CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en-US"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width" /> <link rel="icon" type="image/x-icon" href="https://fas.org/wp-content/themes/fas/assets/images/favicon.ico">  <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-N6TJX7F');</script>  <meta name='robots' content='index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1' />  <title>Publication Archive - Federation of American Scientists</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://fas.tghp.co.uk/publications-archive/" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Publication Archive - Federation of American Scientists" /> <meta property="og:description" content="LOREM IP{SUM" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://fas.tghp.co.uk/publications-archive/" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Federation of American Scientists" /> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2023-04-11T14:07:42+00:00" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://fas.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/FAS-SocialIcon.jpg" /> <meta property="og:image:width" content="500" /> <meta property="og:image:height" content="500" /> <meta property="og:image:type" content="image/jpeg" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@FAScientists" /> <script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://fas.tghp.co.uk/publications-archive/","url":"https://fas.tghp.co.uk/publications-archive/","name":"Publication Archive - Federation of American Scientists","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://fas.tghp.co.uk/#website"},"datePublished":"2023-03-16T10:25:00+00:00","dateModified":"2023-04-11T14:07:42+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://fas.tghp.co.uk/publications-archive/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https://fas.tghp.co.uk/publications-archive/"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https://fas.tghp.co.uk/publications-archive/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https://fas.org/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Publication Archive"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://fas.tghp.co.uk/#website","url":"https://fas.tghp.co.uk/","name":"Federation of American Scientists","description":"Striving For A Safer World Since 1945","publisher":{"@id":"https://fas.tghp.co.uk/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https://fas.tghp.co.uk/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":"required name=search_term_string"}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https://fas.tghp.co.uk/#organization","name":"Federation of American Scientists","alternateName":"FAS","url":"https://fas.tghp.co.uk/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://fas.tghp.co.uk/#/schema/logo/image/","url":"https://fas.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/FAS-SocialCard.jpg","contentUrl":"https://fas.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/FAS-SocialCard.jpg","width":500,"height":194,"caption":"Federation of American Scientists"},"image":{"@id":"https://fas.tghp.co.uk/#/schema/logo/image/"},"sameAs":["https://twitter.com/FAScientists","https://www.linkedin.com/company/federation-of-american-scientists/"]}]}</script>  <script type="text/javascript"> window._wpemojiSettings = {"baseUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/14.0.0\/72x72\/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/14.0.0\/svg\/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"https:\/\/fas.org\/wp\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-emoji-release.min.js?ver=6.1.1"}}; /*! This file is auto-generated */ !function(e,a,t){var n,r,o,i=a.createElement("canvas"),p=i.getContext&&i.getContext("2d");function s(e,t){var a=String.fromCharCode,e=(p.clearRect(0,0,i.width,i.height),p.fillText(a.apply(this,e),0,0),i.toDataURL());return p.clearRect(0,0,i.width,i.height),p.fillText(a.apply(this,t),0,0),e===i.toDataURL()}function c(e){var t=a.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=t.type="text/javascript",a.getElementsByTagName("head")[0].appendChild(t)}for(o=Array("flag","emoji"),t.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},r=0;r<o.length;r++)t.supports[o[r]]=function(e){if(p&&p.fillText)switch(p.textBaseline="top",p.font="600 32px Arial",e){case"flag":return s([127987,65039,8205,9895,65039],[127987,65039,8203,9895,65039])?!1:!s([55356,56826,55356,56819],[55356,56826,8203,55356,56819])&&!s([55356,57332,56128,56423,56128,56418,56128,56421,56128,56430,56128,56423,56128,56447],[55356,57332,8203,56128,56423,8203,56128,56418,8203,56128,56421,8203,56128,56430,8203,56128,56423,8203,56128,56447]);case"emoji":return!s([129777,127995,8205,129778,127999],[129777,127995,8203,129778,127999])}return!1}(o[r]),t.supports.everything=t.supports.everything&&t.supports[o[r]],"flag"!==o[r]&&(t.supports.everythingExceptFlag=t.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&t.supports[o[r]]);t.supports.everythingExceptFlag=t.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!t.supports.flag,t.DOMReady=!1,t.readyCallback=function(){t.DOMReady=!0},t.supports.everything||(n=function(){t.readyCallback()},a.addEventListener?(a.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",n,!1),e.addEventListener("load",n,!1)):(e.attachEvent("onload",n),a.attachEvent("onreadystatechange",function(){"complete"===a.readyState&&t.readyCallback()})),(e=t.source||{}).concatemoji?c(e.concatemoji):e.wpemoji&&e.twemoji&&(c(e.twemoji),c(e.wpemoji)))}(window,document,window._wpemojiSettings); </script> <style type="text/css"> img.wp-smiley, img.emoji { display: inline !important; border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; height: 1em !important; width: 1em !important; margin: 0 0.07em !important; vertical-align: -0.1em !important; background: none !important; padding: 0 !important; } </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='https://fas.org/wp/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=6.1.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='classic-theme-styles-css' href='https://fas.org/wp/wp-includes/css/classic-themes.min.css?ver=1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='global-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> body{--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--duotone--dark-grayscale: url('#wp-duotone-dark-grayscale');--wp--preset--duotone--grayscale: url('#wp-duotone-grayscale');--wp--preset--duotone--purple-yellow: url('#wp-duotone-purple-yellow');--wp--preset--duotone--blue-red: url('#wp-duotone-blue-red');--wp--preset--duotone--midnight: url('#wp-duotone-midnight');--wp--preset--duotone--magenta-yellow: url('#wp-duotone-magenta-yellow');--wp--preset--duotone--purple-green: url('#wp-duotone-purple-green');--wp--preset--duotone--blue-orange: url('#wp-duotone-blue-orange');--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flow > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}body .is-layout-flow > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}body .is-layout-flow > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}body .is-layout-constrained > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}body .is-layout-constrained > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}body .is-layout-constrained > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}body .is-layout-constrained > :where(:not(.alignleft):not(.alignright):not(.alignfull)){max-width: var(--wp--style--global--content-size);margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}body .is-layout-constrained > .alignwide{max-width: var(--wp--style--global--wide-size);}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}body .is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}body .is-layout-flex > *{margin: 0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;} .wp-block-navigation a:where(:not(.wp-element-button)){color: inherit;} :where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;} .wp-block-pullquote{font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='tablepress-default-css' href='https://fas.org/wp-content/plugins/tablepress/css/build/default.css?ver=2.1.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <script type='text/javascript' src='https://fas.org/wp-content/themes/fas/assets/dist/main.js?ver=1719331708' id='main-js'></script> <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://fas.org/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" type="application/json" href="https://fas.org/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/1208" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://fas.org/wp/xmlrpc.php?rsd" /> <link rel="wlwmanifest" type="application/wlwmanifest+xml" href="https://fas.org/wp/wp-includes/wlwmanifest.xml" /> <meta name="generator" content="WordPress 6.1.1" /> <link rel='shortlink' href='https://fas.org/?p=1208' /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://fas.org/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Fpublications-archive%2F" /> <link rel="alternate" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://fas.org/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Fpublications-archive%2F&format=xml" /> <style type="text/css">@charset "UTF-8";.site-header{background-color:#f4f4f4;border-bottom:1px solid #255979;z-index:100}.site-header:not(.site-nav-open .site-header){position:sticky;top:0}.site-header__inner{max-width:1440px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;width:100%;height:60px;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;gap:25px}@media (max-width: 44.99em){.site-header__inner{padding-left:20px}}@media (min-width: 45em) and (max-width: 63.99em){.site-header__inner{padding-left:30px}}@media (min-width: 64em){.site-header__inner{padding-left:40px}}@media (max-width: 44.99em){.site-header__inner{padding-right:20px}}@media (min-width: 45em) and (max-width: 63.99em){.site-header__inner{padding-right:30px}}@media (min-width: 64em){.site-header__inner{padding-right:40px}}@media (min-width: 45em){.site-header__inner{height:80px}}.site-header__logo{display:flex}@media (min-width: 70em){.site-header__menu-toggle{display:none}}.site-header__menu-toggle-view,.site-header__menu-toggle-close{display:flex;cursor:pointer}.site-header__menu-toggle-close,.site-nav-open .site-header__menu-toggle .site-header__menu-toggle-view{display:none}.site-nav-open .site-header__menu-toggle .site-header__menu-toggle-close{display:flex}@media (max-width: 69.99em){.site-header__nav{display:none}.site-nav-open .site-header__nav{display:block}}@media (min-width: 70em){.site-nav__mobile{display:none}}@media (max-width: 69.99em){.site-nav__desktop{display:none}}@media (max-width: 69.99em){.site-nav{position:absolute;top:61px;left:0;width:100%;background-color:#f4f4f4}}@media (min-width: 45em) and (max-width: 69.99em){.site-nav{top:81px}}.site-nav__menu{position:relative}@media (max-width: 69.99em){.site-nav__menu{padding:50px 25px}.site-nav__menu>li{border-top:1px solid #000000}.site-nav__menu>li:last-child{border-bottom:1px solid #000000}}@media (min-width: 70em){.site-nav__menu{display:flex;flex-direction:row;column-gap:40px}}@media (min-width: 75em){.site-nav__menu{column-gap:50px}}@media (max-width: 69.99em){.site-nav__menu li{font-family:FraktionMono,"serif";font-weight:700;font-size:.75rem;line-height:1;text-transform:uppercase;color:#000}.site-nav__menu li a{display:block;padding-top:14px;padding-bottom:14px}}@media (min-width: 70em){.site-nav__menu li{font-family:FraktionMono,"serif";font-weight:400;font-size:.875rem;line-height:.65;text-transform:uppercase;color:#255979}}*:where(:not(html,iframe,canvas,img,svg,video,audio):not(svg *,symbol *)){all:unset;display:revert}*,*:before,*:after{box-sizing:border-box}a,button{cursor:revert}ol,ul,menu{list-style:none}img{max-inline-size:100%;max-block-size:100%}table{border-collapse:collapse}input,textarea{-webkit-user-select:auto}textarea{white-space:revert}meter{-webkit-appearance:revert;appearance:revert}:where(pre){all:revert}::placeholder{color:unset}::marker{content:initial}:where([hidden]){display:none}:where([contenteditable]:not([contenteditable=false])){-moz-user-modify:read-write;-webkit-user-modify:read-write;overflow-wrap:break-word;-webkit-line-break:after-white-space;-webkit-user-select:auto}:where([draggable=true]){-webkit-user-drag:element}:where(dialog:modal){all:revert}:root{--color--science: #36BD96;--color--social: #FFBD12;--color--national: #E94F37;--color--tech: #45A6FF;--color--regional: #A77AD7;--color--blue: #255979;--color--grey: #E7E7E7;--color--offwhite: #F4F4F4;--color--black: #000000;--issue-color: var(--color--blue);--issue-font-color: var(--color--offwhite);--image-block--width: 100%}*{box-sizing:border-box}html{height:100%}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;min-height:100%;overflow-x:hidden;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;background-color:#f4f4f4;font-variant-numeric:slashed-zero}@media (max-width: 61.24em){body.site-nav-open .site-main,body.site-nav-open .site-footer{display:none}}body.no-scroll{overflow:hidden}img{display:block;max-width:100%;height:auto} .page-hero{max-width:1440px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;display:grid;gap:30px;padding-bottom:30px}@media (max-width: 44.99em){.page-hero{padding-left:20px}}@media (min-width: 45em) and (max-width: 63.99em){.page-hero{padding-left:30px}}@media (min-width: 64em){.page-hero{padding-left:40px}}@media (max-width: 44.99em){.page-hero{padding-right:20px}}@media (min-width: 45em) and (max-width: 63.99em){.page-hero{padding-right:30px}}@media (min-width: 64em){.page-hero{padding-right:40px}}@media (min-width: 41.25em){.page-hero{grid-template-columns:335px auto;gap:20px;padding-bottom:40px}.page-hero__content{order:1}.page-hero__image{order:2}}@media (min-width: 61.25em){.page-hero{grid-template-columns:555px minmax(auto,785px)}}.page-hero__content{display:flex;flex-direction:column;align-self:flex-end;gap:15px}@media (min-width: 61.25em){.page-hero__content{gap:30px}}.page-hero__content-title{font-weight:400;font-size:2.625rem;line-height:1;letter-spacing:-.05em;text-transform:none;color:#255979;margin-bottom:0}@media (min-width: 61.25em){.page-hero__content-title{font-size:5rem;line-height:1}}.page-hero__content-text{color:#000}@media (min-width: 61.25em){.page-hero__content-text{font-weight:400;font-size:1rem;line-height:1.6;letter-spacing:-.015em}}.page-hero__content-text p:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.page-hero__content-link{position:relative;padding-left:20px;user-select:none;font-family:FraktionMono,"serif";font-weight:400;font-size:.75rem;line-height:1;text-transform:uppercase}@media (min-width: 64em){.page-hero__content-link{font-family:FraktionMono,"serif";font-weight:400;font-size:1rem;line-height:1}}.page-hero__content-link:not(a){cursor:pointer}.page-hero__content-link svg{position:absolute;width:12px;height:9px;top:50%;left:6px;transform:translate(-50%,-50%)}.page-hero__content-link svg path{fill:#255979}.page-hero__content--has-flag{position:relative;padding-left:15px;display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:15px}.page-hero__content--has-flag:before{content:"";display:block;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:2px;height:100%;background-color:var(--issue-color)}.page-hero__content--has-flag .page-hero__flag{margin-left:-15px;z-index:1}@media (min-width: 45em){.page-hero__content--has-flag .page-hero__flag{display:flex}}.page-hero__content--has-flag .page-hero__flag>*{font-family:FraktionMono,"serif";font-weight:700;font-size:.75rem;line-height:1;text-transform:uppercase;padding:5px 15px 6px;width:fit-content;background-color:var(--issue-color);color:var(--issue-font-color)}@media (min-width: 45em){.page-hero__content--has-flag .page-hero__flag>*{font-family:FraktionMono,"serif";font-weight:700;font-size:1rem;line-height:1}}.page-hero__content--has-flag .page-hero__flag>*:nth-child(2){background-color:var(--color--black);color:var(--color--offwhite)}.page-hero__image{position:relative}.page-hero__image:before{content:"";display:block}.page-hero__image:before{padding-top:99.3630573248%}.page-hero__image img{display:block;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;object-fit:cover}.page-hero__image img{mix-blend-mode:luminosity}.page-hero__image-overlay{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;z-index:1;background-color:#255979;mix-blend-mode:soft-light}@media (max-width: 41.24em) and (max-width: 44.99em){.page-hero__image{margin-left:-20px}}@media (max-width: 41.24em) and (min-width: 45em) and (max-width: 63.99em){.page-hero__image{margin-left:-30px}}@media (max-width: 41.24em) and (min-width: 64em){.page-hero__image{margin-left:-40px}}@media (max-width: 41.24em) and (max-width: 44.99em){.page-hero__image{margin-right:-20px}}@media (max-width: 41.24em) and (min-width: 45em) and (max-width: 63.99em){.page-hero__image{margin-right:-30px}}@media (max-width: 41.24em) and (min-width: 64em){.page-hero__image{margin-right:-40px}}@media (min-width: 41.25em) and (max-width: 61.24em) and (max-width: 44.99em){.page-hero__image{margin-right:-20px}}@media (min-width: 41.25em) and (max-width: 61.24em) and (min-width: 45em) and (max-width: 63.99em){.page-hero__image{margin-right:-30px}}@media (min-width: 41.25em) and (max-width: 61.24em) and (min-width: 64em){.page-hero__image{margin-right:-40px}}@media (min-width: 45em){.page-hero__image{max-width:min(100%,max(450px,80vh));display:flex;margin-left:auto;width:100%}}.fallback-header{margin-top:40px}.fallback-header h1{font-weight:700;font-size:2rem;line-height:1;letter-spacing:-.04em;text-transform:capitalize;color:#255979;margin-bottom:0}@media (min-width: 45em){.fallback-header h1{font-size:2.8125rem;line-height:1;letter-spacing:-.05em}}.fallback-header:has(+ .block-content-grid .block--full-width:first-child){margin-bottom:40px}@media (max-width: 61.24em){.fallback-header--content-grid{max-width:1440px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}@media (max-width: 61.24em) and (max-width: 44.99em){.fallback-header--content-grid{padding-left:20px}}@media (max-width: 61.24em) and (min-width: 45em) and (max-width: 63.99em){.fallback-header--content-grid{padding-left:30px}}@media (max-width: 61.24em) and (min-width: 64em){.fallback-header--content-grid{padding-left:40px}}@media (max-width: 61.24em) and (max-width: 44.99em){.fallback-header--content-grid{padding-right:20px}}@media (max-width: 61.24em) and (min-width: 45em) and (max-width: 63.99em){.fallback-header--content-grid{padding-right:30px}}@media (max-width: 61.24em) and (min-width: 64em){.fallback-header--content-grid{padding-right:40px}}@media (min-width: 61.25em) and (min-width: 61.25em){.fallback-header--content-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:40px minmax(auto,346px) 670px 40px 1fr}}@media (min-width: 61.25em) and (min-width: 75em){.fallback-header--content-grid{grid-template-columns:auto 40px 231px 115px 670px 115px minmax(auto,230px) 40px auto}}@media (min-width: 61.25em){.fallback-header--content-grid .fallback-header__title{grid-column:3}}@media (min-width: 75em){.fallback-header--content-grid .fallback-header__title{grid-column:5}}.fallback-header--template-full-width{max-width:1440px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}@media (max-width: 44.99em){.fallback-header--template-full-width{padding-left:20px}}@media (min-width: 45em) and (max-width: 63.99em){.fallback-header--template-full-width{padding-left:30px}}@media (min-width: 64em){.fallback-header--template-full-width{padding-left:40px}}@media (max-width: 44.99em){.fallback-header--template-full-width{padding-right:20px}}@media (min-width: 45em) and (max-width: 63.99em){.fallback-header--template-full-width{padding-right:30px}}@media (min-width: 64em){.fallback-header--template-full-width{padding-right:40px}}@media (min-width: 61.25em){.block-content-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:40px minmax(auto,346px) 670px 40px 1fr}}@media (min-width: 75em){.block-content-grid{grid-template-columns:auto 40px 231px 115px 670px 115px minmax(auto,230px) 40px auto}}@media (max-width: 61.24em){.block-content-grid>*:not(.block--full-width,.block--contained,.wp-block-quote,ul){max-width:1440px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}@media (max-width: 61.24em) and (max-width: 44.99em){.block-content-grid>*:not(.block--full-width,.block--contained,.wp-block-quote,ul){padding-left:20px}}@media (max-width: 61.24em) and (min-width: 45em) and (max-width: 63.99em){.block-content-grid>*:not(.block--full-width,.block--contained,.wp-block-quote,ul){padding-left:30px}}@media (max-width: 61.24em) and (min-width: 64em){.block-content-grid>*:not(.block--full-width,.block--contained,.wp-block-quote,ul){padding-left:40px}}@media (max-width: 61.24em) and (max-width: 44.99em){.block-content-grid>*:not(.block--full-width,.block--contained,.wp-block-quote,ul){padding-right:20px}}@media (max-width: 61.24em) and (min-width: 45em) and (max-width: 63.99em){.block-content-grid>*:not(.block--full-width,.block--contained,.wp-block-quote,ul){padding-right:30px}}@media (max-width: 61.24em) and (min-width: 64em){.block-content-grid>*:not(.block--full-width,.block--contained,.wp-block-quote,ul){padding-right:40px}}@media (max-width: 61.24em) and (max-width: 44.99em){.block-content-grid ul,.block-content-grid .wp-block-quote,.block-content-grid .data-wrapper,.block-content-grid .button-block{margin-left:20px}}@media (max-width: 61.24em) and (min-width: 45em) and (max-width: 63.99em){.block-content-grid ul,.block-content-grid .wp-block-quote,.block-content-grid .data-wrapper,.block-content-grid .button-block{margin-left:30px}}@media (max-width: 61.24em) and (min-width: 64em){.block-content-grid ul,.block-content-grid .wp-block-quote,.block-content-grid .data-wrapper,.block-content-grid .button-block{margin-left:40px}}@media (max-width: 61.24em) and (max-width: 44.99em){.block-content-grid ul,.block-content-grid .wp-block-quote,.block-content-grid .data-wrapper,.block-content-grid .button-block{margin-right:20px}}@media (max-width: 61.24em) and (min-width: 45em) and (max-width: 63.99em){.block-content-grid ul,.block-content-grid .wp-block-quote,.block-content-grid .data-wrapper,.block-content-grid .button-block{margin-right:30px}}@media (max-width: 61.24em) and (min-width: 64em){.block-content-grid ul,.block-content-grid .wp-block-quote,.block-content-grid .data-wrapper,.block-content-grid .button-block{margin-right:40px}}@media (min-width: 61.25em){.block-content-grid .block-content-grid__header{grid-column:2/4}.block-content-grid>*:not(.block-content-grid__header){grid-column:3}}@media (min-width: 75em){.block-content-grid .block-content-grid__header{grid-column:3/6}.block-content-grid>*:not(.block-content-grid__header){grid-column:5}.block-content-grid .image-block,.block-content-grid .video-block,.block-content-grid .data-embed{grid-column:4/7}}.block-content-grid__header{display:grid}@media (min-width: 61.25em){.block-content-grid__header{grid-template-columns:minmax(auto,346px) 670px auto;grid-template-areas:". image" "aside title"}.block-content-grid__header .block-content-grid__image{grid-area:image}.block-content-grid__header .block-content-grid__sidebar{grid-area:aside}.block-content-grid__header .block-content-grid__title-area{grid-area:title}}@media (min-width: 75em){.block-content-grid__header{grid-template-columns:231px 115px 670px;grid-template-areas:". . image" "aside aside title"}}.block-content-grid>.block,.block-content-grid .wp-block-separator,.block-content-grid .wp-block-quote{margin-top:20px;margin-bottom:20px}.block-content-grid [class*=block]:has(+ :is(h1,h2,h3,h4)){margin-bottom:30px}.block-content-grid:not(.block-content-grid.featured-section)>*:not(.block-content-grid__header,.block--full-width):first-child{margin-top:30px}@media (min-width: 61.25em){.block-content-grid:not(.block-content-grid.featured-section)>*:not(.block-content-grid__header,.block--full-width):first-child{margin-top:40px}}.block-content-grid>.block--full-width{grid-column:1/-1}.block-content-grid>.block--contained{grid-column:1/-1}@media (min-width: 64em){.block-content-grid>.block--contained{grid-column:2/4}}@media (min-width: 75em){.block-content-grid>.block--contained{grid-column:4/7}}.block-content-grid>.block--full-width,.block-content-grid>.block--contained{border-top:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,.5);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,.5)}.block-content-grid>.block--full-width:first-child,.block-content-grid>.block--full-width+.block--full-width,.block-content-grid>.block--contained:first-child,.block-content-grid>.block--contained+.block--full-width{margin-top:0}.block-content-grid>.block--full-width:last-child,.block-content-grid>.block--full-width:has(+ .block--full-width),.block-content-grid>.block--contained:last-child,.block-content-grid>.block--contained:has(+ .block--full-width){margin-bottom:0;border-bottom:none}.block-content-grid>.block--full-width+p,.block-content-grid>.block--contained+p{margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:15px}.block-content-grid h1+:is(h1,h2,h3,h4),.block-content-grid h2+:is(h1,h2,h3,h4),.block-content-grid h3+:is(h1,h2,h3,h4),.block-content-grid h4+:is(h1,h2,h3,h4){margin-top:5px}.block-content-grid h1+.is-style-subtitle,.block-content-grid h2+.is-style-subtitle,.block-content-grid h3+.is-style-subtitle,.block-content-grid h4+.is-style-subtitle{margin-top:25px}.block-content-grid h1.is-style-subtitle:has(+ p),.block-content-grid h2.is-style-subtitle:has(+ p),.block-content-grid h3.is-style-subtitle:has(+ p),.block-content-grid h4.is-style-subtitle:has(+ p){margin-bottom:30px}.block-content-grid>p+p.is-style-featured,.block-content-grid>ul+p.is-style-featured{margin-top:25px}.block-content-grid>p:has(+ :is(h1,h2,h3,h4)),.block-content-grid>ul:has(+ :is(h1,h2,h3,h4)){margin-bottom:25px}.block-content-grid>p:has(+ p.is-style-featured,+ .wp-block-quote),.block-content-grid>ul:has(+ p.is-style-featured,+ .wp-block-quote){margin-bottom:0}.block-content-grid:not(.block-content-grid.featured-section)>p:last-child:not(:has(+ *)),.block-content-grid:not(.block-content-grid.featured-section)>ul:last-child:not(:has(+ *)){margin-bottom:45px}.block-content-grid .block.accordion-items+.block--full-width,.block-content-grid .block.accordion-items:has(+ .block--full-width){border-top:none}.block-content-grid .block.accordion-items:has(+ .block--full-width){margin-bottom:30px}.block-content-grid .wp-block-separator+.block--full-width:not(.day-one-cta){border-top:none}.block-content-grid .wp-block-separator+p{margin-top:10px}.site-main:has(.block-content-grid:first-child) .block--full-width:not(.featured-section):first-child{border-top:none} </style> <link rel="preload" href="https://fas.org/wp-content/themes/fas/assets/dist/main.css?version=1719331708" as="style"><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fas.org/wp-content/themes/fas/assets/dist/main.css?version=1719331708" media="print" onload="this.media='all'; this.onload=null;"></head> <body class="page-template page-template-templates page-template-template-archive-publications page-template-templatestemplate-archive-publications-php page page-id-1208 wp-embed-responsive">  <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-N6TJX7F" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>  <header class="site-header"> <div class="site-header__inner"> <a href="https://fas.org/" title="Federation of American Scientists" rel="home" class="site-header__logo"> <svg width="202" height="40" viewBox="0 0 202 40" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <g clip-path="url(#clip0_1711_7019)"> <path d="M24.6516 6.45017H6.27381V16.9877H21.7154V22.7993H6.27381V39.4464H0V0.574707H24.6516V6.45017Z" fill="#255979"/> <path d="M77.4619 40C69.4982 40 64.0693 36.1256 64.0693 27.4615H70.2798C70.2798 32.826 72.4767 34.2949 77.4619 34.2949H77.7577C82.5105 34.2949 84.6652 32.8686 84.6652 28.9942C84.6652 24.4386 79.2997 23.4168 75.1172 21.9905C68.442 19.7127 64.7031 16.6898 64.8298 10.4737C64.9354 3.57642 70.0897 -0.0212402 76.7648 -0.0212402H77.1028C84.6863 -0.0212402 89.9462 3.85316 89.9462 12.5812H83.7357C83.7357 7.17408 81.7078 5.68392 77.1239 5.68392H76.7859C73.1104 5.68392 71.1247 7.17408 71.1247 10.4737C71.1247 14.412 74.5046 15.6041 78.3702 16.7962C85.489 18.9676 90.9179 21.7563 90.9179 28.9942C90.9179 36.2321 85.5524 40 77.7999 40H77.5042H77.4619Z" fill="#255979"/> <path d="M48.036 0.574707H38.657L28.2852 39.4464H58.1755L48.036 0.574707ZM36.439 33.5923L43.093 6.45017H43.7056L50.2541 33.5923H36.439Z" fill="#255979"/> <path d="M112.991 2.44815H107.626V5.51361H112.125V7.21664H107.626V12.0703H105.788V0.745117H112.97V2.44815H112.991Z" fill="#255979"/> <path d="M122.687 2.44815H117.448V5.51361H121.483V7.21664H117.448V10.346H122.687V12.049H115.61V0.745117H122.687V2.44815Z" fill="#255979"/> <path d="M128.856 0.745117C131.095 0.745117 132.679 2.12883 132.679 4.89626V7.91915C132.679 10.6866 131.095 12.0703 128.856 12.0703H125.096V0.745117H128.856ZM130.841 4.89626C130.841 3.00164 130.229 2.44815 128.856 2.44815H126.933V10.346H128.856C130.229 10.346 130.841 9.77119 130.841 7.89786V4.87497V4.89626Z" fill="#255979"/> <path d="M142.438 2.44815H137.199V5.51361H141.234V7.21664H137.199V10.346H142.438V12.049H135.361V0.745117H142.438V2.44815Z" fill="#255979"/> <path d="M152.598 4.36406C152.598 6.34384 151.732 7.49339 150.063 7.81271V7.94043L152.556 12.0703H150.528L148.057 7.91915H146.958V12.0703H145.142V0.745117H148.923C151.352 0.745117 152.598 1.91595 152.598 4.3002V4.36406ZM150.803 4.3002C150.803 2.93777 150.401 2.44815 148.923 2.44815H146.958V6.21611H148.923C150.401 6.21611 150.803 5.7052 150.803 4.36406V4.3002Z" fill="#255979"/> <path d="M160.9 12.0703L160.119 8.85581H156.823L156.021 12.0703H154.077L157.098 0.745117H159.844L162.801 12.0703H160.9ZM157.246 7.15278H159.717L158.577 2.44815H158.386L157.246 7.15278Z" fill="#255979"/> <path d="M172.455 0.745117V2.44815H169.223V12.0703H167.385V2.44815H164.153V0.745117H172.434H172.455Z" fill="#255979"/> <path d="M181.749 2.44815H179.109V10.346H181.749V12.049H174.673V10.346H177.292V2.44815H174.673V0.745117H181.749V2.44815Z" fill="#255979"/> <path d="M188.024 12.2192C185.785 12.2192 184.2 10.8355 184.2 8.0681V4.70461C184.2 1.93718 185.785 0.553467 188.024 0.553467H188.129C190.368 0.553467 191.953 1.93718 191.953 4.70461V8.0681C191.953 10.8355 190.368 12.2192 188.129 12.2192H188.024ZM188.129 10.5588C189.502 10.5588 190.115 9.94144 190.115 8.0681V4.70461C190.115 2.83127 189.502 2.21392 188.129 2.21392H188.024C186.651 2.21392 186.038 2.83127 186.038 4.70461V8.0681C186.038 9.94144 186.651 10.5588 188.024 10.5588H188.129Z" fill="#255979"/> <path d="M194.318 12.0703V0.745117H196.895L199.642 9.17513H199.832V0.745117H201.585V12.0703H199.008L196.262 3.64027H196.072V12.0703H194.318Z" fill="#255979"/> <path d="M107.393 23.3954C106.084 23.3954 105.154 22.5864 105.154 20.9686V19.0101C105.154 17.3922 106.084 16.5833 107.393 16.5833H107.457C108.766 16.5833 109.696 17.3922 109.696 19.0101V20.9686C109.696 22.5864 108.766 23.3954 107.457 23.3954H107.393ZM107.457 22.4161C108.26 22.4161 108.619 22.0542 108.619 20.9686V19.0101C108.619 17.9244 108.26 17.5625 107.457 17.5625H107.393C106.591 17.5625 106.232 17.9244 106.232 19.0101V20.9686C106.232 22.0542 106.591 22.4161 107.393 22.4161H107.457Z" fill="#255979"/> <path d="M115.463 17.6902H112.336V19.4784H114.956V20.4577H112.336V23.2889H111.28V16.6897H115.463V17.6902Z" fill="#255979"/> <path d="M131.263 25.6733L130.482 22.4588H127.187L126.384 25.6733H124.44L127.461 14.3481H130.207L133.165 25.6733H131.263ZM127.609 20.7558H130.081L128.94 16.0512H128.75L127.609 20.7558Z" fill="#255979"/> <path d="M134.791 25.6733V14.3481H136.84L138.593 18.9038H138.762L140.515 14.3481H142.565V25.6733H140.832V17.4775H140.642L139.058 21.4583H138.213L136.65 17.4775H136.46V25.6733H134.728H134.791Z" fill="#255979"/> <path d="M152.303 16.0512H147.064V19.1166H151.099V20.8197H147.064V23.949H152.303V25.652H145.227V14.3481H152.303V16.0512Z" fill="#255979"/> <path d="M162.485 17.9671C162.485 19.9469 161.619 21.0964 159.95 21.4157V21.5435L162.443 25.6733H160.415L157.943 21.5222H156.845V25.6733H155.028V14.3481H158.81C161.239 14.3481 162.485 15.519 162.485 17.9032V17.9671ZM160.69 17.9032C160.69 16.5408 160.288 16.0512 158.81 16.0512H156.845V19.8191H158.81C160.288 19.8191 160.69 19.3082 160.69 17.9671V17.9032Z" fill="#255979"/> <path d="M171.864 16.0512H169.223V23.949H171.864V25.652H164.787V23.949H167.406V16.0512H164.787V14.3481H171.864V16.0512Z" fill="#255979"/> <path d="M178.158 25.8435C175.919 25.8435 174.335 24.4598 174.335 21.6924V18.3289C174.335 15.5614 175.919 14.1777 178.158 14.1777H178.264C180.503 14.1777 182.087 15.5614 182.087 18.3289H180.25C180.25 16.4555 179.637 15.8382 178.264 15.8382H178.158C176.785 15.8382 176.173 16.4555 176.173 18.3289V21.6924C176.173 23.5657 176.785 24.1831 178.158 24.1831H178.264C179.637 24.1831 180.25 23.5657 180.25 21.6924H182.087C182.087 24.4598 180.503 25.8435 178.264 25.8435H178.158Z" fill="#255979"/> <path d="M190.537 25.6733L189.755 22.4588H186.46L185.657 25.6733H183.714L186.735 14.3481H189.481L192.438 25.6733H190.537ZM186.882 20.7558H189.354L188.213 16.0512H188.023L186.882 20.7558Z" fill="#255979"/> <path d="M194.318 25.6733V14.3481H196.895L199.62 22.7782H199.811V14.3481H201.564V25.6733H199.008L196.262 17.2433H196.072V25.6733H194.318Z" fill="#255979"/> <path d="M109.062 39.4465C106.739 39.4465 105.154 38.3183 105.154 35.785H106.971C106.971 37.339 107.605 37.7861 109.062 37.7861H109.147C110.541 37.7861 111.153 37.3816 111.153 36.2321C111.153 34.9122 109.59 34.6142 108.365 34.1884C106.422 33.5285 105.323 32.6344 105.366 30.8249C105.387 28.8239 106.908 27.7808 108.851 27.7808H108.957C111.154 27.7808 112.696 28.909 112.696 31.4423H110.879C110.879 29.867 110.287 29.4412 108.957 29.4412H108.851C107.774 29.4412 107.203 29.867 107.203 30.8462C107.203 31.9958 108.196 32.3364 109.316 32.6983C111.386 33.3369 112.97 34.1458 112.97 36.2534C112.97 38.3609 111.407 39.4678 109.147 39.4678H109.062V39.4465Z" fill="#255979"/> <path d="M118.885 39.4465C116.646 39.4465 115.062 38.0628 115.062 35.2954V31.9319C115.062 29.1645 116.646 27.7808 118.885 27.7808H118.991C121.23 27.7808 122.814 29.1645 122.814 31.9319H120.976C120.976 30.0586 120.343 29.4412 118.991 29.4412H118.885C117.512 29.4412 116.899 30.0586 116.899 31.9319V35.2954C116.899 37.1687 117.533 37.7861 118.885 37.7861H118.991C120.364 37.7861 120.976 37.1687 120.976 35.2954H122.814C122.814 38.0628 121.23 39.4465 118.991 39.4465H118.885Z" fill="#255979"/> <path d="M132.362 29.654H129.721V37.5518H132.362V39.2548H125.285V37.5518H127.905V29.654H125.285V27.9509H132.362V29.654Z" fill="#255979"/> <path d="M142.438 29.654H137.199V32.7195H141.234V34.4225H137.199V37.5518H142.438V39.2549H135.361V27.9297H142.438V29.6327V29.654Z" fill="#255979"/> <path d="M144.952 39.2761V27.9509H147.529L150.254 36.3809H150.444V27.9509H152.198V39.2761H149.642L146.896 30.8461H146.705V39.2761H144.952Z" fill="#255979"/> <path d="M162.591 27.9509V29.654H159.359V39.2761H157.521V29.654H154.289V27.9509H162.591Z" fill="#255979"/> <path d="M171.864 29.654H169.223V37.5518H171.864V39.2548H164.787V37.5518H167.406V29.654H164.787V27.9509H171.864V29.654Z" fill="#255979"/> <path d="M178.201 39.4465C175.877 39.4465 174.293 38.3183 174.293 35.785H176.11C176.11 37.339 176.743 37.7861 178.201 37.7861H178.285C179.658 37.7861 180.292 37.3816 180.292 36.2321C180.292 34.9122 178.729 34.6142 177.504 34.1884C175.56 33.5285 174.483 32.6344 174.504 30.8249C174.546 28.8239 176.046 27.7808 177.99 27.7808H178.095C180.313 27.7808 181.834 28.909 181.834 31.4423H180.018C180.018 29.867 179.426 29.4412 178.095 29.4412H177.99C176.912 29.4412 176.342 29.867 176.342 30.8462C176.342 31.9958 177.335 32.3364 178.454 32.6983C180.525 33.3369 182.109 34.1458 182.109 36.2534C182.109 38.3609 180.546 39.4678 178.285 39.4678H178.201V39.4465Z" fill="#255979"/> <path d="M192.206 27.9509V29.654H188.974V39.2761H187.136V29.654H183.904V27.9509H192.185H192.206Z" fill="#255979"/> <path d="M197.952 39.4465C195.628 39.4465 194.044 38.3183 194.044 35.785H195.861C195.861 37.339 196.494 37.7861 197.952 37.7861H198.036C199.409 37.7861 200.043 37.3816 200.043 36.2321C200.043 34.9122 198.48 34.6142 197.255 34.1884C195.311 33.5285 194.234 32.6344 194.255 30.8249C194.297 28.8239 195.797 27.7808 197.741 27.7808H197.846C200.064 27.7808 201.585 28.909 201.585 31.4423H199.769C199.769 29.867 199.177 29.4412 197.846 29.4412H197.741C196.663 29.4412 196.093 29.867 196.093 30.8462C196.093 31.9958 197.086 32.3364 198.205 32.6983C200.276 33.3369 201.86 34.1458 201.86 36.2534C201.86 38.3609 200.297 39.4678 198.036 39.4678H197.952V39.4465Z" fill="#255979"/> </g> <defs> <clipPath id="clip0_1711_7019"> <rect width="201.86" height="40" fill="white"/> </clipPath> </defs> </svg> </a> <button class="site-header__menu-toggle" type="button" role="button" data-gw-main-init='{ "mobile-nav-toggle": {} }'> <div class="site-header__menu-toggle-view"> <svg width="30" height="30" viewBox="0 0 30 30" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <rect y="-0.000488281" width="30" height="5.17241" fill="#255979"/> <rect y="12.1714" width="30" height="5.17241" fill="#255979"/> <rect y="24.3452" width="30" height="5.17241" fill="#255979"/> </svg> </div> <div class="site-header__menu-toggle-close"> <svg width="30" height="29" viewBox="0 0 30 29" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <rect x="0.000976562" y="25.54" width="36.105" height="4.89277" transform="rotate(-45 0.000976562 25.54)" fill="#255979"/> <rect x="3.78418" width="36.105" height="4.89277" transform="rotate(45 3.78418 0)" fill="#255979"/> </svg> </div> </button> <nav class="site-header__nav site-nav"> <div class="site-nav__mobile" data-gw-main-init='{ "main-nav-links--mobile": {} }'> <ul id="menu-main-navigation" class="site-nav__menu"><li id="menu-item-8" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-8"><a href="#">Issues</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-37" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-issues menu-item-37"><a href="https://fas.org/issue/climate-environment/">Environment</a></li> <li id="menu-item-39" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-issues menu-item-39"><a href="https://fas.org/issue/emerging-technology/">Emerging Technology</a></li> <li id="menu-item-35" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-issues menu-item-35"><a href="https://fas.org/issue/energy/">Clean Energy</a></li> <li id="menu-item-31389" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-31389"><a href="https://fas.org/initiative/nuclear-information-project/">Nuclear Weapons</a></li> <li id="menu-item-36" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-issues menu-item-36"><a href="https://fas.org/issue/global-risk/">Global Risk</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-33" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-33"><a href="https://fas.org/publications/">Publications</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1674" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1674"><a href="https://fas.org/day-one-project/">Day One Project</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1829" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1829"><a href="https://fas.org/talent-hub/">Talent Hub</a></li> <li id="menu-item-45" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-45"><a href="https://fas.org/about-fas/">About</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-1673" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1673"><a href="https://fas.org/about-fas/">About us</a></li> <li id="menu-item-31" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-31"><a href="https://fas.org/contact/">Contact</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1671" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1671"><a href="https://fas.org/diversity-equity-inclusion-and-belonging/">DEIB</a></li> <li id="menu-item-17438" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-17438"><a href="https://fas.org/fas-experts/?expert-category=staff">Staff</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1312" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1312"><a href="https://fas.org/careers/">Careers</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1675" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1675"><a href="https://fas.org/fiscal-sponsorship/">Fiscal Sponsorship</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1686" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1686"><a href="https://fas.org/ways-to-engage/">Ways to engage</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-32" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-32"><a href="https://fas.org/donate/">Donate</a></li> <li id="menu-item-34" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-34"><a href="https://fas.org/search/">Search</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="site-nav__desktop" data-gw-main-init='{ "main-nav-links--desktop": {} }'> <ul id="menu-main-navigation-1" class="site-nav__menu"><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-8"><a href="#">Issues</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-issues menu-item-37"><a href="https://fas.org/issue/climate-environment/">Environment</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-issues menu-item-39"><a href="https://fas.org/issue/emerging-technology/">Emerging Technology</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-issues menu-item-35"><a href="https://fas.org/issue/energy/">Clean Energy</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-31389"><a href="https://fas.org/initiative/nuclear-information-project/">Nuclear Weapons</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-issues menu-item-36"><a href="https://fas.org/issue/global-risk/">Global Risk</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-33"><a href="https://fas.org/publications/">Publications</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1674"><a href="https://fas.org/day-one-project/">Day One Project</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1829"><a href="https://fas.org/talent-hub/">Talent Hub</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-45"><a href="https://fas.org/about-fas/">About</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1673"><a href="https://fas.org/about-fas/">About us</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-31"><a href="https://fas.org/contact/">Contact</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1671"><a href="https://fas.org/diversity-equity-inclusion-and-belonging/">DEIB</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-17438"><a href="https://fas.org/fas-experts/?expert-category=staff">Staff</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1312"><a href="https://fas.org/careers/">Careers</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1675"><a href="https://fas.org/fiscal-sponsorship/">Fiscal Sponsorship</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1686"><a href="https://fas.org/ways-to-engage/">Ways to engage</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-32"><a href="https://fas.org/donate/">Donate</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-34"><a href="https://fas.org/search/">Search</a></li> </ul> </div> </nav> </div> </header> <main class="site-main"> <div class="search-toolbar search-results__toolbar"> <div data-gw-main-init='{ "search-toolbar": {"formAction":"https:\/\/fas.org\/publications-archive\/","originalSearchTerm":"","issues":[{"label":"Government Capacity","value":"31180"},{"label":"Emerging Technology","value":"21"},{"label":"Education & Workforce","value":"19"},{"label":"Environment","value":"17"},{"label":"Global Risk","value":"15"},{"label":"day one project","value":"day-one"}],"publicationTypes":[{"label":"Article","value":"article"},{"label":"Blog","value":"blog"},{"label":"Issue Brief","value":"issue-brief"},{"label":"Policy Memo","value":"policies"},{"label":"Press release","value":"press-release"},{"label":"Report","value":"report"}],"trendingTerms":[{"label":"Artificial Intelligence","value":"artificial-intelligence","primary":true},{"label":"CHIPS and Science","value":"chips-and-science","primary":true},{"label":"extreme heat","value":"extreme-heat","primary":true},{"label":"Health Equity","value":"health-equity","primary":true},{"label":"STEM Education","value":"stem-education","primary":true},{"label":"accelerator-developed memo","value":"accelerator-developed-memo","primary":false},{"label":"accessibility","value":"accessibility","primary":false},{"label":"accountability","value":"accountability","primary":false},{"label":"Advanced Nuclear Reactors","value":"advanced-nuclear-reactors","primary":false},{"label":"Afghanistan","value":"afghanistan","primary":false},{"label":"AgARDA","value":"agarda","primary":false},{"label":"agriculture","value":"agriculture","primary":false},{"label":"AI Legislative Sprint","value":"ai-legislative-sprint","primary":false},{"label":"AI safety","value":"ai-safety","primary":false},{"label":"AISI","value":"aisi","primary":false},{"label":"al Qaeda","value":"al-qaeda","primary":false},{"label":"ALI Coalition","value":"ali-coalition","primary":false},{"label":"appropriations","value":"appropriations","primary":false},{"label":"Arm Sales Monitoring","value":"arm-sales-monitoring","primary":false},{"label":"Arms Control","value":"arms-control","primary":false},{"label":"Arms Trade","value":"arms-trade","primary":false},{"label":"ARPA","value":"arpa","primary":false},{"label":"artifical intelligence","value":"artifical-intelligence","primary":false},{"label":"Artificial Intelligence","value":"artificial-intelligence","primary":false},{"label":"B-2","value":"b-2","primary":false},{"label":"B-21","value":"b-21","primary":false},{"label":"B-52","value":"b-52","primary":false},{"label":"ballistic missiles","value":"ballistic-missiles","primary":false},{"label":"barksdale","value":"barksdale","primary":false},{"label":"Belarus","value":"belarus","primary":false},{"label":"Biden Administration","value":"biden-administration","primary":false},{"label":"Bio And Chemical Weapons","value":"bio-and-chemical-weapons","primary":false},{"label":"Bioeconomy","value":"bioeconomy","primary":false},{"label":"Biological Weapons","value":"biological-weapons","primary":false},{"label":"biology","value":"biology","primary":false},{"label":"Biosecurity","value":"biosecurity","primary":false},{"label":"biosprint","value":"biosprint","primary":false},{"label":"biotechnology","value":"biotechnology","primary":false},{"label":"bombers","value":"bombers","primary":false},{"label":"Books","value":"books","primary":false},{"label":"budget","value":"budget","primary":false},{"label":"Censorship","value":"censorship","primary":false},{"label":"Chemical Weapons","value":"chemical-weapons","primary":false},{"label":"Childhood development","value":"childhood-development","primary":false},{"label":"China","value":"china","primary":false},{"label":"CHIPS and Science","value":"chips-and-science","primary":false},{"label":"CIA","value":"cia","primary":false},{"label":"civil society","value":"civil-society","primary":false},{"label":"classification","value":"classification","primary":false},{"label":"Clean Energy","value":"clean-energy","primary":false},{"label":"clean energy workforce","value":"clean-energy-workforce","primary":false},{"label":"climate","value":"climate","primary":false},{"label":"Climate Change","value":"climate-change","primary":false},{"label":"climate policy","value":"climate-policy","primary":false},{"label":"commercialization","value":"commercialization","primary":false},{"label":"competition","value":"competition","primary":false},{"label":"competitiveness","value":"competitiveness","primary":false},{"label":"concrete","value":"concrete","primary":false},{"label":"Congress","value":"congress","primary":false},{"label":"counterterrorism","value":"counterterrorism","primary":false},{"label":"COVID-19","value":"covid-19","primary":false},{"label":"CRS","value":"crs","primary":false},{"label":"CTBT","value":"ctbt","primary":false},{"label":"CUI","value":"cui","primary":false},{"label":"Culture","value":"culture","primary":false},{"label":"Cyber Security","value":"cyber-security","primary":false},{"label":"Cybersecurity","value":"cybersecurity","primary":false},{"label":"Cyberwar","value":"cyberwar","primary":false},{"label":"data","value":"data","primary":false},{"label":"Day One 2025","value":"day-one-2025","primary":false},{"label":"day one project","value":"day-one-project","primary":false},{"label":"Declassification","value":"declassification","primary":false},{"label":"Dept of Defense","value":"dept-of-defense","primary":false},{"label":"Dept of Education","value":"dept-of-education","primary":false},{"label":"Dept of Energy","value":"dept-of-energy","primary":false},{"label":"Deterrence","value":"deterrence","primary":false},{"label":"DHS","value":"dhs","primary":false},{"label":"digital infrastructure","value":"digital-infrastructure","primary":false},{"label":"digital justice","value":"digital-justice","primary":false},{"label":"digital surveillance","value":"digital-surveillance","primary":false},{"label":"Dirty Bomb","value":"dirty-bomb","primary":false},{"label":"Disarmament","value":"disarmament","primary":false},{"label":"disinformation","value":"disinformation","primary":false},{"label":"DOE Spotlight","value":"doe-spotlight","primary":false},{"label":"DOT I-ARPA","value":"dot-i-arpa","primary":false},{"label":"Drones","value":"drones","primary":false},{"label":"Early career cohort","value":"early-career-cohort","primary":false},{"label":"Economic","value":"economic","primary":false},{"label":"Education","value":"education","primary":false},{"label":"education R&D","value":"education-rd","primary":false},{"label":"egypt","value":"egypt","primary":false},{"label":"electric grid","value":"electric-grid","primary":false},{"label":"electric vehicles","value":"electric-vehicles","primary":false},{"label":"email","value":"email","primary":false},{"label":"Emerging Technologies","value":"emerging-technologies","primary":false},{"label":"emerging technology","value":"emerging-technology","primary":false},{"label":"Emerging Threats","value":"emerging-threats","primary":false},{"label":"Energy","value":"energy","primary":false},{"label":"Energy And Environment","value":"energy-and-environment","primary":false},{"label":"energy security","value":"energy-security","primary":false},{"label":"entrepreneurship","value":"entrepreneurship","primary":false},{"label":"Environment","value":"environment","primary":false},{"label":"environmental justice","value":"environmental-justice","primary":false},{"label":"equity","value":"equity","primary":false},{"label":"espionage","value":"espionage","primary":false},{"label":"Event readout","value":"event-readout","primary":false},{"label":"evidence","value":"evidence","primary":false},{"label":"extreme heat","value":"extreme-heat","primary":false},{"label":"Extreme Heat Challenge","value":"extreme-heat-challenge","primary":false},{"label":"FAS","value":"fas","primary":false},{"label":"FAS News","value":"fas-news","primary":false},{"label":"FDA","value":"fda","primary":false},{"label":"FDA Advisory Committees","value":"fda-advisory-committees","primary":false},{"label":"federal capacity","value":"federal-capacity","primary":false},{"label":"FESI","value":"fesi","primary":false},{"label":"FISA","value":"fisa","primary":false},{"label":"focused research organization","value":"focused-research-organization","primary":false},{"label":"FOIA","value":"foia","primary":false},{"label":"food security","value":"food-security","primary":false},{"label":"forecasting","value":"forecasting","primary":false},{"label":"France","value":"france","primary":false},{"label":"Freedom of speech","value":"freedom-of-speech","primary":false},{"label":"FRO","value":"fro","primary":false},{"label":"GAO","value":"gao","primary":false},{"label":"GBSD","value":"gbsd","primary":false},{"label":"geolocation","value":"geolocation","primary":false},{"label":"Geothermal","value":"geothermal","primary":false},{"label":"Global Development","value":"global-development","primary":false},{"label":"Global Health","value":"global-health","primary":false},{"label":"government capacity","value":"government-capacity","primary":false},{"label":"Government Secrecy","value":"government-secrecy","primary":false},{"label":"green ammonia","value":"green-ammonia","primary":false},{"label":"green jobs","value":"green-jobs","primary":false},{"label":"Health Equity","value":"health-equity","primary":false},{"label":"health policy","value":"health-policy","primary":false},{"label":"high-skill immigration","value":"high-skill-immigration","primary":false},{"label":"high-skilled immigration","value":"high-skilled-immigration","primary":false},{"label":"Highly Enriched Uranium","value":"highly-enriched-uranium","primary":false},{"label":"hiring","value":"hiring","primary":false},{"label":"Hiroshima","value":"hiroshima","primary":false},{"label":"History","value":"history","primary":false},{"label":"House","value":"house","primary":false},{"label":"Housing","value":"housing","primary":false},{"label":"Housing Ideas Challenge","value":"housing-ideas-challenge","primary":false},{"label":"ICBM","value":"icbm","primary":false},{"label":"IIJA","value":"iija","primary":false},{"label":"Impact Fellow","value":"impact-fellow","primary":false},{"label":"In Memoriam","value":"in-memoriam","primary":false},{"label":"incentive prizes","value":"incentive-prizes","primary":false},{"label":"India","value":"india","primary":false},{"label":"industrial policy","value":"industrial-policy","primary":false},{"label":"infrastructure","value":"infrastructure","primary":false},{"label":"Innovation","value":"innovation","primary":false},{"label":"innovative procurement","value":"innovative-procurement","primary":false},{"label":"insider threat","value":"insider-threat","primary":false},{"label":"Inspector general","value":"inspector-general","primary":false},{"label":"Intelligence","value":"intelligence","primary":false},{"label":"International","value":"international","primary":false},{"label":"international cooperation","value":"international-cooperation","primary":false},{"label":"international relations","value":"international-relations","primary":false},{"label":"interview","value":"interview","primary":false},{"label":"IRA","value":"ira","primary":false},{"label":"Iran","value":"iran","primary":false},{"label":"Iranian nuclear weapons","value":"iranian-nuclear-weapons","primary":false},{"label":"Iraq","value":"iraq","primary":false},{"label":"ISIL","value":"isil","primary":false},{"label":"Israel","value":"israel","primary":false},{"label":"italy","value":"italy","primary":false},{"label":"Japan","value":"japan","primary":false},{"label":"Judicial","value":"judicial","primary":false},{"label":"Justice","value":"justice","primary":false},{"label":"Leaks","value":"leaks","primary":false},{"label":"legislation","value":"legislation","primary":false},{"label":"local government","value":"local-government","primary":false},{"label":"Manhattan Project","value":"manhattan-project","primary":false},{"label":"manufacturing","value":"manufacturing","primary":false},{"label":"Media","value":"media","primary":false},{"label":"metaculus","value":"metaculus","primary":false},{"label":"Metascience","value":"metascience","primary":false},{"label":"Military Doctrine","value":"military-doctrine","primary":false},{"label":"mirv","value":"mirv","primary":false},{"label":"Missile Defense","value":"missile-defense","primary":false},{"label":"moonshot","value":"moonshot","primary":false},{"label":"Movies","value":"movies","primary":false},{"label":"NARA","value":"nara","primary":false},{"label":"NASA","value":"nasa","primary":false},{"label":"nasic","value":"nasic","primary":false},{"label":"national emergency","value":"national-emergency","primary":false},{"label":"national labs","value":"national-labs","primary":false},{"label":"National Science Foundation","value":"national-science-foundation","primary":false},{"label":"NATO","value":"nato","primary":false},{"label":"Naval Power","value":"naval-power","primary":false},{"label":"NEPA","value":"nepa","primary":false},{"label":"New Books","value":"new-books","primary":false},{"label":"New START","value":"new-start","primary":false},{"label":"New Voices on Nuclear Weapons","value":"new-voices-on-nuclear-weapons","primary":false},{"label":"NIH","value":"nih","primary":false},{"label":"NIST","value":"nist","primary":false},{"label":"nist-ai-800-1","value":"nist-ai-800-1","primary":false},{"label":"no fly list","value":"no-fly-list","primary":false},{"label":"nonproliferation","value":"nonproliferation","primary":false},{"label":"North Korea","value":"north-korea","primary":false},{"label":"NPT","value":"npt","primary":false},{"label":"NSA","value":"nsa","primary":false},{"label":"NSC","value":"nsc","primary":false},{"label":"Nuclear","value":"nuclear","primary":false},{"label":"Nuclear Energy","value":"nuclear-energy","primary":false},{"label":"Nuclear Information","value":"nuclear-information","primary":false},{"label":"Nuclear Notebook","value":"nuclear-notebook","primary":false},{"label":"Nuclear Power","value":"nuclear-power","primary":false},{"label":"Nuclear Proliferation","value":"nuclear-proliferation","primary":false},{"label":"Nuclear Security","value":"nuclear-security","primary":false},{"label":"nuclear sharing","value":"nuclear-sharing","primary":false},{"label":"Nuclear Terrorism","value":"nuclear-terrorism","primary":false},{"label":"Nuclear war","value":"nuclear-war","primary":false},{"label":"Nuclear Weapons","value":"nuclear-weapons","primary":false},{"label":"Nuclear Winter","value":"nuclear-winter","primary":false},{"label":"Open Science","value":"open-science","primary":false},{"label":"open skies","value":"open-skies","primary":false},{"label":"Oppenheimer","value":"oppenheimer","primary":false},{"label":"organs","value":"organs","primary":false},{"label":"osint","value":"osint","primary":false},{"label":"OTA","value":"ota","primary":false},{"label":"Other Transaction Authority","value":"other-transaction-authority","primary":false},{"label":"Oversight","value":"oversight","primary":false},{"label":"Pacific Ocean","value":"pacific-ocean","primary":false},{"label":"Pakistan","value":"pakistan","primary":false},{"label":"pandemic preparedness","value":"pandemic-preparedness","primary":false},{"label":"Pentagon","value":"pentagon","primary":false},{"label":"People of FAS","value":"people-of-fas","primary":false},{"label":"permitting","value":"permitting","primary":false},{"label":"permitting reform","value":"permitting-reform","primary":false},{"label":"platform accountability","value":"platform-accountability","primary":false},{"label":"plutonium","value":"plutonium","primary":false},{"label":"poland","value":"poland","primary":false},{"label":"Policy","value":"policy","primary":false},{"label":"policy entrepreneurship","value":"policy-entrepreneurship","primary":false},{"label":"policy position","value":"policy-position","primary":false},{"label":"polygraph","value":"polygraph","primary":false},{"label":"power grid","value":"power-grid","primary":false},{"label":"President\u0027s Message","value":"presidents-message","primary":false},{"label":"presidential directives","value":"presidential-directives","primary":false},{"label":"privacy","value":"privacy","primary":false},{"label":"procurement","value":"procurement","primary":false},{"label":"Public Health","value":"public-health","primary":false},{"label":"Public Safety","value":"public-safety","primary":false},{"label":"public trust","value":"public-trust","primary":false},{"label":"Racial Equity in Tech","value":"racial-equity-in-tech","primary":false},{"label":"radiation accident","value":"radiation-accident","primary":false},{"label":"Radiological Weapons","value":"radiological-weapons","primary":false},{"label":"regional government","value":"regional-government","primary":false},{"label":"Regional Innovation","value":"regional-innovation","primary":false},{"label":"Research","value":"research","primary":false},{"label":"Research & Development","value":"research-and-development","primary":false},{"label":"Resources","value":"resources","primary":false},{"label":"Risk","value":"risk","primary":false},{"label":"Russia","value":"russia","primary":false},{"label":"Satellite","value":"satellite","primary":false},{"label":"satellite imagery","value":"satellite-imagery","primary":false},{"label":"Science","value":"science","primary":false},{"label":"science careers","value":"science-careers","primary":false},{"label":"science communication","value":"science-communication","primary":false},{"label":"Science funding","value":"science-funding","primary":false},{"label":"science funding innovation","value":"science-funding-innovation","primary":false},{"label":"science policy","value":"science-policy","primary":false},{"label":"scientific research","value":"scientific-research","primary":false},{"label":"scientists in policy","value":"scientists-in-policy","primary":false},{"label":"Secrecy","value":"secrecy","primary":false},{"label":"Secrecy News","value":"secrecy-news","primary":false},{"label":"secret law","value":"secret-law","primary":false},{"label":"security","value":"security","primary":false},{"label":"security and transparency","value":"security-and-transparency","primary":false},{"label":"Security Clearances","value":"security-clearances","primary":false},{"label":"security culture","value":"security-culture","primary":false},{"label":"Senate","value":"senate","primary":false},{"label":"sentinel","value":"sentinel","primary":false},{"label":"sentinel ICBM","value":"sentinel-icbm","primary":false},{"label":"SIPRI","value":"sipri","primary":false},{"label":"SIPRI Yearbook","value":"sipri-yearbook","primary":false},{"label":"smoke impacts","value":"smoke-impacts","primary":false},{"label":"Snowden","value":"snowden","primary":false},{"label":"Somalia","value":"somalia","primary":false},{"label":"South Korea","value":"south-korea","primary":false},{"label":"Space","value":"space","primary":false},{"label":"space exploration","value":"space-exploration","primary":false},{"label":"special operations","value":"special-operations","primary":false},{"label":"SPxE","value":"spxe","primary":false},{"label":"SSBNs","value":"ssbns","primary":false},{"label":"SSGNs","value":"ssgns","primary":false},{"label":"state capacity","value":"state-capacity","primary":false},{"label":"state secrets privilege","value":"state-secrets-privilege","primary":false},{"label":"STEM Education","value":"stem-education","primary":false},{"label":"Strategic Security","value":"strategic-security","primary":false},{"label":"supply chain","value":"supply-chain","primary":false},{"label":"Surveillance","value":"surveillance","primary":false},{"label":"sustainability","value":"sustainability","primary":false},{"label":"Syria","value":"syria","primary":false},{"label":"Systems Thinking","value":"systems-thinking","primary":false},{"label":"Tactical Nuclear Weapons","value":"tactical-nuclear-weapons","primary":false},{"label":"Talent","value":"talent","primary":false},{"label":"technology","value":"technology","primary":false},{"label":"Terrorism","value":"terrorism","primary":false},{"label":"texas","value":"texas","primary":false},{"label":"tipping points","value":"tipping-points","primary":false},{"label":"tom kalil","value":"tom-kalil","primary":false},{"label":"TPNW","value":"tpnw","primary":false},{"label":"Trade","value":"trade","primary":false},{"label":"transparency","value":"transparency","primary":false},{"label":"transportation","value":"transportation","primary":false},{"label":"Transportation Security","value":"transportation-security","primary":false},{"label":"Trump Administration","value":"trump-administration","primary":false},{"label":"Turkey","value":"turkey","primary":false},{"label":"Ukraine","value":"ukraine","primary":false},{"label":"UN General Assembly","value":"un-general-assembly","primary":false},{"label":"United Kingdom","value":"united-kingdom","primary":false},{"label":"united kingdon","value":"united-kingdon","primary":false},{"label":"United States","value":"united-states","primary":false},{"label":"Unleashing Regional Innovation","value":"unleashing-regional-innovation","primary":false},{"label":"USAID","value":"usaid","primary":false},{"label":"USDA","value":"usda","primary":false},{"label":"Verification","value":"verification","primary":false},{"label":"water","value":"water","primary":false},{"label":"whistleblower","value":"whistleblower","primary":false},{"label":"White House","value":"white-house","primary":false},{"label":"wildfire","value":"wildfire","primary":false},{"label":"Wildland Fire","value":"wildland-fire","primary":false},{"label":"WMD","value":"wmd","primary":false},{"label":"Workforce","value":"workforce","primary":false}]} }'></div> <div class="search-toolbar__tools"> <h1 class="search-toolbar__title"> <span>Publication Archive</span> </h1> <div class="search-toolbar__buttons" id="search-buttons"></div> <div class="search-toolbar__sort" id="search-sort"></div> <a class="search-toolbar__back" href="javascript: history.back()"> <svg width="11" height="9" viewBox="0 0 11 9" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M11 5.95025L11 3.12439L-3.57628e-07 1.31174e-07L-2.50304e-07 9L11 5.95025Z" fill="#255979"/> </svg><span>Back</span> </a> </div> </div> <div class="posts-archive"> <div class="posts-archive__grid"> <a href="https://fas.org/publication/combating-bias-in-medical-innovation/" class="archive-post" style="--issue-color: var(--color--tech); --issue-font-color: var(--color--offwhite)" data-post-id="20972"> <div class="archive-post__issue is-day-one"> <div class="archive-post__issue-title"> Emerging Technology </div> <div class="archive-post__issue-day-one"> day one project </div> </div> <div class="archive-post__types"> <div class="archive-post__types-item"> Policy Memo </div> </div> <div class="archive-post__body"> <div class="archive-post__body-title"> Promoting Fairness in Medical Innovation </div> <div class="archive-post__body-content archive-post__body-content--has-excerpt"> <p>The incoming administration must act to address bias in medical technology at the development, testing and regulation, and market-deployment and evaluation phases. </p> </div> </div> <div class="archive-post__details"> <span>11.22.24</span> <span>|</span> <span>16 min read</span> </div> <div class="archive-post__link"> <svg width="11" height="9" viewBox="0 0 11 9" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M11 5.95025L11 3.12439L-3.57628e-07 1.31174e-07L-2.50304e-07 9L11 5.95025Z" fill="#255979"/> </svg><span>read more</span> </div> <div class="archive-post__hover-background"></div> </a> <a href="https://fas.org/publication/protecting-newborn-dna-privacy/" class="archive-post" style="--issue-color: var(--color--tech); --issue-font-color: var(--color--offwhite)" data-post-id="33658"> <div class="archive-post__issue is-day-one"> <div class="archive-post__issue-title"> Emerging Technology </div> <div class="archive-post__issue-day-one"> day one project </div> </div> <div class="archive-post__types"> <div class="archive-post__types-item"> Policy Memo </div> </div> <div class="archive-post__body"> <div class="archive-post__body-title"> Establish Data Standards To Protect Newborn DNA Privacy by Developing Data Storage Standards for Newborn Screening Samples </div> <div class="archive-post__body-content archive-post__body-content--has-excerpt"> <p>The incoming administration should work towards encouraging state health departments to develop clear and well-communicated data storage standards for newborn screening samples.</p> </div> </div> <div class="archive-post__details"> <span>11.18.24</span> <span>|</span> <span>11 min read</span> </div> <div class="archive-post__link"> <svg width="11" height="9" viewBox="0 0 11 9" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M11 5.95025L11 3.12439L-3.57628e-07 1.31174e-07L-2.50304e-07 9L11 5.95025Z" fill="#255979"/> </svg><span>read more</span> </div> <div class="archive-post__hover-background"></div> </a> <a href="https://fas.org/publication/adcomm-public-awareness/" class="archive-post" style="--issue-color: var(--color--black); --issue-font-color: var(--color--offwhite)" data-post-id="32583"> <div class="archive-post__issue"> <div class="archive-post__issue-title"> Government Capacity </div> </div> <div class="archive-post__types"> <div class="archive-post__types-item"> Report </div> </div> <div class="archive-post__body"> <div class="archive-post__body-title"> Improving Public Awareness and Understanding of Advisory Committees </div> <div class="archive-post__body-content archive-post__body-content--has-excerpt"> <p>Improving public awareness of FDA Advisory Committees would improve public trust and deter misinformation related to the approval of medical products.</p> </div> </div> <div class="archive-post__details"> <span>09.13.24</span> <span>|</span> <span>4 min read</span> </div> <div class="archive-post__link"> <svg width="11" height="9" viewBox="0 0 11 9" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M11 5.95025L11 3.12439L-3.57628e-07 1.31174e-07L-2.50304e-07 9L11 5.95025Z" fill="#255979"/> </svg><span>read more</span> </div> <div class="archive-post__hover-background"></div> </a> <a href="https://fas.org/publication/the-role-of-patient-advocacy-in-the-adcomm-process/" class="archive-post" style="--issue-color: var(--color--black); --issue-font-color: var(--color--offwhite)" data-post-id="32413"> <div class="archive-post__issue"> <div class="archive-post__issue-title"> Government Capacity </div> </div> <div class="archive-post__types"> <div class="archive-post__types-item"> Report </div> </div> <div class="archive-post__body"> <div class="archive-post__body-title"> The Role of Patient Advocacy in the AdComm Process </div> <div class="archive-post__body-content archive-post__body-content--has-excerpt"> <p>The absence of consistent voting privileges for patient representatives on Advisory Committees hinders representatives from providing an voice on behalf of the community they represent.</p> </div> </div> <div class="archive-post__details"> <span>09.12.24</span> <span>|</span> <span>7 min read</span> </div> <div class="archive-post__link"> <svg width="11" height="9" viewBox="0 0 11 9" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M11 5.95025L11 3.12439L-3.57628e-07 1.31174e-07L-2.50304e-07 9L11 5.95025Z" fill="#255979"/> </svg><span>read more</span> </div> <div class="archive-post__hover-background"></div> </a> <a href="https://fas.org/publication/fda-disagreements-adcomm/" class="archive-post" style="--issue-color: var(--color--black); --issue-font-color: var(--color--offwhite)" data-post-id="32390"> <div class="archive-post__issue"> <div class="archive-post__issue-title"> Government Capacity </div> </div> <div class="archive-post__types"> <div class="archive-post__types-item"> Report </div> </div> <div class="archive-post__body"> <div class="archive-post__body-title"> FDA Staff and Leadership Disagreements and the Role of the AdComm in the Regulatory Process </div> <div class="archive-post__body-content archive-post__body-content--has-excerpt"> <p>Internal disagreements present a growing concern about FDA leadership overruling the expert opinions of scientific staff and proceeding with official approvals, thus undermining staff expertise, decreasing agency morale, and potentially diminishing public trust.</p> </div> </div> <div class="archive-post__details"> <span>09.10.24</span> <span>|</span> <span>6 min read</span> </div> <div class="archive-post__link"> <svg width="11" height="9" viewBox="0 0 11 9" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M11 5.95025L11 3.12439L-3.57628e-07 1.31174e-07L-2.50304e-07 9L11 5.95025Z" fill="#255979"/> </svg><span>read more</span> </div> <div class="archive-post__hover-background"></div> </a> <a href="https://fas.org/publication/leveraging-adcomm-membership/" class="archive-post" style="--issue-color: var(--color--black); --issue-font-color: var(--color--offwhite)" data-post-id="32405"> <div class="archive-post__issue"> <div class="archive-post__issue-title"> Government Capacity </div> </div> <div class="archive-post__types"> <div class="archive-post__types-item"> Report </div> </div> <div class="archive-post__body"> <div class="archive-post__body-title"> Leveraging AdComm Membership </div> <div class="archive-post__body-content archive-post__body-content--has-excerpt"> <p>AdComm members note a lack of transparency in recruitment methods, insufficient training, and limited understanding of regulatory procedures.</p> </div> </div> <div class="archive-post__details"> <span>09.09.24</span> <span>|</span> <span>8 min read</span> </div> <div class="archive-post__link"> <svg width="11" height="9" viewBox="0 0 11 9" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M11 5.95025L11 3.12439L-3.57628e-07 1.31174e-07L-2.50304e-07 9L11 5.95025Z" fill="#255979"/> </svg><span>read more</span> </div> <div class="archive-post__hover-background"></div> </a> <a href="https://fas.org/publication/the-future-of-voting-for-fda-advisory-committees/" class="archive-post" style="--issue-color: var(--color--black); --issue-font-color: var(--color--offwhite)" data-post-id="32381"> <div class="archive-post__issue"> <div class="archive-post__issue-title"> Government Capacity </div> </div> <div class="archive-post__types"> <div class="archive-post__types-item"> Report </div> </div> <div class="archive-post__body"> <div class="archive-post__body-title"> The Future of Voting for FDA Advisory Committees </div> <div class="archive-post__body-content archive-post__body-content--has-excerpt"> <p>Public meetings led by FDA Advisory Committees are instrumental in facilitating transparent deliberation between the FDA, the advisory body, and the American public.</p> </div> </div> <div class="archive-post__details"> <span>09.09.24</span> <span>|</span> <span>4 min read</span> </div> <div class="archive-post__link"> <svg width="11" height="9" viewBox="0 0 11 9" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M11 5.95025L11 3.12439L-3.57628e-07 1.31174e-07L-2.50304e-07 9L11 5.95025Z" fill="#255979"/> </svg><span>read more</span> </div> <div class="archive-post__hover-background"></div> </a> <a href="https://fas.org/publication/extreme-heat-moonshot/" class="archive-post" style="--issue-color: var(--color--science); --issue-font-color: var(--color--offwhite)" data-post-id="29552"> <div class="archive-post__issue is-day-one"> <div class="archive-post__issue-title"> Environment </div> <div class="archive-post__issue-day-one"> day one project </div> </div> <div class="archive-post__types"> <div class="archive-post__types-item"> Policy Memo </div> </div> <div class="archive-post__body"> <div class="archive-post__body-title"> Combating Extreme Heat with a聽National Moonshot </div> <div class="archive-post__body-content archive-post__body-content--has-excerpt"> <p>The White House Climate Policy Office should establish a National Moonshot to Combat Extreme Heat, an all-of-government program to accelerate federal efforts to reduce heat risk.</p> </div> </div> <div class="archive-post__details"> <span>04.02.24</span> <span>|</span> <span>10 min read</span> </div> <div class="archive-post__link"> <svg width="11" height="9" viewBox="0 0 11 9" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M11 5.95025L11 3.12439L-3.57628e-07 1.31174e-07L-2.50304e-07 9L11 5.95025Z" fill="#255979"/> </svg><span>read more</span> </div> <div class="archive-post__hover-background"></div> </a> <a href="https://fas.org/publication/heat-stress-management/" class="archive-post" style="--issue-color: var(--color--science); --issue-font-color: var(--color--offwhite)" data-post-id="29509"> <div class="archive-post__issue is-day-one"> <div class="archive-post__issue-title"> Environment </div> <div class="archive-post__issue-day-one"> day one project </div> </div> <div class="archive-post__types"> <div class="archive-post__types-item"> Policy Memo </div> </div> <div class="archive-post__body"> <div class="archive-post__body-title"> Adopting Evidence-Based Heat Stress Management Strategies in the Workplace to Enhance Climate Equity </div> <div class="archive-post__body-content archive-post__body-content--has-excerpt"> <p>Without a federal heat stress standard, there is no way to ensure the adoption of heat stress prevention strategies to protect vulnerable workers.</p> </div> </div> <div class="archive-post__details"> <span>04.01.24</span> <span>|</span> <span>7 min read</span> </div> <div class="archive-post__link"> <svg width="11" height="9" viewBox="0 0 11 9" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M11 5.95025L11 3.12439L-3.57628e-07 1.31174e-07L-2.50304e-07 9L11 5.95025Z" fill="#255979"/> </svg><span>read more</span> </div> <div class="archive-post__hover-background"></div> </a> <a href="https://fas.org/publication/cross-agency-heat-monitoring/" class="archive-post" style="--issue-color: var(--color--science); --issue-font-color: var(--color--offwhite)" data-post-id="29505"> <div class="archive-post__issue is-day-one"> <div class="archive-post__issue-title"> Environment </div> <div class="archive-post__issue-day-one"> day one project </div> </div> <div class="archive-post__types"> <div class="archive-post__types-item"> Policy Memo </div> </div> <div class="archive-post__body"> <div class="archive-post__body-title"> Improve Extreme Heat Monitoring by Launching Cross-Agency Temperature Network </div> <div class="archive-post__body-content archive-post__body-content--has-excerpt"> <p>It is imperative for local government officials and city planners to understand who is most vulnerable to the impacts of extreme heat and how temperatures vary throughout a city to develop effective heat mitigation and response strategies.</p> </div> </div> <div class="archive-post__details"> <span>04.01.24</span> <span>|</span> <span>7 min read</span> </div> <div class="archive-post__link"> <svg width="11" height="9" viewBox="0 0 11 9" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M11 5.95025L11 3.12439L-3.57628e-07 1.31174e-07L-2.50304e-07 9L11 5.95025Z" fill="#255979"/> </svg><span>read more</span> </div> <div class="archive-post__hover-background"></div> </a> <a href="https://fas.org/publication/modern-preparedness-extreme-heat/" class="archive-post" style="--issue-color: var(--color--science); --issue-font-color: var(--color--offwhite)" data-post-id="29470"> <div class="archive-post__issue is-day-one"> <div class="archive-post__issue-title"> Environment </div> <div class="archive-post__issue-day-one"> day one project </div> </div> <div class="archive-post__types"> <div class="archive-post__types-item"> Policy Memo </div> </div> <div class="archive-post__body"> <div class="archive-post__body-title"> Addressing the National Challenges of Extreme Heat by Modernizing Preparedness Approaches at Administration for Strategic Preparedness and Response </div> <div class="archive-post__body-content archive-post__body-content--has-excerpt"> <p>Extreme heat kills more people on average every year than any other extreme weather event. A major operational barrier to extreme heat response planning is a lack of data-driven decision-making resources, such as impact-based forecasts.</p> </div> </div> <div class="archive-post__details"> <span>04.01.24</span> <span>|</span> <span>8 min read</span> </div> <div class="archive-post__link"> <svg width="11" height="9" viewBox="0 0 11 9" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M11 5.95025L11 3.12439L-3.57628e-07 1.31174e-07L-2.50304e-07 9L11 5.95025Z" fill="#255979"/> </svg><span>read more</span> </div> <div class="archive-post__hover-background"></div> </a> <a href="https://fas.org/publication/coordinate-community-environmental-data/" class="archive-post" style="--issue-color: var(--color--tech); --issue-font-color: var(--color--offwhite)" data-post-id="27756"> <div class="archive-post__issue is-day-one"> <div class="archive-post__issue-title"> Emerging Technology </div> <div class="archive-post__issue-day-one"> day one project </div> </div> <div class="archive-post__types"> <div class="archive-post__types-item"> Policy Memo </div> </div> <div class="archive-post__body"> <div class="archive-post__body-title"> Expand capacity and coordination to better integrate community data into environmental governance </div> <div class="archive-post__body-content archive-post__body-content--has-excerpt"> <p>The EPA should better integrate community data into environmental research and governance by building internal capacity for recognizing and applying such data, facilitating connections between data communities, and addressing misalignments with data standards.</p> </div> </div> <div class="archive-post__details"> <span>02.05.24</span> <span>|</span> <span>5 min read</span> </div> <div class="archive-post__link"> <svg width="11" height="9" viewBox="0 0 11 9" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M11 5.95025L11 3.12439L-3.57628e-07 1.31174e-07L-2.50304e-07 9L11 5.95025Z" fill="#255979"/> </svg><span>read more</span> </div> <div class="archive-post__hover-background"></div> </a> </div> <div class="pagination-links"> <span aria-current="page" class="page-numbers current">1</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="https://fas.org/publications-archive/page/2/?tt=health-equity">2</a> <a class="next page-numbers" href="https://fas.org/publications-archive/page/2/?tt=health-equity">Next</a> </div> </div> </main> <footer class="site-footer"> <div class="site-footer__panels"> <div class="site-footer__careers-panel"> <header class="block-header"> <div class="block-header__heading"> <div class="block-header__heading-title"> Careers </div> </div> <a href="https://fas.org/careers/" class="block-header__link"> <svg width="11" height="9" viewBox="0 0 11 9" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M11 5.95025L11 3.12439L-3.57628e-07 1.31174e-07L-2.50304e-07 9L11 5.95025Z" fill="#255979"/> </svg><span>SEE OPEN POSITIONS</span> <span class="block-header__link-title"></span> </a> </header> <div class="site-footer__cta"> <div class="site-footer__cta-flag"> <div class="site-footer__cta-flag-title"> Join Team FAS </div> </div> <div class="site-footer__cta-featured"> We believe in embracing a growth oriented and entrepreneurial mindset to drive impact for our colleagues, our customers and the world. </div> <a href="https://fas.org/careers/" class="site-footer__cta-link"> <svg width="11" height="9" viewBox="0 0 11 9" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M11 5.95025L11 3.12439L-3.57628e-07 1.31174e-07L-2.50304e-07 9L11 5.95025Z" fill="#255979"/> </svg><span>SEE OPEN POSITIONS</span> </a> </div> </div> <div class="site-footer__contact-panel" style="--issue-color: var(--color--offwhite);"> <div class="site-footer__cta"> <div class="site-footer__cta-flag"> <div class="site-footer__cta-flag-title"> Stay Informed </div> </div> <div class="site-footer__cta-text"> Sign up for newsletter to receive the latest news and announcements </div> <div class="site-footer__cta-signup-form"> <form action="//fas.us8.list-manage.com/subscribe/post?u=33c6e6fc9f63792ebcbb7ef9d&id=56a7496199" method="post" id="mc-embedded-subscribe-form" name="mc-embedded-subscribe-form" class="validate" target="_blank" novalidate> <div id="mc_embed_signup_scroll" class="site-footer__cta-signup-form-grid" style="--issue-font-color: var(--color--blue)"> <div class="site-footer__cta-signup-form-grid-email"> <input type="email" value="" name="EMAIL" class="required email form-control" placeholder="YOUR EMAIL ADDRESS" id="mce-EMAIL"> </div>  <div style="position: absolute; left: -5000px;" aria-hidden="true"> <input type="text" name="b_33c6e6fc9f63792ebcbb7ef9d_56a7496199" tabindex="-1" value=""> </div> <input type="submit" value="Submit" name="subscribe" id="mc-embedded-subscribe" class="site-footer__cta-signup-form-grid-submit"> <div id="mce-responses" class="clear"> <div class="response" id="mce-error-response" style="display:none"></div> <div class="response" id="mce-success-response" style="display:none"></div> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="site-footer__contact-panel-row-2"> <div class="site-footer__cta"> <div class="site-footer__cta-flag"> <div class="site-footer__cta-flag-title"> CONTACT </div> </div> <div class="site-footer__cta-text"> <ul> <li><a href="mailto:fas@fas.org" target="_blank">fas@fas.org</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="site-footer__cta"> <div class="site-footer__cta-flag"> <div class="site-footer__cta-flag-title"> CONNECT WITH US </div> </div> <div class="site-footer__cta-text"> <ul> <li><a href="https://twitter.com/scientistsorg" target="_blank">Twitter</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/federation-of-american-scientists/" target="_blank">LinkedIn</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="site-footer__foot"> <div class="site-footer__foot-inner"> <nav class="site-footer__foot-nav"> <ul id="menu-footer-menu" class="site-footer__foot-nav-menu"><li id="menu-item-69" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-privacy-policy menu-item-69"><a href="https://fas.org/privacy-policy/">Privacy Policy</a></li> <li id="menu-item-12986" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-privacy-policy menu-item-12986"><a href="https://fas.org/privacy-policy/">Cookie Policy</a></li> </ul> </nav> <div class="site-footer__foot-copyright"> Federation of American Scientists © 2024 </div> <div class="site-footer__foot-website"> <a href="https://and-now.co.uk/" target="_blank">Designed by And鈥揘ow</a> </div> </div> </div> </footer> <script type="text/javascript"> var relevanssi_rt_regex = /(&|\?)_(rt|rt_nonce)=(\w+)/g var newUrl = window.location.search.replace(relevanssi_rt_regex, '') history.replaceState(null, null, window.location.pathname + newUrl + window.location.hash) </script> </body> </html>