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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origin_and_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin_and_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Origin and education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin_and_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Military service</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientific_and_pedagogical_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific_and_pedagogical_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Scientific and pedagogical career</span> </div> </a> <ul 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photoelectric effect</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physics_of_X-ray_and_photoelectric_effect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Matter_and_wave–particle_duality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Matter_and_wave–particle_duality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Matter and wave–particle duality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Matter_and_wave–particle_duality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conjecture_of_an_internal_clock_of_the_electron" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conjecture_of_an_internal_clock_of_the_electron"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Conjecture of an internal clock of the electron</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conjecture_of_an_internal_clock_of_the_electron-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-nullity_and_variability_of_mass" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-nullity_and_variability_of_mass"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Non-nullity and variability of mass</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-nullity_and_variability_of_mass-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Generalization_of_the_principle_of_least_action" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Generalization_of_the_principle_of_least_action"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Generalization of the principle of least action</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Generalization_of_the_principle_of_least_action-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Duality_of_the_laws_of_nature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Duality_of_the_laws_of_nature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Duality of the laws of nature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Duality_of_the_laws_of_nature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neutrino_theory_of_light" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neutrino_theory_of_light"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Neutrino theory of light</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neutrino_theory_of_light-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hidden_thermodynamics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hidden_thermodynamics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Hidden thermodynamics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hidden_thermodynamics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honors_and_awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honors_and_awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Honors and awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honors_and_awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Publications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Louis de Broglie</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 92 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-92" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">92 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A" title="لويس دي بروي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لويس دي بروي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Louis de Broglie" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Louis de Broglie" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lui_de_Broyl" title="Lui de Broyl – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Lui de Broyl" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%88_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C" title="لویی دو بروی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="لویی دو بروی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%87_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BF" title="লুই দ্য ব্রোয়ি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লুই দ্য ব্রোয়ি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Louis de Broglie" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%96_%D0%B4%D1%8D_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Луі дэ Бройль – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Луі дэ Бройль" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D1%96_%D0%B4%D1%8D_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Люі дэ Бройль – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Люі дэ Бройль" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D1%8C%D0%BE_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BB" title="Луи дьо Бройл – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Луи дьо Бройл" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%8F%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%96%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8D" title="ཏེ་པུའུ་ལུའོ་དབྱི། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཏེ་པུའུ་ལུའོ་དབྱི།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Louis de Broglie" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Victor_de_Broglie" title="Louis-Victor de Broglie – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Louis-Victor de Broglie" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Louis de Broglie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Louis de Broglie" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Louis de Broglie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Louis de Broglie" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%AF_%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B5_%CE%9C%CF%80%CF%81%CE%AD%CE%B9%CE%B3" title="Λουί ντε Μπρέιγ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λουί ντε Μπρέιγ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Victor_de_Broglie" title="Louis-Victor de Broglie – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Louis-Victor de Broglie" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Louis de Broglie" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Louis de Broglie" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%88_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C" title="لویی دو بروی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لویی دو بروی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Louis de Broglie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Louis de Broglie" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Louis de Broglie" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Louis de Broglie" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A3%A8%EC%9D%B4_%EB%93%9C_%EB%B8%8C%EB%A1%9C%EC%9D%B4" title="루이 드 브로이 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="루이 드 브로이" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AB_%D5%A4%D5%A8_%D4%B2%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B5%D5%AC" title="Լուի դը Բրոյլ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լուի դը Բրոյլ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%88" title="लुई द ब्रॉई – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लुई द ब्रॉई" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Louis de Broglie" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Louis de Broglie" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Louis de Broglie" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Victor_Pierre_Raymond_de_Broglie" title="Louis-Victor Pierre Raymond de Broglie – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Louis-Victor Pierre Raymond de Broglie" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Louis de Broglie" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99_%D7%93%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%99%D7%99" title="לואי דה ברויי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לואי דה ברויי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Victor_de_Broglie" title="Louis Victor de Broglie – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Louis Victor de Broglie" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%A1_%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%80" title="ಲೂಯಿ ಡ ಬ್ರಾಗ್ಲೀ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಲೂಯಿ ಡ ಬ್ರಾಗ್ಲೀ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98_%E1%83%93%E1%83%94_%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ლუი დე ბროილი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლუი დე ბროილი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8_%D0%94%D0%B5_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Луи Де Бройль – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Луи Де Бройль" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Louis de Broglie" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Louis de Broglie" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Victor_de_Broglie" title="Louis-Victor de Broglie – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Louis-Victor de Broglie" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Louis de Broglie" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BB" title="Луи де Бройл – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Луи де Бройл" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovicus_Victor_de_Broglie" title="Ludovicus Victor de Broglie – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ludovicus Victor de Broglie" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luijs_de_Broj%C4%AB" title="Luijs de Brojī – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Luijs de Brojī" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Louis de Broglie" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Louis de Broglie" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%98_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%98" title="Луј де Број – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Луј де Број" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF" title="ലൂയിസ് ഡി ബ്രോഗ്ലി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ലൂയിസ് ഡി ബ്രോഗ്ലി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="लुई दि ब्रॉग्ली – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="लुई दि ब्रॉग्ली" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98_%E1%83%93%E1%83%94_%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ლუი დე ბროილი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ლუი დე ბროილი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%AF%D9%89_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%89" title="لويس دى بروى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لويس دى بروى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C" title="لویی دوبروی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="لویی دوبروی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Louis de Broglie" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Louis de Broglie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%87_%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%87" title="लुइ द ब्रोइ – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="लुइ द ब्रोइ" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%87,_%E0%A5%AD%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="लुइ, ७औं ड्युक डे ब्रोग्ली – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="लुइ, ७औं ड्युक डे ब्रोग्ली" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%BB%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%96%E3%83%AD%E3%82%A4" title="ルイ・ド・ブロイ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ルイ・ド・ブロイ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Louis de Broglie" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Louis de Broglie" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Louis de Broglie" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Louis de Broglie" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%88_%E0%A8%A1_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%88" title="ਲੂਈ ਡ ਬਰੌਈ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲੂਈ ਡ ਬਰੌਈ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C" title="لوئی دوبروی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لوئی دوبروی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Louis de Broglie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Louis de Broglie" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Louis de Broglie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BB%D1%8C,_%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8" title="Де Бройль, Луи – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Де Бройль, Луи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="लुइस डे ब्रोग्ली – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="लुइस डे ब्रोग्ली" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Louis de Broglie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Louis de Broglie" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Victor_de_Broglie" title="Louis Victor de Broglie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Louis Victor de Broglie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Victor_Pierre_Raymond_de_Broglie" title="Louis-Victor Pierre Raymond de Broglie – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Louis-Victor Pierre Raymond de Broglie" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%86%DB%8C" title="لویس دی برۆی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="لویس دی برۆی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%98_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%98" title="Луј де Број – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Луј де Број" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Louis de Broglie" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Louis de Broglie" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Louis de Broglie" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Louis de Broglie" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%87_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D" title="லூயி டே பிராய் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="லூயி டே பிராய்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lui_de_Broyl" title="Lui de Broyl – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Lui de Broyl" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD_%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2" title="หลุยส์ เดอ บรอย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หลุยส์ เดอ บรอย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Louis de Broglie" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%97_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Луї де Бройль – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Луї де Бройль" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%84%DB%8C" title="لیوس دی بروگلی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لیوس دی بروگلی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Louis de Broglie" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Louis de Broglie" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E5%B8%83%E7%BD%97%E6%84%8F" title="路易·德布罗意 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="路易·德布罗意" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Louis de Broglie" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E5%B8%83%E7%BE%85%E6%84%8F" title="路易斯·德布羅意 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="路易斯·德布羅意" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E5%B8%83%E7%BD%97%E6%84%8F" title="路易·德布罗意 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">French physicist (1892–1987)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"de Broglie" redirects here. For other members of the family, see <a href="/wiki/House_of_Broglie" title="House of Broglie">House of Broglie</a>. For the asteroid, see <a href="/wiki/30883_de_Broglie" class="mw-redirect" title="30883 de Broglie">30883 de Broglie</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Special:EditPage/Louis de Broglie">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Louis+de+Broglie%22">"Louis de Broglie"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Louis+de+Broglie%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Louis+de+Broglie%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Louis+de+Broglie%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Louis+de+Broglie%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Louis+de+Broglie%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Louis de Broglie</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Member_of_the_Royal_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Member of the Royal Society">ForMemRS</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Broglie_Big.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Broglie_Big.jpg/220px-Broglie_Big.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Broglie_Big.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="381" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">de Broglie in 1929</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Louis Victor Pierre Raymond</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1892-08-15</span>)</span>15 August 1892<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Dieppe" title="Dieppe">Dieppe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Normandy_(administrative_region)" title="Normandy (administrative region)">Normandy</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">French Third Republic</a> (now France)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">19 March 1987<span style="display:none">(1987-03-19)</span> (aged 94)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Louveciennes" title="Louveciennes">Louveciennes</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-France" title="Île-de-France">Île-de-France</a>, France</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">University of Paris</a> (<a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Planck_relation#de_Broglie_relation" title="Planck relation">de Broglie relation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/De_Broglie_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="De Broglie wave">de Broglie wave</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/De_Broglie%E2%80%93Bohm_theory" title="De Broglie–Bohm theory">de Broglie–Bohm theory</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Wave-particle_duality" class="mw-redirect" title="Wave-particle duality">Wave-particle duality</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Family</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Broglie" title="House of Broglie">Broglie</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> (1929)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Medal" title="Max Planck Medal">Max Planck Medal</a> (1938)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_Prize" title="Kalinga Prize">Kalinga Prize</a> (1952)</li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_1953" title="List of fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1953">ForMemRS (1953)</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">Physics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data">University of Paris</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00006807">Recherches sur la théorie des quanta (Research on quanta theory)</a></i> <span style="font-size:97%;">(1924)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Langevin" title="Paul Langevin">Paul Langevin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral students</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_d%27Espagnat" title="Bernard d'Espagnat">Bernard d'Espagnat</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9cile_DeWitt-Morette" title="Cécile DeWitt-Morette">Cécile DeWitt-Morette</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Proca" title="Alexandru Proca">Alexandru Proca</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mioara_Mugur-Sch%C3%A4chter" title="Mioara Mugur-Schächter">Mioara Mugur-Schächter</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Antoinette_Tonnelat" title="Marie-Antoinette Tonnelat">Marie-Antoinette Tonnelat</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Vigier" title="Jean-Pierre Vigier">Jean-Pierre Vigier</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/40px-Scholia_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/60px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/80px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="104" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Scholia" class="extiw" title="d:Wikidata:Scholia">Scholia</a> has a profile for <a href="https://iw.toolforge.org/scholia/Q83331" class="extiw" title="toolforge:scholia/Q83331"><b>Louis de Broglie <small>(Q83331)</small></b></a>.</div></div> </div> <p><b>Louis Victor Pierre Raymond, 7th Duc de Broglie</b> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Member_of_the_Royal_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Member of the Royal Society">ForMemRS</a></span></span> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <small>also</small> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɔɪ/: 'oi' in 'choice'">ɔɪ</span></span>/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[də<span class="wrap"> </span>bʁɔj]</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <small>or</small> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[də<span class="wrap"> </span>bʁœj]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/34\/De_Broglie.ogg\/De_Broglie.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De Broglie.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/De_Broglie.ogg/De_Broglie.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De_Broglie.ogg" title="File:De Broglie.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>; 15 August 1892 – 19 March 1987)<sup id="cite_ref-louveciennes_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-louveciennes-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a French <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aristocrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Aristocrat">aristocrat</a> who made groundbreaking contributions to <a href="/wiki/Old_quantum_theory" title="Old quantum theory">quantum theory</a>. In his 1924 PhD thesis, he postulated the wave nature of <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electrons</a> and suggested that <a href="/wiki/Matter_wave" title="Matter wave">all matter has wave properties</a>. This concept is known as the de Broglie hypothesis, an example of <a href="/wiki/Wave-particle_duality" class="mw-redirect" title="Wave-particle duality">wave-particle duality</a>, and forms a central part of the theory of <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum mechanics</a>. </p><p>De Broglie won the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> in 1929, after the wave-like behaviour of matter was <a href="/wiki/Davisson%E2%80%93Germer_experiment" title="Davisson–Germer experiment">first experimentally demonstrated</a> in 1927. </p><p>The 1925 <a href="/wiki/Pilot-wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilot-wave">pilot-wave</a> model,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the wave-like behaviour of particles discovered by de Broglie was used by <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Erwin Schrödinger</a> in his formulation of <a href="/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dinger_equation" title="Schrödinger equation">wave mechanics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PhD-thesis_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PhD-thesis-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pilot-wave model and interpretation was then abandoned, in favor of the <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_interpretation" title="Copenhagen interpretation">quantum formalism</a>, until 1952 when it was <a href="/wiki/De_Broglie%E2%80%93Bohm_theory" title="De Broglie–Bohm theory">rediscovered and enhanced by David Bohm</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Louis de Broglie was the sixteenth member elected to occupy <a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise#Seat_1" title="List of members of the Académie française">seat 1</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise" class="mw-redirect" title="Académie française">Académie française</a> in 1944, and served as Perpetual Secretary of the <a href="/wiki/French_Academy_of_Sciences" title="French Academy of Sciences">French Academy of Sciences</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De Broglie became the first high-level scientist to call for establishment of a multi-national laboratory, a proposal that led to the establishment of the European Organization for Nuclear Research (<a href="/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_de_Broglie&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin_and_education">Origin and education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_de_Broglie&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origin and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Fran%C3%A7ois_Marie_de_Broglie,_Duke_of_Broglie,_Marshal_of_France_(member_of_the_circle_of_Hyacinthe_Rigaud).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Portrait_of_Fran%C3%A7ois_Marie_de_Broglie%2C_Duke_of_Broglie%2C_Marshal_of_France_%28member_of_the_circle_of_Hyacinthe_Rigaud%29.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_Fran%C3%A7ois_Marie_de_Broglie%2C_Duke_of_Broglie%2C_Marshal_of_France_%28member_of_the_circle_of_Hyacinthe_Rigaud%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Portrait_of_Fran%C3%A7ois_Marie_de_Broglie%2C_Duke_of_Broglie%2C_Marshal_of_France_%28member_of_the_circle_of_Hyacinthe_Rigaud%29.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_Fran%C3%A7ois_Marie_de_Broglie%2C_Duke_of_Broglie%2C_Marshal_of_France_%28member_of_the_circle_of_Hyacinthe_Rigaud%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Portrait_of_Fran%C3%A7ois_Marie_de_Broglie%2C_Duke_of_Broglie%2C_Marshal_of_France_%28member_of_the_circle_of_Hyacinthe_Rigaud%29.jpg/440px-Portrait_of_Fran%C3%A7ois_Marie_de_Broglie%2C_Duke_of_Broglie%2C_Marshal_of_France_%28member_of_the_circle_of_Hyacinthe_Rigaud%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1286" data-file-height="1619" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Marie,_1st_duc_de_Broglie" class="mw-redirect" title="François-Marie, 1st duc de Broglie">François-Marie, 1st duc de Broglie</a> (1671–1745) ancestor of Louis de Broglie and <a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_France" title="Marshal of France">Marshal of France</a> under <a href="/wiki/Louis_XV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XV of France">Louis XV of France</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Louis de Broglie belonged to the famous aristocratic family of <a href="/wiki/House_of_Broglie" title="House of Broglie">Broglie</a>, whose representatives for several centuries occupied important military and political posts in France. The father of the future physicist, <a href="/wiki/Victor,_5th_duc_de_Broglie" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor, 5th duc de Broglie">Louis-Alphonse-Victor, 5th duc de Broglie</a>, was married to Pauline d’Armaille, the granddaughter of the Napoleonic General <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Paul,_comte_de_S%C3%A9gur" title="Philippe Paul, comte de Ségur">Philippe Paul, comte de Ségur</a> and his wife, the biographer, <a href="/wiki/Marie_C%C3%A9lestine_Am%C3%A9lie_d%27Armaill%C3%A9" title="Marie Célestine Amélie d'Armaillé">Marie Célestine Amélie d'Armaillé</a>. They had five children; in addition to Louis, these were: Albertina (1872–1946), subsequently the Marquise de Luppé; <a href="/wiki/Maurice_de_Broglie" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurice de Broglie">Maurice</a> (1875–1960), subsequently a famous experimental physicist; Philip (1881–1890), who died two years before the birth of Louis, and Pauline, Comtesse de Pange (1888–1972), subsequently a famous writer.<sup id="cite_ref-Nye_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nye-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Louis was born in <a href="/wiki/Dieppe,_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Dieppe, France">Dieppe</a>, Seine-Maritime. As the youngest child in the family, Louis grew up in relative loneliness, read a lot, and was fond of history, especially political. From early childhood, he had a good memory and could accurately read an excerpt from a theatrical production or give a complete list of ministers of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Republic_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Republic of France">Third Republic of France</a>. For this, he was predicted to become a great statesman in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-Abragam_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abragam-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>De Broglie had intended a career in <a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">humanities</a>, and received his first degree (<i><a href="/wiki/Licentiate_(degree)#France" title="Licentiate (degree)">licence ès lettres</a></i>) in history. Afterwards he turned his attention toward mathematics and physics and received a degree (<i><a href="/wiki/Licentiate_(degree)#France" title="Licentiate (degree)">licence ès sciences</a></i>) in physics. With the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> in 1914, he offered his services to the army in the development of radio communications. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_service">Military service</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_de_Broglie&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Military service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After graduation, Louis de Broglie joined the engineering forces to undergo compulsory service. It began at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Mont_Val%C3%A9rien" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Mont Valérien">Fort Mont Valérien</a>, but soon, on the initiative of his brother, he was seconded to the Wireless Communications Service and worked on the <a href="/wiki/Eiffel_Tower" title="Eiffel Tower">Eiffel Tower</a>, where the radio transmitter was located. Louis de Broglie remained in military service throughout the First World War, dealing with purely technical issues. In particular, together with <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Brillouin" title="Léon Brillouin">Léon Brillouin</a> and brother Maurice, he participated in establishing wireless communications with submarines. Louis de Broglie was demobilized in August 1919 with the rank of <a href="/wiki/Adjudant" class="mw-redirect" title="Adjudant">adjudant</a>. Later, the scientist regretted that he had to spend about six years away from the fundamental problems of science that interested him.<sup id="cite_ref-Abragam_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abragam-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dict_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dict-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scientific_and_pedagogical_career">Scientific and pedagogical career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_de_Broglie&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Scientific and pedagogical career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>His 1924 thesis <i>Recherches sur la théorie des quanta</i><sup id="cite_ref-De_Broglie_PhD_English_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-De_Broglie_PhD_English-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Research on the Theory of the Quanta) introduced his theory of <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electron</a> waves. This included the <a href="/wiki/Wave%E2%80%93particle_duality" title="Wave–particle duality">wave–particle duality</a> theory of matter, based on the work of <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Max Planck</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> on light. This research culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Matter_wave" title="Matter wave">de Broglie hypothesis</a> stating that <i>any moving particle or object had an associated wave</i>. De Broglie thus created a new field in physics, the <i>mécanique ondulatoire</i>, or wave mechanics, uniting the physics of energy (wave) and matter (particle). He won the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> in 1929 "for his discovery of the wave nature of electrons".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his later career, de Broglie worked to develop a <a href="/wiki/Causality_(physics)" title="Causality (physics)">causal</a> explanation of wave mechanics, in opposition to the wholly <a href="/wiki/Probabilistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Probabilistic">probabilistic</a> models which dominate <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanical" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum mechanical">quantum mechanical</a> theory; it was refined by <a href="/wiki/David_Bohm" title="David Bohm">David Bohm</a> in the 1950s. The theory has since been known as the <a href="/wiki/De_Broglie%E2%80%93Bohm_theory" title="De Broglie–Bohm theory">De Broglie–Bohm theory</a>. </p><p>In addition to strictly scientific work, de Broglie thought and wrote about the <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">philosophy of science</a>, including the value of modern scientific discoveries. In 1930 he founded the book series Actualités scientifiques et industrielles published by <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Hermann" title="Éditions Hermann">Éditions Hermann</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>De Broglie became a member of the <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_des_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Académie des sciences">Académie des sciences</a> in 1933, and was the academy's perpetual secretary from 1942. He was asked to join <i>Le Conseil de l'Union Catholique des Scientifiques Francais</i>, but declined because he was non-religious.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1941, he was made a member of the National Council of <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 12 October 1944, he was elected to the <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Académie Française">Académie Française</a>, replacing mathematician <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Picard" title="Émile Picard">Émile Picard</a>. Because of the deaths and imprisonments of Académie members during the occupation and other effects of the war, the Académie was unable to meet the quorum of twenty members for his election; due to the exceptional circumstances, however, his unanimous election by the seventeen members present was accepted. In an event unique in the history of the Académie, he was received as a member by his own brother Maurice, who had been elected in 1934. <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> awarded him the first <a href="/wiki/Kalinga_Prize" title="Kalinga Prize">Kalinga Prize</a> in 1952 for his work in popularizing scientific knowledge, and he was elected a Foreign Member of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> on 23 April 1953. </p><p>Louis became the 7th <a href="/wiki/Duc_de_Broglie" class="mw-redirect" title="Duc de Broglie">duc de Broglie</a> in 1960 upon the death without heir of his elder brother, <a href="/wiki/Maurice,_6th_duc_de_Broglie" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurice, 6th duc de Broglie">Maurice, 6th duc de Broglie</a>, also a physicist. </p><p>In 1961, he received the title of Knight of the Grand Cross in the <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur" class="mw-redirect" title="Légion d'honneur">Légion d'honneur</a>. De Broglie was awarded a post as counselor to the French High Commission of Atomic Energy in 1945 for his efforts to bring industry and science closer together. He established a center for applied mechanics at the <a href="/wiki/Henri_Poincar%C3%A9_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri Poincaré Institute">Henri Poincaré Institute</a>, where research into optics, cybernetics, and atomic energy were carried out. He inspired the formation of the <a href="/wiki/International_Academy_of_Quantum_Molecular_Science" title="International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science">International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science</a> and was an early member.<sup id="cite_ref-PiecuchMaruani2009_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PiecuchMaruani2009-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Louis never married. When he died on 19 March 1987 in <a href="/wiki/Louveciennes" title="Louveciennes">Louveciennes</a> at the age of 94,<sup id="cite_ref-louveciennes_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-louveciennes-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he was succeeded as <a href="/wiki/Duke" title="Duke">duke</a> by a distant cousin, <a href="/wiki/Victor-Fran%C3%A7ois,_8th_duc_de_Broglie" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor-François, 8th duc de Broglie">Victor-François, 8th duc de Broglie</a>. His funeral was held 23 March 1987 at the Church of Saint-Pierre-de-Neuilly.<sup id="cite_ref-NéelBroglie1988_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NéelBroglie1988-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scientific_activity">Scientific activity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_de_Broglie&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Scientific activity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Special:EditPage/Louis de Broglie">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physics_of_X-ray_and_photoelectric_effect">Physics of X-ray and photoelectric effect</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_de_Broglie&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Physics of X-ray and photoelectric effect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first works of Louis de Broglie (early 1920s) were performed in the laboratory of his <a href="/wiki/Maurice_de_Broglie" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurice de Broglie">older brother Maurice</a> and dealt with the features of the <a href="/wiki/Photoelectric_effect" title="Photoelectric effect">photoelectric effect</a> and the properties of <a href="/wiki/X-rays" class="mw-redirect" title="X-rays">x-rays</a>. These publications examined the absorption of X-rays and described this phenomenon using the <a href="/wiki/Bohr_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Bohr theory">Bohr theory</a>, applied quantum principles to the interpretation of <a href="/wiki/Photoemission_spectroscopy" title="Photoemission spectroscopy">photoelectron spectra</a>, and gave a systematic classification of X-ray spectra.<sup id="cite_ref-Abragam_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abragam-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The studies of X-ray spectra were important for elucidating the structure of the internal electron shells of atoms (optical spectra are determined by the outer shells). Thus, the results of experiments conducted together with Alexandre Dauvillier, revealed the shortcomings of the existing schemes for the distribution of electrons in atoms; these difficulties were eliminated by <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Stoner" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmund Stoner">Edmund Stoner</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another result was the elucidation of the insufficiency of the Sommerfeld formula for determining the position of lines in X-ray spectra; this discrepancy was eliminated after the discovery of the electron spin. In 1925 and 1926, Leningrad physicist <a href="/wiki/Orest_Khvolson" title="Orest Khvolson">Orest Khvolson</a> nominated the de Broglie brothers for the Nobel Prize for their work in the field of X-rays.<sup id="cite_ref-Nye_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nye-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Matter_and_wave–particle_duality"><span id="Matter_and_wave.E2.80.93particle_duality"></span>Matter and wave–particle duality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_de_Broglie&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Matter and wave–particle duality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/De_Broglie_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="De Broglie hypothesis">De Broglie hypothesis</a></div> <p>Studying the nature of X-ray radiation and discussing its properties with his brother Maurice, who considered these rays to be some kind of combination of waves and particles, contributed to Louis de Broglie's awareness of the need to build a theory linking particle and wave representations. In addition, he was familiar with the works (1919–1922) of <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Brillouin" title="Marcel Brillouin">Marcel Brillouin</a>, which proposed a hydrodynamic model of an atom and attempted to relate it to the results of Bohr's theory. The starting point in the work of Louis de Broglie was the idea of Einstein about the <a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">quanta of light</a>. In his first article on this subject, published in 1922, the French scientist considered blackbody radiation as a gas of light quanta and, using classical statistical mechanics, derived the <a href="/wiki/Wien_approximation" title="Wien approximation">Wien radiation law</a> in the framework of such a representation. In his next publication, he tried to reconcile the concept of light quanta with the phenomena of interference and diffraction and came to the conclusion that it was necessary to associate a certain periodicity with quanta. In this case, light quanta were interpreted by him as relativistic particles of very small mass.<sup id="cite_ref-Mehra_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mehra-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It remained to extend the wave considerations to any massive particles, and in the summer of 1923 a decisive breakthrough occurred. De Broglie outlined his ideas in a short note "Waves and quanta" (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Ondes et quanta</i>, presented at a meeting of the Paris Academy of Sciences on September 10, 1923),<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which marked the beginning of the creation of wave mechanics. In this paper and his subsequent PhD thesis,<sup id="cite_ref-De_Broglie_PhD_English_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-De_Broglie_PhD_English-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the scientist suggested that a moving particle with energy <i>E</i> and velocity <b>v</b> is characterized by some internal periodic process with a frequency <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E/h}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mi>h</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E/h}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e2951e0ca6f0235d84394c0c19a3e8d6b75508fe" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.277ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E/h}"></span> (later known as <a href="/wiki/Compton_frequency" class="mw-redirect" title="Compton frequency">Compton frequency</a>), where <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle h}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>h</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle h}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b26be3e694314bc90c3215047e4a2010c6ee184a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.339ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle h}"></span> is the <a href="/wiki/Planck_constant" title="Planck constant">Planck constant</a>. To reconcile these considerations, based on the quantum principle, with the ideas of special relativity, de Broglie associated wave he called a "phase wave" with a moving body, which propagates with the <a href="/wiki/Phase_velocity" title="Phase velocity">phase velocity</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c^{2}/v}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mi>v</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c^{2}/v}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3118cab0c2fa6e3c6a19d683c1fe0eb7091910ce" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.351ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c^{2}/v}"></span>. Such a wave, which later received the name <a href="/wiki/Matter_wave" title="Matter wave">matter wave</a>, or <a href="/wiki/De_Broglie_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="De Broglie wave">de Broglie wave</a>, in the process of body movement remains in phase with the internal periodic process. Having then examined the motion of an electron in a closed orbit, the scientist showed that the requirement for phase matching directly leads to the quantum <a href="/wiki/Bohr-Sommerfeld_quantization" class="mw-redirect" title="Bohr-Sommerfeld quantization">Bohr-Sommerfeld condition</a>, that is, to quantize the angular momentum. In the next two notes (reported at the meetings on September 24 and October 8, respectively), de Broglie came to the conclusion that the particle velocity is equal to the <a href="/wiki/Group_velocity" title="Group velocity">group velocity</a> of phase waves, and the particle moves along the normal to surfaces of equal phase. In the general case, the trajectory of a particle can be determined using <a href="/wiki/Fermat%27s_principle" title="Fermat's principle">Fermat's principle</a> (for waves) or the <a href="/wiki/Principle_of_least_action" class="mw-redirect" title="Principle of least action">principle of least action</a> (for particles), which indicates a connection between geometric optics and classical mechanics.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This theory set the basis of wave mechanics. It was supported by Einstein, confirmed by the <a href="/wiki/Davisson%E2%80%93Germer_experiment" title="Davisson–Germer experiment">electron diffraction experiments</a> of G P Thomson and Davisson and Germer, and generalized by the work of Erwin Schrödinger. </p><p>From a philosophical viewpoint, this theory of matter-waves has contributed greatly to the ruin of the atomism of the past. Originally, de Broglie thought that real wave (i.e., having a direct physical interpretation) was associated with particles. In fact, the wave aspect of matter was formalized by a <a href="/wiki/Wavefunction" class="mw-redirect" title="Wavefunction">wavefunction</a> defined by the <a href="/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dinger_equation" title="Schrödinger equation">Schrödinger equation</a>, which is a pure mathematical entity having a probabilistic interpretation, without the support of real physical elements. This wavefunction gives an appearance of wave behavior to matter, without making real physical waves appear. However, until the end of his life de Broglie returned to a direct and real physical interpretation of matter-waves, following the work of <a href="/wiki/David_Bohm" title="David Bohm">David Bohm</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conjecture_of_an_internal_clock_of_the_electron">Conjecture of an internal clock of the electron <span class="anchor" id="de_Broglie_internal_clock"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_de_Broglie&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Conjecture of an internal clock of the electron"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his 1924 thesis, de Broglie conjectured that the electron has an internal clock that constitutes part of the mechanism by which a <a href="/wiki/Pilot_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilot wave">pilot wave</a> guides a particle.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, <a href="/wiki/David_Hestenes" title="David Hestenes">David Hestenes</a> has proposed a link to the <a href="/wiki/Zitterbewegung" title="Zitterbewegung">zitterbewegung</a> that was suggested by Schrödinger.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While attempts at verifying the internal clock hypothesis and measuring clock frequency are so far not conclusive,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> recent experimental data is at least compatible with de Broglie's conjecture.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-nullity_and_variability_of_mass">Non-nullity and variability of mass</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_de_Broglie&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Non-nullity and variability of mass"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to de Broglie, the <a href="/wiki/Neutrino" title="Neutrino">neutrino</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">photon</a> have rest masses that are non-zero, though very low. That a photon is not quite massless is imposed by the coherence of his theory. Incidentally, this rejection of the hypothesis of a massless photon enabled him to doubt the hypothesis of the expansion of the universe. </p><p>In addition, he believed that the true mass of particles is not constant, but variable, and that each particle can be represented as a <a href="/wiki/Thermodynamic" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermodynamic">thermodynamic</a> machine equivalent to a cyclic integral of action. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Generalization_of_the_principle_of_least_action">Generalization of the principle of least action</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_de_Broglie&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Generalization of the principle of least action"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hamilton%27s_optico-mechanical_analogy" title="Hamilton's optico-mechanical analogy">Hamilton's optico-mechanical analogy</a></div> <p>In the second part of his 1924 thesis, de Broglie used the equivalence of the mechanical principle of least action with <a href="/wiki/Fermat%27s_principle" title="Fermat's principle">Fermat's optical principle</a>: "Fermat's principle applied to phase waves is identical to <a href="/wiki/Maupertuis%27_principle" class="mw-redirect" title="Maupertuis' principle">Maupertuis' principle</a> applied to the moving body; the possible dynamic trajectories of the moving body are identical to the possible rays of the wave." This latter equivalence had been pointed out by <a href="/wiki/William_Rowan_Hamilton" title="William Rowan Hamilton">William Rowan Hamilton</a> a century earlier, and published by him around 1830, for the case of light. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Duality_of_the_laws_of_nature">Duality of the laws of nature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_de_Broglie&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Duality of the laws of nature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Far from claiming to make "the contradiction disappear" which <a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Max Born</a> thought could be achieved with a statistical approach, de Broglie extended wave–particle duality to all particles (and to crystals which revealed the effects of diffraction) and extended the principle of duality to the <a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">laws of nature.</a> </p><p>His last work made a single system of laws from the two large systems of thermodynamics and of mechanics:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>When <a href="/wiki/Boltzmann" class="mw-redirect" title="Boltzmann">Boltzmann</a> and his continuators developed their statistical interpretation of Thermodynamics, one could have considered Thermodynamics to be a complicated branch of Dynamics. But, with my actual ideas, it's Dynamics that appear to be a simplified branch of Thermodynamics. I think that, of all the ideas that I've introduced in quantum theory in these past years, it's that idea that is, by far, the most important and the most profound.</p></blockquote> <p>That idea seems to match the continuous–discontinuous duality, since its dynamics could be the limit of its thermodynamics when transitions to continuous limits are postulated. It is also close to that of <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz</a>, who posited the necessity of "architectonic principles" to complete the system of mechanical laws.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>However, according to him, there is less duality, in the sense of opposition, than synthesis (one is the limit of the other)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and the effort of synthesis is constant according to him, like in his first formula, in which the first member pertains to mechanics and the second to optics: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle mc^{2}=h\nu }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>m</mi> <msup> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <mi>h</mi> <mi>ν</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle mc^{2}=h\nu }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1bdb9402ca2bd5f8e54ddc3718bb1d181cbfc24f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:9.771ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle mc^{2}=h\nu }"></span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neutrino_theory_of_light">Neutrino theory of light</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_de_Broglie&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Neutrino theory of light"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Neutrino_theory_of_light" title="Neutrino theory of light">Neutrino theory of light</a></div> <p>This theory, which dates from 1934, introduces the idea that the photon is equivalent to the fusion of two <a href="/wiki/Dirac_fermion" title="Dirac fermion">Dirac neutrinos</a>. It is not currently accepted by the majority of physicists. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hidden_thermodynamics">Hidden thermodynamics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_de_Broglie&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Hidden thermodynamics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De Broglie's final idea was the hidden thermodynamics of isolated particles. It is an attempt to bring together the three furthest principles of physics: the principles of Fermat, Maupertuis, and <a href="/wiki/Carnot%27s_theorem_(thermodynamics)" title="Carnot's theorem (thermodynamics)">Carnot</a>. </p><p>In this work, <a href="/wiki/Action_(physics)" title="Action (physics)">action</a> becomes a sort of opposite to <a href="/wiki/Entropy" title="Entropy">entropy</a>, through an equation that relates the only two universal dimensions of the form: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {{\text{action}} \over h}=-{{\text{entropy}} \over k}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>action</mtext> </mrow> <mi>h</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>entropy</mtext> </mrow> <mi>k</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {{\text{action}} \over h}=-{{\text{entropy}} \over k}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5d6f8254083f4063042ec6f742e912e97f0f121e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:20.604ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {{\text{action}} \over h}=-{{\text{entropy}} \over k}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>As a consequence of its great impact, this theory brings back the <a href="/wiki/Uncertainty_principle" title="Uncertainty principle">uncertainty principle</a> to distances around extrema of action, distances corresponding to <i>reductions in entropy</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honors_and_awards">Honors and awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_de_Broglie&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Honors and awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1929 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a></li> <li>1929 <a href="/wiki/Poincar%C3%A9_Medal" title="Poincaré Medal">Henri Poincaré Medal</a></li> <li>1932 <a href="/wiki/Albert_I_of_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert I of Monaco">Albert I of Monaco</a> Prize</li> <li>1938 <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Medal" title="Max Planck Medal">Max Planck Medal</a></li> <li>1938 Fellow, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences">Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences</a></li> <li>1939 International Member, <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1944 Fellow, <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise" class="mw-redirect" title="Académie française">Académie française</a></li> <li>1948 International Member, United States <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1952 <a href="/wiki/Kalinga_Prize" title="Kalinga Prize">Kalinga Prize</a></li> <li>1953 Fellow, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a><sup id="cite_ref-frs_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1958 International Honorary Member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_de_Broglie&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Broglie,_Louis_de_%E2%80%93_Ondes_et_mouvements,_1926_%E2%80%93_BEIC_3903635.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Broglie%2C_Louis_de_%E2%80%93_Ondes_et_mouvements%2C_1926_%E2%80%93_BEIC_3903635.jpg/220px-Broglie%2C_Louis_de_%E2%80%93_Ondes_et_mouvements%2C_1926_%E2%80%93_BEIC_3903635.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Broglie%2C_Louis_de_%E2%80%93_Ondes_et_mouvements%2C_1926_%E2%80%93_BEIC_3903635.jpg/330px-Broglie%2C_Louis_de_%E2%80%93_Ondes_et_mouvements%2C_1926_%E2%80%93_BEIC_3903635.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Broglie%2C_Louis_de_%E2%80%93_Ondes_et_mouvements%2C_1926_%E2%80%93_BEIC_3903635.jpg/440px-Broglie%2C_Louis_de_%E2%80%93_Ondes_et_mouvements%2C_1926_%E2%80%93_BEIC_3903635.jpg 2x" data-file-width="865" data-file-height="1283" /></a><figcaption><i>Ondes et mouvements</i>, 1926</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><i>Recherches sur la théorie des quanta</i> (<i>Researches on the quantum theory</i>), Thesis, Paris, 1924, Ann. de Physique (10) <b>3</b>, 22 (1925).</li> <li><i>Introduction à la physique des rayons X et gamma</i> (<i>Introduction to physics of X-rays and Gamma-rays</i>), with <a href="/wiki/Maurice_de_Broglie" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurice de Broglie">Maurice de Broglie</a>, Gauthier-Villars, 1928.</li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=3903635"><i>Ondes et mouvements</i></a> (in French). Paris: Gauthier-Villars. 1926.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ondes+et+mouvements&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Gauthier-Villars&rft.date=1926&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgutenberg.beic.it%2Fwebclient%2FDeliveryManager%3Fpid%3D3903635&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+de+Broglie" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>Rapport au 5ème Conseil de Physique Solvay</i> (<i>Report for the 5th Solvay Physics Congress</i>), Brussels, 1927.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=3937499"><i>Mecanique ondulatoire</i></a> (in French). Paris: Gauthier-Villars. 1928.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mecanique+ondulatoire&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Gauthier-Villars&rft.date=1928&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgutenberg.beic.it%2Fwebclient%2FDeliveryManager%3Fpid%3D3937499&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+de+Broglie" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=3898660"><i>Recueil d'exposés sur les ondes et corpuscules</i></a> (in French). Paris: Librairie scientifique Hermann et C.ie. 1930.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recueil+d%27expos%C3%A9s+sur+les+ondes+et+corpuscules&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Librairie+scientifique+Hermann+et+C.ie&rft.date=1930&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgutenberg.beic.it%2Fwebclient%2FDeliveryManager%3Fpid%3D3898660&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+de+Broglie" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>Matière et lumière</i> (<i>Matter and Light</i>), Paris: Albin Michel, 1937.</li> <li><i>La Physique nouvelle et les quanta</i> (<i>New Physics and Quanta</i>), Flammarion, 1937.</li> <li><i>Continu et discontinu en physique moderne</i> (<i>Continuous and discontinuous in Modern Physics</i>), Paris: Albin Michel, 1941.</li> <li><i>Ondes, corpuscules, mécanique ondulatoire</i> (<i>Waves, Corpuscles, Wave Mechanics</i>), Paris: Albin Michel, 1945.</li> <li><i>Physique et microphysique</i> (<i>Physics and Microphysics</i>), Albin Michel, 1947.</li> <li><i>Vie et œuvre de Paul Langevin</i> (<i>The life and works of <a href="/wiki/Paul_Langevin" title="Paul Langevin">Paul Langevin</a></i>), French Academy of Sciences, 1947.</li> <li><i>Optique électronique et corpusculaire</i> (<i>Electronic and Corpuscular Optics</i>), Herman, 1950.</li> <li><i>Savants et découvertes</i> (<i>Scientists and discoveries</i>), Paris, Albin Michel, 1951.</li> <li><i>Une tentative d'interprétation causale et non linéaire de la mécanique ondulatoire: la théorie de la double solution</i>. Paris: Gauthier-Villars, 1956. <ul><li>English translation: <i>Non-linear Wave Mechanics: A Causal Interpretation</i>. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1960.</li></ul></li> <li><i>Nouvelles perspectives en microphysique</i> (<i>New prospects in Microphysics</i>), Albin Michel, 1956.</li> <li><i>Sur les sentiers de la science</i> (<i>On the Paths of Science</i>), Paris: Albin Michel, 1960.</li> <li><i>Introduction à la nouvelle théorie des particules de M. <a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Vigier" title="Jean-Pierre Vigier">Jean-Pierre Vigier</a> et de ses collaborateurs</i>, Paris: Gauthier-Villars, 1961. Paris: Albin Michel, 1960. <ul><li>English translation: <i>Introduction to the Vigier Theory of elementary particles</i>, Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1963.</li></ul></li> <li><i>Étude critique des bases de l'interprétation actuelle de la mécanique ondulatoire</i>, Paris: Gauthier-Villars, 1963. <ul><li>English translation: <i>The Current Interpretation of Wave Mechanics: A Critical Study</i>, Amsterdam, Elsevier, 1964.</li></ul></li> <li><i>Certitudes et incertitudes de la science</i> (<i>Certitudes and Incertitudes of Science</i>). Paris: Albin Michel, 1966.</li> <li>with Louis Armand, Pierre Henri Simon and others. <i><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a></i>. Paris: Hachette, 1966. <ul><li>English translation: <i>Einstein</i>. Peebles Press, 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><i>Recherches d'un demi-siècle</i> (<i>Research of a half-century</i>), Albin Michel, 1976.</li> <li><i>Les incertitudes d'Heisenberg et l'interprétation probabiliste de la mécanique ondulatoire</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Heisenberg</a> uncertainty and wave mechanics probabilistic interpretation</i>), Gauthier-Villars, 1982.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_de_Broglie&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201204231723/https://www.lexico.com/definition/de_broglie,_louis-victor">"de Broglie, Louis-Victor"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Lexico" title="Lexico">Lexico</a> UK English Dictionary</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexico.com/definition/de+Broglie,+Louis-Victor">the original</a> on 4 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=de+Broglie%2C+Louis-Victor&rft.btitle=Lexico+UK+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fdefinition%2Fde%2BBroglie%2C%2BLouis-Victor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+de+Broglie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Reference-AHD-de_Broglie" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=de+Broglie">"de Broglie"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language" title="The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language">The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language</a></i> (5th ed.). HarperCollins<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&rft.atitle=de+Broglie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahdictionary.com%2Fword%2Fsearch.html%3Fq%3Dde%2BBroglie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+de+Broglie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/de-broglie">"De Broglie"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Collins_English_Dictionary" title="Collins English Dictionary">Collins English Dictionary</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Collins+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=De+Broglie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fde-broglie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+de+Broglie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLéon_Warnant1987" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Léon Warnant (1987). <i>Dictionnaire de la prononciation française dans sa norme actuelle</i> (in French) (3rd ed.). Gembloux: J. Duculot, S. A. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-8011-0581-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-8011-0581-8"><bdi>978-2-8011-0581-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+de+la+prononciation+fran%C3%A7aise+dans+sa+norme+actuelle&rft.place=Gembloux&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=J.+Duculot%2C+S.+A.&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-2-8011-0581-8&rft.au=L%C3%A9on+Warnant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+de+Broglie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJean-Marie_Pierret1994" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jean-Marie Pierret (1994). <i>Phonétique historique du français et notions de phonétique générale</i> (in French). Louvain-la-Neuve: Peeters. p. 102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-0683-1608-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-0683-1608-7"><bdi>978-9-0683-1608-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Phon%C3%A9tique+historique+du+fran%C3%A7ais+et+notions+de+phon%C3%A9tique+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale&rft.place=Louvain-la-Neuve&rft.pages=102&rft.pub=Peeters&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-9-0683-1608-7&rft.au=Jean-Marie+Pierret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+de+Broglie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-louveciennes-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-louveciennes_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-louveciennes_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeroy2003" class="citation book cs1">Leroy, Francis (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8DjwaFWE4fYC"><i>A Century of Nobel Prize Recipients: Chemistry, Physics, and Medicine</i></a> (illustrated ed.). CRC Press. p. 141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8247-0876-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8247-0876-8"><bdi>0-8247-0876-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Century+of+Nobel+Prize+Recipients%3A+Chemistry%2C+Physics%2C+and+Medicine&rft.pages=141&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8247-0876-8&rft.aulast=Leroy&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8DjwaFWE4fYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+de+Broglie" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8DjwaFWE4fYC&pg=PA141">Extract of page 141</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The final pilot-wave model was presented in <a href="/wiki/Solvay_Conference" title="Solvay Conference">Solvay Conferences</a> and later published, in "<i>Ondes et mouvements</i>" of 1926.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PhD-thesis-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PhD-thesis_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Antony Valentini: <i>On the Pilot-Wave Theory of Classical, Quantum and Subquantum Physics</i>, Ph.D. Thesis, ISAS, Trieste 1992</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yoga6d.org/debroglie_vs_bohm/">"de Broglie vs Bohm"</a>. Excerpts from 1960 book published by Elsevier Pub.Co<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=de+Broglie+vs+Bohm&rft.pub=Excerpts+from+1960+book+published+by+Elsevier+Pub.Co.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yoga6d.org%2Fdebroglie_vs_bohm%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+de+Broglie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'ConnorRobertson" class="citation cs2">O'Connor, John J.; <a href="/wiki/Edmund_F._Robertson" title="Edmund F. 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IAQMS<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+International+Academy+of+Quantum+Molecular+Science&rft.pub=IAQMS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iaqms.org%2Fhistory.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+de+Broglie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nndb.com/people/313/000072097/">"Louis de Broglie"</a>. Soylent Communications<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Louis+de+Broglie&rft.pub=Soylent+Communications&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nndb.com%2Fpeople%2F313%2F000072097%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+de+Broglie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nye-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nye_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nye_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._J._Nye.1997" class="citation journal cs1">M. J. Nye. (1997). "Aristocratic Culture and the Pursuit of Science: The De Broglies in Modern France". <i>Isis</i>. <b>88</b> (3) (Isis ed.): 397–421. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F383768">10.1086/383768</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/236150">236150</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143439041">143439041</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Isis&rft.atitle=Aristocratic+Culture+and+the+Pursuit+of+Science%3A+The+De+Broglies+in+Modern+France&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=397-421&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143439041%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F236150%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F383768&rft.au=M.+J.+Nye.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+de+Broglie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abragam-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abragam_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abragam_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abragam_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._Abragam.1988" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anatole_Abragam" title="Anatole Abragam">A. Abragam</a>. (1988). "Louis Victor Pierre Raymond de Broglie". <b>34</b> (Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society ed.): 22–41. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.1988.0002">10.1098/rsbm.1988.0002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Louis+Victor+Pierre+Raymond+de+Broglie&rft.volume=34&rft.pages=22-41&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbm.1988.0002&rft.au=A.+Abragam.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+de+Broglie" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dict-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dict_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Lacki.2008" class="citation journal cs1">J. Lacki. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-2830905527.html">"Louis de Broglie"</a>. <b>1</b> (New Dictionary of Scientific Biography ed.). Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons: 409–415.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Louis+de+Broglie&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=409-415&rft.date=2008&rft.au=J.+Lacki.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fdoc%2F1G2-2830905527.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+de+Broglie" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-De_Broglie_PhD_English-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-De_Broglie_PhD_English_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-De_Broglie_PhD_English_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Broglie" class="citation web cs1">de Broglie, Louis Victor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aflb.ensmp.fr/LDB-oeuvres/De_Broglie_Kracklauer.pdf">"On the Theory of Quanta"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Foundation of Louis de Broglie</i> (English translation by A.F. Kracklauer, 2004. ed.)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foundation+of+Louis+de+Broglie&rft.atitle=On+the+Theory+of+Quanta&rft.aulast=de+Broglie&rft.aufirst=Louis+Victor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faflb.ensmp.fr%2FLDB-oeuvres%2FDe_Broglie_Kracklauer.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+de+Broglie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1929/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1929"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081024052522/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1929/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1929&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1929%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+de+Broglie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sudoc.fr/01331081X">Recherche (PPN) 01331081X: Actualités scientifiques et industrielles</a>, sudoc.fr. Retrieved 11 December 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvansThorndike2007" class="citation book cs1">Evans, James; Thorndike, Alan S. (2007). <i>Quantum Mechanics at the Crossroads: New Perspectives From History, Philosophy And Physics</i>. Springer. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783540326632" title="Special:BookSources/9783540326632"><bdi>9783540326632</bdi></a>. <q>Asked to join Le Conseil de l'Union Catholique des Scientifiques Français, Louis declined because, he said, he had ceased the religious practices of his youth.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quantum+Mechanics+at+the+Crossroads%3A+New+Perspectives+From+History%2C+Philosophy+And+Physics&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9783540326632&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Thorndike%2C+Alan+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+de+Broglie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kimball, John (2015). Physics Curiosities, Oddities, and Novelties. CRC Press. p. 323. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4665-7636-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4665-7636-0">978-1-4665-7636-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Les professeurs de la Faculté des sciences de Paris <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/inrp_0298-5632_1989_ant_25_1_8664">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PiecuchMaruani2009-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PiecuchMaruani2009_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiotr_PiecuchJean_MaruaniGerardo_Delgado-BarrioStephen_Wilson2009" class="citation book cs1">Piotr Piecuch; Jean Maruani; Gerardo Delgado-Barrio; Stephen Wilson (30 September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1qbgc17K1dAC"><i>Advances in the Theory of Atomic and Molecular Systems: Conceptual and Computational Advances in Quantum Chemistry</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-481-2596-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-481-2596-8"><bdi>978-90-481-2596-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advances+in+the+Theory+of+Atomic+and+Molecular+Systems%3A+Conceptual+and+Computational+Advances+in+Quantum+Chemistry&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2009-09-30&rft.isbn=978-90-481-2596-8&rft.au=Piotr+Piecuch&rft.au=Jean+Maruani&rft.au=Gerardo+Delgado-Barrio&rft.au=Stephen+Wilson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1qbgc17K1dAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+de+Broglie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NéelBroglie1988-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NéelBroglie1988_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLouis_NéelFondation_Louis_de_BroglieConservatoire_national_des_arts_et_métiers_(France)1988" class="citation book cs1">Louis Néel; Fondation Louis de Broglie; Conservatoire national des arts et métiers (France) (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C0u4AAAAIAAJ"><i>Louis de Broglie que nous avons connu</i></a>. Fondation Louis de Broglie, Conservatoire national des arts et métiers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Louis+de+Broglie+que+nous+avons+connu&rft.pub=Fondation+Louis+de+Broglie%2C+Conservatoire+national+des+arts+et+m%C3%A9tiers&rft.date=1988&rft.au=Louis+N%C3%A9el&rft.au=Fondation+Louis+de+Broglie&rft.au=Conservatoire+national+des+arts+et+m%C3%A9tiers+%28France%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC0u4AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+de+Broglie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Philosophy of Quantum Mechanics: The Interpretations of Quantum Mechanics in Historical Perspective</i>. New York: Wiley-Interscience, 1974. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-43958-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-43958-4">0-471-43958-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mehra-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mehra_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Mehra.2001" class="citation journal cs1">J. Mehra. (2001). J. Mehra. (ed.). "Louis de Broglie and the phase waves associated with matter" (The Golden Age of Theoretical Physics ed.). World Scientific: 546–570.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Louis+de+Broglie+and+the+phase+waves+associated+with+matter&rft.pages=546-570&rft.date=2001&rft.au=J.+Mehra.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+de+Broglie" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academie-sciences.fr/pdf/dossiers/Broglie/Broglie_pdf/CR1923_p507.pdf">"Membres de l'Académie des sciences depuis sa création: Louis de Broglie Ondes et quanta"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>academie-sciences.fr</i> (in French). 1923.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=academie-sciences.fr&rft.atitle=Membres+de+l%27Acad%C3%A9mie+des+sciences+depuis+sa+cr%C3%A9ation%3A+Louis+de+Broglie+Ondes+et+quanta&rft.date=1923&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academie-sciences.fr%2Fpdf%2Fdossiers%2FBroglie%2FBroglie_pdf%2FCR1923_p507.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+de+Broglie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Max_Jammer" title="Max Jammer">Max Jammer</a> <i>The Conceptual Development of Quantum Mechanics</i>. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1966 2nd ed: New York: American Institute of Physics, 1989. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88318-617-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-88318-617-9">0-88318-617-9</a>. Olivier Darrigol, "Strangeness and soundness in Louis de Broglie's early works", <i>Physis</i>, 30 (1993): 303–372.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See for example the description of de Broglie's view in: David Bohm, Basil Hiley: <i>The de Broglie pilot wave theory and the further development and new insights arising out of it</i>, Foundations of Physics, volume 12, number 10, 1982, Appendix: On the background of the papers on trajectories interpretation, by D. Bohm, (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://leopard.physics.ucdavis.edu/rts/p298/pilotwavetheory.pdf">PDF</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110819234038/http://leopard.physics.ucdavis.edu/rts/p298/pilotwavetheory.pdf">Archived</a> 19 August 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D. Hestenes, October 1990, The Zitterbewegung interpretation of quantum mechanics, Foundations of Physics, vol. 20, no. 10, pp. 1213–1232</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See for example G.R. Osche, <i>Electron channeling resonance and de Broglie's internal clock</i>, Annales de la Fondation Louis de Broglie, vol. 36, 2001, pp. 61–71 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aflb.ensmp.fr/AFLB-361/aflb361m718.pdf">full text</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Catillon, Foundations of Physics, July 2001, vol. 38, no. 7, pp. 659–664</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Louis+de+Broglie&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">"APS Member History"</a>. <i>search.amphilsoc.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=search.amphilsoc.org&rft.atitle=APS+Member+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.amphilsoc.org%2Fmemhist%2Fsearch%3Fcreator%3DLouis%2Bde%2BBroglie%26title%3D%26subject%3D%26subdiv%3D%26mem%3D%26year%3D%26year-max%3D%26dead%3D%26keyword%3D%26smode%3Dadvanced&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+de+Broglie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/deceased-members/46723.html">"Duc L. De Broglie"</a>. <i>www.nasonline.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nasonline.org&rft.atitle=Duc+L.+De+Broglie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasonline.org%2Fmember-directory%2Fdeceased-members%2F46723.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+de+Broglie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-frs-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-frs_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbragam1988" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anatole_Abragam" title="Anatole Abragam">Abragam, A.</a> (1988). "Louis Victor Pierre Raymond de Broglie. 15 August 1892-19 March 1987". <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Memoirs_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society">Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society</a></i>. <b>34</b>: 22–26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.1988.0002">10.1098/rsbm.1988.0002</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/770045">770045</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Memoirs+of+Fellows+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=Louis+Victor+Pierre+Raymond+de+Broglie.+15+August+1892-19+March+1987&rft.volume=34&rft.pages=22-26&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbm.1988.0002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F770045%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Abragam&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+de+Broglie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amacad.org/person/louis-victor-pierre-raymond-de-broglie">"Louis Victor Pierre Raymond de Broglie"</a>. <i>American Academy of Arts & Sciences</i>. 9 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Academy+of+Arts+%26+Sciences&rft.atitle=Louis+Victor+Pierre+Raymond+de+Broglie&rft.date=2023-02-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amacad.org%2Fperson%2Flouis-victor-pierre-raymond-de-broglie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+de+Broglie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZAoAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA50">"Review of <i>Einstein</i> by Louis de Broglie and others"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists</i>. <b>36</b> (3): 50. March 1980.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Atomic+Scientists&rft.atitle=Review+of+Einstein+by+Louis+de+Broglie+and+others&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=50&rft.date=1980-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZAoAAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+de+Broglie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_de_Broglie&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Louis_de_Broglie" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Louis de Broglie"><span style="font-style:italic; 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H. Delphenich</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://neo-classical-physics.info/uploads/3/0/6/5/3065888/de_broglie_-_measurement_in_wave_mechanics.pdf">The Theory of measurement in wave mechanics</a> (English translation of his book on the subject)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://neo-classical-physics.info/uploads/3/0/6/5/3065888/de_broglie_-_new_conception_of_light.pdf">"A new conception of light"</a> (English translation)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ina.fr/video/AFE04002106">Louis de Broglie Interview</a>, on Ina.fr <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/002535">Newspaper clippings about Louis de Broglie</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83331#P4293" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;"><a href="/wiki/French_nobility" title="French nobility">French nobility</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Maurice_de_Broglie" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurice de Broglie">Maurice de Broglie</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/House_of_Broglie" title="House of Broglie">Duke of Broglie</a> </b><br />1960–1987 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Victor-Fran%C3%A7ois,_8th_duc_de_Broglie" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor-François, 8th duc de Broglie">Victor-François de Broglie</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Template:Nobel Prize in Physics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Template talk:Nobel Prize in Physics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel Prize in Physics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physics" title="List of Nobel laureates in Physics">Laureates</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1901: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen">Röntgen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1902: <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Lorentz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman">Zeeman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1903: <a href="/wiki/Henri_Becquerel" title="Henri Becquerel">Becquerel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">P. Curie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">M. Curie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1904: <a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt,_3rd_Baron_Rayleigh" title="John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh">Rayleigh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1905: <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Lenard" title="Philipp Lenard">Lenard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1906: <a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">J. J. Thomson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1907: <a href="/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Michelson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1908: <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann">Lippmann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1909: <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Marconi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun">Braun</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1910: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals">Van der Waals</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1911: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wien" title="Wilhelm Wien">Wien</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1912: <a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Dal%C3%A9n" title="Gustaf Dalén">Dalén</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1913: <a href="/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Kamerlingh Onnes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1914: <a href="/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue">Laue</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1915: <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Bragg" title="Lawrence Bragg">W. L. Bragg</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">W. H. Bragg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1916</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1917: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Glover_Barkla" title="Charles Glover Barkla">Barkla</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1918: <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Planck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1919: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Stark" title="Johannes Stark">Stark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1920: <a href="/wiki/Charles_%C3%89douard_Guillaume" title="Charles Édouard Guillaume">Guillaume</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1921: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1922: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">N. Bohr</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1923: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Andrews_Millikan" title="Robert Andrews Millikan">Millikan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1924: <a href="/wiki/Manne_Siegbahn" title="Manne Siegbahn">M. Siegbahn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1925: <a href="/wiki/James_Franck" title="James Franck">Franck</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Ludwig_Hertz" title="Gustav Ludwig Hertz">Hertz</a></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1926: <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Perrin" title="Jean Baptiste Perrin">Perrin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1927: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Compton" title="Arthur Compton">Compton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson">C. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1928: <a href="/wiki/Owen_Willans_Richardson" title="Owen Willans Richardson">O. Richardson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1929: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">De Broglie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1930: <a href="/wiki/C._V._Raman" title="C. V. Raman">Raman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1931</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1932: <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Heisenberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1933: <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Schrödinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Dirac</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1934</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1935: <a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">Chadwick</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1936: <a href="/wiki/Victor_Francis_Hess" title="Victor Francis Hess">Hess</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carl_David_Anderson" title="Carl David Anderson">C. D. Anderson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1937: <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Davisson" title="Clinton Davisson">Davisson</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Paget_Thomson" title="George Paget Thomson">G. P. Thomson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1938: <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Fermi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1939: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Lawrence</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1940</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1941</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1942</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1943: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern">Stern</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1944: <a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Rabi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1945: <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Pauli</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1946: <a href="/wiki/Percy_Williams_Bridgman" title="Percy Williams Bridgman">Bridgman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1947: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton">Appleton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1948: <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Blackett" title="Patrick Blackett">Blackett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1949: <a href="/wiki/Hideki_Yukawa" title="Hideki Yukawa">Yukawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1950: <a href="/wiki/C._F._Powell" title="C. F. Powell">Powell</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1951: <a href="/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft">Cockcroft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Walton" title="Ernest Walton">Walton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1952: <a href="/wiki/Felix_Bloch" title="Felix Bloch">Bloch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Purcell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1953: <a href="/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike">Zernike</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1954: <a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Born</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe">Bothe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1955: <a href="/wiki/Willis_Lamb" title="Willis Lamb">Lamb</a> / <a href="/wiki/Polykarp_Kusch" title="Polykarp Kusch">Kusch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1956: <a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">Shockley</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Brattain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1957: <a href="/wiki/Yang_Chen-Ning" title="Yang Chen-Ning">C. N. Yang</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee">T. D. Lee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1958: <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Cherenkov" title="Pavel Cherenkov">Cherenkov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Frank" title="Ilya Frank">Frank</a> / <a href="/wiki/Igor_Tamm" title="Igor Tamm">Tamm</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1959: <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Segrè</a> / <a href="/wiki/Owen_Chamberlain" title="Owen Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1960: <a href="/wiki/Donald_A._Glaser" title="Donald A. Glaser">Glaser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1961: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hofstadter" title="Robert Hofstadter">Hofstadter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_M%C3%B6ssbauer" title="Rudolf Mössbauer">Mössbauer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1962: <a href="/wiki/Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau">Landau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1963: <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Wigner</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert_Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert Mayer">Goeppert Mayer</a> / <a href="/wiki/J._Hans_D._Jensen" title="J. Hans D. Jensen">Jensen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1964: <a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes">Townes</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Basov" title="Nikolay Basov">Basov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Prokhorov" title="Alexander Prokhorov">Prokhorov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1965: <a href="/wiki/Shin%27ichir%C5%8D_Tomonaga" title="Shin'ichirō Tomonaga">Tomonaga</a> / <a href="/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger">Schwinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Feynman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1966: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kastler" title="Alfred Kastler">Kastler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1967: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Bethe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1968: <a href="/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Alvarez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1969: <a href="/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann">Gell-Mann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1970: <a href="/wiki/Hannes_Alfv%C3%A9n" title="Hannes Alfvén">Alfvén</a> / <a href="/wiki/Louis_N%C3%A9el" title="Louis Néel">Néel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1971: <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Gabor" title="Dennis Gabor">Gabor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1972: <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leon_Cooper" title="Leon Cooper">Cooper</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Schrieffer" title="John Robert Schrieffer">Schrieffer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1973: <a href="/wiki/Leo_Esaki" title="Leo Esaki">Esaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ivar_Giaever" title="Ivar Giaever">Giaever</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Josephson" title="Brian Josephson">Josephson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1974: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Ryle" title="Martin Ryle">Ryle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Antony_Hewish" title="Antony Hewish">Hewish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1975: <a href="/wiki/Aage_Bohr" title="Aage Bohr">A. Bohr</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ben_Roy_Mottelson" title="Ben Roy Mottelson">Mottelson</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Rainwater" title="James Rainwater">Rainwater</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1976: <a href="/wiki/Burton_Richter" title="Burton Richter">Richter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Samuel_C._C._Ting" title="Samuel C. C. Ting">Ting</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/wiki/Philip_W._Anderson" title="Philip W. Anderson">P. W. Anderson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nevill_Francis_Mott" title="Nevill Francis Mott">Mott</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Hasbrouck_Van_Vleck" title="John Hasbrouck Van Vleck">Van Vleck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978: <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Kapitsa" title="Pyotr Kapitsa">Kapitsa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arno_Allan_Penzias" title="Arno Allan Penzias">Penzias</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Robert Woodrow Wilson">R. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Glashow" title="Sheldon Glashow">Glashow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Salam</a> / <a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Weinberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/wiki/James_Cronin" title="James Cronin">Cronin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Val_Logsdon_Fitch" title="Val Logsdon Fitch">Fitch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1981: <a href="/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen">Bloembergen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Leonard_Schawlow" title="Arthur Leonard Schawlow">Schawlow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kai_Siegbahn" title="Kai Siegbahn">K. Siegbahn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_G._Wilson" title="Kenneth G. Wilson">K. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1983: <a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Chandrasekhar</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Alfred_Fowler" title="William Alfred Fowler">Fowler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1984: <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Rubbia" title="Carlo Rubbia">Rubbia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Simon_van_der_Meer" title="Simon van der Meer">Van der Meer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/wiki/Klaus_von_Klitzing" title="Klaus von Klitzing">von Klitzing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska">Ruska</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig">Binnig</a> / <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Rohrer" title="Heinrich Rohrer">Rohrer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="/wiki/Georg_Bednorz" title="Georg Bednorz">Bednorz</a> / <a href="/wiki/K._Alex_M%C3%BCller" title="K. Alex Müller">Müller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="/wiki/Leon_M._Lederman" title="Leon M. Lederman">Lederman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz">Schwartz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_Steinberger" title="Jack Steinberger">Steinberger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Foster_Ramsey_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.">Ramsey</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hans_Georg_Dehmelt" title="Hans Georg Dehmelt">Dehmelt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Paul" title="Wolfgang Paul">Paul</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Isaac_Friedman" title="Jerome Isaac Friedman">Friedman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Henry_Way_Kendall" title="Henry Way Kendall">Kendall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Taylor" title="Richard E. Taylor">R. Taylor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes">de Gennes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Georges_Charpak" title="Georges Charpak">Charpak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993: <a href="/wiki/Russell_Alan_Hulse" title="Russell Alan Hulse">Hulse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooton_Taylor_Jr." title="Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr.">J. Taylor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994: <a href="/wiki/Bertram_Brockhouse" title="Bertram Brockhouse">Brockhouse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Shull" title="Clifford Shull">Shull</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Lewis_Perl" title="Martin Lewis Perl">Perl</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Reines" title="Frederick Reines">Reines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/David_Lee_(physicist)" title="David Lee (physicist)">D. Lee</a> / <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Osheroff" title="Douglas Osheroff">Osheroff</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Coleman_Richardson" title="Robert Coleman Richardson">R. Richardson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu">Chu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Claude_Cohen-Tannoudji" title="Claude Cohen-Tannoudji">Cohen-Tannoudji</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Daniel_Phillips" title="William Daniel Phillips">Phillips</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Laughlin" title="Robert B. Laughlin">Laughlin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst Ludwig Störmer">Störmer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Daniel_C._Tsui" title="Daniel C. Tsui">Tsui</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/wiki/Gerard_%27t_Hooft" title="Gerard 't Hooft">'t Hooft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martinus_J._G._Veltman" title="Martinus J. G. Veltman">Veltman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2000: <a href="/wiki/Zhores_Alferov" title="Zhores Alferov">Alferov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kroemer" title="Herbert Kroemer">Kroemer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kilby" title="Jack Kilby">Kilby</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–<br />present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">2001: <a href="/wiki/Eric_Allin_Cornell" title="Eric Allin Cornell">Cornell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Ketterle" title="Wolfgang Ketterle">Ketterle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wieman" title="Carl Wieman">Wieman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2002: <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Davis_Jr." title="Raymond Davis Jr.">Davis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Masatoshi_Koshiba" title="Masatoshi Koshiba">Koshiba</a> / <a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Giacconi" title="Riccardo Giacconi">Giacconi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2003: <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Abrikosov_(physicist)" title="Alexei Abrikosov (physicist)">Abrikosov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Ginzburg" title="Vitaly Ginzburg">Ginzburg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anthony_James_Leggett" title="Anthony James Leggett">Leggett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2004: <a href="/wiki/David_Gross" title="David Gross">Gross</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hugh_David_Politzer" title="Hugh David Politzer">Politzer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek">Wilczek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2005: <a href="/wiki/Roy_J._Glauber" title="Roy J. Glauber">Glauber</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_L._Hall" title="John L. Hall">Hall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._H%C3%A4nsch" title="Theodor W. Hänsch">Hänsch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2006: <a href="/wiki/John_C._Mather" title="John C. Mather">Mather</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Smoot" title="George Smoot">Smoot</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2007: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Fert" title="Albert Fert">Fert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gr%C3%BCnberg" title="Peter Grünberg">Grünberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2008: <a href="/wiki/Yoichiro_Nambu" title="Yoichiro Nambu">Nambu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Makoto_Kobayashi_(physicist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Makoto Kobayashi (physicist)">Kobayashi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Toshihide_Maskawa" title="Toshihide Maskawa">Maskawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2009: <a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Kao</a> / <a href="/wiki/Willard_Boyle" title="Willard Boyle">Boyle</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_E._Smith" title="George E. Smith">Smith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2010: <a href="/wiki/Andre_Geim" title="Andre Geim">Geim</a> / <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Novoselov" title="Konstantin Novoselov">Novoselov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2011: <a href="/wiki/Saul_Perlmutter" title="Saul Perlmutter">Perlmutter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Schmidt" title="Brian Schmidt">Schmidt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Adam_Riess" title="Adam Riess">Riess</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2012: <a href="/wiki/David_J._Wineland" title="David J. Wineland">Wineland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Serge_Haroche" title="Serge Haroche">Haroche</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2013: <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Englert" title="François Englert">Englert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Higgs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2014: <a href="/wiki/Isamu_Akasaki" title="Isamu Akasaki">Akasaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Amano" title="Hiroshi Amano">Amano</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shuji_Nakamura" title="Shuji Nakamura">Nakamura</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2015: <a href="/wiki/Takaaki_Kajita" title="Takaaki Kajita">Kajita</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_B._McDonald" title="Arthur B. McDonald">McDonald</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2016: <a href="/wiki/David_J._Thouless" title="David J. Thouless">Thouless</a> / <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Haldane" title="Duncan Haldane">Haldane</a> / <a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Kosterlitz" title="J. Michael Kosterlitz">Kosterlitz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2017: <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Weiss" title="Rainer Weiss">Weiss</a> / <a href="/wiki/Barry_Barish" title="Barry Barish">Barish</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kip_Thorne" title="Kip Thorne">Thorne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2018: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ashkin" title="Arthur Ashkin">Ashkin</a> / <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Mourou" title="Gérard Mourou">Mourou</a> / <a href="/wiki/Donna_Strickland" title="Donna Strickland">Strickland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2019: <a href="/wiki/Jim_Peebles" title="Jim Peebles">Peebles</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michel_Mayor" title="Michel Mayor">Mayor</a> / <a href="/wiki/Didier_Queloz" title="Didier Queloz">Queloz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2020: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Penrose</a> / <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Genzel" title="Reinhard Genzel">Genzel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrea_M._Ghez" title="Andrea M. Ghez">Ghez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2021: <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Parisi" title="Giorgio Parisi">Parisi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Hasselmann" title="Klaus Hasselmann">Hasselmann</a> / <a href="/wiki/Syukuro_Manabe" title="Syukuro Manabe">Manabe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2022: <a href="/wiki/Alain_Aspect" title="Alain Aspect">Aspect</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Clauser" title="John Clauser">Clauser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anton_Zeilinger" title="Anton Zeilinger">Zeilinger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2023: <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Agostini" title="Pierre Agostini">Agostini</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Krausz" title="Ferenc Krausz">Krausz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anne_L%27Huillier" title="Anne L'Huillier">L'Huillier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2024: <a href="/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield">Hopfield</a> / <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton" title="Geoffrey Hinton">Hinton</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1929_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1929_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1929 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1929_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template talk:1929 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1929_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1929 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="1929_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1929 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> laureates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Harden" title="Arthur Harden">Arthur Harden</a> (United Kingdom)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_von_Euler-Chelpin" title="Hans von Euler-Chelpin">Hans von Euler-Chelpin</a> (Sweden)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/1929_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1929 Nobel Prize in Literature">1929</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Thomas Mann</a> (Germany)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frank_B._Kellogg" title="Frank B. Kellogg">Frank B. Kellogg</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Louis de Broglie</a> (France)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Eijkman" title="Christiaan Eijkman">Christiaan Eijkman</a> (Netherlands)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Gowland_Hopkins" title="Frederick Gowland Hopkins">Frederick Gowland Hopkins</a> (United Kingdom)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel Prize recipients</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1924_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1924 Nobel Prize winners">1924</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1925_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1925 Nobel Prize winners">1925</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1926_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1926 Nobel Prize winners">1926</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1927_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1927 Nobel Prize winners">1927</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1928_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1928 Nobel Prize winners">1928</a></dd> <dd><b>1929 </b></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1930_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1930 Nobel Prize winners">1930</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1931_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1931 Nobel Prize winners">1931</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1932_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1932 Nobel Prize winners">1932</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1933_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1933 Nobel Prize winners">1933</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1934_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1934 Nobel Prize winners">1934</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Académie_française_seat_1" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise_Seat_1" title="Template:Académie française Seat 1"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise_Seat_1" title="Template talk:Académie française Seat 1"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise_Seat_1" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Académie française Seat 1"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Académie_française_seat_1" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise" class="mw-redirect" title="Académie française">Académie française</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise" title="List of members of the Académie française">seat 1</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_S%C3%A9guier" title="Pierre Séguier">Pierre Séguier</a> (1635)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Claude_Bazin_de_Bezons" title="Claude Bazin de Bezons">Claude Bazin de Bezons</a> (1643)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Boileau-Despr%C3%A9aux" title="Nicolas Boileau-Despréaux">Nicolas Boileau-Despréaux</a> (1684)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_d%27Estr%C3%A9es" title="Jean d'Estrées">Jean d'Estrées</a> (1711)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marc-Ren%C3%A9_de_Voyer_de_Paulmy_d%27Argenson_(1652%E2%80%931721)" title="Marc-René de Voyer de Paulmy d'Argenson (1652–1721)">Marc-René d'Argenson</a> (1718)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Joseph_Languet_de_Gergy" title="Jean-Joseph Languet de Gergy">Jean-Joseph Languet de Gergy</a> (1721)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon" title="Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon">George-Louis Leclerc, comte de Buffon</a> (1753)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Vicq-d%27Azyr" title="Félix Vicq-d'Azyr">Félix Vicq-d'Azyr</a> (1788)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Urbain_Domergue" title="François-Urbain Domergue">François-Urbain Domergue</a> (1803)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ange-Fran%C3%A7ois_Fariau" title="Ange-François Fariau">Ange-François Fariau</a> (1810)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Auguste_Parseval-Grandmaison" title="François-Auguste Parseval-Grandmaison">François-Auguste Parseval-Grandmaison</a> (1811)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Narcisse-Achille_de_Salvandy" title="Narcisse-Achille de Salvandy">Narcisse-Achille de Salvandy</a> (1835)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Augier" title="Émile Augier">Émile Augier</a> (1857)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Freycinet" title="Charles de Freycinet">Charles de Freycinet</a> (1890)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Picard" title="Émile Picard">Émile Picard</a> (1924)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Louis de Broglie</a> (1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michel_Debr%C3%A9" title="Michel Debré">Michel Debré</a> (1988)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Furet" title="François Furet">François Furet</a> (1997)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_R%C3%A9mond" title="René Rémond">René Rémond</a> (1998)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Claude_Dagens" title="Claude Dagens">Claude Dagens</a> (2008)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dukes_of_Broglie" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dukes_of_Broglie" title="Template:Dukes of Broglie"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dukes_of_Broglie" title="Template talk:Dukes of Broglie"><abbr 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href="/wiki/Albert,_4th_duc_de_Broglie" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert, 4th duc de Broglie">Jacques-Victor-Albert</a> (1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_de_Broglie_(1846%E2%80%931906)" title="Victor de Broglie (1846–1906)">Louis-Alphonse-Victor</a> (1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_de_Broglie" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurice de Broglie">Louis-César-Victor-Maurice</a> (1906)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Louis-Victor-Pierre-Raymond</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor-Fran%C3%A7ois,_8th_duc_de_Broglie" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor-François, 8th duc de Broglie">Victor-François Marie Léon</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe-Maurice,_9th_duc_de_Broglie" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippe-Maurice, 9th duc de Broglie">Philippe-Maurice</a> (2012)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blason_de_la_famille_de_Broglie.svg" 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authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83331#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83331#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83331#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11894127t">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00434453">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Broglie, Louis : de"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/RAVV040875">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36589173">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ola2002153790&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1190509">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external 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href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14320916">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00820092?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=105807">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=225311">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=16516300400">Scopus</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:de-broglie.louis">zbMATH</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/41875">MathSciNet</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leopoldina.org/mitgliederverzeichnis/mitglieder/member/Member/show/prince-louis-victor-de-broglie/">Leopoldina</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/44dee43f-c7c9-477e-b0ad-686f90ed3da6">MusicBrainz</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1308342">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118674293.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118674293">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026754290">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6g44rtx">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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