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class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p>The <b>South African Railways and Harbours Administration</b> (SAR&H) was established on 31 May 1910 with formation of the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">Union of South Africa</a> by the amalgamation of the four colonial railways and all harbours in South Africa - about 11,000 kilometres of track. It would manage road transport and pipelines in South Africa. It also managed <a href="/wiki/South_African_Airways" title="South African Airways">South African Airways</a> from 1934 to 1997. It was reorganised and renamed in 1981 as the South African Transport Services (SATS). In 1990 it became <a href="/wiki/Transnet" title="Transnet">Transnet</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_African_Railways_and_Harbours_Administration&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prior to the creation of the Union of South Africa on 31 May 1910, South Africa consisted of four colonies of the Cape, Orange River, Natal and Transvaal. The formation of the union resulted in the railways and harbours of the colonies being amalgamated under one organisation.<sup id="cite_ref-Pam81_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pam81-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 367">: 367 </span></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Central_South_African_Railways" title="Central South African Railways">Central South African Railways</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Government_Railways" title="Cape Government Railways">Cape Government Railways</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Natal_Government_Railways" title="Natal Government Railways">Natal Government Railways</a> were all fused by an <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Parliament">Act of Parliament</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The South African <a href="/wiki/Railways_and_Harbours_Service_Act,_1912" title="Railways and Harbours Service Act, 1912">Railways and Harbours Service Act, 1912</a> made striking by railway employees punishable by fine or imprisonment. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Hodgson_Brothers_v_South_African_Railways_and_Harbours" title="Hodgson Brothers v South African Railways and Harbours">Hodgson Brothers v South African Railways and Harbours</a> (1928 CPD 257) dispute in 1928 was an important case of contract law.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1922, the railways in <a href="/wiki/South_West_Africa" title="South West Africa">South West Africa</a> and its harbour at <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCderitz" title="Lüderitz">Lüderitz</a> came under the control of the SAR&H and the total track under its control was 17,885 kilometres.<sup id="cite_ref-Pam81_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pam81-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 367">: 367 </span></sup> When <a href="/wiki/South_African_Airways" title="South African Airways">South African Airways</a> formed in the 1930s, it too was controlled by the SARHA.<sup id="cite_ref-OMeara01_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OMeara01-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 97">: 97 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governance">Governance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_African_Railways_and_Harbours_Administration&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Governance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The SAR&H was owned and controlled by the South African state and managed as a government department by the Minister of Transport and the Department of Transport.<sup id="cite_ref-Pam81_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pam81-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 367">: 367 </span></sup> SAR&H was governed by the Railways and Harbours Board which comprised a Chairman, the Minister of Transport, and three commissioners.<sup id="cite_ref-Pam81_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pam81-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 367">: 367 </span></sup> The operational side of SAR&H was run by a general manager, with two deputies, and nine assistant general managers managing the various branches.<sup id="cite_ref-Pam81_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pam81-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 367">: 367 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Employment">Employment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_African_Railways_and_Harbours_Administration&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Employment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Labour_policies">Labour policies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_African_Railways_and_Harbours_Administration&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Labour policies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1924 as a result of the industrial depression, the government adopted a "civilised labour" policy, the intention of which was to ensure that the European minority did not sink below the level of the non-European workers.<sup id="cite_ref-OMeara01_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OMeara01-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 98">: 98 </span></sup> Unskilled white labour was recruited to the railways and a probation grade introduced, restricted to white employees.<sup id="cite_ref-OMeara01_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OMeara01-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 98">: 98 </span></sup> The number of black employees fell from 47,157 in 1924 to 41,533 in 1929, while the number of white employees increased from 39,024 to 58,562. This policy continued until 1939. <a href="/wiki/Die_Spoorbund" class="mw-redirect" title="Die Spoorbund">Die Spoorbund</a>, an Afrikaner trade union formed in 1934, advocated a policy of replacing all black railway workers by Afrikaners. <sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OMeara01_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OMeara01-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 98">: 98 </span></sup> </p><p>Most of the black workers were migrants, housed in company labour compounds. In 1936, starting pay for single black workers was 3/6d a day and for coloured workers 4/-d a day. After 11 years, pay rose to 4/6d for black and 5/- for coloured workers. Married workers got between 4d and 6d more per day. 28,000 of the 45,000 employed were casual day labourers. Dock workers were often required to "stand by" waiting for a ship to arrive.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/South_African_Railways_and_Harbours_Union" title="South African Railways and Harbours Union">South African Railways and Harbours Union</a> was formed after a meeting of the staff in <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a> on 1 April 1936 addressed by <a href="/wiki/Rachel_Simons" class="mw-redirect" title="Rachel Simons">Rachel Simons</a>. </p><p>In 1939, the organisation had 47,000 African employees.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The railways were a stronghold of the <a href="/wiki/National_Party_(South_Africa)" title="National Party (South Africa)">National Party</a>. A special white labourer grade was created for Afrikaners from which most were eventually promoted. </p><p>In 1962, there were 218,000 employees, of which about 100,000 were Africans. About a third of the Africans were officially casual workers, paid a daily rate with no leave, pension rights of marriage allowance. The remainder were mostly temporary workers who were eligible for 15 days paid leave. Permanent workers were in addition entitled to a marriage allowance and a pension at the age of 60. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reorganisation">Reorganisation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_African_Railways_and_Harbours_Administration&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Reorganisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_African_Transport_Services">South African Transport Services</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_African_Railways_and_Harbours_Administration&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: South African Transport Services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From April 1981, the country's railway, harbour, road transport, aviation, and pipeline operations became known as South African Transport Services.<sup id="cite_ref-OMeara01_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OMeara01-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 100">: 100 </span></sup> At the same time, the enterprise was restructured into units and divisions with strong emphasis placed on localized management. <sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1984, the organisation had 240,237 employees, of which 110,160 were African, 109,710 were White, 18,377 Coloured, and 1,990 Indian. Wages were then not much worse than in other industries, but migrant workers, the majority, were forced to live in hostels or compounds in primitive conditions. The Delmore hostel near <a href="/wiki/Germiston" title="Germiston">Germiston</a> had 7,000 beds. Workers shared a room with four or five other men. There was no hot water. Visitors were not allowed. Food was supplied from a communal kitchen. It had 77% of the GDP of the transport sector in South Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Industrial relations were regulated by the <a href="/wiki/Conditions_of_Employment_(South_African_Transport_Services)_Act,_1983" title="Conditions of Employment (South African Transport Services) Act, 1983">Conditions of Employment (South African Transport Services) Act, 1983</a>. Black workers were still regarded as labourers even if in skilled work. Benefits available to white workers were denied to them and they were subject to arbitrary and oppressive sanctions. </p><p>By 1987, numbers employed had declined to about 199,000. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transnet">Transnet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_African_Railways_and_Harbours_Administration&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Transnet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transnet" title="Transnet">Transnet</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Legal_Succession_to_the_South_African_Transport_Services_Act,_1989" title="Legal Succession to the South African Transport Services Act, 1989">Legal Succession to the South African Transport Services Act, 1989</a> transformed the South African Transport Services from a government department into a public company.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 1 April 1990, after 80 years of government and parliamentary control, SATS received company status. It is now known as <a href="/wiki/Transnet" title="Transnet">Transnet</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_African_Railways_and_Harbours_Administration&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Pam81-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pam81_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pam81_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pam81_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pam81_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pam81_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>South Africa 1980/81 Official Yearbook of the Republic of South Africa</i>. Johannesburg: Chris van Rensburg Publications. 1981. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-908-393-51-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-908-393-51-2"><bdi>0-908-393-51-2</bdi></a> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Africa+1980%2F81+Official+Yearbook+of+the+Republic+of+South+Africa&rft.place=Johannesburg&rft.pub=Chris+van+Rensburg+Publications&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-908-393-51-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+African+Railways+and+Harbours+Administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://mysite.mweb.co.za/residents/grela/transnet.htm">http://mysite.mweb.co.za/residents/grela/transnet.htm</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2022">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hodgson Brothers v South African Railways and Harbours</i> 1928 <a href="/wiki/South_African_Law_Reports,_Cape_Provincial_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="South African Law Reports, Cape Provincial Division">CPD</a> 257</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OMeara01-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OMeara01_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OMeara01_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OMeara01_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OMeara01_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OMeara01_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/struggleforsouth0000unse"><i>The struggle for South Africa. 1</i></a>. Vol. 1. London: Zed Books. 1984. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86232-224-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86232-224-3"><bdi>978-0-86232-224-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+struggle+for+South+Africa.+1&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Zed+Books&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-86232-224-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstruggleforsouth0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+African+Railways+and+Harbours+Administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKilohSibeko2000" class="citation book cs1">Kiloh, Margaret; Sibeko, Archie (2000). <i>A Fighting Union</i>. Randburg: <a href="/wiki/Ravan_Press" title="Ravan Press">Ravan Press</a>. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0869755277" title="Special:BookSources/0869755277"><bdi>0869755277</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Fighting+Union&rft.place=Randburg&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Ravan+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0869755277&rft.aulast=Kiloh&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft.au=Sibeko%2C+Archie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+African+Railways+and+Harbours+Administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKilohSibeko2000" class="citation book cs1">Kiloh, Margaret; Sibeko, Archie (2000). <i>A Fighting Union</i>. Randburg: Ravan Press. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0869755277" title="Special:BookSources/0869755277"><bdi>0869755277</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Fighting+Union&rft.place=Randburg&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Ravan+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0869755277&rft.aulast=Kiloh&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft.au=Sibeko%2C+Archie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+African+Railways+and+Harbours+Administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKilohSibeko2000" class="citation book cs1">Kiloh, Margaret; Sibeko, Archie (2000). <i>A Fighting Union</i>. Randburg: Ravan Press. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0869755277" title="Special:BookSources/0869755277"><bdi>0869755277</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Fighting+Union&rft.place=Randburg&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Ravan+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0869755277&rft.aulast=Kiloh&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft.au=Sibeko%2C+Archie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+African+Railways+and+Harbours+Administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030924033707/http://mysite.mweb.co.za/residents/grela/transnet.html">"SAR & Transnet History"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mysite.mweb.co.za/residents/grela/transnet.html">the original</a> on 2003-09-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SAR+%26+Transnet+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmysite.mweb.co.za%2Fresidents%2Fgrela%2Ftransnet.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+African+Railways+and+Harbours+Administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKilohSibeko2000" class="citation book cs1">Kiloh, Margaret; Sibeko, Archie (2000). <i>A Fighting Union</i>. Randburg: Ravan Press. p. 86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0869755277" title="Special:BookSources/0869755277"><bdi>0869755277</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Fighting+Union&rft.place=Randburg&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=Ravan+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0869755277&rft.aulast=Kiloh&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft.au=Sibeko%2C+Archie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+African+Railways+and+Harbours+Administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120328123731/http://www.info.gov.za/view/DownloadFileAction?id=93296">"Archived copy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.info.gov.za/view/DownloadFileAction?id=93296">the original</a> on 2012-03-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-01-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.info.gov.za%2Fview%2FDownloadFileAction%3Fid%3D93296&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+African+Railways+and+Harbours+Administration" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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