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<span>Education</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Education subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literary_influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Literary influences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literary_influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Posthumous_recognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Posthumous_recognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Posthumous recognition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Posthumous_recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Works subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Plays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Plays</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Novels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Novels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Novels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Novels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Screenplays_and_teleplays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Screenplays_and_teleplays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Screenplays and teleplays</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Screenplays_and_teleplays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Short_stories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Short_stories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Short stories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Short_stories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-One-act_plays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#One-act_plays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>One-act plays</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-One-act_plays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Poetry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.7</span> <span>Non-fiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.8</span> <span>Selected works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tennessee Williams</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 76 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-76" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">76 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Williams" title="Tennessee Williams – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Tennessee Williams" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B2" title="تينيسي وليامز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تينيسي وليامز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Williams" title="Tennessee Williams – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Tennessee Williams" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Williams" title="Tennessee Williams – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Tennessee Williams" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B8" title="টেনেসি উইলিয়ামস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="টেনেসি উইলিয়ামস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%96_%D0%A3%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC%D1%81" title="Тэнесі Уільямс – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тэнесі Уільямс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%96_%D0%8E%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B7" title="Тэнэсі Ўільямз – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Тэнэсі Ўільямз" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8_%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC%D1%81" title="Тенеси Уилямс – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тенеси Уилямс" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Williams" title="Tennessee Williams – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tennessee Williams" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Williams" title="Tennessee Williams – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tennessee Williams" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%C4%95%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC%D1%81" title="Теннĕсси Вильямс – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Теннĕсси Вильямс" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Williams" title="Tennessee Williams – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tennessee Williams" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Williams" title="Tennessee Williams – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tennessee Williams" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Williams" title="Tennessee Williams – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tennessee Williams" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Williams" title="Tennessee Williams – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tennessee Williams" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Williams" title="Tennessee Williams – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tennessee Williams" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%AF_%CE%9F%CF%85%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BC%CF%82" title="Τενεσί Ουίλιαμς – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τενεσί Ουίλιαμς" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Williams" title="Tennessee Williams – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tennessee Williams" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Williams" title="Tennessee Williams – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tennessee Williams" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Williams" title="Tennessee Williams – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tennessee Williams" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B2" title="تنسی ویلیامز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تنسی ویلیامز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Williams" title="Tennessee Williams – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tennessee Williams" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Williams" title="Tennessee Williams – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Tennessee Williams" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Williams" title="Tennessee Williams – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Tennessee Williams" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Williams" title="Tennessee Williams – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Tennessee Williams" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%85%8C%EB%84%A4%EC%8B%9C_%EC%9C%8C%EB%A6%AC%EC%97%84%EC%8A%A4" title="테네시 윌리엄스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="테네시 윌리엄스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%AB_%D5%88%D6%82%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%BD" title="Թենեսի Ուիլյամս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թենեսի Ուիլյամս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Williams" title="Tennessee Williams – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tennessee Williams" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Williams" title="Tennessee Williams – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Tennessee Williams" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Williams" title="Tennessee Williams – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tennessee Williams" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Williams" title="Tennessee Williams – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tennessee Williams" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%99_%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A1" title="טנסי ויליאמס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טנסי ויליאמס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Williams" title="Tennessee Williams – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Tennessee Williams" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ტენესი უილიამსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტენესი უილიამსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Williams" title="Tennessee Williams – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Tennessee Williams" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Williams" title="Tennessee Williams – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Tennessee Williams" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenesijs_Viljamss" title="Tenesijs Viljamss – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tenesijs Viljamss" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Williams" title="Tennessee Williams – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Tennessee Williams" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Williams" title="Tennessee Williams – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tennessee Williams" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81" title="Тенеси Вилијамс – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Тенеси Вилијамс" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Williams" title="Tennessee Williams – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tennessee Williams" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ടെന്നസി വില്യംസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ടെന്നസി വില്യംസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="टेनेसी विल्यम्स – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="टेनेसी विल्यम्स" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ტენესი უილიამსი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ტენესი უილიამსი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%89_%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B2" title="تينيسى وليامز – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تينيسى وليامز" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Williams" title="Tennessee Williams – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tennessee Williams" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%86%E3%83%8D%E3%82%B7%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A0%E3%82%BA" title="テネシー・ウィリアムズ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="テネシー・ウィリアムズ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Williams" title="Tennessee Williams – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tennessee Williams" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Williams" title="Tennessee Williams – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tennessee Williams" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Williams" title="Tennessee Williams – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Tennessee Williams" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC" title="ਟੇਨਿਸੀ ਵਿਲੀਅਮਜ਼ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਟੇਨਿਸੀ ਵਿਲੀਅਮਜ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Williams" title="Tennessee Williams – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Tennessee Williams" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Williams" title="Tennessee Williams – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Tennessee Williams" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Williams" title="Tennessee Williams – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tennessee Williams" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Williams" title="Tennessee Williams – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tennessee Williams" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Williams" title="Tennessee Williams – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tennessee Williams" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Williams" title="Tennessee Williams – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Tennessee Williams" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC%D1%81,_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Уильямс, Теннесси – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Уильямс, Теннесси" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Williams" title="Tennessee Williams – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Tennessee Williams" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Williams" title="Tennessee Williams – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Tennessee Williams" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Williams" title="Tennessee Williams – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Tennessee Williams" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Williams" title="Tennessee Williams – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Tennessee Williams" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Williams" title="Tennessee Williams – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tennessee Williams" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Williams" title="Tennessee Williams – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Tennessee Williams" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Williams" title="Tennessee Williams – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Tennessee Williams" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81" title="Тенеси Вилијамс – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Тенеси Вилијамс" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Williams" title="Tennessee Williams – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tennessee Williams" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Williams" title="Tennessee Williams – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tennessee Williams" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Williams" title="Tennessee Williams – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tennessee Williams" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Williams" title="Tennessee Williams – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tennessee Williams" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D1%96_%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC%D1%81" title="Теннессі Вільямс – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Теннессі Вільямс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B2" title="ٹینیسی ولیمز – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ٹینیسی ولیمز" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Williams" title="Tennessee Williams – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tennessee Williams" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Williams" title="Tennessee Williams – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Tennessee Williams" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B0%E7%BA%B3%E8%A5%BF%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E6%96%AF" title="田纳西·威廉斯 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="田纳西·威廉斯" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B0%E7%BA%B3%E8%A5%BF%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E6%96%AF" title="田纳西·威廉斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="田纳西·威廉斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q134262#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Williams" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Tennessee Williams</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Tennessee_Williams_NYWTS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Tennessee_Williams_NYWTS.jpg/220px-Tennessee_Williams_NYWTS.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Tennessee_Williams_NYWTS.jpg/330px-Tennessee_Williams_NYWTS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Tennessee_Williams_NYWTS.jpg/440px-Tennessee_Williams_NYWTS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2046" data-file-height="2310" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Williams in 1965</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Thomas Lanier Williams III</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1911-03-26</span>)</span>March 26, 1911<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Mississippi" title="Columbus, Mississippi">Columbus, Mississippi</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">February 25, 1983<span style="display:none">(1983-02-25)</span> (aged 71)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Calvary_Cemetery_(St._Louis)" title="Calvary Cemetery (St. Louis)">Calvary Cemetery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Missouri" title="University of Missouri">University of Missouri</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis" title="Washington University in St. Louis">Washington University</a><br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Iowa" title="University of Iowa">University of Iowa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupations</th><td class="infobox-data role"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Playwright</li><li>screenwriter</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years active</th><td class="infobox-data">1930–1983</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Notable work</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Glass_Menagerie" title="The Glass Menagerie">The Glass Menagerie</a></i> (1944) <br /><i><a href="/wiki/A_Streetcar_Named_Desire" title="A Streetcar Named Desire">A Streetcar Named Desire</a></i> (1947) <br /><i><a href="/wiki/Cat_on_a_Hot_Tin_Roof" title="Cat on a Hot Tin Roof">Cat on a Hot Tin Roof</a></i> (1955) <br /><i><a href="/wiki/Sweet_Bird_of_Youth" title="Sweet Bird of Youth">Sweet Bird of Youth</a></i> (1959) <br /><i><a href="/wiki/The_Night_of_the_Iguana" title="The Night of the Iguana">The Night of the Iguana</a></i> (1961)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tennessee_Williams_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Tennessee_Williams_signature.svg/150px-Tennessee_Williams_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Tennessee_Williams_signature.svg/225px-Tennessee_Williams_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Tennessee_Williams_signature.svg/300px-Tennessee_Williams_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="143" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Thomas Lanier Williams III</b> (March 26, 1911 – February 25, 1983), known by his pen name <b>Tennessee Williams</b>, was an American playwright and screenwriter. Along with contemporaries <a href="/wiki/Eugene_O%27Neill" title="Eugene O'Neill">Eugene O'Neill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Miller" title="Arthur Miller">Arthur Miller</a>, he is considered among the three foremost playwrights of 20th-century American drama.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At age 33, after years of obscurity, Williams suddenly became famous with the success of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Glass_Menagerie" title="The Glass Menagerie">The Glass Menagerie</a></i> (1944) in New York City. It was the first of a string of successes, including <i><a href="/wiki/A_Streetcar_Named_Desire" title="A Streetcar Named Desire">A Streetcar Named Desire</a></i> (1947), <i><a href="/wiki/Cat_on_a_Hot_Tin_Roof" title="Cat on a Hot Tin Roof">Cat on a Hot Tin Roof</a></i> (1955), <i><a href="/wiki/Sweet_Bird_of_Youth" title="Sweet Bird of Youth">Sweet Bird of Youth</a></i> (1959), and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Night_of_the_Iguana" title="The Night of the Iguana">The Night of the Iguana</a></i> (1961). With his later work, Williams attempted a new style that did not appeal as widely to audiences. His drama <i>A Streetcar Named Desire</i> is often numbered on short lists of the finest American plays of the 20th century alongside Eugene O'Neill's <i><a href="/wiki/Long_Day%27s_Journey_into_Night" title="Long Day's Journey into Night">Long Day's Journey into Night</a></i> and Arthur Miller's <i><a href="/wiki/Death_of_a_Salesman" title="Death of a Salesman">Death of a Salesman</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Much of Williams's most acclaimed work has been adapted for the cinema. He also wrote short stories, poetry, essays, and a volume of memoirs. In 1979, four years before his death, Williams was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/American_Theater_Hall_of_Fame" title="American Theater Hall of Fame">American Theater Hall of Fame</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee_Williams&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Houghton_-_MS_Thr_553_(6)._Tennessee_Williams_age_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Tennessee Williams (age 5) in Clarksdale, MS." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Houghton_-_MS_Thr_553_%286%29._Tennessee_Williams_age_5.jpg/220px-Houghton_-_MS_Thr_553_%286%29._Tennessee_Williams_age_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Houghton_-_MS_Thr_553_%286%29._Tennessee_Williams_age_5.jpg/330px-Houghton_-_MS_Thr_553_%286%29._Tennessee_Williams_age_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Houghton_-_MS_Thr_553_%286%29._Tennessee_Williams_age_5.jpg/440px-Houghton_-_MS_Thr_553_%286%29._Tennessee_Williams_age_5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1484" data-file-height="2239" /></a><figcaption>Williams at age 5 (1916) in <a href="/wiki/Clarksdale,_Mississippi" title="Clarksdale, Mississippi">Clarksdale, Mississippi</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Thomas Lanier Williams III was born in <a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Mississippi" title="Columbus, Mississippi">Columbus, Mississippi</a>, of English, Welsh, and <a href="/wiki/Huguenot" class="mw-redirect" title="Huguenot">Huguenot</a> ancestry, the second child of Edwina Dakin (August 9, 1884 – June 1, 1980) and Cornelius Coffin "C. C." Williams (August 21, 1879 – March 27, 1957).<sup id="cite_ref-Cambridge_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cambridge-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father was a traveling shoe salesman who became an alcoholic and was frequently away from home. His mother, Edwina, was the daughter of Rose O. Dakin, a music teacher, and the Reverend Walter Dakin, an <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopal</a> priest from Illinois who was assigned to a parish in <a href="/wiki/Clarksdale,_Mississippi" title="Clarksdale, Mississippi">Clarksdale, Mississippi</a>, shortly after Williams's birth. Williams lived in his grandfather's Episcopal rectory with his family for much of his early childhood and was close to his grandparents. Among his ancestors was musician and poet <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Lanier" title="Sidney Lanier">Sidney Lanier</a>. </p><p>He had two siblings, older sister Rose Isabel Williams (1909–1996)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and younger brother Walter Dakin Williams<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1919<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>–2008).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a young child, Williams nearly died from a case of <a href="/wiki/Diphtheria" title="Diphtheria">diphtheria</a> that left him frail and virtually confined to his house during a year of recuperation. At least partly due to his illness, he was considered a weak child by his father. Cornelius Williams, a descendant of <a href="/wiki/East_Tennessee" title="East Tennessee">East Tennessee</a> pioneers, had a violent temper and was prone to use his fists. He regarded what he thought was his son's effeminacy with disdain. Edwina, locked in an unhappy marriage,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> focused her attention almost entirely on her frail young son.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBloom198715_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloom198715-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Critics and historians agree that Williams drew from his own dysfunctional family in much of his writing<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that his desire to break free from his puritan upbringing propelled him towards writing.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Williams was eight years old, his father was promoted to a job at the home office of the <a href="/wiki/International_Shoe_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="International Shoe Company">International Shoe Company</a> in <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a>. His mother's continual search for a more appropriate home, as well as his father's heavy drinking and loudly turbulent behavior, caused them to move numerous times around St. Louis. Williams attended <a href="/wiki/Soldan_International_Studies_High_School" title="Soldan International Studies High School">Soldan High School</a>, a setting he referred to in his play <i>The Glass Menagerie</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoudané199711–13_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoudané199711–13-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later he studied at <a href="/wiki/University_City_High_School_(St._Louis)" class="mw-redirect" title="University City High School (St. Louis)">University City High School</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At age 16, Williams won third prize for an essay published in <i><a href="/wiki/Smart_Set" class="mw-redirect" title="Smart Set">Smart Set</a></i>, titled "Can a Good Wife Be a Good Sport?" A year later, his short story "<a href="/wiki/The_Vengeance_of_Nitocris" title="The Vengeance of Nitocris">The Vengeance of Nitocris</a>" was published (as by "Thomas Lanier Williams") in the August 1928 issue of the magazine <i><a href="/wiki/Weird_Tales" title="Weird Tales">Weird Tales</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These early publications did not lead to any significant recognition or appreciation of Williams's talent, and he would struggle for more than a decade to establish his writing career. Later, in 1928, Williams first visited Europe with his maternal grandfather Dakin. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee_Williams&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1929 to 1931, Williams attended the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Missouri" title="University of Missouri">University of Missouri</a> in <a href="/wiki/Columbia,_Missouri" title="Columbia, Missouri">Columbia</a>, where he enrolled in journalism classes.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was bored by his classes and distracted by unrequited love for a girl. Soon he began entering his poetry, essays, stories, and plays in writing contests, hoping to earn extra income. His first submitted play was <i>Beauty Is the Word</i> (1930), followed by <i>Hot Milk at Three in the Morning</i> (1932).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As recognition for <i>Beauty,</i> a play about rebellion against religious upbringing, he became the first freshman to receive honorable mention in a writing competition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoudané199715_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoudané199715-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At University of Missouri, Williams joined the <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Tau_Omega" title="Alpha Tau Omega">Alpha Tau Omega</a> fraternity, but he did not fit in well with his fraternity brothers. After he failed a military training course in his junior year, his father pulled him out of school and put him to work at the International Shoe Company factory. Although Williams hated the monotony, the job forced him out of the gentility of his upbringing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoudané199715_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoudané199715-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His dislike of his new 9-to-5 routine drove Williams to write prodigiously. He set a goal of writing one story a week. Williams often worked on weekends and late into the night. His mother recalled his intensity: </p> <blockquote><p>Tom would go to his room with black coffee and cigarettes and I would hear the typewriter clicking away at night in the silent house. Some mornings when I walked in to wake him for work, I would find him sprawled fully dressed across the bed, too tired to remove his clothes.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams1_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Overworked, unhappy, and lacking further success with his writing, by his 24th birthday Williams had suffered a <a href="/wiki/Mental_disorder" title="Mental disorder">nervous breakdown</a> and left his job. Memories of this period and of a particular factory co-worker would contribute to the character <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Kowalski" title="Stanley Kowalski">Stanley Kowalski</a> in <i>A Streetcar Named Desire</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoudané199715_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoudané199715-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the mid-1930s his mother separated from his father due to his worsening alcoholism and abusive temper. They agreed to a legal separation in 1946 but never divorced.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1936, Williams enrolled at <a href="/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis" title="Washington University in St. Louis">Washington University in St. Louis</a> where he wrote the play <i>Me, Vashya</i> (1937). After not winning the school's poetry prize, he decided to drop out. In the autumn of 1937, he transferred to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Iowa" title="University of Iowa">University of Iowa</a> in <a href="/wiki/Iowa_City,_Iowa" title="Iowa City, Iowa">Iowa City</a>, where he graduated with a B.A. in English in August 1938.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He later studied at the <a href="/wiki/Dramatic_Workshop" title="Dramatic Workshop">Dramatic Workshop</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_New_School" title="The New School">The New School</a> in New York City. Speaking of his early days as a playwright and an early collaborative play called <i>Cairo, Shanghai, Bombay!</i>, Williams wrote, "The laughter ... enchanted me. Then and there the theatre and I found each other for better and for worse. I know it's the only thing that saved my life."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 1939, he adopted Tennessee Williams as his professional name, in acknowledgement of his Southern accent and roots.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literary_influences">Literary influences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee_Williams&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Literary influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tennessee_Williams_NYWTS_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Tennessee_Williams_NYWTS_2.jpg/220px-Tennessee_Williams_NYWTS_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="352" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Tennessee_Williams_NYWTS_2.jpg/330px-Tennessee_Williams_NYWTS_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Tennessee_Williams_NYWTS_2.jpg/440px-Tennessee_Williams_NYWTS_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1652" data-file-height="2644" /></a><figcaption> Williams arriving at funeral services for <a href="/wiki/Dylan_Thomas" title="Dylan Thomas">Dylan Thomas</a> in 1953</figcaption></figure> <p>Williams's writings reference some of the poets and writers he most admired in his early years: <a href="/wiki/Hart_Crane" title="Hart Crane">Hart Crane</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rimbaud" title="Arthur Rimbaud">Arthur Rimbaud</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Anton_Chekhov" title="Anton Chekhov">Anton Chekhov</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Darrow" title="Clarence Darrow">Clarence Darrow</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGross201427_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGross201427-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/D._H._Lawrence" title="D. H. Lawrence">D. H. Lawrence</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoudané1997167_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoudané1997167-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Katherine_Mansfield" title="Katherine Mansfield">Katherine Mansfield</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/August_Strindberg" title="August Strindberg">August Strindberg</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoudané1997167_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoudané1997167-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/William_Faulkner" title="William Faulkner">William Faulkner</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKabatchnik2012513_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKabatchnik2012513-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wolfe" title="Thomas Wolfe">Thomas Wolfe</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGross2014204_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGross2014204-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Emily_Dickinson" title="Emily Dickinson">Emily Dickinson</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/William_Inge" title="William Inge">William Inge</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKabatchnik2012513_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKabatchnik2012513-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKabatchnik2012513_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKabatchnik2012513-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, according to some, <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway">Ernest Hemingway</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee_Williams&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As Williams was struggling to gain production and an audience for his work in the late 1930s, he worked at a string of menial jobs that included a stint as caretaker on a chicken ranch in <a href="/wiki/Laguna_Beach,_California" title="Laguna Beach, California">Laguna Beach</a>, California. In 1939, with the help of his agent <a href="/wiki/Audrey_Wood_(literary_agent)" title="Audrey Wood (literary agent)">Audrey Wood</a>, Williams was awarded a $1,000 grant from the <a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Foundation" title="Rockefeller Foundation">Rockefeller Foundation</a> in recognition of his play <i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Angels" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Angels">Battle of Angels</a>.</i> It was produced in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, Massachusetts in 1940 and was poorly received. </p><p>Using some of the Rockefeller funds, Williams moved to New Orleans in 1939 to write for the <a href="/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration" title="Works Progress Administration">Works Progress Administration</a> (WPA), a federally funded program of the <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> era. Williams lived for a time in New Orleans' <a href="/wiki/French_Quarter" title="French Quarter">French Quarter</a>, including 722 Toulouse Street, the setting of his 1977 play <i><a href="/wiki/Vieux_Carr%C3%A9_(play)" title="Vieux Carré (play)">Vieux Carré</a></i>. The building is now part of <a href="/wiki/The_Historic_New_Orleans_Collection" title="The Historic New Orleans Collection">The Historic New Orleans Collection</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Rockefeller grant brought him to the attention of the Hollywood film industry and Williams received a six-month contract as a writer from the <a href="/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer" title="Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer">Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer</a> film studio, earning $250 weekly. </p><p>During the winter of 1944–45, his <a href="/wiki/Memory_play" title="Memory play">memory play</a> <i>The Glass Menagerie,</i> developed from his 1943 short story "Portrait of a Girl in Glass", was produced in Chicago and garnered good reviews. It moved to New York where it became an instant hit and enjoyed a long Broadway run. <a href="/wiki/Elia_Kazan" title="Elia Kazan">Elia Kazan</a> (who directed many of Williams's greatest successes) said of Williams: "Everything in his life is in his plays, and everything in his plays is in his life."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The Glass Menagerie</i> won the award for the best play of the season, the New York Drama Critics' Circle Award. </p><p>The huge success of his next play, <i><a href="/wiki/A_Streetcar_Named_Desire" title="A Streetcar Named Desire">A Streetcar Named Desire</a></i>, cemented his reputation as a great playwright in 1947. During the late 1940s and 1950s, Williams began to travel widely with his partner Frank Merlo (1922 – September 21, 1963), often spending summers in Europe. He moved often to stimulate his writing, living in New York, New Orleans, <a href="/wiki/Key_West" title="Key West">Key West</a>, Rome, <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, and London. Williams wrote, "Only some radical change can divert the downward course of my spirit, some startling new place or people to arrest the drift, the drag."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2007xv_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2007xv-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1948 and 1959 Williams had seven of his plays produced on Broadway: <i><a href="/wiki/Summer_and_Smoke" title="Summer and Smoke">Summer and Smoke</a></i> (1948), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Rose_Tattoo" title="The Rose Tattoo">The Rose Tattoo</a></i> (1951), <i><a href="/wiki/Camino_Real_(play)" title="Camino Real (play)">Camino Real</a></i> (1953), <i>Cat on a Hot Tin Roof</i> (1955), <i><a href="/wiki/Orpheus_Descending" title="Orpheus Descending">Orpheus Descending</a></i> (1957), <i><a href="/wiki/Garden_District_(play)" class="mw-redirect" title="Garden District (play)">Garden District</a></i> (1958), and <i><a href="/wiki/Sweet_Bird_of_Youth" title="Sweet Bird of Youth">Sweet Bird of Youth</a></i> (1959). By 1959, he had earned two <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Drama" title="Pulitzer Prize for Drama">Pulitzer Prizes</a>, three <a href="/wiki/New_York_Drama_Critics%27_Circle" title="New York Drama Critics' Circle">New York Drama Critics' Circle</a> Awards, three <a href="/wiki/Donaldson_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Donaldson Award">Donaldson Awards</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Tony_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Tony Award">Tony Award</a>. </p><p>Williams's work reached wider audiences in the early 1950s when <i><a href="/wiki/The_Glass_Menagerie_(1950_film)" title="The Glass Menagerie (1950 film)">The Glass Menagerie</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/A_Streetcar_Named_Desire_(1951_film)" title="A Streetcar Named Desire (1951 film)">A Streetcar Named Desire</a></i> were adapted into motion pictures. Later plays also adapted for the screen included <i><a href="/wiki/Cat_on_a_Hot_Tin_Roof_(1958_film)" title="Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1958 film)">Cat on a Hot Tin Roof</a>, </i><a href="/wiki/The_Rose_Tattoo_(film)" title="The Rose Tattoo (film)">The Rose Tattoo</a><i>, </i><a href="/wiki/The_Fugitive_Kind" title="The Fugitive Kind">Orpheus Descending</a><i>, <a href="/wiki/The_Night_of_the_Iguana_(film)" title="The Night of the Iguana (film)">The Night of the Iguana</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sweet_Bird_of_Youth_(1962_film)" title="Sweet Bird of Youth (1962 film)">Sweet Bird of Youth</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Summer_and_Smoke_(film)" title="Summer and Smoke (film)">Summer and Smoke</a></i>. </p><p>After the extraordinary successes of the 1940s and 1950s, he had more personal turmoil and theatrical failures<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (October 2021)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> in the 1960s and 1970s. Although he continued to write every day, the quality of his work suffered from his increasing alcohol and drug consumption, as well as occasional poor choices of collaborators.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (October 2021)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1963, his partner Frank Merlo died. </p><p>Consumed by <a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">depression</a> over the loss, and in and out of treatment facilities while under the control of his mother and brother Dakin, Williams spiraled downward. His plays <i>Kingdom of Earth</i> (1967), <i>In the Bar of a Tokyo Hotel</i> (1969), <i>Small Craft Warnings</i> (1973), <i>The Two Character Play</i> (also called <i>Out Cry</i>, 1973), <i>The Red Devil Battery Sign</i> (1976), <i>Vieux Carré</i> (1978), <i>Clothes for a Summer Hotel</i> (1980), and others were all box office failures. Negative press notices wore down his spirit. His last play, <i>A House Not Meant to Stand,</i> was produced in Chicago in 1982. Despite largely positive reviews, it ran for only 40 performances. </p><p>In 1974, Williams received the <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Literary_Award" title="St. Louis Literary Award">St. Louis Literary Award</a> from the Saint Louis University Library Associates.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1979, four years before his death, he was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/American_Theater_Hall_of_Fame" title="American Theater Hall of Fame">American Theater Hall of Fame</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee_Williams&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Tennessee_Williams" title="Special:EditPage/Tennessee Williams">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Tennessee+Williams%22">"Tennessee Williams"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Tennessee+Williams%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Tennessee+Williams%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Tennessee+Williams%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Tennessee+Williams%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Tennessee+Williams%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Throughout his life, Williams remained close to his sister, Rose, who was diagnosed with <a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">schizophrenia</a> as a young woman. In 1943, as her behavior became increasingly disturbing, she was subjected to a <a href="/wiki/Lobotomy" title="Lobotomy">lobotomy</a>, requiring her to be institutionalised for the rest of her life. As soon as he was financially able, Williams moved Rose to a private institution just north of <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, where he often visited her. He gave her a percentage interest in several of his most successful plays, the royalties from which were applied toward her care.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The devastating effects of Rose's treatment may have contributed to Williams's alcoholism and his dependence on various combinations of <a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">amphetamines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barbiturate" title="Barbiturate">barbiturates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After some early attempts at relationships with women, by the late 1930s, Williams began exploring his homosexuality. In New York City, he joined a gay social circle that included fellow writer and close friend <a href="/wiki/Donald_Windham" title="Donald Windham">Donald Windham</a> (1920–2010) and Windham's then-boyfriend Fred Melton. In the summer of 1940, Williams initiated a relationship with Kip Kiernan (1918–1944), a young dancer he met in <a href="/wiki/Provincetown,_Massachusetts" title="Provincetown, Massachusetts">Provincetown, Massachusetts</a>. When Kiernan left him to marry a woman, Williams was distraught. Kiernan's death four years later at age 26 was another heavy blow.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On a 1945 visit to <a href="/wiki/Taos,_New_Mexico" title="Taos, New Mexico">Taos, New Mexico</a>, Williams met Pancho Rodríguez y González, a hotel clerk of Mexican heritage. Rodríguez was prone to jealous rages and excessive drinking, and their relationship was tempestuous. In February 1946, Rodríguez left New Mexico to join Williams in his <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> apartment. They lived and traveled together until late 1947, when Williams ended the relationship. Rodríguez and Williams remained friends, however, and were in contact as late as the 1970s. </p><p>Williams spent the spring and summer of 1948 in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> in the company of a young man named "Rafaello" in Williams' <i>Memoirs</i>. He provided financial assistance to the younger man for several years afterward. Williams drew from this for his first novel, <i>The Roman Spring of Mrs. Stone</i>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:268px;max-width:268px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:82px;max-width:82px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:I_Tennessee_Williams_House,_NYC,_NY.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/I_Tennessee_Williams_House%2C_NYC%2C_NY.jpg/80px-I_Tennessee_Williams_House%2C_NYC%2C_NY.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/I_Tennessee_Williams_House%2C_NYC%2C_NY.jpg/120px-I_Tennessee_Williams_House%2C_NYC%2C_NY.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/I_Tennessee_Williams_House%2C_NYC%2C_NY.jpg/160px-I_Tennessee_Williams_House%2C_NYC%2C_NY.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3872" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">235 <a href="/wiki/58th_Street_(Manhattan)" class="mw-redirect" title="58th Street (Manhattan)">E 58th Street</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:I_Tennessee_Williams_House,_Key_West,_FL,_USA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/I_Tennessee_Williams_House%2C_Key_West%2C_FL%2C_USA.jpg/180px-I_Tennessee_Williams_House%2C_Key_West%2C_FL%2C_USA.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/I_Tennessee_Williams_House%2C_Key_West%2C_FL%2C_USA.jpg/270px-I_Tennessee_Williams_House%2C_Key_West%2C_FL%2C_USA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/I_Tennessee_Williams_House%2C_Key_West%2C_FL%2C_USA.jpg/360px-I_Tennessee_Williams_House%2C_Key_West%2C_FL%2C_USA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Tennessee Williams' house in <a href="/wiki/Key_West,_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="Key West, Florida">Key West, Florida</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>When he returned to New York City, Williams met and fell in love with Frank Merlo (1921–1963). An occasional actor of Sicilian ancestry, he had served in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">U.S. Navy</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. This was the enduring romantic relationship of Williams's life, and it lasted 14 years until infidelities and drug abuse on both sides ended it. Merlo, who had become Williams's personal secretary, took on most of the details of their domestic life. He provided a period of happiness and stability, acting as a balance to the playwright's frequent bouts with depression.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Williams feared that, like his sister Rose, he would fall into insanity. His years with Merlo, in an apartment in Manhattan and a modest house in Key West, Florida were Williams's happiest and most productive. Shortly after their breakup, Merlo was diagnosed with inoperable lung cancer. Williams returned to him and cared for him until his death on September 20, 1963. </p><p>In the years following Merlo's death, Williams descended into a period of nearly catatonic depression and increasing drug use, which resulted in several hospitalizations and commitments to mental health facilities. He submitted to injections by Dr. <a href="/wiki/Max_Jacobson" title="Max Jacobson">Max Jacobson</a>, known popularly as Dr. Feelgood, who used increasing amounts of amphetamines to overcome his depression. Jacobson combined these with prescriptions for the sedative <a href="/wiki/Seconal" class="mw-redirect" title="Seconal">Seconal</a> to relieve his insomnia. During this time, influenced by his brother, a <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a> convert, Williams joined the Catholic Church,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however he never attributed much significance to religion in his personal life.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was never truly able to recoup his earlier success, or to entirely overcome his dependence on prescription drugs. </p><p>As Williams grew older, he felt increasingly alone; he feared old age and losing his sexual appeal to younger gay men. In the 1970s, when he was in his 60s, Williams had a lengthy relationship with Robert Carroll, a <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> veteran and aspiring writer in his 20s. Williams had deep affection for Carroll and respect for what he saw as the younger man's talents. Along with Williams's sister Rose, Carroll was one of the two people who received a bequest in Williams's will.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpoto1997302_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpoto1997302-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Williams described Carroll's behavior as a combination of "sweetness" and "beastliness". Because Carroll had a drug problem, as did Williams, friends including <a href="/wiki/Maria_Britneva" title="Maria Britneva">Maria Britneva</a> saw the relationship as destructive. Williams wrote that Carroll played on his "acute loneliness" as an aging gay man. When the two men broke up in 1979, Williams called Carroll a "twerp", but they remained friends until Williams died four years later.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2007738_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2007738-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee_Williams&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tennessee_williams_will.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Tennessee_williams_will.jpg/220px-Tennessee_williams_will.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="362" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Tennessee_williams_will.jpg/330px-Tennessee_williams_will.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Tennessee_williams_will.jpg/440px-Tennessee_williams_will.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1275" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption>The first page of Williams' <a href="/wiki/Last_will_and_testament" class="mw-redirect" title="Last will and testament">last will and testament</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On February 25, 1983, Williams was found dead at age 71 in his suite at the <a href="/wiki/Hotel_Elys%C3%A9e" title="Hotel Elysée">Hotel Elysée</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>. Chief Medical Examiner of New York City <a href="/wiki/Elliot_M._Gross" title="Elliot M. Gross">Elliot M. Gross</a> reported that Williams had choked to death from inhaling the plastic cap of a bottle of the type used on bottles of nasal spray or eye solution.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The report was later corrected on August 14, 1983, to state that Williams had been using the plastic cap found in his mouth to ingest <a href="/wiki/Barbiturates" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbiturates">barbiturates</a><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and had actually died from a toxic level of <a href="/wiki/Seconal" class="mw-redirect" title="Seconal">Seconal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He wrote in his will in 1972:<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I, Thomas Lanier (Tennessee) Williams, being in sound mind upon this subject, and having declared this wish repeatedly to my close friends-do hereby state my desire to be buried at sea. More specifically, I wish to be buried at sea at as close a possible point as the American poet <a href="/wiki/Hart_Crane" title="Hart Crane">Hart Crane</a> died by choice in the sea; this would be ascrnatible [sic], this geographic point, by the various books (biographical) upon his life and death. I wish to be sewn up in a canvas sack and dropped overboard, as stated above, as close as possible to where Hart Crane was given by himself to the great mother of life which is the sea: the Caribbean, specifically, if that fits the geography of his death. Otherwise—whereever fits it [sic].</p></blockquote> <p>However, his brother Dakin Williams arranged for him to be buried at <a href="/wiki/Calvary_Cemetery_(St._Louis)" title="Calvary Cemetery (St. Louis)">Calvary Cemetery</a> in St. Louis, Missouri, where his mother is buried.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i>, "most of his estate was left to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_South" class="mw-redirect" title="University of the South">University of the South</a> in Sewanee, Tenn., with the bulk of it to remain in trust for his sister during her lifetime." Rose Williams, Tennessee's sister, died in 1996 after many years in a mental institution in New York state; the university subsequently received about $7 million, which supports a creative writing program.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Posthumous_recognition">Posthumous recognition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee_Williams&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Posthumous recognition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_grave_of_poet_and_playwright_Tennessee_Williams_in_Calvary_Cemetery,_St._Louis,_Missouri.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/The_grave_of_poet_and_playwright_Tennessee_Williams_in_Calvary_Cemetery%2C_St._Louis%2C_Missouri.jpg/220px-The_grave_of_poet_and_playwright_Tennessee_Williams_in_Calvary_Cemetery%2C_St._Louis%2C_Missouri.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/The_grave_of_poet_and_playwright_Tennessee_Williams_in_Calvary_Cemetery%2C_St._Louis%2C_Missouri.jpg/330px-The_grave_of_poet_and_playwright_Tennessee_Williams_in_Calvary_Cemetery%2C_St._Louis%2C_Missouri.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/The_grave_of_poet_and_playwright_Tennessee_Williams_in_Calvary_Cemetery%2C_St._Louis%2C_Missouri.jpg 2x" data-file-width="393" data-file-height="262" /></a><figcaption>Williams' grave at Calvary Cemetery in <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a></figcaption></figure> <p>From February 1 to July 21, 2011, to commemorate the 100th anniversary of his birth, the <a href="/wiki/Harry_Ransom_Center" title="Harry Ransom Center">Harry Ransom Center</a> at the University of Texas at Austin, the home of Williams's archive, exhibited 250 of his personal items. The exhibit, titled "Becoming Tennessee Williams", included a collection of Williams manuscripts, correspondence, photographs and artwork.<sup id="cite_ref-Exhibit_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Exhibit-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ransom Center holds the earliest and largest collections of Williams's papers, including all of his earliest manuscripts, the papers of his mother Edwina Williams, and those of his long-time agent <a href="/wiki/Audrey_Wood_(literary_agent)" title="Audrey Wood (literary agent)">Audrey Wood</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In late 2009, Williams was inducted into the Poets' Corner at the Cathedral of Saint John the Divine in New York. Performers and artists who took part in his induction included <a href="/wiki/Vanessa_Redgrave" title="Vanessa Redgrave">Vanessa Redgrave</a>, playwright <a href="/wiki/John_Guare" title="John Guare">John Guare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eli_Wallach" title="Eli Wallach">Eli Wallach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Miles" title="Sylvia Miles">Sylvia Miles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Mosher" title="Gregory Mosher">Gregory Mosher</a>, and Ben (Griessmeyer) Berry.<sup id="cite_ref-wickedlocal1_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wickedlocal1-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Tennessee Williams Theatre in Key West, Florida, is named for him. The Tennessee Williams Key West Exhibit on Truman Avenue houses rare Williams memorabilia, photographs, and pictures including his famous typewriter. </p><p>At the time of his death, Williams had been working on a final play, <i><a href="/wiki/In_Masks_Outrageous_and_Austere" title="In Masks Outrageous and Austere">In Masks Outrageous and Austere</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Independent_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Independent-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which attempted to reconcile certain forces and facts of his own life. This was a continuing theme in his work. As of September 2007, author <a href="/wiki/Gore_Vidal" title="Gore Vidal">Gore Vidal</a> was completing the play, and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Bogdanovich" title="Peter Bogdanovich">Peter Bogdanovich</a> was slated to direct its Broadway debut.<sup id="cite_ref-test_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-test-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The play received its world premiere in New York City in April 2012, directed by <a href="/wiki/David_Schweizer_(director)" title="David Schweizer (director)">David Schweizer</a> and starring <a href="/wiki/Shirley_Knight" title="Shirley Knight">Shirley Knight</a> as Babe.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rectory of St. Paul's Episcopal Church in Columbus, Mississippi, where Williams's grandfather Dakin was rector at the time of Williams's birth, was moved to another location in 1993 for preservation. It was newly renovated in 2010 for use by the City of Columbus as the Tennessee Williams Welcome Center.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Williams's literary legacy is represented by the literary agency headed by <a href="/wiki/Georges_Borchardt" title="Georges Borchardt">Georges Borchardt</a>. </p><p>In 1985, French author-composer <a href="/wiki/Michel_Berger" title="Michel Berger">Michel Berger</a> wrote a song dedicated to Tennessee Williams, "<a href="/wiki/Quelque_chose_de_Tennessee" title="Quelque chose de Tennessee">Quelque chose de Tennessee</a>" (Something of Tennessee), for <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Hallyday" title="Johnny Hallyday">Johnny Hallyday</a>. It became one of the singer's more famous songs. </p><p>Since 1986, the Tennessee Williams New Orleans Literary Festival has been held annually in New Orleans, Louisiana, in commemoration of the playwright. The festival takes place at the end of March to coincide with Williams's birthday.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>The Tennessee Williams Songbook</i><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a one woman show written and directed by David Kaplan, a Williams scholar and curator of <a href="/wiki/Provincetown" class="mw-redirect" title="Provincetown">Provincetown</a>'s Tennessee Williams Festival, and starring Tony Award nominated actress <a href="/wiki/Alison_Fraser" title="Alison Fraser">Alison Fraser</a>. The show features songs taken from plays of Williams's canon, woven together with text to create a new narrative. The show premiered at the Tennessee Williams/New Orleans Literary Festival.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The show was recorded on CD and distributed by <a href="/wiki/Ghostlight_Records" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghostlight Records">Ghostlight Records</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014 Williams was one of the inaugural honorees in the <a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Honor_Walk" title="Rainbow Honor Walk">Rainbow Honor Walk</a>, a <a href="/wiki/List_of_halls_and_walks_of_fame" title="List of halls and walks of fame">walk of fame</a> in San Francisco's <a href="/wiki/Castro_District,_San_Francisco" title="Castro District, San Francisco">Castro neighborhood</a> noting <a href="/wiki/LGBTQ" title="LGBTQ">LGBTQ</a> people who have "made significant contributions in their fields."<sup id="cite_ref-:022_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:022-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015, The Tennessee Williams Theatre Company of New Orleans was founded by Co-Artistic Directors Nick Shackleford and Augustin J Correro. The New Orleans–based non-profit theatre company is the first year-round professional theatre company that focuses exclusively on the works of Williams.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30em; ; font-size: 100%; color: #202122;background-color: cornsilk;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>"[T]here used to be two streetcars in New Orleans. One was named <i>Desire</i> and the other was called <i>Cemeteries</i>. To get where you were going, you changed from the first to the second. In [his] stories and in those plays, Tennessee validated with his genius our common ticket of transfer."—Biographer and critic <a href="/wiki/Gore_Vidal" title="Gore Vidal">Gore Vidal</a> in the Introduction to <i>Tennessee Williams: Collected Stories</i> (1985)<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> </div> <p>Since 2016, St. Louis, Missouri has held an annual Tennessee Williams Festival, featuring a main production and related events such as literary discussions and new plays inspired by his work. In 2018 the festival produced <i>A Streetcar Named Desire</i>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/U.S._Postal_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Postal Service">U.S. Postal Service</a> honored Williams on a stamp issued on October 13, 1995 as part of its literary arts series.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Williams is honored with a star on the <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Walk_of_Fame" title="St. Louis Walk of Fame">St. Louis Walk of Fame</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is also inducted into the <a href="/wiki/Clarksdale_Walk_of_Fame" title="Clarksdale Walk of Fame">Clarksdale Walk of Fame</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On October 17, 2019, the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Writers_Trail" title="Mississippi Writers Trail">Mississippi Writers Trail</a> installed a historical marker commemorating William's literary contributions during his namesake festival produced by the City of Clarksdale, Mississippi.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee_Williams&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Characters in his plays are often seen as representations of his family members. Laura Wingfield in <i>The Glass Menagerie</i> is thought to be modeled on his sister Rose. Some biographers believed that the character of <a href="/wiki/Blanche_DuBois" title="Blanche DuBois">Blanche DuBois</a> in <i>A Streetcar Named Desire</i> also is based on her and that the mental deterioration of Blanche's character is inspired by Rose's mental health struggles. </p><p>Amanda Wingfield in <i>The Glass Menagerie</i> generally was taken to represent Williams's mother Edwina. Characters such as Tom Wingfield in <i>The Glass Menagerie</i> and Sebastian in <i>Suddenly, Last Summer</i> were understood to represent Williams himself. In addition, he used a lobotomy as a <a href="/wiki/Motif_(literature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Motif (literature)">motif</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Suddenly,_Last_Summer" class="mw-redirect" title="Suddenly, Last Summer">Suddenly, Last Summer</a></i>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Drama" title="Pulitzer Prize for Drama">Pulitzer Prize for Drama</a> was awarded to <i>A Streetcar Named Desire</i> in 1948 and to <i>Cat on a Hot Tin Roof</i> in 1955. These two plays later were adapted as highly successful films by noted directors <a href="/wiki/Elia_Kazan" title="Elia Kazan">Elia Kazan</a> (<i>Streetcar</i>), with whom Williams developed a very close artistic relationship, and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Brooks" title="Richard Brooks">Richard Brooks</a> (<i>Cat</i>). Both plays included references to elements of Williams's life such as homosexuality, mental instability, and alcoholism. </p><p>Although <i><a href="/wiki/The_Flowering_Peach" title="The Flowering Peach">The Flowering Peach</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Odets" title="Clifford Odets">Clifford Odets</a> was the preferred choice of the Pulitzer Prize jury in 1955, and <i>Cat on a Hot Tin Roof</i> was at first considered the weakest of the five shortlisted nominees, Joseph Pulitzer Jr., chairman of the Board, had seen <i>Cat on a Hot Tin Roof</i> and thought it worthy of the drama prize. The Board went along with him after considerable discussion.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Williams wrote <i><a href="/wiki/Something_Cloudy,_Something_Clear" title="Something Cloudy, Something Clear">The Parade, or Approaching the End of a Summer</a></i> when he was 29, and worked on it sporadically throughout his life. A semi-autobiographical depiction of his 1940 romance with Kip Kiernan in Provincetown, Massachusetts, it was produced for the first time on October 1, 2006, in Provincetown by the Shakespeare on the Cape production company. This was part of the First Annual Provincetown Tennessee Williams Festival. <i>Something Cloudy, Something Clear</i> (1981) is also based on his memories of Provincetown in the 1940s. </p><p>His last play went through many drafts as he was trying to reconcile what would be the end of his life.<sup id="cite_ref-wickedlocal1_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wickedlocal1-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are many versions of it, but it is referred to as <i><a href="/wiki/In_Masks_Outrageous_and_Austere" title="In Masks Outrageous and Austere">In Masks Outrageous and Austere</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plays">Plays</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee_Williams&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Plays"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Candles_to_the_Sun" title="Candles to the Sun">Candles to the Sun</a></i> (1936)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Kind" title="Fugitive Kind">Fugitive Kind</a></i> (1937)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spring_Storm" title="Spring Storm">Spring Storm</a></i> (1937)</li> <li><i>Me Vashya</i> (1937)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Not_About_Nightingales" title="Not About Nightingales">Not About Nightingales</a></i> (1938)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Angels" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Angels">Battle of Angels</a></i> (1940)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_one-act_plays_by_Tennessee_Williams" title="List of one-act plays by Tennessee Williams">I Rise in Flame, Cried the Phoenix</a></i> (1941)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Glass_Menagerie" title="The Glass Menagerie">The Glass Menagerie</a></i> (1944)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/You_Touched_Me!" title="You Touched Me!">You Touched Me!</a></i> (1945)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stairs_to_the_Roof" title="Stairs to the Roof">Stairs to the Roof</a></i> (1947)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Streetcar_Named_Desire" title="A Streetcar Named Desire">A Streetcar Named Desire</a></i> (1947)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Summer_and_Smoke" title="Summer and Smoke">Summer and Smoke</a></i> (1948)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rose_Tattoo" title="The Rose Tattoo">The Rose Tattoo</a></i> (1951)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Camino_Real_(play)" title="Camino Real (play)">Camino Real</a></i> (1953)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cat_on_a_Hot_Tin_Roof" title="Cat on a Hot Tin Roof">Cat on a Hot Tin Roof</a></i> (1955)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orpheus_Descending" title="Orpheus Descending">Orpheus Descending</a></i> (1957)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Suddenly_Last_Summer" title="Suddenly Last Summer">Suddenly Last Summer</a></i> (1958)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sweet_Bird_of_Youth" title="Sweet Bird of Youth">Sweet Bird of Youth</a></i> (1959)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Period_of_Adjustment" title="Period of Adjustment">Period of Adjustment</a></i> (1960)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Night_of_the_Iguana" title="The Night of the Iguana">The Night of the Iguana</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Summer_and_Smoke" title="Summer and Smoke">The Eccentricities of a Nightingale</a></i> (1962, rewriting of <i>Summer and Smoke</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Milk_Train_Doesn%27t_Stop_Here_Anymore" title="The Milk Train Doesn't Stop Here Anymore">The Milk Train Doesn't Stop Here Anymore</a></i> (1963)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_one-act_plays_by_Tennessee_Williams" title="List of one-act plays by Tennessee Williams">The Mutilated</a></i> (1965)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Seven_Descents_of_Myrtle" title="The Seven Descents of Myrtle">The Seven Descents of Myrtle</a></i> (1968, aka <i>Kingdom of Earth</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_the_Bar_of_a_Tokyo_Hotel" title="In the Bar of a Tokyo Hotel">In the Bar of a Tokyo Hotel</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Will_Mr._Merriweather_Return_from_Memphis%3F" title="Will Mr. Merriweather Return from Memphis?">Will Mr. Merriweather Return from Memphis?</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Small_Craft_Warnings" title="Small Craft Warnings">Small Craft Warnings</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Two-Character_Play" title="The Two-Character Play">The Two-Character Play</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Out_Cry" title="Out Cry">Out Cry</a></i> (1973, rewriting of <i>The Two-Character Play</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Red_Devil_Battery_Sign" title="The Red Devil Battery Sign">The Red Devil Battery Sign</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/This_Is_(An_Entertainment)" title="This Is (An Entertainment)">This Is (An Entertainment)</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vieux_Carr%C3%A9_(play)" title="Vieux Carré (play)">Vieux Carré</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i>Tiger Tail</i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Lovely_Sunday_for_Creve_Coeur" title="A Lovely Sunday for Creve Coeur">A Lovely Sunday for Creve Coeur</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clothes_for_a_Summer_Hotel" title="Clothes for a Summer Hotel">Clothes for a Summer Hotel</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Notebook_of_Trigorin" title="The Notebook of Trigorin">The Notebook of Trigorin</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Something_Cloudy,_Something_Clear" title="Something Cloudy, Something Clear">Something Cloudy, Something Clear</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_House_Not_Meant_to_Stand" title="A House Not Meant to Stand">A House Not Meant to Stand</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_Masks_Outrageous_and_Austere" title="In Masks Outrageous and Austere">In Masks Outrageous and Austere</a></i> (1983)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Novels">Novels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee_Williams&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Novels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>The Roman Spring of Mrs. Stone</i> (1950, adapted for films in <a href="/wiki/The_Roman_Spring_of_Mrs._Stone" title="The Roman Spring of Mrs. Stone">1961</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Roman_Spring_of_Mrs._Stone_(2003_film)" title="The Roman Spring of Mrs. Stone (2003 film)">2003</a>)</li> <li><i>Moise and the World of Reason</i> (1975)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Screenplays_and_teleplays">Screenplays and teleplays</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee_Williams&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Screenplays and teleplays"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Glass_Menagerie_(1950_film)" title="The Glass Menagerie (1950 film)">The Glass Menagerie</a></i> (1950)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Streetcar_Named_Desire_(1951_film)" title="A Streetcar Named Desire (1951 film)">A Streetcar Named Desire</a></i> (1951)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rose_Tattoo_(film)" title="The Rose Tattoo (film)">The Rose Tattoo</a></i> (1955)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baby_Doll" title="Baby Doll">Baby Doll</a></i> (1956)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cat_on_a_Hot_Tin_Roof_(1958_film)" title="Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1958 film)">Cat on a Hot Tin Roof</a></i> (1958)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Suddenly,_Last_Summer_(film)" title="Suddenly, Last Summer (film)">Suddenly, Last Summer</a></i> (1959)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fugitive_Kind" title="The Fugitive Kind">The Fugitive Kind</a></i> (1959)</li> <li><i>Ten Blocks on the Camino Real</i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Boom!_(1968_film)" title="Boom! (1968 film)">Boom!</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stopped_Rocking_and_Other_Screenplays&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stopped Rocking and Other Screenplays (page does not exist)">Stopped Rocking and Other Screenplays</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Loss_of_a_Teardrop_Diamond" title="The Loss of a Teardrop Diamond">The Loss of a Teardrop Diamond</a></i> (2009; screenplay from 1957)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Short_stories">Short stories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee_Williams&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Short stories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Vengeance_of_Nitocris" title="The Vengeance of Nitocris">The Vengeance of Nitocris</a>" (1928)</li> <li>"The Field of Blue Children" (1939)</li> <li>"Oriflamme" (1944)</li> <li>"The Resemblance Between a Violin Case and a Coffin" (1951)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/One_Arm_and_Other_Stories" title="One Arm and Other Stories">One Arm and Other Stories</a></i> (1948) <ul><li>"One Arm"</li> <li>"The Malediction"</li> <li>"The Poet"</li> <li>"Chronicle of a Demise"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Desire_and_the_Black_Masseur" title="Desire and the Black Masseur">Desire and the Black Masseur</a>"</li> <li>"Portrait of a Girl in Glass"</li> <li>"The Important Thing"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Angel_in_the_Alcove" title="The Angel in the Alcove">The Angel in the Alcove</a>"</li> <li>"The Field of Blue Children"</li> <li>"The Night of the Iguana"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Yellow_Bird_(short_story)" title="The Yellow Bird (short story)">The Yellow Bird</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hard_Candy:_A_Book_of_Stories" title="Hard Candy: A Book of Stories">Hard Candy: A Book of Stories</a></i> (1954) <ul><li>"Three Players of a Summer Game"</li> <li>"Two on a Party"</li> <li>"The Resemblance between a Violin Case and a Coffin"</li> <li>"Hard Candy"</li> <li>"Rubio y Morena"</li> <li>"The Mattress by the Tomato Patch"</li> <li>"The Coming of Something to the Widow Holly"</li> <li>"The Vine"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Mysteries_of_Joy_Rio" title="The Mysteries of Joy Rio">The Mysteries of the Joy Rio</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><i>The Knightly Quest: a Novella and Four Short Stories</i> (1966) <ul><li>"The Knightly Quest"</li> <li>"Mama's Old Stucco House"</li> <li>"Man Bring This Up Road"</li> <li>"The Kingdom of Earth"</li> <li>"Grand"</li></ul></li> <li><i>Eight Mortal Ladies Possessed: a Book of Stories</i> (1974) <ul><li>"Happy August the Tenth"</li> <li>"The Inventory at Fontana Belle"</li> <li>"Miss Coynte of Greeme"</li> <li>"Sabbatha and Solitude"</li> <li>"Completed"</li> <li>"Oriflamme"</li></ul></li> <li>"Tent Worms" (1980)<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>It Happened the Day the Sun Rose</i> (1981), published by <a href="/wiki/Sylvester_%26_Orphanos" title="Sylvester & Orphanos">Sylvester & Orphanos</a></li> <li><i>Collected Stories</i> (1985) (New Directions)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="One-act_plays">One-act plays</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee_Williams&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: One-act plays"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_one-act_plays_by_Tennessee_Williams" title="List of one-act plays by Tennessee Williams">List of one-act plays by Tennessee Williams</a></div> <p>Williams wrote more than 70 one-act plays during his lifetime. The one-acts explored many of the same themes that dominated his longer works. Williams's major collections are published by <a href="/wiki/New_Directions_Publishing" title="New Directions Publishing">New Directions</a> in New York City. </p> <ul><li><i>American Blues</i> (1948)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mister_Paradise_and_Other_One-Act_Plays" class="mw-redirect" title="Mister Paradise and Other One-Act Plays">Mister Paradise and Other One-Act Plays</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_one-act_plays_by_Tennessee_Williams" title="List of one-act plays by Tennessee Williams">Dragon Country</a>: a book of one-act plays</i> (1970)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Traveling_Companion_and_Other_Plays" title="The Traveling Companion and Other Plays">The Traveling Companion and Other Plays</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Magic_Tower_and_Other_One-Act_Plays" title="The Magic Tower and Other One-Act Plays">The Magic Tower and Other One-Act Plays</a></i> (2011) <ul><li><i>At Liberty</i> (1939)</li> <li><i>The Magic Tower</i> (1936)</li> <li><i>Me, Vashya</i> (1937)</li> <li><i>Curtains for the Gentleman</i> (1936)</li> <li><i>In Our Profession</i> (1938)</li> <li><i>Every Twenty Minutes</i> (1938)</li> <li><i>Honor the Living</i> (1937)</li> <li><i>The Case of the Crushed Petunias</i> (1941)</li> <li><i>Moony's Kid Don't Cry</i> (1936)</li> <li><i>The Dark Room</i> (1939)</li> <li><i>The Pretty Trap</i> (1944)</li> <li><i>Interior: Panic</i> (1946)</li> <li><i>Kingdom of Earth</i> (1967)</li> <li><i>I Never Get Dressed Till After Dark on Sundays</i> (1973)</li> <li><i>Some Problems for the Moose Lodge</i> (1980)</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/27_Wagons_Full_of_Cotton_and_Other_Plays" class="mw-redirect" title="27 Wagons Full of Cotton and Other Plays">27 Wagons Full of Cotton and Other Plays</a></i> (1946 and 1953) <ul><li><i>«Something wild...»</i> (introduction) (1953)</li> <li><i>27 Wagons Full of Cotton</i> (1946 and 1953)</li> <li><i>The Purification</i> (1946 and 1953)</li> <li><i>The Lady of Larkspur Lotion</i> (1946 and 1953)</li> <li><i>The Last of My Solid Gold Watches</i> (1946 and 1953)</li> <li><i>Portrait of a Madonna</i> (1946 and 1953)</li> <li><i>Auto-da-Fé</i> (1946 and 1953)</li> <li><i>Lord Byron's Love Letter</i> (1946 and 1953)</li> <li><i>The Strangest Kind of Romance</i> (1946 and 1953)</li> <li><i>The Long Goodbye</i> (1946 and 1953)</li> <li><i>At Liberty</i> (1946)</li> <li><i>Moony's Kid Don't Cry</i> (1946)</li> <li><i>Hello from Bertha</i> (1946 and 1953)</li> <li><i>This Property Is Condemned</i> (1946 and 1953)</li> <li><i>Talk to Me Like the Rain and Let Me Listen...</i> (1953)</li> <li><i>Something Unspoken</i> (1953)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Now the Cats with Jeweled Claws and Other One-Act Plays</i> (2016) <ul><li><i>A Recluse and His Guest</i> (1982)</li> <li><i>Now the Cats with Jeweled Claws</i> (1981)</li> <li><i>Steps Must Be Gentle</i> (1980)</li> <li><i>Ivan's Widow</i> (1982)</li> <li><i>This Is the Peaceable Kingdom</i> (1981)</li> <li><i>Aimez-vous Ionesco?</i> (c.1975)</li> <li><i>The Demolition Downtown</i> (1971)</li> <li><i>Lifeboat Drill</i> (1979)</li> <li><i>Once in a Lifetime</i> (1939)</li> <li><i>The Strange Play</i> (1939)</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Theatre_of_Tennessee_Williams,_Volume_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="The Theatre of Tennessee Williams, Volume VI">The Theatre of Tennessee Williams, Volume VI</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Theatre_of_Tennessee_Williams,_Volume_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="The Theatre of Tennessee Williams, Volume VII">The Theatre of Tennessee Williams, Volume VII</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poetry">Poetry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee_Williams&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Poetry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>In the Winter of Cities</i> (1956)</li> <li><i>Androgyne, Mon Amour</i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Collected_Poems_of_Tennessee_Williams&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Collected Poems of Tennessee Williams (page does not exist)">The Collected Poems of Tennessee Williams</a></i> (2002)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-fiction">Non-fiction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee_Williams&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Non-fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Memoirs</i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Selected_Essays:_Where_I_Live&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Selected Essays: Where I Live (page does not exist)">New Selected Essays: Where I Live</a></i> (2009)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selected_works">Selected works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee_Williams&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Selected works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Gussow, Mel and Holditch, Kenneth, eds. <i>Tennessee Williams, Plays 1937–1955</i> (<a href="/wiki/Library_of_America" title="Library of America">Library of America</a>, 2000) <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-883011-86-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-883011-86-4">978-1-883011-86-4</a>. <ul><li><i>Spring Storm</i></li> <li><i>Not About Nightingales</i></li> <li><i>Battle of Angels</i></li> <li><i>I Rise in Flame, Cried the Phoenix</i></li> <li><i>From 27 Wagons Full of Cotton</i> (1946) <ul><li><i>27 Wagons Full of Cotton</i></li> <li><i>The Lady of Larkspur Lotion</i></li> <li><i>The Last of My Solid Gold Watches</i></li> <li><i>Portrait of a Madonna</i></li> <li><i>Auto-da-Fé</i></li> <li><i>Lord Byron's Love Letter</i></li> <li><i>This Property Is Condemned</i></li></ul></li> <li><i>The Glass Menagerie</i></li> <li><i>A Streetcar Named Desire</i></li> <li><i>Summer and Smoke</i></li> <li><i>The Rose Tattoo</i></li> <li><i>Camino Real</i></li> <li><i>From 27 Wagons Full of Cotton</i> (1953) <ul><li>"Something Wild"</li> <li><i>Talk to Me Like the Rain and Let Me Listen</i></li> <li><i>Something Unspoken</i></li></ul></li> <li><i>Cat on a Hot Tin Roof</i></li></ul></li> <li>Gussow, Mel, and Holditch, Kenneth, eds. <i>Tennessee Williams, Plays 1957–1980</i> (<a href="/wiki/Library_of_America" title="Library of America">Library of America</a>, 2000) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-883011-87-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-883011-87-1">978-1-883011-87-1</a>. <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Orpheus_Descending" title="Orpheus Descending">Orpheus Descending</a></i></li> <li><i>Suddenly, Last Summer</i></li> <li><i>Sweet Bird of Youth</i></li> <li><i>Period of Adjustment</i></li> <li><i>The Night of the Iguana</i></li> <li><i>The Eccentricities of a Nightingale</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Milk_Train_Doesn%27t_Stop_Here_Anymore" title="The Milk Train Doesn't Stop Here Anymore">The Milk Train Doesn't Stop Here Anymore</a></i></li> <li><i>The Mutilated</i></li> <li><i>Kingdom of Earth</i> (<i>The Seven Descents of Myrtle</i>)</li> <li><i>Small Craft Warnings</i></li> <li><i>Out Cry</i></li> <li><i>Vieux Carré</i></li> <li><i>A Lovely Sunday for Creve Coeur</i></li> <li>"Crazy Night"<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee_Williams&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lanier_family_tree" title="Lanier family tree">Lanier family tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Williams/New_Orleans_Literary_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Tennessee Williams/New Orleans Literary Festival">Tennessee Williams/New Orleans Literary Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Spencer_Carr" title="Virginia Spencer Carr">Virginia Spencer Carr</a>, friend and biographer of Williams</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audrey_Wood_(literary_agent)" title="Audrey Wood (literary agent)">Audrey Wood</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee_Williams&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloom1987" class="citation book cs1">Bloom, Harold, ed. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G4AX9Ox0h9YC&q=foremost+20th+century"><i>Tennessee Williams</i></a>. Chelsea House Publishing. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0877546368" title="Special:BookSources/978-0877546368"><bdi>978-0877546368</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tennessee+Williams&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Chelsea+House+Publishing&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0877546368&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG4AX9Ox0h9YC%26q%3Dforemost%2B20th%2Bcentury&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Williams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnston1979" class="citation news cs1">Johnston, Laurie (November 19, 1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1979/11/19/archives/theater-hall-of-fame-enshrines-51-artists-great-things-and-blank.html">"Theater Hall of Fame Enshrines 51 Artists"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180621221301/https://www.nytimes.com/1979/11/19/archives/theater-hall-of-fame-enshrines-51-artists-great-things-and-blank.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 21, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 6,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Theater+Hall+of+Fame+Enshrines+51+Artists&rft.date=1979-11-19&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Laurie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1979%2F11%2F19%2Farchives%2Ftheater-hall-of-fame-enshrines-51-artists-great-things-and-blank.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Williams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cambridge-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cambridge_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoudané1997" class="citation book cs1">Roudané, Matthew Charles, ed. (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00matt"><i>The Cambridge Companion to Tennessee Williams</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. p. xvi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521498838" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521498838"><bdi>978-0521498838</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Tennessee+Williams&rft.pages=xvi&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0521498838&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgecompani00matt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Williams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoare1996" class="citation news cs1">Hoare, Philip (September 12, 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-rose-williams-1362925.html">"Obituary: Rose Williams"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140122203846/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-rose-williams-1362925.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 22, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 26,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+Rose+Williams&rft.date=1996-09-12&rft.aulast=Hoare&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fpeople%2Fobituary-rose-williams-1362925.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Williams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCuthbert2008" class="citation news cs1">Cuthbert, David (May 24, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170822014611/http://blog.nola.com/davidcuthbert/2008/05/theater_guy_remembering_dakin.html">"Theater Guy: Remembering Dakin Williams, Tennessee's 'professional brother' and a colorful fixture at N.O.'s Tenn fest"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times-Picayune" class="mw-redirect" title="The Times-Picayune">The Times-Picayune</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.nola.com/davidcuthbert/2008/05/theater_guy_remembering_dakin.html">the original</a> on August 22, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 12,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times-Picayune&rft.atitle=Theater+Guy%3A+Remembering+Dakin+Williams%2C+Tennessee%27s+%27professional+brother%27+and+a+colorful+fixture+at+N.O.%27s+Tenn+fest&rft.date=2008-05-24&rft.aulast=Cuthbert&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.nola.com%2Fdavidcuthbert%2F2008%2F05%2Ftheater_guy_remembering_dakin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Williams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130401203421/http://wps.ablongman.com/long_kennedy_lfpd_9/22/5820/1490001.cw/index.html">"Tennessee Williams: Biography"</a>. <i>Pearson Education</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wps.ablongman.com/long_kennedy_lfpd_9/22/5820/1490001.cw/index.html">the original</a> on April 1, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 26,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pearson+Education&rft.atitle=Tennessee+Williams%3A+Biography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwps.ablongman.com%2Flong_kennedy_lfpd_9%2F22%2F5820%2F1490001.cw%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Williams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upi.com/Entertainment_News/2008/05/21/Tennessee-Williams-brother-dead-at-89/UPI-24131211418362/">"Tennessee Williams' brother dead at 89"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/United_Press_International" title="United Press International">United Press International</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131227010622/http://www.upi.com/Entertainment_News/2008/05/21/Tennessee-Williams-brother-dead-at-89/UPI-24131211418362/">Archived</a> from the original on December 27, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 26,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=United+Press+International&rft.atitle=Tennessee+Williams%27+brother+dead+at+89&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FEntertainment_News%2F2008%2F05%2F21%2FTennessee-Williams-brother-dead-at-89%2FUPI-24131211418362%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Williams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2019" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, Edwina Dakin (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/48615455">"Diary Entries, 1931 to 1934"</a>. <i>Tennessee Williams Annual Review</i> (18). <a href="/wiki/Historic_New_Orleans_Collection" class="mw-redirect" title="Historic New Orleans Collection">Historic New Orleans Collection</a>: 18–32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F48615455">10.2307/48615455</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/48615455">48615455</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 2,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tennessee+Williams+Annual+Review&rft.atitle=Diary+Entries%2C+1931+to+1934&rft.issue=18&rft.pages=18-32&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F48615455&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F48615455%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Edwina+Dakin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2307%2F48615455&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Williams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloom198715-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBloom198715_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBloom1987">Bloom 1987</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199827251/obo-9780199827251-0136.xml">"Tennessee Williams"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tennessee+Williams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordbibliographies.com%2Fview%2Fdocument%2Fobo-9780199827251%2Fobo-9780199827251-0136.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Williams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoudané199711–13-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoudané199711–13_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoudané1997">Roudané 1997</a>, pp. 11–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tennessee Williams and John Waters (2006), <i>Memoirs</i>, New Directions Publishing, 274 pages <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8112-1669-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8112-1669-1">0-8112-1669-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111021053816/http://www.usgennet.org/usa/mo/county/stlouis/williams/gen.htm">"USgennet.org"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usgennet.org/usa/mo/county/stlouis/williams/gen.htm">the original</a> on October 21, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USgennet.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usgennet.org%2Fusa%2Fmo%2Fcounty%2Fstlouis%2Fwilliams%2Fgen.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Williams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinbergPrice1999" class="citation book cs1">Weinberg, Robert; Price, E. Hoffmann (December 1, 1999). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R3AwaMkBUVUC&q=The+Weird+Tales+Story"><i>The Weird Tales Story</i></a></span>. Wildside Press. pp. 1–3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1587151019" title="Special:BookSources/978-1587151019"><bdi>978-1587151019</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Weird+Tales+Story&rft.pages=1-3&rft.pub=Wildside+Press&rft.date=1999-12-01&rft.isbn=978-1587151019&rft.aulast=Weinberg&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Price%2C+E.+Hoffmann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR3AwaMkBUVUC%26q%3DThe%2BWeird%2BTales%2BStory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Williams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170913183118/https://theatre.missouri.edu/notable-alumni">"Notable Alumni"</a>. University of Missouri-Department of Theatre. July 19, 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theatre.missouri.edu/notable-alumni">the original</a> on September 13, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 23,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Notable+Alumni&rft.pub=University+of+Missouri-Department+of+Theatre&rft.date=2016-07-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheatre.missouri.edu%2Fnotable-alumni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Williams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110202025428/http://mulibraries.missouri.edu/specialcollections/manuscript.htm">"Manuscript Materials – Division of Special Collections, Archives and Rare Books"</a>. University of Missouri. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mulibraries.missouri.edu/specialcollections/manuscript.htm">the original</a> on February 2, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Thornton, Margaret Bradham (ed.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/notebooks0000will"><i>Notebooks</i></a></span>. Yale Univ. Press. p. xi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300116823" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300116823"><bdi>978-0300116823</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Notebooks&rft.pages=xi&rft.pub=Yale+Univ.+Press&rft.date=2007-01-30&rft.isbn=978-0300116823&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Tennessee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnotebooks0000will&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Williams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBak2019" class="citation journal cs1">Bak, John S. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/48615454">"Edwina Dakin Williams's Diary Entries, 1931 to 1934: An Introduction"</a>. <i>Tennessee Williams Annual Review</i> (18). <a href="/wiki/Historic_New_Orleans_Collection" class="mw-redirect" title="Historic New Orleans Collection">Historic New Orleans Collection</a>: 7–17. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F48615454">10.2307/48615454</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/48615454">48615454</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 2,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tennessee+Williams+Annual+Review&rft.atitle=Edwina+Dakin+Williams%27s+Diary+Entries%2C+1931+to+1934%3A+An+Introduction&rft.issue=18&rft.pages=7-17&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F48615454&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F48615454%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Bak&rft.aufirst=John+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2307%2F48615454&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Williams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.writinguniversity.org/writers/tennessee-williams">"Tennessee Williams"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180418161234/https://www.writinguniversity.org/writers/tennessee-williams">Archived</a> April 18, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Writing University</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WM3PX5">"Tennessee State Historical Marker 2 May 2008"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110814201231/http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WM3PX5">Archived</a> from the original on August 14, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 4,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tennessee+State+Historical+Marker+2+May+2008.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.waymarking.com%2Fwaymarks%2FWM3PX5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Williams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParini2003" class="citation book cs1">Parini, Jay (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CTjcOQ0oE6kC"><i>American Writers Classics</i></a>. Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 304. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-31248-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-31248-4"><bdi>978-0-684-31248-4</bdi></a>. <q>Williams acknowledged when, in 1939, he adopted his famous nom de plume.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Writers+Classics&rft.pages=304&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-684-31248-4&rft.aulast=Parini&rft.aufirst=Jay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCTjcOQ0oE6kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Williams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGontarski2021" class="citation book cs1">Gontarski, S. E. (July 6, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DbEzEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT15"><i>Tennessee Williams, T-shirt Modernism and the Refashionings of Theater</i></a>. Anthem Press. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78527-689-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78527-689-7"><bdi>978-1-78527-689-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tennessee+Williams%2C+T-shirt+Modernism+and+the+Refashionings+of+Theater&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2021-07-06&rft.isbn=978-1-78527-689-7&rft.aulast=Gontarski&rft.aufirst=S.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDbEzEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Williams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHermeren2015" class="citation book cs1">Hermeren, Goran (March 8, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SXt9BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA270"><i>Influence in Art and Literature</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. 270. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-6945-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-6945-9"><bdi>978-1-4008-6945-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Influence+in+Art+and+Literature&rft.pages=270&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2015-03-08&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-6945-9&rft.aulast=Hermeren&rft.aufirst=Goran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSXt9BgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA270&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Williams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAubyn1988" class="citation book cs1">Aubyn, Frederic Chase St (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ps1cAAAAMAAJ"><i>Arthur Rimbaud</i></a>. Twayne. p. 147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8057-8227-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8057-8227-1"><bdi>978-0-8057-8227-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arthur+Rimbaud&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=Twayne&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-8057-8227-1&rft.aulast=Aubyn&rft.aufirst=Frederic+Chase+St&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dps1cAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Williams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGross2014" class="citation book cs1">Gross, Robert (September 19, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FDaPBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA173"><i>Tennessee Williams: A Casebook</i></a>. Routledge. p. 173. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-67354-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-67354-3"><bdi>978-1-135-67354-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tennessee+Williams%3A+A+Casebook&rft.pages=173&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-09-19&rft.isbn=978-1-135-67354-3&rft.aulast=Gross&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFDaPBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Williams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGross201427-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGross201427_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGross2014">Gross 2014</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoudané1997167-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoudané1997167_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoudané1997167_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoudané1997">Roudané 1997</a>, p. 167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavison2015" class="citation book cs1">Davison, Claire (September 23, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zqk_DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT206"><i>Katherine Mansfield and Translation</i></a>. Edinburgh University Press. p. 206. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4744-0775-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4744-0775-5"><bdi>978-1-4744-0775-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Katherine+Mansfield+and+Translation&rft.pages=206&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2015-09-23&rft.isbn=978-1-4744-0775-5&rft.aulast=Davison&rft.aufirst=Claire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZqk_DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT206&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Williams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKabatchnik2012513-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKabatchnik2012513_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKabatchnik2012513_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKabatchnik2012513_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKabatchnik2012">Kabatchnik 2012</a>, p. 513.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGross2014204-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGross2014204_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGross2014">Gross 2014</a>, p. 204.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKabatchnik2012" class="citation book cs1">Kabatchnik, Amnon (October 18, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y6CjzgBKTa8C&pg=PA513"><i>Blood on the Stage, 1975-2000: Milestone Plays of Crime, Mystery, and Detection</i></a>. Scarecrow Press. p. 513. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-8355-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-8355-0"><bdi>978-0-8108-8355-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blood+on+the+Stage%2C+1975-2000%3A+Milestone+Plays+of+Crime%2C+Mystery%2C+and+Detection&rft.pages=513&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2012-10-18&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-8355-0&rft.aulast=Kabatchnik&rft.aufirst=Amnon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy6CjzgBKTa8C%26pg%3DPA513&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Williams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKolin1998" class="citation book cs1">Kolin, Philip (October 28, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-dLEDZFQNCEC&pg=PA91"><i>Tennessee Williams: A Guide to Research and Performance</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30306-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30306-7"><bdi>978-0-313-30306-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tennessee+Williams%3A+A+Guide+to+Research+and+Performance&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1998-10-28&rft.isbn=978-0-313-30306-7&rft.aulast=Kolin&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-dLEDZFQNCEC%26pg%3DPA91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Williams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170913140217/https://www.hnoc.org/research/tennessee-williams-pathfinder">"Tennessee Williams Pathfinder"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Historic_New_Orleans_Collection" title="The Historic New Orleans Collection">The Historic New Orleans Collection</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hnoc.org/research/tennessee-williams-pathfinder">the original</a> on September 13, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 13,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tennessee+Williams+Pathfinder&rft.pub=The+Historic+New+Orleans+Collection&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hnoc.org%2Fresearch%2Ftennessee-williams-pathfinder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Williams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpoto1997" class="citation book cs1">Spoto, Donald (August 22, 1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kindnessofstrang00spot_0"><i>The Kindness of Strangers: The Life of Tennessee Williams</i></a></span>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Da Capo Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kindnessofstrang00spot_0/page/171">171</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0306808050" title="Special:BookSources/978-0306808050"><bdi>978-0306808050</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kindness+of+Strangers%3A+The+Life+of+Tennessee+Williams&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=171&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=1997-08-22&rft.isbn=978-0306808050&rft.aulast=Spoto&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkindnessofstrang00spot_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Williams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2007xv-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2007xv_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams2007">Williams 2007</a>, p. xv.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131227034551/http://www.biography.com/people/tennessee-williams-9532952?page=2">"Tennessee Williams"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Biography_(TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Biography (TV series)">Biography (TV series)</a>. December 2, 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biography.com/people/tennessee-williams-9532952?page=2">the original</a> on December 27, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 26,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tennessee+Williams&rft.pub=Biography+%28TV+series%29&rft.date=2015-12-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biography.com%2Fpeople%2Ftennessee-williams-9532952%3Fpage%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Williams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160731082313/http://lib.slu.edu/about/associates/literary-award">"Library Associates Literary Award"</a>. St. Louis University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lib.slu.edu/about/associates/literary-award">the original</a> on July 31, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Library+Associates+Literary+Award&rft.pub=St.+Louis+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flib.slu.edu%2Fabout%2Fassociates%2Fliterary-award&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Williams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaint_Louis_University_Library_Associates" class="citation web cs1">Saint Louis University Library Associates. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160731082313/http://lib.slu.edu/about/associates/literary-award">"Recipients of the Saint Louis Literary Award"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lib.slu.edu/about/associates/literary-award">the original</a> on July 31, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 25,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Recipients+of+the+Saint+Louis+Literary+Award&rft.au=Saint+Louis+University+Library+Associates&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flib.slu.edu%2Fabout%2Fassociates%2Fliterary-award&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Williams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnston1979" class="citation news cs1">Johnston, Laurie (November 19, 1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1979/11/19/113925202.pdf">"Theater Hall of Fame Enshrines 51 Artists"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Theater+Hall+of+Fame+Enshrines+51+Artists&rft.date=1979-11-19&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Laurie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1979%2F11%2F19%2F113925202.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Williams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKolin1998" class="citation journal cs1">Kolin, Philip (Spring 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.ku.edu/index.php/jdtc/article/viewFile/1985/1948">"Something Cloudy, Something Clear: Tennessee Williams's Postmodern Memory Play"</a>. <i>Journal of Dramatic Theory and Criticism</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Kansas" title="University of Kansas">University of Kansas</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304193927/https://journals.ku.edu/index.php/jdtc/article/viewFile/1985/1948">Archived</a> from the original on March 4, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 13,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Dramatic+Theory+and+Criticism&rft.atitle=Something+Cloudy%2C+Something+Clear%3A+Tennessee+Williams%27s+Postmodern+Memory+Play&rft.ssn=spring&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Kolin&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.ku.edu%2Findex.php%2Fjdtc%2Farticle%2FviewFile%2F1985%2F1948&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Williams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Greenberg-Slovin, Naomi. "Notes from the Dramaturg". Program to <i>The Glass Menagerie</i>. Everyman Theatre, Baltimore, 2013–14 season.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Kindness of Strangers", Spoto</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGener2006" class="citation news cs1">Gener, Randy (September 24, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/24/theater/24gene.html">"Suddenly That Summer, Out of the Closet"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 29,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Suddenly+That+Summer%2C+Out+of+the+Closet&rft.date=2006-09-24&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Gener&rft.aufirst=Randy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F09%2F24%2Ftheater%2F24gene.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Williams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJestePalmerJeste2004" class="citation journal cs1">Jeste, ND; Palmer, BW; Jeste, DV (2004). "Tennessee Williams". <i>Am J Geriatr Psychiatry</i>. <b>12</b> (4): 370–5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1176%2Fappi.ajgp.12.4.370">10.1176/appi.ajgp.12.4.370</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15249274">15249274</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Am+J+Geriatr+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Tennessee+Williams&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=370-5&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1176%2Fappi.ajgp.12.4.370&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15249274&rft.aulast=Jeste&rft.aufirst=ND&rft.au=Palmer%2C+BW&rft.au=Jeste%2C+DV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Williams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190412105359/http://library.loyno.edu/assets/handouts/archives/Collection%2053%20TWilliams.pdf">"Tennessee Williams Baptism Collection Finding Aid"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Special Collections & Archives, J. Edgar & Louise S. Monroe Library, Loyola University New Orleans</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.loyno.edu/assets/handouts/archives/Collection%2053%20TWilliams.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on April 12, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 18,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Special+Collections+%26+Archives%2C+J.+Edgar+%26+Louise+S.+Monroe+Library%2C+Loyola+University+New+Orleans&rft.atitle=Tennessee+Williams+Baptism+Collection+Finding+Aid&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.loyno.edu%2Fassets%2Fhandouts%2Farchives%2FCollection%252053%2520TWilliams.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Williams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichiels2021" class="citation book cs1">Michiels, Laura (July 13, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JtE4EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA47"><i>The Metatheater of Tennessee Williams: Tracing the Artistic Process Through Seven Plays</i></a>. McFarland. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-4258-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-4258-1"><bdi>978-1-4766-4258-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Metatheater+of+Tennessee+Williams%3A+Tracing+the+Artistic+Process+Through+Seven+Plays&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2021-07-13&rft.isbn=978-1-4766-4258-1&rft.aulast=Michiels&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJtE4EAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Williams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpoto1997302-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpoto1997302_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpoto1997">Spoto 1997</a>, p. 302.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2007738-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2007738_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams2007">Williams 2007</a>, p. 738.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaley1983" class="citation news cs1">Daley, Suzanne (February 27, 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/books/00/12/31/specials/williams-choked.html">"Williams Choked on a Bottle Cap"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171117180500/http://www.nytimes.com/books/00/12/31/specials/williams-choked.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 17, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 6,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Williams+Choked+on+a+Bottle+Cap&rft.date=1983-02-27&rft.aulast=Daley&rft.aufirst=Suzanne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fbooks%2F00%2F12%2F31%2Fspecials%2Fwilliams-choked.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Williams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/books/00/12/31/specials/williams-drugs.html">"Drugs Linked to Death of Tennessee Williams"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. August 14, 1983. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170226223629/http://www.nytimes.com/books/00/12/31/specials/williams-drugs.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 26, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Drugs+Linked+to+Death+of+Tennessee+Williams&rft.date=1983-08-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fbooks%2F00%2F12%2F31%2Fspecials%2Fwilliams-drugs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Williams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLahr2014" class="citation book cs1">Lahr, John (2014). <i>Tennessee Williams: Mad Pilgrimage of the Flesh</i>. New York: W. W. Norton & Co. pp. 587–588. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-02124-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-02124-0"><bdi>978-0-393-02124-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tennessee+Williams%3A+Mad+Pilgrimage+of+the+Flesh&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=587-588&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Co.&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-393-02124-0&rft.aulast=Lahr&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Williams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPagan1993" class="citation book cs1">Pagan, Nicholas (September 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3hkn8Kn3UNQC&q=hart+crane"><i>Rethinking Literary Biography: A Postmodern Approach to Tennessee Williams</i></a>. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. pp. 74–75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0838635162" title="Special:BookSources/978-0838635162"><bdi>978-0838635162</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rethinking+Literary+Biography%3A+A+Postmodern+Approach+to+Tennessee+Williams&rft.pages=74-75&rft.pub=Fairleigh+Dickinson+Univ+Press&rft.date=1993-09&rft.isbn=978-0838635162&rft.aulast=Pagan&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3hkn8Kn3UNQC%26q%3Dhart%2Bcrane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Williams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilson, Scott. <i>Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons</i>, 3d ed.: 2 (Kindle Locations 51195–51196). McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. Kindle Edition.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGussow1996" class="citation news cs1">Gussow, Mel (September 7, 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1996/09/07/arts/rose-williams-86-sister-and-the-muse-of-playwright.html">"Rose Williams, 86, Sister And the Muse of Playwright"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170913143124/http://www.nytimes.com/1996/09/07/arts/rose-williams-86-sister-and-the-muse-of-playwright.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 13, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 15,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Rose+Williams%2C+86%2C+Sister+And+the+Muse+of+Playwright&rft.date=1996-09-07&rft.aulast=Gussow&rft.aufirst=Mel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1996%2F09%2F07%2Farts%2Frose-williams-86-sister-and-the-muse-of-playwright.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Williams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Exhibit-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Exhibit_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hrc.utexas.edu/exhibitions/2011/williams/">"Becoming Tennessee Williams"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110322175611/http://www.hrc.utexas.edu/exhibitions/2011/williams/">Archived</a> March 22, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Exhibit at the University of Texas of Austin, Feb 1 to July 31, 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303071433/http://norman.hrc.utexas.edu/fasearch/findingAid.cfm?eadid=00135p1">"Tennessee Williams: An Inventory of His Collection at the Harry Ransom Center"</a>. <i>norman.hrc.utexas.edu</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://norman.hrc.utexas.edu/fasearch/findingAid.cfm?eadid=00135p1">the original</a> on March 3, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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St. Louis Walk of Fame. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stlouiswalkoffame.org/inductees/?view=achievement">the original</a> on October 31, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 25,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=St.+Louis+Walk+of+Fame+Inductees&rft.pub=St.+Louis+Walk+of+Fame&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stlouiswalkoffame.org%2Finductees%2F%3Fview%3Dachievement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Williams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing2011" class="citation book cs1">King, Stephen A. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IKv82hw_9usC&q=Clarksdale+walk+of+fame&pg=PA16"><i>I'm Feeling the Blues Right Now: Blues Tourism in the Mississippi Delta</i></a>. Univ. Press of Mississippi. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61703-011-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61703-011-6"><bdi>978-1-61703-011-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I%27m+Feeling+the+Blues+Right+Now%3A+Blues+Tourism+in+the+Mississippi+Delta&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Univ.+Press+of+Mississippi&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-61703-011-6&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Stephen+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIKv82hw_9usC%26q%3DClarksdale%2Bwalk%2Bof%2Bfame%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Williams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200616220255/https://www.mississippi.org/news-room/mississippi-writers-trail-unveils-marker-honoring-tennessee-williams/">"Mississippi Writers Trail Unveils Marker Honoring Tennessee Williams | Mississippi Development Authority"</a>. <i>Mississippi.org</i>. October 17, 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mississippi.org/news-room/mississippi-writers-trail-unveils-marker-honoring-tennessee-williams/">the original</a> on June 16, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 16,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mississippi.org&rft.atitle=Mississippi+Writers+Trail+Unveils+Marker+Honoring+Tennessee+Williams+%7C+Mississippi+Development+Authority&rft.date=2019-10-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mississippi.org%2Fnews-room%2Fmississippi-writers-trail-unveils-marker-honoring-tennessee-williams%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Williams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fischer, Heinz-Dietrich, & Erika J. Fischer. <i>The Pulitzer Prize Archive: A History and Anthology of Award-Winning Materials in Journalism, Letters, and Arts</i>, München: K.G. Saur, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-598-30170-7" title="Special:BookSources/3-598-30170-7">3-598-30170-7</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-598-30170-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-598-30170-4">978-3-598-30170-4</a> p. 246.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1980" class="citation magazine cs1">Williams, Tennessee (May 1, 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://classic.esquire.com/article/1980/5/1/tent-worms">"Tent Worms"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Esquire_(magazine)" title="Esquire (magazine)">Esquire</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 2,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Esquire&rft.atitle=Tent+Worms&rft.date=1980-05-01&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Tennessee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fclassic.esquire.com%2Farticle%2F1980%2F5%2F1%2Ftent-worms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Williams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPurcell2014" class="citation magazine cs1">Purcell, Carey (March 25, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.playbill.com/article/crazy-night-unpublished-story-by-tennessee-williams-will-be-featured-in-the-strand-magazine-com-216429">"<i>Crazy Night</i>, Unpublished Story by Tennessee Williams, Will Be Featured in The Strand Magazine"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Playbill" title="Playbill">Playbill</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Playbill&rft.atitle=Crazy+Night%2C+Unpublished+Story+by+Tennessee+Williams%2C+Will+Be+Featured+in+The+Strand+Magazine&rft.date=2014-03-25&rft.aulast=Purcell&rft.aufirst=Carey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.playbill.com%2Farticle%2Fcrazy-night-unpublished-story-by-tennessee-williams-will-be-featured-in-the-strand-magazine-com-216429&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee+Williams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee_Williams&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Gross, Robert F., ed. <i>Tennessee Williams: A Casebook.</i> <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a> (2002). Print. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8153-3174-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8153-3174-6">0-8153-3174-6</a>.</li> <li>Jacobus, Lee. <i>The Bedford Introduction to Drama.</i> Bedford: Boston. Print. 2009.</li> <li>Lahr, John. <i>Tennessee Williams: Mad Pilgrimage of the Flesh.</i> W. W. Norton & Co. New York. Print. 2014. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-02124-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-02124-0">978-0-393-02124-0</a>.</li> <li>Leverich, Lyle. <i>Tom: The Unknown Tennessee Williams</i>. W. W. Norton & Company. Reprint. 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-31663-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-31663-7">0-393-31663-7</a>.</li> <li>Saddik, Annette. <i>The Politics of Reputation: The Critical Reception of Tennessee Williams' Later Plays</i>. Associated University Presses. London. 1999.</li> <li>Spoto, Donald. <i>The Kindness of Strangers: The Life of Tennessee Williams</i>. Da Capo Press. Reprint. 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-80805-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-80805-6">0-306-80805-6</a>.</li> <li>Williams, Tennessee. <i>Memoirs</i>. Doubleday. Print. 1975. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-00573-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-00573-3">0-385-00573-3</a>.</li> <li>Williams, Dakin. <i>His Brother's Keeper: The Life and Murder of Tennessee Williams</i>. Dakin's Corner Press. First Edition. Print. 1983.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee_Williams&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tennessee_Williams" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Tennessee Williams">Tennessee Williams</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Tennessee_Williams" class="extiw" title="q:Tennessee Williams">Tennessee Williams</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about:<br /><b style="text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/en:Author:Tennessee_Williams" class="extiw" title="s:en:Author:Tennessee Williams">Tennessee Williams</a></i></b></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://norman.hrc.utexas.edu/fasearch/findingAid.cfm?eadid=00135p1">Tennessee Williams Collection</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrc.utexas.edu/research/guides/?guide=TennesseeWilliams">Research Guide</a>, as well as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://norman.hrc.utexas.edu/fasearch/findingAid.cfm?eadID=01421">Kate Medina Collection of Tennessee Williams</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Harry_Ransom_Center" title="Harry Ransom Center">Harry Ransom Center</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" title="University of Texas at Austin">University of Texas at Austin</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findingaids.cul.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_4079626//">Tennessee Williams Papers at Columbia University. Rare Book and Manuscript Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hnoc.org/node/112">Fred W. Todd Tennessee Williams Collection</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hnoc.org/research/tennessee-williams-pathfinder">Tennessee Williams Pathfinder</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Historic_New_Orleans_Collection" class="mw-redirect" title="Historic New Orleans Collection">Historic New Orleans Collection</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.nypl.org/the/21328">Tennessee Williams manuscripts, 1972–1974</a>, held by the Billy Rose Theatre Division, <a href="/wiki/New_York_Public_Library_for_the_Performing_Arts" title="New York Public Library for the Performing Arts">New York Public Library for the Performing Arts</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.udel.edu/static/purl.php?mss0112">Tennessee Williams collection</a> from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.udel.edu/special/">Special Collections, University of Delaware Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200303130804/https://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/3209/the-art-of-theater-no-5-tennessee-williams"><i>The Paris Review</i> interview</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0931783/">Tennessee Williams</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-cast-staff/8822">Tennessee Williams</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Broadway_Database" title="Internet Broadway Database">Internet Broadway Database</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134262#P1220" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iobdb.com/CreditableEntity/2512">Tennessee Williams</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Off-Broadway_Database" title="Internet Off-Broadway Database">Internet Off-Broadway Database</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.playbill.com/person/tennessee-williams-vault-0000007443">Tennessee Williams</a> at <a href="/wiki/Playbill#Other_media" title="Playbill"><i>Playbill</i> Vault</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134262#P6132" title="Edit this at 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id="Works_by_Tennessee_Williams" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Works by <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tennessee Williams</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Candles_to_the_Sun" title="Candles to the Sun">Candles to the Sun</a></i> (1936)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spring_Storm" title="Spring Storm">Spring Storm</a></i> (1937)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Kind" title="Fugitive Kind">Fugitive Kind</a></i> (1937)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Not_About_Nightingales" title="Not About Nightingales">Not About Nightingales</a></i> (1938)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orpheus_Descending" title="Orpheus Descending">Battle of Angels</a></i> (1940)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Auto-da-F%C3%A9_(play)" title="Auto-da-Fé (play)">Auto-da-Fé</a></i> (1941)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Glass_Menagerie" title="The Glass Menagerie">The Glass Menagerie</a></i> (1944)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/You_Touched_Me!" title="You Touched Me!">You Touched Me!</a></i> (1945)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stairs_to_the_Roof" title="Stairs to the Roof">Stairs to the Roof</a></i> (1947)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Streetcar_Named_Desire" title="A Streetcar Named Desire">A Streetcar Named Desire</a></i> (1947)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Summer_and_Smoke" title="Summer and Smoke">Summer and Smoke</a></i> (1948)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rose_Tattoo" title="The Rose Tattoo">The Rose Tattoo</a></i> (1951)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Camino_Real_(play)" title="Camino Real (play)">Camino Real</a></i> (1953)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cat_on_a_Hot_Tin_Roof" title="Cat on a Hot Tin Roof">Cat on a Hot Tin Roof</a></i> (1955)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orpheus_Descending" title="Orpheus Descending">Orpheus Descending</a></i> (1957)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Suddenly_Last_Summer" title="Suddenly Last Summer">Suddenly Last Summer</a></i> (1958)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sweet_Bird_of_Youth" title="Sweet Bird of Youth">Sweet Bird of Youth</a></i> (1959)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Period_of_Adjustment" title="Period of Adjustment">Period of Adjustment</a></i> (1960)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Night_of_the_Iguana" title="The Night of the Iguana">The Night of the Iguana</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Milk_Train_Doesn%27t_Stop_Here_Anymore" title="The Milk Train Doesn't Stop Here Anymore">The Milk Train Doesn't Stop Here Anymore</a></i> (1963)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Seven_Descents_of_Myrtle" title="The Seven Descents of Myrtle">The Seven Descents of Myrtle</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_the_Bar_of_a_Tokyo_Hotel" title="In the Bar of a Tokyo Hotel">In the Bar of a Tokyo Hotel</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Will_Mr._Merriweather_Return_from_Memphis%3F" title="Will Mr. Merriweather Return from Memphis?">Will Mr. Merriweather Return from Memphis?</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Out_Cry" title="Out Cry">Out Cry</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Small_Craft_Warnings" title="Small Craft Warnings">Small Craft Warnings</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Two-Character_Play" title="The Two-Character Play">The Two-Character Play</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Red_Devil_Battery_Sign" title="The Red Devil Battery Sign">The Red Devil Battery Sign</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/This_Is_(An_Entertainment)" title="This Is (An Entertainment)">This Is (An Entertainment)</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vieux_Carr%C3%A9_(play)" title="Vieux Carré (play)">Vieux Carré</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Lovely_Sunday_for_Creve_Coeur" title="A Lovely Sunday for Creve Coeur">A Lovely Sunday for Creve Coeur</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clothes_for_a_Summer_Hotel" title="Clothes for a Summer Hotel">Clothes for a Summer Hotel</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Notebook_of_Trigorin" title="The Notebook of Trigorin">The Notebook of Trigorin</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Something_Cloudy,_Something_Clear" title="Something Cloudy, Something Clear">Something Cloudy, Something Clear</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_House_Not_Meant_to_Stand" title="A House Not Meant to Stand">A House Not Meant to Stand</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_Masks_Outrageous_and_Austere" title="In Masks Outrageous and Austere">In Masks Outrageous and Austere</a></i> (1983)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>The Roman Spring of Mrs. Stone</i> (1950)</li> <li><i>Moise and the World of Reason</i> (1975)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Short story<br />collections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hard_Candy:_A_Book_of_Stories" title="Hard Candy: A Book of Stories">Hard Candy: A Book of Stories</a></i> (1954)</li> <li><i>Three Players of a Summer Game and Other Stories</i> (1960)</li> <li><i>The Knightly Quest: a Novella and Four Short Stories</i> (1966)</li> <li><i>One Arm and Other Stories</i> (1967)</li> <li><i>Eight Mortal Ladies Possessed: a Book of Stories</i> (1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Screenplays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Glass_Menagerie_(1950_film)" title="The Glass Menagerie (1950 film)">The Glass Menagerie</a></i> (1950)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Streetcar_Named_Desire_(1951_film)" title="A Streetcar Named Desire (1951 film)">A Streetcar Named Desire</a></i> (1951)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rose_Tattoo_(film)" title="The Rose Tattoo (film)">The Rose Tattoo</a></i> (1955)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baby_Doll" title="Baby Doll">Baby Doll</a></i> (1956)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Suddenly,_Last_Summer_(film)" title="Suddenly, Last Summer (film)">Suddenly, Last Summer</a></i> (1959)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fugitive_Kind" title="The Fugitive Kind">The Fugitive Kind</a></i> (1959)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ten_Blocks_on_the_Camino_Real" title="Ten Blocks on the Camino Real">Ten Blocks on the Camino Real</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Boom!_(1968_film)" title="Boom! (1968 film)">Boom!</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Loss_of_a_Teardrop_Diamond" title="The Loss of a Teardrop Diamond">The Loss of a Teardrop Diamond</a></i> (1957, filmed 2008)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-fiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Catastrophe_of_Success" title="The Catastrophe of Success">The Catastrophe of Success</a>" (1947)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Streetcar_Named_Success" class="mw-redirect" title="A Streetcar Named Success">A Streetcar Named Success</a>" (1947)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poetry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>In the Winter of Cities</i> (1956)</li> <li><i>Androgyne, Mon Amour</i> (1977)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film Adaptations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Glass_Menagerie_(1950_film)" title="The Glass Menagerie (1950 film)">The Glass Menagerie</a></i> (1950)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Streetcar_Named_Desire_(1951_film)" title="A Streetcar Named Desire (1951 film)">A Streetcar Named Desire</a></i> (1951)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rose_Tattoo_(film)" title="The Rose Tattoo (film)">The Rose Tattoo</a></i> (1955)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baby_Doll" title="Baby Doll">Baby Doll</a></i> (1956)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cat_on_a_Hot_Tin_Roof_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (film)">Cat on a Hot Tin Roof</a></i> (1958)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Suddenly_Last_Summer_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Suddenly Last Summer (film)">Suddenly Last Summer</a></i> (1959)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fugitive_Kind" title="The Fugitive Kind">The Fugitive Kind</a></i> (1960)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Summer_and_Smoke_(film)" title="Summer and Smoke (film)">Summer and Smoke</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Roman_Spring_of_Mrs_Stone" class="mw-redirect" title="The Roman Spring of Mrs Stone">The Roman Spring of Mrs Stone</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Period_of_Adjustment_(film)" title="Period of Adjustment (film)">Period of Adjustment</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sweet_Bird_of_Youth_(1962_film)" title="Sweet Bird of Youth (1962 film)">Sweet Bird of Yourth</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Night_of_the_Iguana_(film)" title="The Night of the Iguana (film)">The Night of the Iguana</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/This_Property_Is_Condemned" title="This Property Is Condemned">This Property Is Condemned</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Boom!_(1968_film)" title="Boom! (1968 film)">Boom!</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Last_of_the_Mobile_Hot_Shots" title="Last of the Mobile Hot Shots">Last of the Mobile Hot Shots</a></i> (1970)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Glass_Menagerie_(1987_film)" title="The Glass Menagerie (1987 film)">The Glass Menagerie</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Loss_of_a_Teardrop_Diamond" title="The Loss of a Teardrop Diamond">The Loss of a Teardrop Diamond</a></i> (2008)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">TV Adaptations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Three_by_Tennessee" title="Three by Tennessee">Three by Tennessee</a></i> (1958)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Glass_Menagerie_(1966_film)" title="The Glass Menagerie (1966 film)">The Glass Menagerie</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ten_Blocks_on_the_Camino_Real" title="Ten Blocks on the Camino Real">Ten Blocks on the Camino Real</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Glass_Menagerie_(1973_film)" title="The Glass Menagerie (1973 film)">The Glass Menagerie</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Migrants" title="The Migrants">The Migrants</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cat_on_a_Hot_Tin_Roof_(1976_film)" title="Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1976 film)">Cat on a Hot Tin Roof</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cat_on_a_Hot_Tin_Roof_(1984_film)" title="Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1984 film)">Cat on a Hot Tin Roof</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Streetcar_Named_Desire_(1984_film)" title="A Streetcar Named Desire (1984 film)">A Streetcar Named Desire</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sweet_Bird_of_Youth_(1989_film)" title="Sweet Bird of Youth (1989 film)">Sweet Bird of Youth</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orpheus_Descending_(film)" title="Orpheus Descending (film)">Orpheus Descending</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Streetcar_Named_Desire_(1995_film)" title="A Streetcar Named Desire (1995 film)">A Streetcar Named Desire</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Roman_Spring_of_Mrs._Stone_(2003_film)" title="The Roman Spring of Mrs. Stone (2003 film)">The Roman Spring of Mrs. Stone</a></i> (2003)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_one-act_plays_by_Tennessee_Williams" title="List of one-act plays by Tennessee Williams">List of one-act plays by Tennessee Williams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Awards_for_Tennessee_Williams" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Awards_for_Tennessee_Williams" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Awards for Tennessee Williams</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kennedy_Center_Honorees_(1970s)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kennedy_Center_Honorees_1970s" title="Template:Kennedy Center Honorees 1970s"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kennedy_Center_Honorees_1970s" title="Template talk:Kennedy Center Honorees 1970s"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kennedy_Center_Honorees_1970s" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kennedy Center Honorees 1970s"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kennedy_Center_Honorees_(1970s)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Center_Honors" title="Kennedy Center Honors">Kennedy Center Honorees</a> (1970s)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1978</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Anderson" title="Marian Anderson">Marian Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Astaire" title="Fred Astaire">Fred Astaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Balanchine" title="George Balanchine">George Balanchine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rodgers" title="Richard Rodgers">Richard Rodgers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rubinstein" title="Arthur Rubinstein">Arthur Rubinstein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1979</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Copland" title="Aaron Copland">Aaron Copland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald" title="Ella Fitzgerald">Ella Fitzgerald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fonda" title="Henry Fonda">Henry Fonda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Graham" title="Martha Graham">Martha Graham</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tennessee Williams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Center_Honors" title="Kennedy Center Honors">Complete list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Kennedy_Center_Honorees_1970s" title="Template:Kennedy Center Honorees 1970s">1970s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Kennedy_Center_Honorees_1980s" title="Template:Kennedy Center Honorees 1980s">1980s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Kennedy_Center_Honorees_1990s" title="Template:Kennedy Center Honorees 1990s">1990s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Kennedy_Center_Honorees_2000s" title="Template:Kennedy Center Honorees 2000s">2000s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Kennedy_Center_Honorees_2010s" title="Template:Kennedy Center Honorees 2010s">2010s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Kennedy_Center_Honorees_2020s" title="Template:Kennedy Center Honorees 2020s">2020s</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pulitzer_Prize_for_Drama:_Authors" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:PulitzerPrize_DramaAuthors" title="Template:PulitzerPrize DramaAuthors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:PulitzerPrize_DramaAuthors" title="Template talk:PulitzerPrize DramaAuthors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:PulitzerPrize_DramaAuthors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:PulitzerPrize DramaAuthors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pulitzer_Prize_for_Drama:_Authors" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Drama" title="Pulitzer Prize for Drama">Pulitzer Prize for Drama</a>: Authors</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Lynch_Williams" title="Jesse Lynch Williams">Jesse Lynch Williams</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_O%27Neill" title="Eugene O'Neill">Eugene O'Neill</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zona_Gale" title="Zona Gale">Zona Gale</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_O%27Neill" title="Eugene O'Neill">Eugene O'Neill</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Davis" title="Owen Davis">Owen Davis</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatcher_Hughes" title="Hatcher Hughes">Hatcher Hughes</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Howard" title="Sidney Howard">Sidney Howard</a> (1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Kelly_(playwright)" title="George Kelly (playwright)">George Kelly</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Green_(playwright)" title="Paul Green (playwright)">Paul Green</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_O%27Neill" title="Eugene O'Neill">Eugene O'Neill</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmer_Rice" title="Elmer Rice">Elmer Rice</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Connelly" title="Marc Connelly">Marc Connelly</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Glaspell" title="Susan Glaspell">Susan Glaspell</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_S._Kaufman" title="George S. Kaufman">George S. Kaufman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morrie_Ryskind" title="Morrie Ryskind">Morrie Ryskind</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ira_Gershwin" title="Ira Gershwin">Ira Gershwin</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxwell_Anderson" title="Maxwell Anderson">Maxwell Anderson</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Kingsley" title="Sidney Kingsley">Sidney Kingsley</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoe_Akins" title="Zoe Akins">Zoe Akins</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Sherwood" title="Robert E. Sherwood">Robert E. Sherwood</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moss_Hart" title="Moss Hart">Moss Hart</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_S._Kaufman" title="George S. Kaufman">George S. Kaufman</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thornton_Wilder" title="Thornton Wilder">Thornton Wilder</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Sherwood" title="Robert E. Sherwood">Robert E. Sherwood</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Saroyan" title="William Saroyan">William Saroyan</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Sherwood" title="Robert E. Sherwood">Robert E. Sherwood</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thornton_Wilder" title="Thornton Wilder">Thornton Wilder</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Chase_(playwright)" title="Mary Chase (playwright)">Mary Chase</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russel_Crouse" title="Russel Crouse">Russel Crouse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Howard_Lindsay" title="Howard Lindsay">Howard Lindsay</a> (1946)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tennessee Williams</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Miller" title="Arthur Miller">Arthur Miller</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rodgers" title="Richard Rodgers">Richard Rodgers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Hammerstein_II" title="Oscar Hammerstein II">Oscar Hammerstein II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Logan" title="Joshua Logan">Joshua Logan</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kramm" title="Joseph Kramm">Joseph Kramm</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Inge" title="William Inge">William Inge</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Patrick_(dramatist)" title="John Patrick (dramatist)">John Patrick</a> (1954)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tennessee Williams</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Hackett" title="Albert Hackett">Albert Hackett</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frances_Goodrich" title="Frances Goodrich">Frances Goodrich</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_O%27Neill" title="Eugene O'Neill">Eugene O'Neill</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketti_Frings" title="Ketti Frings">Ketti Frings</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_MacLeish" title="Archibald MacLeish">Archibald MacLeish</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Weidman" title="Jerome Weidman">Jerome Weidman</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Abbott" title="George Abbott">George Abbott</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Bock" title="Jerry Bock">Jerry Bock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Harnick" title="Sheldon Harnick">Sheldon Harnick</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tad_Mosel" title="Tad Mosel">Tad Mosel</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Loesser" title="Frank Loesser">Frank Loesser</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abe_Burrows" title="Abe Burrows">Abe Burrows</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_D._Gilroy" title="Frank D. Gilroy">Frank D. Gilroy</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Albee" title="Edward Albee">Edward Albee</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Sackler" title="Howard Sackler">Howard Sackler</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gordone" title="Charles Gordone">Charles Gordone</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Zindel" title="Paul Zindel">Paul Zindel</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Miller_(playwright)" title="Jason Miller (playwright)">Jason Miller</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Albee" title="Edward Albee">Edward Albee</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Bennett_(theater)" title="Michael Bennett (theater)">Michael Bennett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Dante" title="Nicholas Dante">Nicholas Dante</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Kirkwood_Jr." title="James Kirkwood Jr.">James Kirkwood Jr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marvin_Hamlisch" title="Marvin Hamlisch">Marvin Hamlisch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Kleban" title="Edward Kleban">Edward Kleban</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Cristofer" title="Michael Cristofer">Michael Cristofer</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_L._Coburn" title="Donald L. Coburn">Donald L. Coburn</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Shepard" title="Sam Shepard">Sam Shepard</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanford_Wilson" title="Lanford Wilson">Lanford Wilson</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_Henley" title="Beth Henley">Beth Henley</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fuller" title="Charles Fuller">Charles Fuller</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsha_Norman" title="Marsha Norman">Marsha Norman</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Mamet" title="David Mamet">David Mamet</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lapine" title="James Lapine">James Lapine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Sondheim" title="Stephen Sondheim">Stephen Sondheim</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Wilson" title="August Wilson">August Wilson</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Uhry" title="Alfred Uhry">Alfred Uhry</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendy_Wasserstein" title="Wendy Wasserstein">Wendy Wasserstein</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Wilson" title="August Wilson">August Wilson</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Simon" title="Neil Simon">Neil Simon</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schenkkan" title="Robert Schenkkan">Robert Schenkkan</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Kushner" title="Tony Kushner">Tony Kushner</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Albee" title="Edward Albee">Edward Albee</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horton_Foote" title="Horton Foote">Horton Foote</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Larson" title="Jonathan Larson">Jonathan Larson</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paula_Vogel" title="Paula Vogel">Paula Vogel</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Edson" title="Margaret Edson">Margaret Edson</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Margulies" title="Donald Margulies">Donald Margulies</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Auburn" title="David Auburn">David Auburn</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzan-Lori_Parks" title="Suzan-Lori Parks">Suzan-Lori Parks</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilo_Cruz" title="Nilo Cruz">Nilo Cruz</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doug_Wright" title="Doug Wright">Doug Wright</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Patrick_Shanley" title="John Patrick Shanley">John Patrick Shanley</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lindsay-Abaire" title="David Lindsay-Abaire">David Lindsay-Abaire</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracy_Letts" title="Tracy Letts">Tracy Letts</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynn_Nottage" title="Lynn Nottage">Lynn Nottage</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Kitt_(musician)" title="Tom Kitt (musician)">Tom Kitt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brian_Yorkey" title="Brian Yorkey">Brian Yorkey</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Norris_(playwright)" title="Bruce Norris (playwright)">Bruce Norris</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiara_Alegr%C3%ADa_Hudes" title="Quiara Alegría Hudes">Quiara Alegría Hudes</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayad_Akhtar" title="Ayad Akhtar">Ayad Akhtar</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Baker" title="Annie Baker">Annie Baker</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Adly_Guirgis" title="Stephen Adly Guirgis">Stephen Adly Guirgis</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin-Manuel_Miranda" title="Lin-Manuel Miranda">Lin-Manuel Miranda</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynn_Nottage" title="Lynn Nottage">Lynn Nottage</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyna_Majok" title="Martyna Majok">Martyna Majok</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Sibblies_Drury" title="Jackie Sibblies Drury">Jackie Sibblies Drury</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_R._Jackson" title="Michael R. Jackson">Michael R. Jackson</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katori_Hall" title="Katori Hall">Katori Hall</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Ijames" title="James Ijames">James Ijames</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanaz_Toossi" title="Sanaz Toossi">Sanaz Toossi</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eboni_Booth" title="Eboni Booth">Eboni Booth</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png/60px-Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png/90px-Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png/120px-Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png 2x" data-file-width="1114" data-file-height="1110" /></a></span><br /><br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pulitzer_Medal_-_reverse.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Pulitzer_Medal_-_reverse.png/60px-Pulitzer_Medal_-_reverse.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Pulitzer_Medal_-_reverse.png/90px-Pulitzer_Medal_-_reverse.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Pulitzer_Medal_-_reverse.png/120px-Pulitzer_Medal_-_reverse.png 2x" data-file-width="1115" data-file-height="1101" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Related_works" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Related_works" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related works</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="A_Streetcar_Named_Desire_by_Tennessee_Williams" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:A_Streetcar_Named_Desire" title="Template:A Streetcar Named Desire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:A_Streetcar_Named_Desire" title="Template talk:A Streetcar Named Desire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:A_Streetcar_Named_Desire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:A Streetcar Named Desire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="A_Streetcar_Named_Desire_by_Tennessee_Williams" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i><a href="/wiki/A_Streetcar_Named_Desire" title="A Streetcar Named Desire">A Streetcar Named Desire</a></i> by <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tennessee Williams</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blanche_DuBois" title="Blanche DuBois">Blanche DuBois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Kowalski" title="Stanley Kowalski">Stanley Kowalski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stella_Kowalski" title="Stella Kowalski">Stella Kowalski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Streetcar_Named_Desire_(1951_film)" title="A Streetcar Named Desire (1951 film)">1951 film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Streetcar_Named_Desire_(1984_film)" title="A Streetcar Named Desire (1984 film)">1984 film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Streetcar_Named_Desire_(1995_film)" title="A Streetcar Named Desire (1995 film)">1995 film</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Streetcar_Named_Desire_(opera)" title="A Streetcar Named Desire (opera)">Opera</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Streetcar_Named_Marge" title="A Streetcar Named Marge">A Streetcar Named Marge</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/On_a_Streetcar_Named_Success" title="On a Streetcar Named Success">On a Streetcar Named Success</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tennessee_Williams&#039;s_The_Glass_Menagerie_(1944)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Glass_Menagerie" title="Template:The Glass Menagerie"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Glass_Menagerie" title="Template talk:The Glass Menagerie"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Glass_Menagerie" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Glass Menagerie"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tennessee_Williams&#039;s_The_Glass_Menagerie_(1944)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tennessee Williams</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Glass_Menagerie" title="The Glass Menagerie">The Glass Menagerie</a></i> (1944)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Performances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Glass_Menagerie_(1950_film)" title="The Glass Menagerie (1950 film)">The Glass Menagerie</a></i> (1950 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Glass_Menagerie_(1966_film)" title="The Glass Menagerie (1966 film)">The Glass Menagerie</a></i> (1966 TV movie)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Glass_Menagerie_(1973_film)" title="The Glass Menagerie (1973 film)">The Glass Menagerie</a></i> (1973 TV movie)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Glass_Menagerie_(1987_film)" title="The Glass Menagerie (1987 film)">The Glass Menagerie</a></i> (1987 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adaptations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Akale" title="Akale">Akale</a></i> (2004 Malayalam film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Here_Without_Me" title="Here Without Me">Here Without Me</a></i> (2010 Iranian film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Catastrophe_of_Success" title="The Catastrophe of Success">The Catastrophe of Success</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Film_Stars_Don%27t_Die_in_Liverpool" title="Film Stars Don't Die in Liverpool">Film Stars Don't Die in Liverpool</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cannes_Film_Festival_jury_presidents" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cannes_Film_Festival_jury_presidents" title="Template:Cannes Film Festival jury presidents"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cannes_Film_Festival_jury_presidents" title="Template talk:Cannes Film Festival jury presidents"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cannes_Film_Festival_jury_presidents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cannes Film Festival jury presidents"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cannes_Film_Festival_jury_presidents" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Cannes_Film_Festival_jury_presidents" title="List of Cannes Film Festival jury presidents">Cannes Film Festival jury presidents</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1946–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Huisman" title="Georges Huisman">Georges Huisman</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Huisman" title="Georges Huisman">Georges Huisman</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Huisman" title="Georges Huisman">Georges Huisman</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Maurois" title="André Maurois">André Maurois</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Genevoix" title="Maurice Genevoix">Maurice Genevoix</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Cocteau" title="Jean Cocteau">Jean Cocteau</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Cocteau" title="Jean Cocteau">Jean Cocteau</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Pagnol" title="Marcel Pagnol">Marcel Pagnol</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Lehmann" title="Maurice Lehmann">Maurice Lehmann</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Maurois" title="André Maurois">André Maurois</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Achard" title="Marcel Achard">Marcel Achard</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Achard" title="Marcel Achard">Marcel Achard</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Simenon" title="Georges Simenon">Georges Simenon</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Giono" title="Jean Giono">Jean Giono</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetsur%C5%8D_Furukaki" title="Tetsurō Furukaki">Tetsurō Furukaki</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armand_Salacrou" title="Armand Salacrou">Armand Salacrou</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Lang" title="Fritz Lang">Fritz Lang</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivia_de_Havilland" title="Olivia de Havilland">Olivia de Havilland</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophia_Loren" title="Sophia Loren">Sophia Loren</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Blasetti" title="Alessandro Blasetti">Alessandro Blasetti</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Chamson" title="André Chamson">André Chamson</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luchino_Visconti" title="Luchino Visconti">Luchino Visconti</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_%C3%81ngel_Asturias" title="Miguel Ángel Asturias">Miguel Ángel Asturias</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mich%C3%A8le_Morgan" title="Michèle Morgan">Michèle Morgan</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Losey" title="Joseph Losey">Joseph Losey</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingrid_Bergman" title="Ingrid Bergman">Ingrid Bergman</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Clair" title="René Clair">René Clair</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_Moreau" title="Jeanne Moreau">Jeanne Moreau</a> (1975)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tennessee Williams</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Rossellini" title="Roberto Rossellini">Roberto Rossellini</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_J._Pakula" title="Alan J. Pakula">Alan J. Pakula</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Sagan" title="Françoise Sagan">Françoise Sagan</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirk_Douglas" title="Kirk Douglas">Kirk Douglas</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Deray" title="Jacques Deray">Jacques Deray</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Strehler" title="Giorgio Strehler">Giorgio Strehler</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Styron" title="William Styron">William Styron</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirk_Bogarde" title="Dirk Bogarde">Dirk Bogarde</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milo%C5%A1_Forman" title="Miloš Forman">Miloš Forman</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Pollack" title="Sydney Pollack">Sydney Pollack</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Montand" title="Yves Montand">Yves Montand</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ettore_Scola" title="Ettore Scola">Ettore Scola</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wim_Wenders" title="Wim Wenders">Wim Wenders</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Bertolucci" title="Bernardo Bertolucci">Bernardo Bertolucci</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Polanski" title="Roman Polanski">Roman Polanski</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Depardieu" title="Gérard Depardieu">Gérard Depardieu</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Malle" title="Louis Malle">Louis Malle</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clint_Eastwood" title="Clint Eastwood">Clint Eastwood</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_Moreau" title="Jeanne Moreau">Jeanne Moreau</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Ford_Coppola" title="Francis Ford Coppola">Francis Ford Coppola</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabelle_Adjani" title="Isabelle Adjani">Isabelle Adjani</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Scorsese" title="Martin Scorsese">Martin Scorsese</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Cronenberg" title="David Cronenberg">David Cronenberg</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luc_Besson" title="Luc Besson">Luc Besson</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liv_Ullmann" title="Liv Ullmann">Liv Ullmann</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lynch" title="David Lynch">David Lynch</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrice_Ch%C3%A9reau" title="Patrice Chéreau">Patrice Chéreau</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quentin_Tarantino" title="Quentin Tarantino">Quentin Tarantino</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emir_Kusturica" title="Emir Kusturica">Emir Kusturica</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wong_Kar-wai" title="Wong Kar-wai">Wong Kar-wai</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Frears" title="Stephen Frears">Stephen Frears</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_Penn" title="Sean Penn">Sean Penn</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabelle_Huppert" title="Isabelle Huppert">Isabelle Huppert</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Burton" title="Tim Burton">Tim Burton</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_De_Niro" title="Robert De Niro">Robert De Niro</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanni_Moretti" title="Nanni Moretti">Nanni Moretti</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Spielberg" title="Steven Spielberg">Steven Spielberg</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Campion" title="Jane Campion">Jane Campion</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coen_brothers" title="Coen brothers">Joel and Ethan Coen</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Miller_(filmmaker)" title="George Miller (filmmaker)">George Miller</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Almod%C3%B3var" title="Pedro Almodóvar">Pedro Almodóvar</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cate_Blanchett" title="Cate Blanchett">Cate Blanchett</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Gonz%C3%A1lez_I%C3%B1%C3%A1rritu" title="Alejandro González Iñárritu">Alejandro González Iñárritu</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spike_Lee" title="Spike Lee">Spike Lee</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Lindon" title="Vincent Lindon">Vincent Lindon</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruben_%C3%96stlund" title="Ruben Östlund">Ruben Östlund</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greta_Gerwig" title="Greta Gerwig">Greta Gerwig</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 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.navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134262#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134262#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134262#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121326729">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/51697407">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/40786/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhGVxmYJCfGDKkVWfYByd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118633333">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Williams, Tennessee, 1911-1983"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79090096">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11929241k">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11929241k">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00461042">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Williams, Tennessee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV088291">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35610821">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990009163&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1136114">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/48384">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068245025">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90058466">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000036106&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000065421&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000058335">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=64736">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000026146">Argentina</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199630146">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/vs6855vd0zjkx0c">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810596045005606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/336412">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007270057105171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058521417906706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14248666">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00340370?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500474046">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Tennessee Williams"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/de4b0803-4734-4836-ad18-25c31ef85b43">MusicBrainz</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moma.org/artists/47839">Museum of Modern Art</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1014156">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118633333.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118633333">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027333310">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6h23v5w">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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