CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Gustave Flaubert - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"8d9060ba-9d3d-4141-9a37-53ad576e9011","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Gustave_Flaubert","wgTitle":"Gustave Flaubert","wgCurRevisionId":1282055276,"wgRevisionId":1282055276,"wgArticleId":12307,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference","Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Use dmy dates from December 2022","Pages with French IPA","Articles containing French-language text","Commons link from Wikidata","Articles with Project Gutenberg links","Articles with Internet Archive links","Articles with LibriVox links","Articles with French-language sources (fr)","Webarchive template wayback links","Articles containing German-language text","Articles containing Dutch-language text","Gustave Flaubert","1821 births","1880 deaths","19th-century French male writers","19th-century French novelists","19th-century French short story writers","Anti-natalists","French fantasy writers","French historical novelists","French male novelists","French male short story writers","French LGBTQ novelists","French people of Norman descent","Lycée Pierre-Corneille alumni","Bisexual novelists","Writers from Rouen","19th-century travel writers","Writers of historical fiction set in antiquity","French writers with disabilities","French bisexual men","French bisexual writers"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Gustave_Flaubert","wgRelevantArticleId":12307,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q43444","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.21"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Gustave_Flaubert.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1322"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Gustave_Flaubert.jpg/800px-Gustave_Flaubert.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="881"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Gustave_Flaubert.jpg/640px-Gustave_Flaubert.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="705"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Gustave Flaubert - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Gustave_Flaubert&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Gustave_Flaubert rootpage-Gustave_Flaubert skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Gustave+Flaubert" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Gustave+Flaubert" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Gustave+Flaubert" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Gustave+Flaubert" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Life</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Life subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_life_and_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life_and_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early life and education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life_and_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Writing career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writing_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perfectionist_style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perfectionist_style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Perfectionist style</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perfectionist_style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prose_fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prose_fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Prose fiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prose_fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Other works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adaptations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adaptations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Adaptations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adaptations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Correspondence_(in_English)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Correspondence_(in_English)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Correspondence (in English)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Correspondence_(in_English)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biographical_and_other_related_publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biographical_and_other_related_publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Biographical and other related publications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biographical_and_other_related_publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Gustave Flaubert</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 104 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-104" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">104 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Gustave Flaubert" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%81_%D9%81%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="جوستاف فلوبير – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جوستاف فلوبير" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Gustave Flaubert" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Gustave Flaubert" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qustav_Flober" title="Qustav Flober – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qustav Flober" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%88_%D9%81%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="قوستاو فلوبر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قوستاو فلوبر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AD_%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0" title="গুস্তাভ ফ্লোবের – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গুস্তাভ ফ্লোবের" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Gustave Flaubert" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Гюстав Флобер – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Гюстав Флобер" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%9E_%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Гюстаў Флабер – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гюстаў Флабер" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%9E_%D0%A4%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Гюстаў Флябэр – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гюстаў Флябэр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaubert" title="Flaubert – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Flaubert" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Гюстав Флобер – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гюстав Флобер" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Gustave Flaubert" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Gustave Flaubert" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gustave Flaubert" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Gustave Flaubert" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gustave Flaubert" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Gustave Flaubert" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gustave Flaubert" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Gustave Flaubert" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BA%CF%85%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%B2_%CE%A6%CE%BB%CF%89%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%AD%CF%81" title="Γκυστάβ Φλωμπέρ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γκυστάβ Φλωμπέρ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gustave Flaubert" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gustave Flaubert" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gustave Flaubert" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%88_%D9%81%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="گوستاو فلوبر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گوستاو فلوبر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gustave Flaubert" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Gustave Flaubert" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Gustave Flaubert" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Gustave Flaubert" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Gustave Flaubert" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%88_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A4%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="گۊستاو فلؤبر – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="گۊستاو فلؤبر" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Gustave Flaubert" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B7%80%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%80%EB%B8%8C_%ED%94%8C%EB%A1%9C%EB%B2%A0%EB%A5%B4" title="귀스타브 플로베르 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="귀스타브 플로베르" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%BE_%D5%96%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Գյուստավ Ֆլոբեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գյուստավ Ֆլոբեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0" title="गुस्ताव फ्लोवेर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गुस्ताव फ्लोवेर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Gustave Flaubert" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Gustave Flaubert" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gustave Flaubert" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Gustave Flaubert" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gustave Flaubert" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%91_%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A8" title="גוסטב פלובר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גוסטב פלובר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Gustave Flaubert" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%95_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="გიუსტავ ფლობერი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გიუსტავ ფლობერი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Gustave Flaubert" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Gustave Flaubert" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Gustave Flaubert" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Гюстав Флобер – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Гюстав Флобер" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%93%D3%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2" title="Флобер, Гӱстав – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Флобер, Гӱстав" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavus_Flaubert" title="Gustavus Flaubert – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Gustavus Flaubert" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gistavs_Flob%C4%93rs" title="Gistavs Flobērs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Gistavs Flobērs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Gustave Flaubert" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gustave Flaubert" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Gustave Flaubert" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gustave Flaubert" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Гистав Флобер – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Гистав Флобер" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Gustave Flaubert" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%87%E0%B5%BC" title="ഗുസ്താവ് ഫ്ലോബേർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗുസ്താവ് ഫ്ലോബേർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Gustave Flaubert" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%95_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="გუსტავ ფლობერი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="გუსტავ ფლობერი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%81_%D9%81%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="جوستاف فلوبير – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جوستاف فلوبير" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Gustave Flaubert" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gustave Flaubert" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AE%E3%83%A5%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B4%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%99%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="ギュスターヴ・フローベール – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ギュスターヴ・フローベール" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gustave Flaubert" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Gustave Flaubert" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Gustave Flaubert" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Gustave Flaubert" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyustav_Flober" title="Gyustav Flober – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gyustav Flober" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B5_%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B0" title="ਗੁਸਤਾਵ ਫਲੌਬੈਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗੁਸਤਾਵ ਫਲੌਬੈਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%81_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="گستاف فلابیر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="گستاف فلابیر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Gustave Flaubert" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Gustave Flaubert" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gustave Flaubert" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gustave Flaubert" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Gustave Flaubert" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Gustave Flaubert" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Гюстав Флобер – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Гюстав Флобер" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%93%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2" title="Флобер, Гюстав – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Флобер, Гюстав" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Gustave Flaubert" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gustave Flaubert" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Gustave Flaubert" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Gustave Flaubert" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Gustave Flaubert" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Gustave Flaubert" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%DA%A4_%D9%81%D9%84%DB%86%D8%A8%DB%8E%D8%B1" title="گۆستاڤ فلۆبێر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گۆستاڤ فلۆبێر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Гистав Флобер – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Гистав Флобер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Gustave Flaubert" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Gustave Flaubert" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gustave Flaubert" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Gustave Flaubert" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="กุสตาฟว์ โฟลแบร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กุสตาฟว์ โฟลแบร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gustave Flaubert" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BDustaw_Flober" title="Gýustaw Flober – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Gýustaw Flober" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Гюстав Флобер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гюстав Флобер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%81_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="گستاف فلابیر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="گستاف فلابیر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Gustave Flaubert" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Gustave Flaubert" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Gustave Flaubert" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E6%A5%BC%E6%8B%9C" title="福楼拜 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="福楼拜" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Gustave Flaubert" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E7%A6%8F%E6%A8%93%E6%8B%9C" title="古斯塔夫·福樓拜 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="古斯塔夫·福樓拜" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Gustave Flaubert" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B1%85%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E7%A6%8F%E6%A5%BC%E6%8B%9C" title="居斯塔夫·福楼拜 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="居斯塔夫·福楼拜" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q43444#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Gustave_Flaubert" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gustave_Flaubert&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gustave_Flaubert&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gustave_Flaubert&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gustave_Flaubert&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Gustave_Flaubert" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Gustave_Flaubert" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gustave_Flaubert&oldid=1282055276" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gustave_Flaubert&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Gustave_Flaubert&id=1282055276&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGustave_Flaubert"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGustave_Flaubert"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Gustave_Flaubert&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gustave_Flaubert&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikisource mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Gustave_Flaubert" hreflang="en"><span>Wikisource</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q43444" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">French novelist (1821–1880)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Flaubert" redirects here. For the crater on Mercury, see <a href="/wiki/Flaubert_(crater)" title="Flaubert (crater)">Flaubert (crater)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Gustave Flaubert</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Gustave_Flaubert.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flaubert c. 1865"><img alt="Flaubert c. 1865" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Gustave_Flaubert.jpg/220px-Gustave_Flaubert.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Gustave_Flaubert.jpg/330px-Gustave_Flaubert.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Gustave_Flaubert.jpg/440px-Gustave_Flaubert.jpg 2x" data-file-width="984" data-file-height="1084" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:1.4em;">Flaubert <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1865</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1821-12-12</span>)</span>12 December 1821<br /><a href="/wiki/Rouen" title="Rouen">Rouen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Kingdom of France</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Died</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">8 May 1880<span style="display:none">(1880-05-08)</span> (aged 58)<br />Croisset (<a href="/wiki/Canteleu" title="Canteleu">Canteleu</a>), Rouen, <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">French Third Republic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Rouen_Monumental_Cemetery" title="Rouen Monumental Cemetery">Rouen Monumental Cemetery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role" style="line-height:1.4em;">Novelist</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Fiction" title="Fiction">Fiction</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Literary movement</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Realism_(arts)" title="Realism (arts)">Realism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">romanticism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Notable works</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1280115419">.mw-parser-output ul.cslist,.mw-parser-output ul.sslist,.mw-parser-output ul.andlist,.mw-parser-output ul.andlistoxford{margin:0;padding:0;display:inline-block;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output ul.cslist-embedded{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .cslist li,.mw-parser-output .sslist li,.mw-parser-output .andlist li,.mw-parser-output .andlistoxford li{margin:0;padding:0 0.25em 0 0;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:after,.mw-parser-output .andlistoxford li:after{content:", "}.mw-parser-output .sslist li:after{content:"; "}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .sslist li:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .andlist li:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .andlistoxford li:last-child:after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .andlist li:nth-last-child(2):after{content:" and "}.mw-parser-output .andlistoxford li:nth-last-child(2):after{content:", and "}</style><ul class="cslist"><li><i><a href="/wiki/Madame_Bovary" title="Madame Bovary">Madame Bovary</a></i></li><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sentimental_Education" title="Sentimental Education">Sentimental Education</a></i></li><li><i><a href="/wiki/Salammb%C3%B4" title="Salammbô">Salammbô</a></i></li><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Temptation_of_Saint_Anthony_(novel)" title="The Temptation of Saint Anthony (novel)">The Temptation of Saint Anthony</a></i></li><li><i><a href="/wiki/Three_Tales_(Flaubert)" title="Three Tales (Flaubert)">Three Tales</a></i></li><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bouvard_et_P%C3%A9cuchet" title="Bouvard et Pécuchet">Bouvard et Pécuchet</a></i></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:G._Flaubert_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/G._Flaubert_signature.svg/250px-G._Flaubert_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/G._Flaubert_signature.svg/330px-G._Flaubert_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="393" data-file-height="118" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Gustave Flaubert</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ɛər/: 'are' in 'bare'">ɛər</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">FLOH</span>-bair</i></a>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991" /><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ɛər/: 'are' in 'bare'">ɛər</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">floh-<span style="font-size:90%">BAIR</span></i></a>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991" /><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[ɡystav<span class="wrap"> </span>flobɛʁ]</a></span>; 12 December 1821 – 8 May 1880) was a French novelist. He has been considered the leading exponent of <a href="/wiki/Literary_realism" title="Literary realism">literary realism</a> in his country and abroad. According to the literary theorist Kornelije Kvas, "in Flaubert, realism strives for formal perfection, so the presentation of reality tends to be neutral, emphasizing the values and importance of style as an objective method of presenting reality".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is known especially for his <a href="/wiki/Debut_novel" title="Debut novel">debut novel</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Madame_Bovary" title="Madame Bovary">Madame Bovary</a></i> (1857), his <i>Correspondence</i>, and his scrupulous devotion to his style and <a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">aesthetics</a>. The celebrated short story writer <a href="/wiki/Guy_de_Maupassant" title="Guy de Maupassant">Guy de Maupassant</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Prot%C3%A9g%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Protégé">protégé</a> of Flaubert. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gustave_Flaubert&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gustave_Flaubert&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0.jpg/250px-%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0.jpg/330px-%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0.jpg/500px-%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="3576" /></a><figcaption>Flaubert's birthplace, now a museum</figcaption></figure> <p>Flaubert was born in <a href="/wiki/Rouen" title="Rouen">Rouen</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Seine-Maritime" title="Seine-Maritime">Seine-Maritime</a> department of <a href="/wiki/Upper_Normandy" title="Upper Normandy">Upper Normandy</a>, in northern France. He was the second son of Anne Justine Caroline (née Fleuriot; 1793–1872) and Achille-Cléophas Flaubert (1784–1846), director and senior surgeon of the major hospital in Rouen.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He began writing at an early age, as early as eight according to some sources.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was educated at the <a href="/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Pierre-Corneille" title="Lycée Pierre-Corneille">Lycée Pierre-Corneille</a> in Rouen,<sup id="cite_ref-LyCo6_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LyCo6-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and did not leave until 1840, whereupon he went to <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> to study <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">law</a>. In Paris, he was an indifferent student and found the city distasteful. He made a few acquaintances, including <a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a>. Toward the end of 1840, he traveled in the <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1846, after an attack of <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a>, he left Paris and abandoned the study of law. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gustave_Flaubert&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1846 to 1854, Flaubert had a relationship with the poet <a href="/wiki/Louise_Colet" title="Louise Colet">Louise Colet</a>; <a href="/wiki/Flaubert%27s_letters" title="Flaubert's letters">his letters</a> to her survived.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After leaving Paris, he returned to Croisset, near the <a href="/wiki/Seine" title="Seine">Seine</a>, close to Rouen, and lived there for the rest of his life. He did however make occasional visits to Paris and England, where he apparently had a mistress. </p><p>Politically, Flaubert described himself as a "romantic and liberal old dunce" (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">vieille ganache romantique et libérale</i></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an "enraged <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberal</a>" (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">libéral enragé</i></span>), a hater of all despotism, and one who celebrated every protest of the individual against power and monopolies.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With his lifelong friend <a href="/wiki/Maxime_Du_Camp" title="Maxime Du Camp">Maxime Du Camp</a>, he traveled in <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a> in 1846.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1849–50 he went on a long journey to the Middle East, visiting <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> and Egypt. In <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a> he contracted <a href="/wiki/Syphilis" title="Syphilis">syphilis</a>. He spent five weeks in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> in 1850. He visited <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a> in 1858 to conduct research for his novel <i><a href="/wiki/Salammb%C3%B4" title="Salammbô">Salammbô</a></i>. </p><p>Flaubert did not marry or have children. In a 1852 letter to Colet, he explained his reasons for not wanting children, saying he would "transmit to no one the aggravations and the disgrace of existence". </p><p>Flaubert was very open about his sexual activities with prostitutes in his travel writings. He suspected that a <a href="/wiki/Chancre" title="Chancre">chancre</a> on his penis was from a <a href="/wiki/Maronite" class="mw-redirect" title="Maronite">Maronite</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turkish</a> girl.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also engaged in intercourse with male prostitutes in Beirut and Egypt; in one of his letters, he describes a "pockmarked young rascal wearing a white turban".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to his biographer Émile Faguet, his affair with Louise Colet was his only serious romantic relationship.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Flaubert was a diligent worker and often complained in his letters to friends about the strenuous nature of his work. He was close to his niece, Caroline Commanville, and had a close friendship and correspondence with <a href="/wiki/George_Sand" title="George Sand">George Sand</a>. He occasionally visited Parisian acquaintances, including <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Zola" title="Émile Zola">Émile Zola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alphonse_Daudet" title="Alphonse Daudet">Alphonse Daudet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Turgenev" title="Ivan Turgenev">Ivan Turgenev</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Edmond_de_Goncourt" title="Edmond de Goncourt">Edmond</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jules_de_Goncourt" title="Jules de Goncourt">Jules de Goncourt</a>. </p><p>The 1870s were a difficult time for Flaubert. Prussian soldiers occupied his house during the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">War of 1870</a>, and his mother died in 1872. After her death, he fell into financial difficulty due to business failures on the part of his niece's husband. Flaubert lived with <a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexually transmitted disease">venereal diseases</a> most of his life. His health declined and he died at Croisset of a cerebral hemorrhage in 1880 at the age of 58. He was buried in the family vault in the cemetery of Rouen. A monument to him by <a href="/wiki/Henri_Chapu" title="Henri Chapu">Henri Chapu</a> was unveiled at the museum of Rouen.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Writing_career">Writing career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gustave_Flaubert&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Writing career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gustave_Flaubert_par_Pierre_Fran%C3%A7ois_Eug%C3%A8ne_Giraud.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Gustave_Flaubert_par_Pierre_Fran%C3%A7ois_Eug%C3%A8ne_Giraud.jpg/220px-Gustave_Flaubert_par_Pierre_Fran%C3%A7ois_Eug%C3%A8ne_Giraud.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Gustave_Flaubert_par_Pierre_Fran%C3%A7ois_Eug%C3%A8ne_Giraud.jpg/330px-Gustave_Flaubert_par_Pierre_Fran%C3%A7ois_Eug%C3%A8ne_Giraud.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Gustave_Flaubert_par_Pierre_Fran%C3%A7ois_Eug%C3%A8ne_Giraud.jpg/440px-Gustave_Flaubert_par_Pierre_Fran%C3%A7ois_Eug%C3%A8ne_Giraud.jpg 2x" data-file-width="746" data-file-height="895" /></a><figcaption>Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Giraud" title="Eugène Giraud">Eugène Giraud</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1856</figcaption></figure> <p>His first finished work was <i><a href="/wiki/November_(novella)" title="November (novella)">November</a></i>, a novella, which was completed in 1842.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 1849, Flaubert completed the first version of a novel, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Temptation_of_Saint_Anthony_(novel)" title="The Temptation of Saint Anthony (novel)">The Temptation of Saint Anthony</a></i>. He read the novel aloud to <a href="/wiki/Louis_Bouilhet" title="Louis Bouilhet">Louis Bouilhet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maxime_Du_Camp" title="Maxime Du Camp">Maxime Du Camp</a> over the course of four days, not allowing them to interrupt or give any opinions. At the end of the reading, his friends told him to throw the manuscript in the fire, suggesting instead that he focus on day-to-day life rather than fantastic subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1850, after returning from Egypt, Flaubert began work on <i><a href="/wiki/Madame_Bovary" title="Madame Bovary">Madame Bovary</a></i>. The novel, which took five years to write, was serialized in the <i><a href="/wiki/Revue_de_Paris" title="Revue de Paris">Revue de Paris</a></i> in 1856. The government brought an action against the publisher and author on the charge of immorality,<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was heard during the following year, but both were acquitted. When <i>Madame Bovary</i> appeared in book form, it met with a warm reception. </p><p>In 1858, Flaubert travelled to <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a> to gather material for his next novel, <i><a href="/wiki/Salammb%C3%B4" title="Salammbô">Salammbô</a></i>. The novel was completed in 1862 after four years of work.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Drawing on his youth, Flaubert next wrote <i>L'Éducation sentimentale</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Sentimental_Education" title="Sentimental Education">Sentimental Education</a></i>), an effort that took seven years. This was his last complete novel, published in the year 1869. The story focuses on the romantic life of a young man named Frédéric Moreau at the time of the French Revolution of 1848 and the founding of the Second French Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He wrote an unsuccessful drama, <i>Le Candidat</i>, and published a reworked version of <i>The Temptation of Saint Anthony</i>, portions of which had been published as early as 1857. He devoted much of his time to an ongoing project, <i>Les Deux Cloportes</i> (<i>The Two Woodlice</i>), which later became <i><a href="/wiki/Bouvard_et_P%C3%A9cuchet" title="Bouvard et Pécuchet">Bouvard et Pécuchet</a></i>, breaking the obsessive project only to write the <i><a href="/wiki/Three_Tales_(Flaubert)" title="Three Tales (Flaubert)">Three Tales</a></i> in 1877. This book comprises three stories: <i>Un Cœur simple</i> (<i>A Simple Heart</i>), <i>La Légende de Saint-Julien l'Hospitalier</i> (<i>The Legend of St. <a href="/wiki/Julian_the_Hospitaller" title="Julian the Hospitaller">Julian the Hospitaller</a></i>), and <i>Hérodias</i> (<i>Herodias</i>). After the publication of the stories, he spent the remainder of his life toiling on the unfinished <i>Bouvard et Pécuchet</i>, which was posthumously printed in 1881. It was a grand satire on the futility of human knowledge and the ubiquity of mediocrity.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He believed the work to be his masterpiece, though the posthumous version received lukewarm reviews. Flaubert was a prolific letter writer, and his letters have been collected in several publications. </p><p>At the time of his death, he may have been working on a further historical novel, based on the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thermopylae" title="Battle of Thermopylae">Battle of Thermopylae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Perfectionist_style">Perfectionist style</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gustave_Flaubert&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Perfectionist style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Flaubert famously avoided the inexact, the abstract and the vaguely inapt expression, and scrupulously eschewed the <a href="/wiki/Clich%C3%A9" title="Cliché">cliché</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gosse1911_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gosse1911-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a letter to <a href="/wiki/George_Sand" title="George Sand">George Sand</a> he said that he spent his time "trying to write harmonious sentences, avoiding <a href="/wiki/Assonance" title="Assonance">assonances</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Flaubert believed in and pursued the principle of finding "<i>le mot juste</i>" ("the right word"), which he considered as the key means to achieve high quality in literary art.<sup id="cite_ref-Chandler1958p17_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chandler1958p17-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He worked in sullen solitude, sometimes occupying a week in the completion of one page, never satisfied with what he had composed.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Flaubert's correspondence he intimates this, explaining correct prose did not flow out of him and that his style was achieved through work and revision.<sup id="cite_ref-Gosse1911_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gosse1911-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Flaubert said he wished to forge a style "that would be rhythmic as verse, precise as the language of the sciences, undulant, deep-voiced as a cello, tipped with flame: a style that would pierce your idea like a dagger, and on which your thought would sail easily ahead over a smooth surface, like a skiff before a good tail wind." He famously said that "an author in his book must be like God in the universe, present everywhere and visible nowhere."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This painstaking style of writing is also evident when one compares Flaubert's output over a lifetime to that of his peers (for example <a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac">Balzac</a> or <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Zola" title="Émile Zola">Zola</a>). Flaubert published much less prolifically than was the norm for his time and never got near the pace of a novel a year, as his peers often achieved during their peaks of activity. <a href="/wiki/Walter_Pater" title="Walter Pater">Walter Pater</a> famously called Flaubert the "martyr of style".<sup id="cite_ref-Chandler1958p17_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chandler1958p17-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gustave_Flaubert&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the assessment of critic <a href="/wiki/James_Wood_(critic)" title="James Wood (critic)">James Wood</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Novelists should thank Flaubert the way poets thank spring; it all begins again with him. There really is a time before Flaubert and a time after him. Flaubert decisively established what most readers and writers think of as modern realist narration, and his influence is almost too familiar to be visible. We hardly remark of good prose that it favors the telling and brilliant detail; that it privileges a high degree of visual noticing; that it maintains an unsentimental composure and knows how to withdraw, like a good valet, from superfluous commentary; that it judges good and bad neutrally; that it seeks out the truth, even at the cost of repelling us; and that the author's fingerprints on all this are paradoxically, traceable but not visible. You can find some of this in <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Defoe" title="Daniel Defoe">Defoe</a> or <a href="/wiki/Jane_Austen" title="Jane Austen">Austen</a> or <a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac">Balzac</a>, but not all of it until Flaubert.</p></blockquote> <p>As a writer, other than a pure stylist, Flaubert was nearly equal parts <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">romantic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Realism_(arts)" title="Realism (arts)">realist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gosse1911_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gosse1911-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hence, members of various schools, especially realists and formalists, have traced their origins to his work. The exactitude with which he adapts his expressions to his purpose can be seen in all parts of his work, especially in the portraits he draws of the figures in his principal romances. The degree to which Flaubert's fame has extended since his death presents "an interesting chapter of literary history in itself".<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is also credited with spreading the popularity of the color Tuscany Cypress, a color often mentioned in his chef-d'œuvre <i>Madame Bovary</i>. </p><p>Flaubert's lean and precise writing style has had a large influence on 20th-century writers such as <a href="/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka">Franz Kafka</a> and <a href="/wiki/J._M._Coetzee" title="J. M. Coetzee">J. M. Coetzee</a>. As <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Nabokov" title="Vladimir Nabokov">Vladimir Nabokov</a> discussed in his famous lecture series:<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>The greatest literary influence upon Kafka was Flaubert's. Flaubert who loathed pretty-pretty prose would have applauded Kafka's attitude towards his tool. Kafka liked to draw his terms from the language of law and science, giving them a kind of ironic precision, with no intrusion of the author's private sentiments; this was exactly Flaubert's method through which he achieved a singular poetic effect. The legacy of his work habits can best be described, therefore, as paving the way towards a slower and more introspective manner of writing. </p></blockquote> <p>The publication of <i>Madame Bovary</i> in 1856 was followed by more scandal than admiration; it was not understood at first that this novel was the beginning of something new: the scrupulously truthful portraiture of life. Gradually, this aspect of his genius was accepted, and it began to crowd out all others. At the time of his death, he was widely regarded as the most influential French Realist. Under this aspect Flaubert exercised an extraordinary influence over <a href="/wiki/Guy_de_Maupassant" title="Guy de Maupassant">Guy de Maupassant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edmond_de_Goncourt" title="Edmond de Goncourt">Edmond de Goncourt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alphonse_Daudet" title="Alphonse Daudet">Alphonse Daudet</a>, and <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Zola" title="Émile Zola">Émile Zola</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even after the decline of the Realist school, Flaubert did not lose prestige in the literary community; he continues to appeal to other writers because of his deep commitment to aesthetic principles, his devotion to style, and his indefatigable pursuit of the perfect expression. </p><p>His <i>Œuvres Complètes</i> (8 vols., 1885) were printed from the original manuscripts, and included, besides the works mentioned already, the two plays <i>Le Candidat</i> and <i>Le Château des cœurs</i>. Another edition (10 vols.) appeared in 1873–85. Flaubert's correspondence with <a href="/wiki/George_Sand" title="George Sand">George Sand</a> was published in 1884 with an introduction by Guy de Maupassant.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_7-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He has been admired or written about by almost every major literary personality of the 20th century, including <a href="/wiki/Philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosopher">philosophers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sociologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociologist">sociologists</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Michel Foucault</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roland_Barthes" title="Roland Barthes">Roland Barthes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bourdieu" title="Pierre Bourdieu">Pierre Bourdieu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a>, the latter of whose partially psychoanalytic portrait of Flaubert in <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Family_Idiot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Family Idiot (page does not exist)">The Family Idiot</a></i> was published in 1971. <a href="/wiki/Georges_Perec" title="Georges Perec">Georges Perec</a> named <i><a href="/wiki/Sentimental_Education" title="Sentimental Education">Sentimental Education</a></i> as one of his favourite novels. The Peruvian novelist <a href="/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa">Mario Vargas Llosa</a> is another great admirer of Flaubert. Apart from <i><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Orgy" class="mw-redirect" title="Perpetual Orgy">Perpetual Orgy</a></i>, which is solely devoted to Flaubert's art, one can find lucid discussions in Vargas Llosa's <i><a href="/wiki/Letters_to_a_Young_Novelist" title="Letters to a Young Novelist">Letters to a Young Novelist</a></i> (published 2003). In a public lecture in May 1966 at the Kaufmann Art Gallery in New York, <a href="/wiki/Marshall_McLuhan" title="Marshall McLuhan">Marshall McLuhan</a> claimed: "I derived all my knowledge of media from people like Flaubert and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rimbaud" title="Arthur Rimbaud">Rimbaud</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire" title="Charles Baudelaire">Baudelaire</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the occasion of Flaubert's 198th birthday (12 December 2019), a group of researchers at <a href="/wiki/CNRS" class="mw-redirect" title="CNRS">CNRS</a> published a neural language model under his name.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gustave_Flaubert&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prose_fiction">Prose fiction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gustave_Flaubert&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Prose fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/November_(novella)" title="November (novella)">November</a></i> (1842) - novella published posthumously (1928)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Temptation_of_Saint_Anthony_(novel)" title="The Temptation of Saint Anthony (novel)">The Temptation of Saint Anthony</a></i> (1849, 1856, 1872, and 1874) - prose poem</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madame_Bovary" title="Madame Bovary">Madame Bovary</a></i> (1857)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salammb%C3%B4" title="Salammbô">Salammbô</a></i> (1862)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sentimental_Education" title="Sentimental Education">Sentimental Education</a></i> (1869)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Three_Tales_(Flaubert)" title="Three Tales (Flaubert)">Three Tales</a></i> (1877) - short story collection</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bouvard_et_P%C3%A9cuchet" title="Bouvard et Pécuchet">Bouvard et Pécuchet</a></i> (1881) - unfinished novel, posthumously published</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_works">Other works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gustave_Flaubert&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Other works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Peste_%C3%A0_Florence&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Peste à Florence (page does not exist)">La Peste à Florence</a></i> (1836)</li> <li><i>Rêve d'enfer</i> (1837)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Memoirs_of_a_Madman" title="Memoirs of a Madman">Memoirs of a Madman</a></i> (1838)</li> <li><i>Le Candidat</i> (1874)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Ch%C3%A2teau_des_c%C5%93urs" title="Le Château des cœurs">Le Château des cœurs</a></i> (1880)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Received_Ideas" title="Dictionary of Received Ideas">Dictionary of Received Ideas</a></i> (1911)</li> <li><i>Souvenirs, notes et pensées intimes</i> (1965)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adaptations">Adaptations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gustave_Flaubert&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Adaptations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The opera <i><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9rodiade" title="Hérodiade">Hérodiade</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jules_Massenet" title="Jules Massenet">Jules Massenet</a>, based on Flaubert's novella <i>Hérodias</i></li> <li>The opera <i><a href="/wiki/Madame_Bovary_(opera)" title="Madame Bovary (opera)">Madame Bovary</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Bondeville" title="Emmanuel Bondeville">Emmanuel Bondeville</a>, based on Flaubert's novel</li> <li>The unfinished opera <i>Salammbo</i> by <a href="/wiki/Modest_Mussorgsky" title="Modest Mussorgsky">Modest Mussorgsky</a>, orchestrated by <a href="/wiki/Zolt%C3%A1n_Pesk%C3%B3" title="Zoltán Peskó">Zoltán Peskó</a>, based on Flaubert's novel.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madame_Bovary_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Madame Bovary (disambiguation)">Eight films</a> titled <i>Madame Bovary</i>.</li> <li><i>La légende de Saint-Julien l'Hospitalier</i> (1888), an opera by <a href="/wiki/Camille_Erlanger" title="Camille Erlanger">Camille Erlanger</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Correspondence_(in_English)"><span id="Correspondence_.28in_English.29"></span>Correspondence (in English)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gustave_Flaubert&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Correspondence (in English)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Selections: <ul><li><i>Selected Letters</i> (ed. <a href="/wiki/Francis_Steegmuller" title="Francis Steegmuller">Francis Steegmuller</a>, 1953, 2001)</li> <li><i>Selected Letters</i> (ed. Geoffrey Wall, 1997)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Flaubert in Egypt: A Sensibility on Tour</i> (1972)</li> <li><i>Flaubert and Turgenev, a Friendship in Letters: The Complete Correspondence</i> (ed. Barbara Beaumont, 1985)</li> <li>Correspondence with George Sand: <ul><li><i>The George Sand–Gustave Flaubert Letters</i>, translated by Aimée G. Leffingwell McKenzie (A. L. McKenzie), introduced by Stuart Sherman (1921), available at the Gutenberg website as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/5115">E-text No. 5115</a></li> <li><i>Flaubert–Sand: The Correspondence</i> (1993)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biographical_and_other_related_publications">Biographical and other related publications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gustave_Flaubert&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Biographical and other related publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Allen, James Sloan, <i>Worldly Wisdom: Great Books and the Meanings of Life,</i> Frederic C. Beil, 2008. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-929490-35-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-929490-35-6">978-1-929490-35-6</a></li> <li>Brown, Frederick, <i>Flaubert: a Biography</i>, Little, Brown; 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-316-11878-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-316-11878-8">0-316-11878-8</a></li> <li>Hennequin, Émile, <i>Quelques écrivains français Flaubert, Zola, Hugo, Goncourt, Huysmans, etc.</i>, available at the Gutenberg website as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/12289">E-text No. 12289</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Barnes" title="Julian Barnes">Barnes, Julian</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Flaubert%27s_Parrot" title="Flaubert's Parrot">Flaubert's Parrot</a></i>, London: J. Cape; 1984 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-330-28976-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-330-28976-4">0-330-28976-4</a></li> <li>Fleming, Bruce, <i>Saving Madame Bovary: Being Happy With What We Have,</i> Frederic C. Beil, 2017. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-929490-53-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-929490-53-0">978-1-929490-53-0</a></li> <li>Max, Gerry, "Gustave Flaubert: The Book As Artifact and Idea: Bibliomane and Bibliology," Dalhousie French Studies, Spring-Summer, 1992.</li> <li>Patton, Susannah, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wanderingeducators.com/travel-guides/roaring-forties-press/book-review-journey-flauberts-normandy.html">A Journey into Flaubert's Normandy</a></i>, Roaring Forties Press, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9766706-8-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-9766706-8-2">0-9766706-8-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre, Jean-Paul</a>. <i>The Family Idiot: Gustave Flaubert, 1821–1857</i>, Volumes 1–5. University of Chicago Press, 1987.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Steegmuller" title="Francis Steegmuller">Steegmuller, Francis</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nybooks.com/shop/product?usca_p=t&product_id=4159">Flaubert and Madame Bovary: a Double Portrait</a></i>, New York: Viking Press; 1939.</li> <li>Tooke, Adrianne, <i>Flaubert and the Pictorial Arts: from image to text</i>, Oxford University Press; 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-815918-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-815918-8">0-19-815918-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Troyat" title="Henri Troyat">Troyat, Henri</a>, <i>Flaubert</i>, Viking, 1992.</li> <li>Wall, Geoffrey, <i>Flaubert: a Life</i>, Faber and Faber; 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-571-21239-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-571-21239-5">0-571-21239-5</a></li> <li>Various authors, <i>The Public vs. M. Gustave Flaubert</i>, available at the Gutenberg website as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/10666">E-text No. 10666</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gustave_Flaubert&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWells2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_C._Wells" title="John C. Wells">Wells, John C.</a> (2008). <i>Longman Pronunciation Dictionary</i> (3rd ed.). Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0"><bdi>978-1-4058-8118-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Longman+Pronunciation+Dictionary&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGustave+Flaubert" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJones2011" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Jones_(phonetician)" title="Daniel Jones (phonetician)">Jones, Daniel</a> (2011). <a href="/wiki/Peter_Roach_(phonetician)" title="Peter Roach (phonetician)">Roach, Peter</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jane_Setter" title="Jane Setter">Setter, Jane</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Esling" title="John Esling">Esling, John</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/English_Pronouncing_Dictionary" title="English Pronouncing Dictionary">Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary</a></i> (18th ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-15255-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-15255-6"><bdi>978-0-521-15255-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cambridge+English+Pronouncing+Dictionary&rft.edition=18th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-521-15255-6&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGustave+Flaubert" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKvas2020" class="citation book cs1">Kvas, Kornelije (2020). <i>The Boundaries of Realism in World Literature</i>. Lanham, Boulder, New York, London: Lexington Books. p. 159. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7936-0910-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7936-0910-6"><bdi>978-1-7936-0910-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Boundaries+of+Realism+in+World+Literature&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Boulder%2C+New+York%2C+London&rft.pages=159&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-7936-0910-6&rft.aulast=Kvas&rft.aufirst=Kornelije&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGustave+Flaubert" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Gustave Flaubert's Life", <i>Madame Bovary</i>, Alma Classics edition, p. 309, publ 2010, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84749-322-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84749-322-4">978-1-84749-322-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gustave Flaubert, <i>The Letters of Gustave Flaubert 1830–1857</i> (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1980) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-52636-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-52636-8">0-674-52636-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LyCo6-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LyCo6_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lgcorneille-lyc.spip.ac-rouen.fr/spip.php?article6">Lycée Pierre Corneille de Rouen – History</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_7-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_7-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_7-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/20px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGosse1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Gosse" title="Edmund Gosse">Gosse, Edmund William</a> (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Flaubert,_Gustave" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Flaubert, Gustave">Flaubert, Gustave</a>". In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">483–</span>484.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Flaubert%2C+Gustave&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E483-%3C%2Fspan%3E484&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Gosse&rft.aufirst=Edmund+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGustave+Flaubert" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.169388"><i>The George Sand-Gustave Flaubert Letters</i></a>. Boni and Liveright. 1921. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.169388/page/n328">284</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+George+Sand-Gustave+Flaubert+Letters&rft.pages=284&rft.pub=Boni+and+Liveright&rft.date=1921&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.169388&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGustave+Flaubert" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeisberg1984" class="citation book cs1">Weisberg, Richard H. (1984). <i>The Failure of the Word: The Protagonist as Lawyer in Modern Fiction</i>. Yale University Press. p. 89.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Failure+of+the+Word%3A+The+Protagonist+as+Lawyer+in+Modern+Fiction&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Weisberg&rft.aufirst=Richard+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGustave+Flaubert" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSéginger2005" class="citation journal cs1">Séginger, Gisèle (2005). "Le Roman de la Momie et Salammbô. Deux romans archéologiques contre l'Histoire". <i>Bulletin de l'Association Guillaume Budé</i>. <b>1</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">135–</span>151. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fbude.2005.3651">10.3406/bude.2005.3651</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+de+l%27Association+Guillaume+Bud%C3%A9&rft.atitle=Le+Roman+de+la+Momie+et+Salammb%C3%B4.+Deux+romans+arch%C3%A9ologiques+contre+l%27Histoire&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E135-%3C%2Fspan%3E151&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fbude.2005.3651&rft.aulast=S%C3%A9ginger&rft.aufirst=Gis%C3%A8le&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGustave+Flaubert" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLaurence_M._Porter,_Eugène_F._Gray2002" class="citation book cs1">Laurence M. Porter, Eugène F. Gray (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PJE5-qdSFT4C&pg=PR2"><i>Gustave Flaubert's Madame Bovary: a reference guide</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. xxiii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-31916-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-31916-2"><bdi>0-313-31916-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gustave+Flaubert%27s+Madame+Bovary%3A+a+reference+guide&rft.pages=xxiii&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-313-31916-2&rft.au=Laurence+M.+Porter%2C+Eug%C3%A8ne+F.+Gray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPJE5-qdSFT4C%26pg%3DPR2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGustave+Flaubert" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGustave_Flaubert,_Francis_Steegmüller1996" class="citation book cs1">Gustave Flaubert, Francis Steegmüller (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/flaubertinegypts00flau"><i>Flaubert in Egypt: a sensibility on tour : a narrative drawn from Gustave Flaubert's travel notes & letters</i></a></span>. Penguin Classics. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/flaubertinegypts00flau/page/203">203</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-043582-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-043582-4"><bdi>0-14-043582-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flaubert+in+Egypt%3A+a+sensibility+on+tour+%3A+a+narrative+drawn+from+Gustave+Flaubert%27s+travel+notes+%26+letters&rft.pages=203&rft.pub=Penguin+Classics&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-14-043582-4&rft.au=Gustave+Flaubert%2C+Francis+Steegm%C3%BCller&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fflaubertinegypts00flau&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGustave+Flaubert" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGustave_Flaubert,_Francis_Steegmüller1980" class="citation book cs1">Gustave Flaubert, Francis Steegmüller (1980). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lettersofgustave0001flau"><i>The Letters of Gustave Flaubert: 1830–1857</i></a></span>. Harvard University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lettersofgustave0001flau/page/121">121</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-52636-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-52636-8"><bdi>0-674-52636-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Letters+of+Gustave+Flaubert%3A+1830%E2%80%931857&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-674-52636-8&rft.au=Gustave+Flaubert%2C+Francis+Steegm%C3%BCller&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flettersofgustave0001flau&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGustave+Flaubert" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFlaubert2005" class="citation book cs1">Flaubert, Gustave (2005). <i>The desert and the dancing girls</i>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_books" class="mw-redirect" title="Penguin books">Penguin books</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">10–</span>12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-102223-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-102223-X"><bdi>0-14-102223-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+desert+and+the+dancing+girls&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E10-%3C%2Fspan%3E12&rft.pub=Penguin+books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-14-102223-X&rft.aulast=Flaubert&rft.aufirst=Gustave&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGustave+Flaubert" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrown2006" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Frederick (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/flaubertbiograph00brow/page/115"><i>Flaubert: a Biography</i></a>. Little, Brown. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/flaubertbiograph00brow/page/115">115</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-316-11878-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-316-11878-8"><bdi>0-316-11878-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flaubert%3A+a+Biography&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-316-11878-8&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fflaubertbiograph00brow%2Fpage%2F115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGustave+Flaubert" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDickey2013" class="citation web cs1">Dickey, Colin (7 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publicdomainreview.org/essay/the-redemption-of-saint-anthony/">"The Redemption of Saint Anthony"</a>. <i>The Public Domain Review</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Public+Domain+Review&rft.atitle=The+Redemption+of+Saint+Anthony&rft.date=2013-03-07&rft.aulast=Dickey&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublicdomainreview.org%2Fessay%2Fthe-redemption-of-saint-anthony%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGustave+Flaubert" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBasch" class="citation web cs1">Basch, Sophie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heritage.bnf.fr/bibliothequesorient/en/gustave-flaubert-art">"Gustave Flaubert (1821–1880)"</a>. <i>BnF Shared Heritage</i>. <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">Bibliothèque nationale de France</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BnF+Shared+Heritage&rft.atitle=Gustave+Flaubert+%281821%E2%80%931880%29&rft.aulast=Basch&rft.aufirst=Sophie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fheritage.bnf.fr%2Fbibliothequesorient%2Fen%2Fgustave-flaubert-art&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGustave+Flaubert" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHopperGrebanier1952" class="citation book cs1">Hopper, Vincent F.; Grebanier, Bernard (1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XCu5VDIzZM4C"><i>Essentials of World Literature</i></a>. Barron's Educational Series. p. 482. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8120-0222-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8120-0222-5"><bdi>978-0-8120-0222-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essentials+of+World+Literature&rft.pages=482&rft.pub=Barron%27s+Educational+Series&rft.date=1952&rft.isbn=978-0-8120-0222-5&rft.aulast=Hopper&rft.aufirst=Vincent+F.&rft.au=Grebanier%2C+Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXCu5VDIzZM4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGustave+Flaubert" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPatzer1926" class="citation journal cs1">Patzer, Otto (January 1926). "Unwritten Works of Flaubert". <i>Modern Language Notes</i>. <b>41</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">24–</span>29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2913889">10.2307/2913889</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2913889">2913889</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Language+Notes&rft.atitle=Unwritten+Works+of+Flaubert&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E24-%3C%2Fspan%3E29&rft.date=1926-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2913889&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2913889%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Patzer&rft.aufirst=Otto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGustave+Flaubert" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gosse1911-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gosse1911_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gosse1911_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gosse1911_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Gosse" title="Edmund Gosse">Edmund Gosse</a> (1911) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theodora.com/encyclopedia/f/gustave_flaubert.html"><i>Flaubert, Gustave</i></a> entry in <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition</a>, Volume 10, Slice 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lettersofgustave0001flau/page/89">The Letters of Gustave Flaubert: 1857–1880 By Gustave Flaubert, Francis Steegmuller</a> p. 89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Angraj Chaudhary (1991) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3k_kAAAAMAAJ"><i>Comparative aesthetics, East and West</i></a> p. 157</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chandler1958p17-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chandler1958p17_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chandler1958p17_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChandler1958" class="citation cs2">Chandler, Edmund (1958), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cDJbAAAAMAAJ"><i>Pater on style: an examination of the essay on "Style" and the textual history of "Marius the Epicurean"</i></a>, p. 17, <q>Pater then digress into a discussion of Flaubert and the monumental labours that have earned him the title of the 'martyr' of style. Pater quotes a French critic describing Flaubert's principle of 'le mot juste', which, he believed, was the means to the quality of the literary art (that is, 'truth') that lies beyond incidental and ornamental beauty. Flaubert's obsession with the thought that there exists the precise word or phrase for everything to be expressed shows, Pater suggests, the influence of a philosophical idea—those exact correlations between the world of ideas and the world of words can be found.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pater+on+style%3A+an+examination+of+the+essay+on+%22Style%22+and+the+textual+history+of+%22Marius+the+Epicurean%22&rft.pages=17&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Chandler&rft.aufirst=Edmund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcDJbAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGustave+Flaubert" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFlaubert" class="citation book cs1">Flaubert, Gustave. <i>The Letters of Gustave Flaubert 1830–1857</i>. Translated by Steegmuller, Francis.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Letters+of+Gustave+Flaubert+1830%E2%80%931857&rft.aulast=Flaubert&rft.aufirst=Gustave&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGustave+Flaubert" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMenand2007" class="citation cs2">Menand, Louis (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tL8LAQAAMAAJ"><i>Discovering modernism: T.S. Eliot and his context</i></a>, Oxford University Press, USA, p. 59, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195159929" title="Special:BookSources/9780195159929"><bdi>9780195159929</bdi></a>, <q>This difficult virtue of "restraint" Pater thought exemplified by Flaubert, whom he made not the hero (for style has no heroes) but the martyr of style.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Discovering+modernism%3A+T.S.+Eliot+and+his+context&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+USA&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780195159929&rft.aulast=Menand&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtL8LAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGustave+Flaubert" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Conlon, John J. "The Martyr of Style: Gustave Flaubert," in Walter Pater and the French Tradition, 1982</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMagill1987" class="citation cs2">Magill, Frank Northen (1987), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9_tYAAAAMAAJ"><i>Critical survey of literary theory</i></a>, vol. 3, Salem Press, p. 1089, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780893563936" title="Special:BookSources/9780893563936"><bdi>9780893563936</bdi></a>, <q>in a discussion of style in which he glorifies Gustave Flaubert as "the martyr of style," he extols Flaubert's workmanship as a model for all writers, including English.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Critical+survey+of+literary+theory&rft.pages=1089&rft.pub=Salem+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9780893563936&rft.aulast=Magill&rft.aufirst=Frank+Northen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9_tYAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGustave+Flaubert" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWood2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Wood_(critic)" title="James Wood (critic)">Wood, James</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howfictionworks00wood/page/29"><i>How Fiction Works</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Farrar,_Straus_and_Giroux" title="Farrar, Straus and Giroux">Farrar, Straus and Giroux</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howfictionworks00wood/page/29">29</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-374-17340-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-374-17340-1"><bdi>978-0-374-17340-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Fiction+Works&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-374-17340-1&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhowfictionworks00wood%2Fpage%2F29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGustave+Flaubert" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nabokov (1980) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MmDuAAAAMAAJ"><i>Lectures on literature</i>, Volume 1</a>, p.256</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcluhan2010" class="citation book cs1">Mcluhan, Herbert Marshall (25 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3QTFN6ArdKUC"><i>Understanding Me: Lectures and Interviews</i></a>. McClelland & Stewart. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781551994161" title="Special:BookSources/9781551994161"><bdi>9781551994161</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Me%3A+Lectures+and+Interviews&rft.pub=McClelland+%26+Stewart&rft.date=2010-06-25&rft.isbn=9781551994161&rft.aulast=Mcluhan&rft.aufirst=Herbert+Marshall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3QTFN6ArdKUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGustave+Flaubert" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeVialFrejSegonne2019" class="citation arxiv cs1">Le, Hang; Vial, Loïc; Frej, Jibril; Segonne, Vincent; Coavoux, Maximin; Lecouteux, Benjamin; Allauzen, Alexandre; Crabbé, Benoît; Besacier, Laurent; Schwab, Didier (11 December 2019). "Flaubert: Unsupervised Language Model Pre-training for French". <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1912.05372">1912.05372</a></span> [<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/archive/cs.LG">cs.LG</a>].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=preprint&rft.jtitle=arXiv&rft.atitle=Flaubert%3A+Unsupervised+Language+Model+Pre-training+for+French&rft.date=2019-12-11&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1912.05372&rft.aulast=Le&rft.aufirst=Hang&rft.au=Vial%2C+Lo%C3%AFc&rft.au=Frej%2C+Jibril&rft.au=Segonne%2C+Vincent&rft.au=Coavoux%2C+Maximin&rft.au=Lecouteux%2C+Benjamin&rft.au=Allauzen%2C+Alexandre&rft.au=Crabb%C3%A9%2C+Beno%C3%AEt&rft.au=Besacier%2C+Laurent&rft.au=Schwab%2C+Didier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGustave+Flaubert" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFdidier_schwab2019" class="citation web cs1">@didier_schwab (12 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/didier_schwab/status/1205070894617501698">"198ème anniversaire de Gustave Flaubert"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>) – via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=198%C3%A8me+anniversaire+de+Gustave+Flaubert&rft.date=2019-12-12&rft.au=didier_schwab&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2Fdidier_schwab%2Fstatus%2F1205070894617501698&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGustave+Flaubert" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gustave_Flaubert&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Gustave_Flaubert" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Gustave Flaubert">Gustave Flaubert</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/60px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/120px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about:<br /><b style="text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Gustave_Flaubert" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Gustave Flaubert">Gustave Flaubert</a></i></b></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" class="extiw" title="commons:Gustave Flaubert"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Gustave Flaubert</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/gustave-flaubert">Works by Gustave Flaubert in eBook form</a> at <a href="/wiki/Standard_Ebooks" title="Standard Ebooks">Standard Ebooks</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/574">Works by Gustave Flaubert</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Flaubert%2C%20Gustave%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Gustave%20Flaubert%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Flaubert%2C%20Gustave%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Gustave%20Flaubert%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Flaubert%2C%20G%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Gustave%20Flaubert%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Flaubert%2C%20Gustave%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Gustave%20Flaubert%22%29%20OR%20%28%221821-1880%22%20AND%20Flaubert%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Gustave Flaubert</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/3464">Works by Gustave Flaubert</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051012095114/http://www.incipitblog.com/index.php/2005/08/08/gustave-flaubert-la-femme-du-monde-1836/">Audiobook (MP3)</a>: <i>La femme du monde</i> (taken from Flaubert's early works) <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intratext.com/Catalogo/Autori/Aut148.HTM">Flaubert's works</a>: text, concordances and frequency list</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.litteratureaudio.com/livres-audio-gratuits-mp3/tag/gustave-flaubert/">Gustave Flaubert, his work in audio version</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110327170137/http://www.litteratureaudio.com/livres-audio-gratuits-mp3/tag/gustave-flaubert">Archived</a> 27 March 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></li> <li>Petri Liukkonen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://authorscalendar.info/flaubert.htm">"Gustave Flaubert"</a>. <i>Books and Writers</i>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.univ-rouen.fr/flaubert/">Site of the Centre Flaubert at Rouen</a> <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.press.jhu.edu/books/hopkins_guide_to_literary_theory/gustave_flaubert.html">Flaubert entry</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051031145251/http://www.press.jhu.edu/books/hopkins_guide_to_literary_theory/gustave_flaubert.html">Archived</a> 31 October 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins University</a> Guide to Literary Theory and Criticism</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bibliomania.com/0/5/136/frameset.html">Bibliomania page</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://perso.wanadoo.fr/jb.guinot/pages/accueil.html">A comprehensive site in French</a> <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070926221151/http://www.the-ledge.com/flash/ledge.php?book=12&lan=UK">Flaubert 'Bookweb' on literary website The Ledge, with suggestions for further reading</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ia600401.us.archive.org//load_djvu_applet.php?file=1/items/StudiesFrenchAndEnglish/StudiesFrenchAndEnglish.djvu">"The Martyr of Letters"</a>, essay on <i>The Letters of Gustave Flaubert</i>, F. L. Lucas, <i>Studies French and English</i> (1934), pp. 242–266</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gustave_Flaubert38" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gustave_Flaubert" title="Template:Gustave Flaubert"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gustave_Flaubert" title="Template talk:Gustave Flaubert"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gustave_Flaubert" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gustave Flaubert"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gustave_Flaubert38" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gustave Flaubert</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prose fiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/November_(novella)" title="November (novella)">November</a></i> (1842)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madame_Bovary" title="Madame Bovary">Madame Bovary</a></i> (1856)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salammb%C3%B4" title="Salammbô">Salammbô</a></i> (1862)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sentimental_Education" title="Sentimental Education">Sentimental Education</a></i> (1869)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Temptation_of_Saint_Anthony_(novel)" title="The Temptation of Saint Anthony (novel)">The Temptation of Saint Anthony</a></i> (1874)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Three_Tales_(Flaubert)" title="Three Tales (Flaubert)">Three Tales</a></i> (1877)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bouvard_et_P%C3%A9cuchet" title="Bouvard et Pécuchet">Bouvard et Pécuchet</a></i> (1881)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Memoirs_of_a_Madman" title="Memoirs of a Madman">Memoirs of a Madman</a></i> (1838)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Ch%C3%A2teau_des_c%C5%93urs" title="Le Château des cœurs">Le Château des cœurs</a></i> (1880)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaubert%27s_letters" title="Flaubert's letters">Letters</a> (1887–1893) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_the_captain" title="Age of the captain">Age of the captain</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Received_Ideas" title="Dictionary of Received Ideas">Dictionary of Received Ideas</a></i> (1911–13)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gustave_Flaubert&#039;s_Madame_Bovary88" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Madame_Bovary" title="Template:Madame Bovary"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Madame_Bovary" title="Template talk:Madame Bovary"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Madame_Bovary" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Madame Bovary"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gustave_Flaubert&#039;s_Madame_Bovary88" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gustave Flaubert</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Madame_Bovary" title="Madame Bovary">Madame Bovary</a></i></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Madame_Bovary_(1934_film)" title="Madame Bovary (1934 film)">Madame Bovary</a></i> (1934)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madame_Bovary_(1937_film)" title="Madame Bovary (1937 film)">Madame Bovary</a></i> (1937)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madame_Bovary_(1947_film)" title="Madame Bovary (1947 film)">Madame Bovary</a></i> (1947)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madame_Bovary_(1949_film)" title="Madame Bovary (1949 film)">Madame Bovary</a></i> (1949)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madame_Bovary_(1969_film)" title="Madame Bovary (1969 film)">Madame Bovary</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madame_Bovary_(1991_film)" title="Madame Bovary (1991 film)">Madame Bovary</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madame_Bovary_(2014_film)" title="Madame Bovary (2014 film)">Madame Bovary</a></i> (2014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Madame_Bovary_(1975_TV_series)" title="Madame Bovary (1975 TV series)">Madame Bovary</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madame_Bovary_(2000_TV_series)" title="Madame Bovary (2000 TV series)">Madame Bovary</a></i> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adaptations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Unholy_Love" title="Unholy Love">Unholy Love</a></i> (1932)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ryan%27s_Daughter" title="Ryan's Daughter">Ryan's Daughter</a></i> (1970)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Signora_Bovary" title="Signora Bovary">Signora Bovary</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maya_Memsaab" title="Maya Memsaab">Maya Memsaab</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madame_Blueberry" class="mw-redirect" title="Madame Blueberry">Madame Blueberry</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gemma_Bovery" title="Gemma Bovery">Gemma Bovery</a></i> (1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bovary" title="Charles Bovary">Charles Bovary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bovarysme" title="Bovarysme">Bovarysme</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Perpetual_Orgy" title="The Perpetual Orgy">The Perpetual Orgy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anuradha_(1960_film)" title="Anuradha (1960 film)">Anuradha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/From_These_Roots" title="From These Roots">From These Roots</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Save_and_Protect" title="Save and Protect">Save and Protect</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abraham%27s_Valley" title="Abraham's Valley">Abraham's Valley</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inspiration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Colet" title="Louise Colet">Louise Colet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delphine_Delamare" title="Delphine Delamare">Delphine Delamare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gustave_Flaubert&#039;s_Salammbô68" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Salammb%C3%B4" title="Template:Salammbô"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Salammb%C3%B4" title="Template talk:Salammbô"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Salammb%C3%B4" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Salammbô"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gustave_Flaubert&#039;s_Salammbô68" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gustave Flaubert</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Salammb%C3%B4" title="Salammbô">Salammbô</a></i></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Opera</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Salammb%C3%B4_(Mussorgsky)" title="Salammbô (Mussorgsky)">Salammbô</a></i> (Mussorgsky)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salammb%C3%B4_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Salammbô (Rachmaninoff)">Salammbô</a></i> (Rachmaninoff)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salammb%C3%B4_(Reyer)" title="Salammbô (Reyer)">Salammbô</a></i> (Reyer)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other adaptations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Loves_of_Salammbo" title="The Loves of Salammbo">The Loves of Salammbo</a></i> (film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salammbo:_Battle_for_Carthage" title="Salammbo: Battle for Carthage">Salammbo: Battle for Carthage</a></i> (video game)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Source</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gymnop%C3%A9dies" title="Gymnopédies">Gymnopédies</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Modernism414" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Modernism" title="Template:Modernism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Modernism" title="Template talk:Modernism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Modernism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Modernism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Modernism414" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Acmeist_poetry" title="Acmeist poetry">Acmeism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a></i></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a></i></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ashcan_School" title="Ashcan School">Ashcan School</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Constructivism_(art)" title="Constructivism (art)">Constructivism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dada</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">Expressionism</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Der_Blaue_Reiter" title="Der Blaue Reiter">Der Blaue Reiter</a></i></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Die_Br%C3%BCcke" title="Die Brücke">Die Brücke</a></i></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Expressionist_music" title="Expressionist music">Music</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fauvism" title="Fauvism">Fauvism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(architecture)" title="Functionalism (architecture)">Functionalism</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Futurism" title="Futurism">Futurism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Imagism" title="Imagism">Imagism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lettrism" title="Lettrism">Lettrism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neoplasticism" title="Neoplasticism">Neoplasticism</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl"><a href="/wiki/De_Stijl" title="De Stijl">De Stijl</a></i></span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Orphism_(art)" title="Orphism (art)">Orphism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">Surrealism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Synchromism" title="Synchromism">Synchromism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tonalism" title="Tonalism">Tonalism</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_arts#Literary_arts" title="The arts">Literary arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Literary_modernism" title="Literary modernism">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Apollinaire" title="Guillaume Apollinaire">Apollinaire</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Djuna_Barnes" title="Djuna Barnes">Barnes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beckett" title="Samuel Beckett">Beckett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Bely" title="Andrei Bely">Bely</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Breton" title="André Breton">Breton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Broch" title="Hermann Broch">Broch</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bulgakov" title="Mikhail Bulgakov">Bulgakov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anton_Chekhov" title="Anton Chekhov">Chekhov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Conrad" title="Joseph Conrad">Conrad</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_D%C3%B6blin" title="Alfred Döblin">Döblin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/E._M._Forster" title="E. M. Forster">Forster</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Faulkner" title="William Faulkner">Faulkner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Flaubert</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ford_Madox_Ford" title="Ford Madox Ford">Ford</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gide" title="André Gide">Gide</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Knut_Hamsun" title="Knut Hamsun">Hamsun</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_Ha%C5%A1ek" title="Jaroslav Hašek">Hašek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway">Hemingway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Hesse" title="Hermann Hesse">Hesse</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">Joyce</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka">Kafka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Koestler" title="Arthur Koestler">Koestler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/D._H._Lawrence" title="D. H. Lawrence">Lawrence</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Mann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Mansfield" title="Katherine Mansfield">Mansfield</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Filippo_Tommaso_Marinetti" title="Filippo Tommaso Marinetti">Marinetti</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Musil" title="Robert Musil">Musil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Dos_Passos" title="John Dos Passos">Dos Passos</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Platonov" title="Andrei Platonov">Platonov</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Anne_Porter" title="Katherine Anne Porter">Porter</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Proust" title="Marcel Proust">Proust</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Stein" title="Gertrude Stein">Stein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italo_Svevo" title="Italo Svevo">Svevo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Unamuno" title="Miguel de Unamuno">Unamuno</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Woolf" title="Virginia Woolf">Woolf</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modernist_poetry" title="Modernist poetry">Poetry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anna_Akhmatova" title="Anna Akhmatova">Akhmatova</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Aldington" title="Richard Aldington">Aldington</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/W._H._Auden" title="W. H. Auden">Auden</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Cendrars" title="Blaise Cendrars">Cendrars</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hart_Crane" title="Hart Crane">Crane</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/H.D." title="H.D.">H.D.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Desnos" title="Robert Desnos">Desnos</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_%C3%89luard" title="Paul Éluard">Éluard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Odysseas_Elytis" title="Odysseas Elytis">Elytis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stefan_George" title="Stefan George">George</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Max_Jacob" title="Max Jacob">Jacob</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca" title="Federico García Lorca">Lorca</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Amy_Lowell" title="Amy Lowell">Lowell (Amy)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lowell" title="Robert Lowell">Lowell (Robert)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Mallarm%C3%A9" title="Stéphane Mallarmé">Mallarmé</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marianne_Moore" title="Marianne Moore">Moore</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wilfred_Owen" title="Wilfred Owen">Owen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Pessoa" title="Fernando Pessoa">Pessoa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Pound</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Maria_Rilke" title="Rainer Maria Rilke">Rilke</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Giorgos_Seferis" title="Giorgos Seferis">Seferis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wallace_Stevens" title="Wallace Stevens">Stevens</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dylan_Thomas" title="Dylan Thomas">Thomas</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tristan_Tzara" title="Tristan Tzara">Tzara</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Val%C3%A9ry" title="Paul Valéry">Valéry</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Carlos_Williams" title="William Carlos Williams">Williams</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/W._B._Yeats" title="W. B. Yeats">Yeats</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/In_Search_of_Lost_Time" title="In Search of Lost Time">In Search of Lost Time</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1913–1927)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Metamorphosis" title="The Metamorphosis">The Metamorphosis</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1915)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(novel)" title="Ulysses (novel)">Ulysses</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1922)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Waste_Land" title="The Waste Land">The Waste Land</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1922)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Magic_Mountain" title="The Magic Mountain">The Magic Mountain</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1924)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Mrs_Dalloway" title="Mrs Dalloway">Mrs Dalloway</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1925)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sun_Also_Rises" title="The Sun Also Rises">The Sun Also Rises</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1926)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Master_and_Margarita" title="The Master and Margarita">The Master and Margarita</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1928–1940)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sound_and_the_Fury" title="The Sound and the Fury">The Sound and the Fury</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1929)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">Visual arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_art" title="Modern art">Painting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Josef_Albers" title="Josef Albers">Albers</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Arp" title="Jean Arp">Arp</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Balthus" title="Balthus">Balthus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Bellows" title="George Bellows">Bellows</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Boccioni" title="Umberto Boccioni">Boccioni</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bonnard" title="Pierre Bonnard">Bonnard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Br%C3%A2ncu%C8%99i" title="Constantin Brâncuși">Brâncuși</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Georges_Braque" title="Georges Braque">Braque</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Calder" title="Alexander Calder">Calder</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Cassatt" title="Mary Cassatt">Cassatt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_C%C3%A9zanne" title="Paul Cézanne">Cézanne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marc_Chagall" title="Marc Chagall">Chagall</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_de_Chirico" title="Giorgio de Chirico">Chirico</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Camille_Claudel" title="Camille Claudel">Claudel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD" title="Salvador Dalí">Dalí</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Degas" title="Edgar Degas">Degas</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Willem_de_Kooning" title="Willem de Kooning">Kooning</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Delaunay" title="Robert Delaunay">Delaunay</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Delaunay" title="Sonia Delaunay">Delaunay</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Demuth" title="Charles Demuth">Demuth</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Otto_Dix" title="Otto Dix">Dix</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theo_van_Doesburg" title="Theo van Doesburg">Doesburg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Duchamp" title="Marcel Duchamp">Duchamp</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Raoul_Dufy" title="Raoul Dufy">Dufy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Ensor" title="James Ensor">Ensor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Max_Ernst" title="Max Ernst">Ernst</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin">Gauguin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Giacometti" title="Alberto Giacometti">Giacometti</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Natalia_Goncharova" title="Natalia Goncharova">Goncharova</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Juan_Gris" title="Juan Gris">Gris</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Grosz" title="George Grosz">Grosz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hannah_H%C3%B6ch" title="Hannah Höch">Höch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Hopper" title="Edward Hopper">Hopper</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frida_Kahlo" title="Frida Kahlo">Kahlo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wassily_Kandinsky" title="Wassily Kandinsky">Kandinsky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ludwig_Kirchner" title="Ernst Ludwig Kirchner">Kirchner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Klee" title="Paul Klee">Klee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oskar_Kokoschka" title="Oskar Kokoschka">Kokoschka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fernand_L%C3%A9ger" title="Fernand Léger">Léger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Magritte" title="René Magritte">Magritte</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kazimir_Malevich" title="Kazimir Malevich">Malevich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Manet" title="Édouard Manet">Manet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franz_Marc" title="Franz Marc">Marc</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henri_Matisse" title="Henri Matisse">Matisse</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Metzinger" title="Jean Metzinger">Metzinger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joan_Mir%C3%B3" title="Joan Miró">Miró</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Amedeo_Modigliani" title="Amedeo Modigliani">Modigliani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Piet_Mondrian" title="Piet Mondrian">Mondrian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Claude_Monet" title="Claude Monet">Monet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Moore" title="Henry Moore">Moore</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edvard_Munch" title="Edvard Munch">Munch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Emil_Nolde" title="Emil Nolde">Nolde</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_O%27Keeffe" title="Georgia O'Keeffe">O'Keeffe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Picabia" title="Francis Picabia">Picabia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Picasso</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Camille_Pissarro" title="Camille Pissarro">Pissarro</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Man_Ray" title="Man Ray">Ray</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Odilon_Redon" title="Odilon Redon">Redon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Auguste_Renoir" title="Pierre-Auguste Renoir">Renoir</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Rodin" title="Auguste Rodin">Rodin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henri_Rousseau" title="Henri Rousseau">Rousseau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Egon_Schiele" title="Egon Schiele">Schiele</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Georges_Seurat" title="Georges Seurat">Seurat</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Signac" title="Paul Signac">Signac</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Sisley" title="Alfred Sisley">Sisley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chaim_Soutine" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaim Soutine">Soutine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Steichen" title="Edward Steichen">Steichen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Stieglitz" title="Alfred Stieglitz">Stieglitz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Toulouse-Lautrec" title="Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec">Toulouse-Lautrec</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Vincent van Gogh">Van Gogh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Vuillard" title="Édouard Vuillard">Vuillard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Grant_Wood" title="Grant Wood">Wood</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modernist_film" title="Modernist film">Film</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chantal_Akerman" title="Chantal Akerman">Akerman</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Aldrich" title="Robert Aldrich">Aldrich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michelangelo_Antonioni" title="Michelangelo Antonioni">Antonioni</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tex_Avery" title="Tex Avery">Avery</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ingmar_Bergman" title="Ingmar Bergman">Bergman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bresson" title="Robert Bresson">Bresson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luis_Bu%C3%B1uel" title="Luis Buñuel">Buñuel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Carn%C3%A9" title="Marcel Carné">Carné</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Cassavetes" title="John Cassavetes">Cassavetes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Chaplin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Clair" title="René Clair">Clair</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Cocteau" title="Jean Cocteau">Cocteau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jules_Dassin" title="Jules Dassin">Dassin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maya_Deren" title="Maya Deren">Deren</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dovzhenko" title="Alexander Dovzhenko">Dovzhenko</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Theodor_Dreyer" title="Carl Theodor Dreyer">Dreyer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Blake_Edwards" title="Blake Edwards">Edwards</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Eisenstein" title="Sergei Eisenstein">Eisenstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Epstein" title="Jean Epstein">Epstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Werner_Fassbinder" title="Rainer Werner Fassbinder">Fassbinder</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Federico_Fellini" title="Federico Fellini">Fellini</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Flaherty" title="Robert J. Flaherty">Flaherty</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Ford" title="John Ford">Ford</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Fuller" title="Samuel Fuller">Fuller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Abel_Gance" title="Abel Gance">Gance</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Godard" title="Jean-Luc Godard">Godard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock">Hitchcock</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Hubley" title="John Hubley">Hubley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Jones" title="Chuck Jones">Jones</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Buster_Keaton" title="Buster Keaton">Keaton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Kubrick" title="Stanley Kubrick">Kubrick</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lev_Kuleshov" title="Lev Kuleshov">Kuleshov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Akira_Kurosawa" title="Akira Kurosawa">Kurosawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Lang" title="Fritz Lang">Lang</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Losey" title="Joseph Losey">Losey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ida_Lupino" title="Ida Lupino">Lupino</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chris_Marker" title="Chris Marker">Marker</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vincente_Minnelli" title="Vincente Minnelli">Minnelli</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/F._W._Murnau" title="F. W. Murnau">Murnau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yasujir%C5%8D_Ozu" title="Yasujirō Ozu">Ozu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/G._W._Pabst" title="G. W. Pabst">Pabst</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vsevolod_Pudovkin" title="Vsevolod Pudovkin">Pudovkin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Ray" title="Nicholas Ray">Ray (Nicholas)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Satyajit_Ray" title="Satyajit Ray">Ray (Satyajit)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alain_Resnais" title="Alain Resnais">Resnais</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Renoir" title="Jean Renoir">Renoir</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tony_Richardson" title="Tony Richardson">Richardson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Rossellini" title="Roberto Rossellini">Rossellini</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Sirk" title="Douglas Sirk">Sirk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Sj%C3%B6str%C3%B6m" title="Victor Sjöström">Sjöström</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Josef_von_Sternberg" title="Josef von Sternberg">Sternberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Tarkovsky" title="Andrei Tarkovsky">Tarkovsky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Tati" title="Jacques Tati">Tati</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_Trnka" title="Jiří Trnka">Trnka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Truffaut" title="François Truffaut">Truffaut</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Agn%C3%A8s_Varda" title="Agnès Varda">Varda</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dziga_Vertov" title="Dziga Vertov">Vertov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Vigo" title="Jean Vigo">Vigo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles">Welles</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wiene" title="Robert Wiene">Wiene</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ed_Wood" title="Ed Wood">Wood</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Breuer" title="Marcel Breuer">Breuer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Bunshaft" title="Gordon Bunshaft">Bunshaft</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Gaud%C3%AD" title="Antoni Gaudí">Gaudí</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Gropius" title="Walter Gropius">Gropius</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hector_Guimard" title="Hector Guimard">Guimard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Horta" title="Victor Horta">Horta</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Friedensreich_Hundertwasser" title="Friedensreich Hundertwasser">Hundertwasser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Johnson" title="Philip Johnson">Johnson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Kahn" title="Louis Kahn">Kahn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Le_Corbusier" title="Le Corbusier">Le Corbusier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Loos" title="Adolf Loos">Loos</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Melnikov" title="Konstantin Melnikov">Melnikov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Erich_Mendelsohn" title="Erich Mendelsohn">Mendelsohn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pier_Luigi_Nervi" title="Pier Luigi Nervi">Nervi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Neutra" title="Richard Neutra">Neutra</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Niemeyer" title="Oscar Niemeyer">Niemeyer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gerrit_Rietveld" title="Gerrit Rietveld">Rietveld</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eero_Saarinen" title="Eero Saarinen">Saarinen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner">Steiner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Sullivan" title="Louis Sullivan">Sullivan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Tatlin" title="Vladimir Tatlin">Tatlin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Mies_van_der_Rohe" title="Ludwig Mies van der Rohe">Mies</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wright" title="Frank Lloyd Wright">Wright</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/A_Sunday_Afternoon_on_the_Island_of_La_Grande_Jatte" title="A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte">A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1886)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Mont_Sainte-Victoire_(C%C3%A9zanne)" title="Mont Sainte-Victoire (Cézanne)">Mont Sainte-Victoir</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1887)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Starry_Night" title="The Starry Night">The Starry Night</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1889)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Demoiselles_d%27Avignon" title="Les Demoiselles d'Avignon">Les Demoiselles d'Avignon</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1907)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Dance_(Matisse)" title="Dance (Matisse)">The Dance</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1909–1910)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Nude_Descending_a_Staircase,_No._2" title="Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2">Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1912)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Square" title="Black Square">Black Square</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1915)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cabinet_of_Dr._Caligari" title="The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari">The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1920)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Ballet_M%C3%A9canique" title="Ballet Mécanique">Ballet Mécanique</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1923)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Battleship_Potemkin" title="Battleship Potemkin">Battleship Potemkin</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1925)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Metropolis_(1927_film)" title="Metropolis (1927 film)">Metropolis</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1927)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Un_Chien_Andalou" title="Un Chien Andalou">Un Chien Andalou</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1929)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Villa_Savoye" title="Villa Savoye">Villa Savoye</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1931)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fallingwater" title="Fallingwater">Fallingwater</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1936)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Citizen_Kane" title="Citizen Kane">Citizen Kane</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1941)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Meshes_of_the_Afternoon" title="Meshes of the Afternoon">Meshes of the Afternoon</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1943)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Performing_arts" title="Performing arts">Performing<br />arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modernism_(music)" title="Modernism (music)">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Antheil" title="George Antheil">Antheil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k" title="Béla Bartók">Bartók</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alban_Berg" title="Alban Berg">Berg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luciano_Berio" title="Luciano Berio">Berio</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nadia_Boulanger" title="Nadia Boulanger">Boulanger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez">Boulez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Copland" title="Aaron Copland">Copland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy">Debussy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henri_Dutilleux" title="Henri Dutilleux">Dutilleux</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Falla" title="Manuel de Falla">Falla</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Morton_Feldman" title="Morton Feldman">Feldman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henryk_G%C3%B3recki" title="Henryk Górecki">Górecki</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hindemith" title="Paul Hindemith">Hindemith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Honegger" title="Arthur Honegger">Honegger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Ives" title="Charles Ives">Ives</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leo%C5%A1_Jan%C3%A1%C4%8Dek" title="Leoš Janáček">Janáček</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Ligeti" title="György Ligeti">Ligeti</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Witold_Lutos%C5%82awski" title="Witold Lutosławski">Lutosławski</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Darius_Milhaud" title="Darius Milhaud">Milhaud</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Nono" title="Luigi Nono">Nono</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harry_Partch" title="Harry Partch">Partch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Russolo" title="Luigi Russolo">Russolo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Erik_Satie" title="Erik Satie">Satie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Schaeffer" title="Pierre Schaeffer">Schaeffer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Schoenberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Scriabin" title="Alexander Scriabin">Scriabin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen" title="Karlheinz Stockhausen">Stockhausen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Strauss</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Stravinsky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Karol_Szymanowski" title="Karol Szymanowski">Szymanowski</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edgard_Var%C3%A8se" title="Edgard Varèse">Varèse</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Heitor_Villa-Lobos" title="Heitor Villa-Lobos">Villa-Lobos</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anton_Webern" title="Anton Webern">Webern</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Weill" title="Kurt Weill">Weill</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modernist_theatre" title="Modernist theatre">Theatre</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maxwell_Anderson" title="Maxwell Anderson">Anderson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Anouilh" title="Jean Anouilh">Anouilh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Artaud" title="Antonin Artaud">Artaud</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beckett" title="Samuel Beckett">Beckett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Brecht</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anton_Chekhov" title="Anton Chekhov">Chekhov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen">Ibsen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Jarry" title="Alfred Jarry">Jarry</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Georg_Kaiser" title="Georg Kaiser">Kaiser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Maeterlinck" title="Maurice Maeterlinck">Maeterlinck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Mayakovsky" title="Vladimir Mayakovsky">Mayakovsky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_O%27Casey" title="Seán O'Casey">O'Casey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eugene_O%27Neill" title="Eugene O'Neill">O'Neill</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Osborne" title="John Osborne">Osborne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello">Pirandello</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Piscator" title="Erwin Piscator">Piscator</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/August_Strindberg" title="August Strindberg">Strindberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Toller" title="Ernst Toller">Toller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wedekind" title="Frank Wedekind">Wedekind</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thornton_Wilder" title="Thornton Wilder">Wilder</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Ignacy_Witkiewicz" title="Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz">Witkiewicz</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_dance" title="Modern dance">Dance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Balanchine" title="George Balanchine">Balanchine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Merce_Cunningham" title="Merce Cunningham">Cunningham</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Diaghilev" title="Sergei Diaghilev">Diaghilev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Isadora_Duncan" title="Isadora Duncan">Duncan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michel_Fokine" title="Michel Fokine">Fokine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Loie_Fuller" title="Loie Fuller">Fuller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Martha_Graham" title="Martha Graham">Graham</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hanya_Holm" title="Hanya Holm">Holm</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Laban" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudolf Laban">Laban</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9onide_Massine" title="Léonide Massine">Massine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vaslav_Nijinsky" title="Vaslav Nijinsky">Nijinsky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ted_Shawn" title="Ted Shawn">Shawn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anna_Sokolow" title="Anna Sokolow">Sokolow</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ruth_St._Denis" title="Ruth St. Denis">St. Denis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Helen_Tamiris" title="Helen Tamiris">Tamiris</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Grete_Wiesenthal" title="Grete Wiesenthal">Wiesenthal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wigman" title="Mary Wigman">Wigman</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Don_Juan_(Strauss)" title="Don Juan (Strauss)">Don Juan</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1888)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Ubu_Roi" title="Ubu Roi">Ubu Roi</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1896)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Verkl%C3%A4rte_Nacht" title="Verklärte Nacht">Verklärte Nacht</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1899)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Pell%C3%A9as_et_M%C3%A9lisande_(opera)" title="Pelléas et Mélisande (opera)">Pelléas et Mélisande</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1902)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Salome_(opera)" title="Salome (opera)">Salome</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1905)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Firebird" title="The Firebird">The Firebird</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1910)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Afternoon_of_a_Faun_(Nijinsky)" title="Afternoon of a Faun (Nijinsky)">Afternoon of a Faun</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1912)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rite_of_Spring" title="The Rite of Spring">The Rite of Spring</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1913)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Fountain_(Duchamp)" title="Fountain (Duchamp)">Fountain</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1917)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Six_Characters_in_Search_of_an_Author" title="Six Characters in Search of an Author">Six Characters in Search of an Author</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1921)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Threepenny_Opera" title="The Threepenny Opera">The Threepenny Opera</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1928)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Waiting_for_Godot" title="Waiting for Godot">Waiting for Godot</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1953)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_modernism" title="American modernism">American modernism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Armory_Show" title="Armory Show">Armory Show</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">Avant-garde</a></i></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Ballets_Russes" title="Ballets Russes">Ballets Russes</a></i></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Group" title="Bloomsbury Group">Bloomsbury Group</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Classical_Hollywood_cinema" title="Classical Hollywood cinema">Classical Hollywood cinema</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Degenerate_art" title="Degenerate art">Degenerate art</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ecomodernism" title="Ecomodernism">Ecomodernism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Experimental_film" title="Experimental film">Experimental film</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Film_noir" title="Film noir">Film noir</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fourth_dimension_in_art" title="Fourth dimension in art">Fourth dimension in art</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fourth_dimension_in_literature" title="Fourth dimension in literature">Fourth dimension in literature</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Grosvenor_School_of_Modern_Art" title="Grosvenor School of Modern Art">Grosvenor School of Modern Art</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hanshinkan_Modernism" title="Hanshinkan Modernism">Hanshinkan Modernism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/High_modernism" title="High modernism">High modernism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Hippie modernism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionism</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Impressionism_in_music" title="Impressionism in music">Music</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Impressionism_(literature)" title="Impressionism (literature)">Literature</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Post-Impressionism" title="Post-Impressionism">Post-</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Incoherents" title="Incoherents">Incoherents</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_Style" title="International Style">International Style</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Late_modernism" title="Late modernism">Late modernism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Late_modernity" title="Late modernity">Late modernity</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_movements" title="List of art movements">List of art movements</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_avant-garde_artists" title="List of avant-garde artists">List of avant-garde artists</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_modernist_poets" title="List of modernist poets">List of modernist poets</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maximalism" title="Maximalism">Maximalism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">Modernity</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neo-primitivism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-primitivism">Neo-primitivism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neo-romanticism" title="Neo-romanticism">Neo-romanticism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_Hollywood" title="New Hollywood">New Hollywood</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_Objectivity" title="New Objectivity">New Objectivity</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Poetic_realism" title="Poetic realism">Poetic realism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pop_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Pop Art">Pop Art</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pulp_noir" title="Pulp noir">Pulp noir</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_modernism" title="Reactionary modernism">Reactionary modernism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Metamodernism" title="Metamodernism">Metamodernism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Remodernism" title="Remodernism">Remodernism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Viennese_School" title="Second Viennese School">Second Viennese School</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Structural_film" title="Structural film">Structural film</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Underground_film" title="Underground film">Underground film</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_auteurism" title="Vulgar auteurism">Vulgar modernism</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div style="position:absolute;">← <b><a href="/wiki/Template:Romanticism" title="Template:Romanticism">Romanticism</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute;right:0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Template:Postmodernism" title="Template:Postmodernism">Postmodernism</a></b> →</div> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Modernism" title="Category:Modernism">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/60px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:France" title="Portal:France">France</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43444#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata4576" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43444#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata4576" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43444#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000122762442">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/9846192">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/36477/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJcgCgJC6WMdpwCK7YqbBP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118533754">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79059896">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11902894q">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11902894q">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00439691">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Flaubert, Gustave"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV000314">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35088275">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990002312&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX869379">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/24671">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068495684">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90057549">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000001317&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000006079&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000037838">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=61387">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000030872">Argentina</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199608889">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/sq46673b5c6jdkb">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810585151405606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/111683">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007261254705171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058521397006706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14116851">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00598074?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500235479">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/8d1cb829-5591-4286-bea6-61c085db0fbe">MusicBrainz</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/113292">RKD Artists</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/ressources/repertoire-artistes-personnalites/204404">Musée d'Orsay</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.performing-arts.eu/discovery/agent/gnd_118533754">FID</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biografischportaal.nl/en/persoon/93625018">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/822977">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118533754.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118533754">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026866552">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6bk1qnc">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/50035708">RISM</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gustave_Flaubert&oldid=1282055276">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gustave_Flaubert&oldid=1282055276</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Gustave_Flaubert" title="Category:Gustave Flaubert">Gustave Flaubert</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1821_births" title="Category:1821 births">1821 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1880_deaths" title="Category:1880 deaths">1880 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_French_male_writers" title="Category:19th-century French male writers">19th-century French male writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_French_novelists" title="Category:19th-century French novelists">19th-century French novelists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_French_short_story_writers" title="Category:19th-century French short story writers">19th-century French short story writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anti-natalists" title="Category:Anti-natalists">Anti-natalists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_fantasy_writers" title="Category:French fantasy writers">French fantasy writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_historical_novelists" title="Category:French historical novelists">French historical novelists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_male_novelists" title="Category:French male novelists">French male novelists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_male_short_story_writers" title="Category:French male short story writers">French male short story writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_LGBTQ_novelists" title="Category:French LGBTQ novelists">French LGBTQ novelists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_people_of_Norman_descent" title="Category:French people of Norman descent">French people of Norman descent</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lyc%C3%A9e_Pierre-Corneille_alumni" title="Category:Lycée Pierre-Corneille alumni">Lycée Pierre-Corneille alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bisexual_novelists" title="Category:Bisexual novelists">Bisexual novelists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Writers_from_Rouen" title="Category:Writers from Rouen">Writers from Rouen</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_travel_writers" title="Category:19th-century travel writers">19th-century travel writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Writers_of_historical_fiction_set_in_antiquity" title="Category:Writers of historical fiction set in antiquity">Writers of historical fiction set in antiquity</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_writers_with_disabilities" title="Category:French writers with disabilities">French writers with disabilities</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_bisexual_men" title="Category:French bisexual men">French bisexual men</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_bisexual_writers" title="Category:French bisexual writers">French bisexual writers</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_text_from_the_1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica">Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_December_2022" title="Category:Use dmy dates from December 2022">Use dmy dates from December 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_French_IPA" title="Category:Pages with French IPA">Pages with French IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons link from Wikidata">Commons link from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Project_Gutenberg_links" title="Category:Articles with Project Gutenberg links">Articles with Project Gutenberg links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Internet_Archive_links" title="Category:Articles with Internet Archive links">Articles with Internet Archive links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_LibriVox_links" title="Category:Articles with LibriVox links">Articles with LibriVox links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:Articles with French-language sources (fr)">Articles with French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing German-language text">Articles containing German-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Dutch-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Dutch-language text">Articles containing Dutch-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 24 March 2025, at 01:03<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gustave_Flaubert&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://www.wikimedia.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Gustave Flaubert</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>104 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-585dc88b6-7qncw","wgBackendResponseTime":176,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.914","walltime":"1.204","ppvisitednodes":{"value":7787,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":244984,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":9053,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":20,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":6,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":159862,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1009.672 1 -total"," 21.81% 220.235 1 Template:Reflist"," 14.75% 148.897 7 Template:Navbox"," 14.52% 146.650 1 Template:Infobox_writer"," 14.13% 142.620 1 Template:Infobox"," 10.31% 104.084 13 Template:Cite_book"," 9.43% 95.208 1 Template:IPA"," 8.47% 85.549 3 Template:Br_separated_entries"," 6.82% 68.875 1 Template:Gustave_Flaubert"," 6.66% 67.269 1 Template:Birth_date"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.536","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":25333011,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-f89f8ff74-54s6p","timestamp":"20250326151610","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Gustave Flaubert","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gustave_Flaubert","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q43444","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q43444","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-06-19T17:54:54Z","dateModified":"2025-03-24T01:03:41Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/4f\/Gustave_Flaubert.jpg","headline":"French novelist (1821\u20131880)"}</script> </body> </html>