.sort(((e,t)=>a.P3[e.featureName]-a.P3[t.featureName])),r.forEach((r=>{if(!t[r.featureName]&&r.featureName!==a.K7.pageViewEvent)return;if(this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.spa)return;if(!this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.softNav)return;const n=function(e){switch(e){case a.K7.ajax:return[a.K7.jserrors];case a.K7.sessionTrace:return[a.K7.ajax,a.K7.pageViewEvent];case a.K7.sessionReplay:return[a.K7.sessionTrace];case a.K7.pageViewTiming:return[a.K7.pageViewEvent];default:return[]}}(r.featureName).filter((e=>!(e in this.features)));n.length>0&&(0,e.R)(36,{targetFeature:r.featureName,missingDependencies:n}),this.features[r.featureName]=new r(this)}))}catch(t){(0,e.R)(22,t);for(const e in this.features)this.features[e].abortHandler?.();const r=(0,m.Zm)();delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.features,delete this.sharedAggregator;return r.ee.get(this.agentIdentifier).abort(),!1}}}({features:[R,I,S],loaderType:"lite"})})()})();</script> <link rel="icon" type="image/x-icon" href="/wp-content/themes/bsdstarter/favicon.ico"> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/wp-content/themes/bsdstarter/favicon.ico"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/wp-content/themes/bsdstarter/assets/css/mediaelementplayer.min.css" type="text/css" media="all"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/wp-content/themes/bsdstarter/style.css?v=2024-24-11" type="text/css" media="all"> <meta name='robots' content='index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1' /> <style>img:is([sizes="auto" i], [sizes^="auto," i]) { contain-intrinsic-size: 3000px 1500px }</style> <!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v22.5 (Yoast SEO v24.5) - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ --> <title>Blogs - CHM</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://computerhistory.org/blogs/" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Blogs" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://computerhistory.org/blogs/" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="CHM" /> <meta property="article:publisher" content="https://www.facebook.com/computerhistory/" /> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2022-02-25T00:15:36+00:00" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://computerhistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Fig-1-s3-1920.jpg" /> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800" /> <meta property="og:image:height" content="401" /> <meta property="og:image:type" content="image/jpeg" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@ComputerHistory" /> <script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://computerhistory.org/blogs/","url":"https://computerhistory.org/blogs/","name":"Blogs - CHM","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://live-comp-history-museum.pantheonsite.io/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https://computerhistory.org/blogs/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https://computerhistory.org/blogs/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https://computerhistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Fig-1-s3-1920.jpg","datePublished":"2019-06-18T07:49:35+00:00","dateModified":"2022-02-25T00:15:36+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://computerhistory.org/blogs/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https://computerhistory.org/blogs/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://computerhistory.org/blogs/#primaryimage","url":"https://computerhistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Fig-1-s3-1920.jpg","contentUrl":"https://computerhistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Fig-1-s3-1920.jpg","width":800,"height":401,"caption":"Buzz Aldrin at work on the Moon, July 20, 1969. Photo: NASA"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https://computerhistory.org/blogs/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https://live-comp-history-museum.pantheonsite.io/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Blogs"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://live-comp-history-museum.pantheonsite.io/#website","url":"https://live-comp-history-museum.pantheonsite.io/","name":"CHM","description":"Computer History Museum","publisher":{"@id":"https://live-comp-history-museum.pantheonsite.io/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https://live-comp-history-museum.pantheonsite.io/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https://live-comp-history-museum.pantheonsite.io/#organization","name":"Computer History Museum","url":"https://live-comp-history-museum.pantheonsite.io/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://live-comp-history-museum.pantheonsite.io/#/schema/logo/image/","url":"https://computerhistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/chm_logo_400x400.jpg","contentUrl":"https://computerhistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/chm_logo_400x400.jpg","width":800,"height":800,"caption":"Computer History Museum"},"image":{"@id":"https://live-comp-history-museum.pantheonsite.io/#/schema/logo/image/"},"sameAs":["https://www.facebook.com/computerhistory/","https://x.com/ComputerHistory","https://www.instagram.com/computerhistory/","https://www.youtube.com/user/ComputerHistory","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_History_Museum"]}]}</script> <!-- / Yoast SEO Premium plugin. --> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//static.addtoany.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//www.google.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//addevent.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//cdnjs.cloudflare.com' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='https://computerhistory.org/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=6.7.2' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='classic-theme-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> /*! This file is auto-generated */ .wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none} </style> <style id='global-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> :root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;} :where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;} :where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;} :root :where(.wp-block-pullquote){font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='contact-form-7-css' href='https://computerhistory.org/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/includes/css/styles.css?ver=6.0.4' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='popup-maker-site-css' href='//computerhistory.org/wp-content/uploads/pum/pum-site-styles.css?generated=1742594561&ver=1.20.4' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='addtoany-css' href='https://computerhistory.org/wp-content/plugins/add-to-any/addtoany.min.css?ver=1.16' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='addtoany-inline-css' type='text/css'> .a2a_floating_style { position: relative !important; top: 0 !important; margin-left: 0 !important; } </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='popup-css' href='https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/magnific-popup.js/1.1.0/magnific-popup.css?ver=1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <script type="text/javascript" id="addtoany-core-js-before"> /* <![CDATA[ */ window.a2a_config=window.a2a_config||{};a2a_config.callbacks=[];a2a_config.overlays=[];a2a_config.templates={}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" defer src="https://static.addtoany.com/menu/page.js" id="addtoany-core-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://computerhistory.org/wp-content/themes/bsdstarter/src/js/vendor/jquery.js?ver=3.4.1" id="jquery-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" defer src="https://computerhistory.org/wp-content/plugins/add-to-any/addtoany.min.js?ver=1.1" id="addtoany-jquery-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://addevent.com/libs/atc/1.6.1/atc.min.js?ver=1" id="atc-js"></script> <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://computerhistory.org/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" title="JSON" type="application/json" href="https://computerhistory.org/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/483" /><link rel='shortlink' href='https://computerhistory.org/?p=483' /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (JSON)" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://computerhistory.org/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcomputerhistory.org%2Fblogs%2F" /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (XML)" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://computerhistory.org/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcomputerhistory.org%2Fblogs%2F&format=xml" /> <style type="text/css">.recentcomments a{display:inline !important;padding:0 !important;margin:0 !important;}</style> <style type="text/css" id="wp-custom-css"> .pum-theme-chm p { font-family: "DIN_1451 LT W01 Engschrift", Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif !important; text-align: center; text-transform: uppercase; color: #fff; font-size: 26px; } .pum-theme-chm a { font-family: "DIN_1451 LT W01 Engschrift", Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif !important; color: #fff; font-size: 26px; text-decoration: underline; } .pum-theme-chm a:hover { text-decoration: none; } .pum-theme-chm br { display: none; } @media only screen and (max-width: 445px) { header .nav-section-bottom { height: 440px!important; } } @media only screen and (max-width: 992px) { header .nav-section-bottom { height: 400px; overflow-y: scroll; position: relative; padding-bottom: 5rem; } header .nav-section-bottom .nav-section-bottom-menu .bottom-menu>li .submenu { width: 100%; } } .links-list ul { margin-bottom: 0!important; margin-left: 0!important; } .links-list ul li { margin-bottom: 14px!important; padding-left: 0!important; } .links-list ul>li:before { content: none!important; } .two-column-grid__right .events-list { margin-bottom: 0!important; margin-left: 0!important; } .two-column-grid__right .events-list li { margin-bottom: 14px!important; padding-left: 0!important; } .two-column-grid__right .events-list>li:before { content: none!important; } .single-column-grid .events-list { margin-bottom: 0!important; margin-left: 0!important; } .single-column-grid .events-list li { margin-bottom: 14px!important; padding-left: 0!important; } .single-column-grid .events-list>li:before { content: none!important; } .three-column-grid__center .events-list { margin-bottom: 0!important; margin-left: 0!important; } .three-column-grid__center .events-list li { margin-bottom: 14px!important; padding-left: 0!important; } .three-column-grid__center .events-list>li:before { content: none!important; } .pagination ul { margin-bottom: auto!important; margin-left: auto!important; } .pagination ul li { margin-bottom: 14px!important; padding-left: 0!important; } .pagination ul>li:before { content: none!important; } </style> <script type="text/javascript"> var MTUserId = '1c75c36c-a46a-4891-8bfa-e317e4c2df90'; var MTFontIds = new Array(); MTFontIds.push("1475724"); // DIN 1451 W01 EngSchrift (function () { var mtTracking = document.createElement('script'); mtTracking.type = 'text/javascript'; mtTracking.async = 'true'; mtTracking.src = '/wp-content/themes/bsdstarter/src/fonts/mtiFontTrackingCode.js'; (document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0] || document.getElementsByTagName('body')[0]).appendChild(mtTracking); })(); </script> <script src="/wp-content/themes/bsdstarter/src/js/vendor/mediaelement-and-player.min.js'"></script> <!-- Google Tag Manager --> <script>(function (w, d, s, l, i) { w[l] = w[l] || []; w[l].push({ 'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(), event: 'gtm.js' }); var f = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j = d.createElement(s), dl = l != 'dataLayer' ? '&l=' + l : ''; j.async = true; j.src = 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=' + i + dl; f.parentNode.insertBefore(j, f); })(window, document, 'script', 'dataLayer', 'GTM-MLN7JPS');</script> <!-- End Google Tag Manager --></head> <body class="page-template page-template-archive-blogs page-template-archive-blogs-php page page-id-483 page-parent" data-template="base.twig"> <!-- Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-MLN7JPS" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <!-- End Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <header> <div class="nav-wrapper"> <div class="container"> <div class="nav-section-top"> <div class="logo"> <a class="logo" href="https://computerhistory.org" title="Computer History Museum home link"> <img class="full-logo" src="https://computerhistory.org/wp-content/themes/bsdstarter/assets/img/chm-logo-text.svg" alt="Computer History Museum Logo"> <img class="teaser-logo" src="https://computerhistory.org/wp-content/themes/bsdstarter/assets/img/chm-logo-short.svg" alt="Computer History Museum Logo"> </a> </div> <div class="right-content"> <div class="responsive-buttons"> <a href="https://donate.computerhistory.org" class="btn-nav btn-red ">Donate</a> <a href="https://connect.computerhistory.org" class="btn-nav btn-green ">Tickets</a> </div> <button class="mobile-menu-toggle"> <span>Menu</span> </button> </div> </div> <div class="nav-section-bottom"> <div class="nav-section-bottom-menu"> <ul class="menu vertical large-horizontal bottom-menu" data-responsive-menu="drilldown large-dropdown"> <li> <a href="/explore/">Explore</a> <ul class="nested menu submenu vertical"> <li><a href="https://computerhistory.org/explore/">Overview</a></li> <li><a href="/collections/">Collections</a></li> <li><a href="https://computerhistory.org/timelines/">Timelines</a></li> <li><a href="https://computerhistory.org/blogs/">Blogs</a></li> <li><a href="/stories/">Stories</a></li> <li><a href="/playlists/">Playlists</a></li> <li><a href="https://computerhistory.org/explore/podcast/">Podcast</a></li> <li><a href="https://computerhistory.org/activities-resources/">Activities & Resources</a></li> </ul> <!-- /.menu.nested --> </li> <li> <a href="/visit/">Visit</a> <ul class="nested menu submenu vertical"> <li><a href="/visit/">Overview</a></li> <li><a href="https://computerhistory.org/plan-your-visit/">Plan Your Visit</a></li> <li><a href="https://computerhistory.org/exhibits/">Exhibits</a></li> <li><a href="https://computerhistory.org/tours/">Tours</a></li> <li><a href="https://computerhistory.org/visit/group-visits/">Group Visits</a></li> <li><a href="/events/">Events</a></li> <li><a href="https://computerhistory.org/venue/">Venue</a></li> </ul> <!-- /.menu.nested --> </li> <li> <a href="/about/">About</a> <ul class="nested menu submenu vertical"> <li><a href="/about/">Overview</a></li> <li><a href="https://computerhistory.org/this-is-chm/">This Is CHM</a></li> <li><a href="https://computerhistory.org/fellow-awards/">Awards</a></li> <li><a href="https://computerhistory.org/programs/">Programs</a></li> <li><a href="/press-releases">News</a></li> <li><a href="https://computerhistory.org/leadership/">Leadership</a></li> </ul> <!-- /.menu.nested --> </li> <li> <a href="/join/">Join & Give</a> <ul class="nested menu submenu vertical"> <li><a href="/join/">Overview</a></li> <li><a href="https://computerhistory.org/membership/">Membership</a></li> <li><a href="https://computerhistory.org/ways-to-give/">Ways to Give</a></li> <li><a href="https://computerhistory.org/donor-recognition/">Donor Recognition</a></li> <li><a href="https://computerhistory.org/institutional-supporters/">Institutional Supporters</a></li> <li><a href="https://computerhistory.org/volunteers/">Volunteers</a></li> </ul> <!-- /.menu.nested --> </li> <li class="search-icon desktop"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" enable-background="new 0 0 512 512"> <g> <path d="M495,466.2L377.2,348.4c29.2-35.6,46.8-81.2,46.8-130.9C424,103.5,331.5,11,217.5,11C103.4,11,11,103.5,11,217.5 S103.4,424,217.5,424c49.7,0,95.2-17.5,130.8-46.7L466.1,495c8,8,20.9,8,28.9,0C503,487.1,503,474.1,495,466.2z M217.5,382.9 C126.2,382.9,52,308.7,52,217.5S126.2,52,217.5,52C308.7,52,383,126.3,383,217.5S308.7,382.9,217.5,382.9z" /> </g> </svg> </li> <li class="search-icon responsive"> <a href="#">Search <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" enable-background="new 0 0 512 512"> <g> <path d="M495,466.2L377.2,348.4c29.2-35.6,46.8-81.2,46.8-130.9C424,103.5,331.5,11,217.5,11C103.4,11,11,103.5,11,217.5 S103.4,424,217.5,424c49.7,0,95.2-17.5,130.8-46.7L466.1,495c8,8,20.9,8,28.9,0C503,487.1,503,474.1,495,466.2z M217.5,382.9 C126.2,382.9,52,308.7,52,217.5S126.2,52,217.5,52C308.7,52,383,126.3,383,217.5S308.7,382.9,217.5,382.9z" /> </g> </svg></a> </li> <li class="btn-nav-clear nav-display-desktop"> <a href="https://donate.computerhistory.org" class="btn-nav btn-red ">Donate</a> </li> <li class="btn-nav-clear nav-display-desktop"> <a href="https://connect.computerhistory.org" class="btn-nav btn-green ">Tickets</a> </li> </ul> <!-- /.menu --> </div> <div class="nav-section-top-menu"> <ul class="menu vertical large-horizontal top-menu" data-responsive-menu="drilldown large-dropdown"> <li> <a href="https://computerhistory.org/hours-admission/">Hours & Admission</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://computerhistory.org/subscribe/">Subscribe</a> </li> </ul> <!-- /.menu --> </div> </div> </div> <div class="search-wrapper"> <div class="container"> <form role="search" method="get" id="searchform" class="searchform" action="https://computerhistory.org/"> <div> <label class="screen-reader-text" for="s">Search for:</label> <input type="text" value="" name="s" id="s" /> <input type="submit" id="searchsubmit" value="Go" /> </div> </form> <a href="https://www.computerhistory.org/collections/search/" class="search-text">Or search the collection catalog <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="10" height="7" viewBox="0 0 10 7"> <defs> <path id="ehgga" d="M464.07 207.98h8.498v1.042h-8.498z" /> <path id="ehggb" d="M470.208 211.99l-.768-.73 2.906-2.76-2.906-2.76.768-.73 3.673 3.49z" /> </defs> <g> <g transform="translate(-464 -205)"> <g> <use fill="#175e61" xlink:href="#ehgga" /> </g> <g> <use fill="#175e61" xlink:href="#ehggb" /> </g> </g> </g> </svg> </a> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="container"> <section class="hero hero--plain"> <div class="hero__content"> <div class="content"> <div id="breadcrumbs"><span><span><a href="https://live-comp-history-museum.pantheonsite.io/">Home</a></span></span></div> <h1>CHM Blog</h1> <span>The CHM blog showcases ideas and insights from our vibrant community in Silicon Valley and around the world. We take you behind the scenes of our programming, collections, and exhibits. Connecting the past to the present and into the future, we decode technology for everyone. </span> </div> </div> <div class="hero__pattern"> <img src="https://computerhistory.org/wp-content/themes/bsdstarter/assets/img/hero-pattern.svg" alt=""> </div> </section> <section class="two-column-grid two-column-grid--list"> <div class="row"> <div class="two-column-grid__left"> <div class="sidebar"> <h2>Category</h2> <div class="links-list"> <ul> <li> <a href="https://computerhistory.org/blog/category/fellow-awards/">Award Programs</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://computerhistory.org/blog/category/behind-the-scenes/">Behind the Scenes</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://computerhistory.org/blog/category/chm-live/">CHM Live</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://computerhistory.org/blog/category/curatorial-insights/">Curatorial Insights</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://computerhistory.org/blog/category/education/">Education</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://computerhistory.org/blog/category/exponential-center/">Exponential Center</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://computerhistory.org/blog/category/from-the-collection/">From the Collection</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://computerhistory.org/blog/category/guest-blog/">Guest Blog</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://computerhistory.org/blog/category/internet-history-program/">Internet History Program</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://computerhistory.org/blog/category/museum-news/">Museum News</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://computerhistory.org/blog/category/projects/">Projects</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://computerhistory.org/blog/category/remarkable-people/">Remarkable People</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://computerhistory.org/blog/category/software-history-center/">Software History Center</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="two-column-grid__right"> <ul class="events-list"> <li> <a href="https://computerhistory.org/blog/parrots-vs-sparks/"> <div class="events-list__img-wrapper"> <div class="events-list__img" style="background: url('https://computerhistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Chatbot-35-scaled-325x184-c-default.jpg') center center no-repeat;"> </div> </div> <div class="events-list__content"> <h5> CHM Live </h5> <h4>Parrots vs. Sparks</h4> <h5> Friday, April 4, 2025 </h5> <p> Experts debate the question of whether or not the large language models that drive artificial intelligence chatbots really understand. </p> </div> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://computerhistory.org/blog/dick-kramlich-1935-2025-an-appreciation/"> <div class="events-list__img-wrapper"> <div class="events-list__img" style="background: url('https://computerhistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Dick-Kramlich-closeup-325x184-c-default.jpg') center center no-repeat;"> </div> </div> <div class="events-list__content"> <h5> Remarkable People </h5> <h4>Dick Kramlich, 1935–2025: An Appreciation</h4> <h5> Tuesday, April 1, 2025 </h5> <p> CHM remembers the entrepreneurial spirit of Dick Kramlich, a trailblazer of venture investing in Silicon Valley, the United States, and beyond. </p> </div> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://computerhistory.org/blog/chm-releases-alexnet-source-code/"> <div class="events-list__img-wrapper"> <div class="events-list__img" style="background: url('https://computerhistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/fig-68-REDUCED-UofT2994_20130312_GeoffreyHinton_B-scaled-325x184-c-default.jpeg') center center no-repeat;"> </div> </div> <div class="events-list__content"> <h5> Software History Center </h5> <h4>CHM Releases AlexNet Source Code</h4> <h5> Thursday, March 20, 2025 </h5> <p> In partnership with Google, CHM releases the source code to AlexNet, the neural network that in 2012 kick-started today’s prevailing approach to AI. </p> </div> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://computerhistory.org/blog/sal-khan-on-ai-education/"> <div class="events-list__img-wrapper"> <div class="events-list__img" style="background: url('https://computerhistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Sal-Khan-10-325x184-c-default.jpg') center center no-repeat;"> </div> </div> <div class="events-list__content"> <h5> CHM Live </h5> <h4>Sal Khan on AI + Education</h4> <h5> Tuesday, March 18, 2025 </h5> <p> Khan Academy Founder Sal Khan shares his ideas about how generative AI can serve students and teachers. </p> </div> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://computerhistory.org/blog/bill-gates-at-chm/"> <div class="events-list__img-wrapper"> <div class="events-list__img" style="background: url('https://computerhistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/BG-58-scaled-325x184-c-default.jpg') center center no-repeat;"> </div> </div> <div class="events-list__content"> <h5> CHM Live </h5> <h4>Bill Gates at CHM</h4> <h5> Thursday, February 20, 2025 </h5> <p> Bill Gates shares moments of his life as an early convert to the new world of computing in the 1960s, thoughts on building Microsoft, insights into his childhood and upbringing, and perspectives on philanthropy and AI. </p> </div> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://computerhistory.org/blog/memories-of-lisa/"> <div class="events-list__img-wrapper"> <div class="events-list__img" style="background: url('https://computerhistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Bill-Atkinson-ID-325x184-c-default.jpeg') center center no-repeat;"> </div> </div> <div class="events-list__content"> <h5> From the Collection </h5> <h4>Memories of Lisa</h4> <h5> Thursday, January 30, 2025 </h5> <p> Listen to new oral history interviews with Apple engineer Bill Atkinson, who shares his insights and personal experiences about working on the legendary Lisa computer. </p> </div> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://computerhistory.org/blog/programming-in-harmony/"> <div class="events-list__img-wrapper"> <div class="events-list__img" style="background: url('https://computerhistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Harmony-Compiler-paper-tapes-2-325x184-c-default.jpg') center center no-repeat;"> </div> </div> <div class="events-list__content"> <h5> Guest Blog </h5> <h4>Programming in Harmony</h4> <h5> Wednesday, January 8, 2025 </h5> <p> Discover the roots of computer music and the development Harmony Compiler, one of the earliest pieces of music-making software to be distributed to users. </p> </div> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://computerhistory.org/blog/the-blizzard-saga/"> <div class="events-list__img-wrapper"> <div class="events-list__img" style="background: url('https://computerhistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/0J6A7548-325x184-c-default.jpg') center center no-repeat;"> </div> </div> <div class="events-list__content"> <h5> CHM Live </h5> <h4>The Blizzard Saga</h4> <h5> Friday, December 20, 2024 </h5> <p> Author Jason Schreier explores the culture of the iconic Blizzard Entertainment gaming company and the lessons learned from its highs and lows. </p> </div> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://computerhistory.org/blog/in-memoriam-donald-bitzer-1934-2024/"> <div class="events-list__img-wrapper"> <div class="events-list__img" style="background: url('https://computerhistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/2024_12_BitzerDon_memoriam_003-325x184-c-default.png') center center no-repeat;"> </div> </div> <div class="events-list__content"> <h5> Remarkable People </h5> <h4>In Memoriam: Donald Bitzer, 1934–2024</h4> <h5> Thursday, December 12, 2024 </h5> <p> CHM remembers Fellow Don Bitzer, computer pioneer who co-invented the flat-panel plasma display and was called the "father of PLATO.” </p> </div> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://computerhistory.org/blog/2024-fellow-awards/"> <div class="events-list__img-wrapper"> <div class="events-list__img" style="background: url('https://computerhistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/2024_11_FellowAwardsSet-up_005-325x184-c-default.jpg') center center no-repeat;"> </div> </div> <div class="events-list__content"> <h5> Award Programs </h5> <h4>2024 Fellow Awards</h4> <h5> Monday, November 25, 2024 </h5> <p> CHM's 2024 Fellows were honored in a gala ceremony at the Museum, welcoming Allan Alcorn, Nolan Bushnell, Steven Mayer, Elizabeth "Jake" Feinler, and Jensen Huang into the prestigious community. </p> </div> </a> </li> </ul> <div class="pagination"> <a href="" class="prev disabled">Previous</a> <ul> <li> <span class="page-number page-numbers current">1</span> </li> <li> <a href="https://computerhistory.org/blogs/page/2/" class="page-number page-numbers">2</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://computerhistory.org/blogs/page/3/" class="page-number page-numbers">3</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://computerhistory.org/blogs/page/4/" class="page-number page-numbers">4</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://computerhistory.org/blogs/page/5/" class="page-number page-numbers">5</a> </li> </ul> <a href="https://computerhistory.org/blogs/page/2/" class="next ">Next</a> </div> <span class="post-count">(453 results)</span> </div> </div> </section> </div> <footer class="footer"> <div class="footer__top"> <div class="container"> <div class="footer-content-3"> <a class="logo" href="https://computerhistory.org" title="Computer History Museum home link"><img src="https://computerhistory.org/wp-content/themes/bsdstarter/assets/img/chm-logo-short.svg" alt="Computer History Museum Logo"></a> <div class="footer-term-conditions desktop"> <ul class="menu"> <li class="no-link"> <a href="#">CHM is a registered 501(c)3 organization. Your donation is tax-deductible to the extent permitted by law.</a> </li> <li class="no-link"> <a href="#">Tax ID 77-0507525.</a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://computerhistory.org/terms/">Terms of Use</a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://computerhistory.org/privacy/">Privacy</a> </li> <li class="no-link"> <a href="#">© 2025 Computer History Museum</a> </li> </ul> <!-- /.menu --> </div> </div> <div class="footer-content-4"> <div class="menu_one"> <ul class="menu" data-responsive-menu="drilldown large-dropdown"> <li> <a href="/press-releases/">Press</a> </li> <li> <a href="/jobs/">Careers</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://computerhistory.org/venue/">Venue</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="menu_two"> <ul class="menu" data-responsive-menu="drilldown large-dropdown"> <li> <a href="/events/">Events</a> </li> <li> <a href="/exhibits/">Exhibits</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://computerhistory.org/donate-now/">Donate</a> </li> </ul> <!-- /.menu --> </div> </div> <div class="footer-content-5"> <h2 class="widgettitle">Hours and Directions</h2> <div class="textwidget"><p><a href="/make-plan/">Hours & Directions</a></p> <p>1401 N. Shoreline Blvd.</p> <p>Mountain View, CA 94043</p> <p><a href="tel:+16508101010">(650) 810-1010</a></p> <p> </p> <p><a href="/contact-us/">More Contact Info</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </footer> <div id="pum-30970" role="dialog" aria-modal="false" class="pum pum-overlay pum-theme-30972 pum-theme-chm popmake-overlay pum-overlay-disabled auto_open click_open" data-popmake="{"id":30970,"slug":"chatbot-announcement","theme_id":30972,"cookies":[{"event":"on_popup_close","settings":{"name":"pum-30970","key":"","session":null,"path":true,"time":"1 week"}}],"triggers":[{"type":"auto_open","settings":{"cookie_name":"","delay":"0"}},{"type":"click_open","settings":{"extra_selectors":"","cookie_name":null}}],"mobile_disabled":null,"tablet_disabled":null,"meta":{"display":{"stackable":"1","overlay_disabled":"1","scrollable_content":false,"disable_reposition":false,"size":"custom","responsive_min_width":"0px","responsive_min_width_unit":false,"responsive_max_width":"100px","responsive_max_width_unit":false,"custom_width":"100%","custom_width_unit":false,"custom_height":"68px","custom_height_unit":false,"custom_height_auto":"1","location":"center top","position_from_trigger":false,"position_top":"0","position_left":"10","position_bottom":"20","position_right":"10","position_fixed":"1","animation_type":"fadeAndSlide","animation_speed":"300","animation_origin":"top","overlay_zindex":false,"zindex":"999999999999"},"close":{"text":"X","button_delay":"0","overlay_click":false,"esc_press":false,"f4_press":false},"click_open":[]}}"> <div id="popmake-30970" class="pum-container popmake theme-30972 size-custom pum-position-fixed"> <div class="pum-content popmake-content" tabindex="0"> <p>Now Showing! Chatbots Decoded: Exploring AI. <a href="https://connect.computerhistory.org/events/6346af73-b2ee-3572-d519-2f2d2f18a311">Buy Tickets Now</a></p> </div> <button type="button" class="pum-close popmake-close" aria-label="Close"> X </button> </div> </div> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://computerhistory.org/wp-includes/js/dist/hooks.min.js?ver=4d63a3d491d11ffd8ac6" id="wp-hooks-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://computerhistory.org/wp-includes/js/dist/i18n.min.js?ver=5e580eb46a90c2b997e6" id="wp-i18n-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="wp-i18n-js-after"> /* <![CDATA[ */ wp.i18n.setLocaleData( { 'text direction\u0004ltr': [ 'ltr' ] } ); /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://computerhistory.org/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/includes/swv/js/index.js?ver=6.0.4" id="swv-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="contact-form-7-js-before"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var wpcf7 = { "api": { "root": "https:\/\/computerhistory.org\/wp-json\/", "namespace": "contact-form-7\/v1" } }; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://computerhistory.org/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/includes/js/index.js?ver=6.0.4" id="contact-form-7-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="gforms_recaptcha_recaptcha-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var gforms_recaptcha_recaptcha_strings = {"site_key":"6LemLLkUAAAAAAjc9RBh1WIYYyUREQ1QvL_YGx7w","ajaxurl":"https:\/\/computerhistory.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","nonce":"9f3b1d0842"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.google.com/recaptcha/api.js?render=6LemLLkUAAAAAAjc9RBh1WIYYyUREQ1QvL_YGx7w&ver=1.6.0" id="gforms_recaptcha_recaptcha-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://computerhistory.org/wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/core.min.js?ver=1.13.3" id="jquery-ui-core-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="popup-maker-site-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var pum_vars = {"version":"1.20.4","pm_dir_url":"https:\/\/computerhistory.org\/wp-content\/plugins\/popup-maker\/","ajaxurl":"https:\/\/computerhistory.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","restapi":"https:\/\/computerhistory.org\/wp-json\/pum\/v1","rest_nonce":null,"default_theme":"20379","debug_mode":"","disable_tracking":"","home_url":"\/","message_position":"top","core_sub_forms_enabled":"1","popups":[],"cookie_domain":"","analytics_route":"analytics","analytics_api":"https:\/\/computerhistory.org\/wp-json\/pum\/v1"}; var pum_sub_vars = {"ajaxurl":"https:\/\/computerhistory.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","message_position":"top"}; var pum_popups = {"pum-30970":{"triggers":[{"type":"auto_open","settings":{"cookie_name":"","delay":"0"}}],"cookies":[{"event":"on_popup_close","settings":{"name":"pum-30970","key":"","session":null,"path":true,"time":"1 week"}}],"disable_on_mobile":false,"disable_on_tablet":false,"atc_promotion":null,"explain":null,"type_section":null,"theme_id":"30972","size":"custom","responsive_min_width":"0px","responsive_max_width":"100px","custom_width":"100%","custom_height_auto":true,"custom_height":"68px","scrollable_content":false,"animation_type":"fadeAndSlide","animation_speed":"300","animation_origin":"top","open_sound":"none","custom_sound":"","location":"center top","position_top":"0","position_bottom":"20","position_left":"10","position_right":"10","position_from_trigger":false,"position_fixed":true,"overlay_disabled":true,"stackable":true,"disable_reposition":false,"zindex":"999999999999","close_button_delay":"0","fi_promotion":null,"close_on_form_submission":false,"close_on_form_submission_delay":"0","close_on_overlay_click":false,"close_on_esc_press":false,"close_on_f4_press":false,"disable_form_reopen":false,"disable_accessibility":false,"theme_slug":"chm","id":30970,"slug":"chatbot-announcement"}}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="//computerhistory.org/wp-content/uploads/pum/pum-site-scripts.js?defer&generated=1742594561&ver=1.20.4" id="popup-maker-site-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.google.com/recaptcha/api.js?render=6LemLLkUAAAAAAjc9RBh1WIYYyUREQ1QvL_YGx7w&ver=3.0" id="google-recaptcha-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://computerhistory.org/wp-includes/js/dist/vendor/wp-polyfill.min.js?ver=3.15.0" id="wp-polyfill-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="wpcf7-recaptcha-js-before"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var wpcf7_recaptcha = { "sitekey": "6LemLLkUAAAAAAjc9RBh1WIYYyUREQ1QvL_YGx7w", "actions": { "homepage": "homepage", "contactform": "contactform" } }; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://computerhistory.org/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/modules/recaptcha/index.js?ver=6.0.4" id="wpcf7-recaptcha-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://computerhistory.org/wp-content/themes/bsdstarter/assets/js/source.dev.js?ver=0.0.3" id="site-js-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> jQuery(document).ready(function ($) { // Function to update margin-top based on popup height function updateMargins() { var popupHeight = $('#popmake-30970').outerHeight(); if (popupHeight > 0) { // Ensure popupHeight is valid $('body').css('margin-top', popupHeight + 'px'); $('header').css('margin-top', popupHeight + 'px'); } } // Adjust margin-top when popup opens $(document).on('pumAfterOpen', '#pum-30970', function () { updateMargins(); // Add a resize listener for the duration the popup is open $(window).on('resize.popup', function () { updateMargins(); }); }); // Reset margin-top when popup closes $(document).on('pumAfterClose', '#pum-30970', function () { $('body').css('margin-top', '0'); $('header').css('margin-top', '0'); // Remove the resize listener when the popup closes $(window).off('resize.popup'); }); }); </script> <script type="text/javascript">window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.info={"beacon":"bam.nr-data.net","licenseKey":"3711322ece","applicationID":"406198101","transactionName":"MlYDZhdTWxJZAERcVwscIFERW1oPFwJCVlAMRQQfB15aBks=","queueTime":0,"applicationTime":508,"atts":"HhEAEF9JSBw=","errorBeacon":"bam.nr-data.net","agent":""}</script></body> </html>