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class="mw-page-title-main">Christian Griepenkerl</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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(1839–1916)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Christian Griepenkerl</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Griepenkerl-Faistauer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Griepenkerl-Faistauer.jpg/220px-Griepenkerl-Faistauer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Griepenkerl-Faistauer.jpg/330px-Griepenkerl-Faistauer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Griepenkerl-Faistauer.jpg/440px-Griepenkerl-Faistauer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="713" data-file-height="900" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Griepenkerl (ca. 1907)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">March 17, 1839<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Oldenburg_(city)" title="Oldenburg (city)">Oldenburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Oldenburg" title="Grand Duchy of Oldenburg">Grand Duchy of Oldenburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">22 March 1916<span style="display:none">(1916-03-22)</span> (aged 77)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">Vienna, <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label">Wiener Zentralfriedhof</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">German</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Rejecting <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>'s application to train at the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Notable work</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Eve at the Tree of Knowledge (1887)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p><b>Christian Griepenkerl</b> (17 March 1839 – 22 March 1916) was a German painter and professor, best known for rejecting <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>'s application to train at the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Fine_Arts_Vienna" title="Academy of Fine Arts Vienna">Academy of Fine Arts Vienna</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Griepenkerl&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Griepenkerl was born to one of <a href="/wiki/Oldenburg_(city)" title="Oldenburg (city)">Oldenburg</a>'s leading families. As a young man, he heeded the advice of his fellow countryman, the landscapist Ernst Willers,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and went to <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> in late 1855 in order to enroll at the private art school for the monumental paintings founded four years earlier by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Rahl" title="Carl Rahl">Carl Rahl</a>. Rahl allowed several of his students to participate in drafting and carrying out his paintings and thereby shaped their individual artistic development. Griepenkerl's first painting – <i><a href="/wiki/%C5%92dipus" class="mw-redirect" title="Œdipus">Œdipus</a>, Led by <a href="/wiki/Antigone" title="Antigone">Antigone</a></i> – received Rahl's approval, and he was thereafter involved with Rahl and other students in painting <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">frescos</a> in the grand staircase of the Museum of Weapons (today's <a href="/wiki/Heeresgeschichtliches_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Heeresgeschichtliches Museum">Heeresgeschichtliches Museum</a>), in the <a href="/wiki/Palais_Todesco" title="Palais Todesco">Palais Todesco</a>, and in the city palace of <a href="/wiki/Simon_Sinas" title="Simon Sinas">Simon Sinas</a>. After Rahl's death in 1865, he individually continued and completed the master's unfinished commissions. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christian_Griepenkerl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Christian_Griepenkerl.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="250" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="190" data-file-height="250" /></a><figcaption>Christian Griepenkerl in 1882</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1874, Griepenkerl was appointed a professor at the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna, where starting in 1877 he headed a special school for historical painting. His specialty was the allegorical representation using themes from classical mythology and portraiture. Griepenkerl thereby taught an entire generation of Viennese painters. Among his most famous students are <a href="/wiki/Carl_Moll" title="Carl Moll">Carl Moll</a> (1880–81), <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Roller" title="Alfred Roller">Alfred Roller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Bunimowitsch" title="Jacques Bunimowitsch">Jacques Bunimowitsch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Max_Kurzweil" title="Max Kurzweil">Max Kurzweil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paja_Jovanovi%C4%87" title="Paja Jovanović">Paja Jovanović</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Otto_Czeschka" title="Carl Otto Czeschka">Carl Otto Czeschka</a> (1894–99), <a href="/wiki/Richard_Gerstl" title="Richard Gerstl">Richard Gerstl</a> (1898–99), <a href="/wiki/Egon_Schiele" title="Egon Schiele">Egon Schiele</a> (1906–08), <a href="/wiki/Anton_Faistauer" title="Anton Faistauer">Anton Faistauer</a> (1906–09), <a href="/wiki/Richard_Geiger" title="Richard Geiger">Richard Geiger</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Uro%C5%A1_Predi%C4%87" title="Uroš Predić">Uroš Predić</a>. His "antiquated views" led to repeated protests on the part of his students and later even to withdrawals, leading among other things to the founding of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Art_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Art Group (page does not exist)">New Art Group</a>. </p><p>Griepenkerl also became famous posthumously for having rejected <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>'s application to train at the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna. In 1907, when Hitler was provisionally admitted to prepare a sample drawing, Griepenkerl disapprovingly noted, "Sample drawing unsatisfactory. Too few heads." And in 1908, his verdict was even clearer: "Not admitted."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Griepenkerl&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Academy_of_Athens_-_interior.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Academy_of_Athens_-_interior.jpg/220px-Academy_of_Athens_-_interior.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Academy_of_Athens_-_interior.jpg/330px-Academy_of_Athens_-_interior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Academy_of_Athens_-_interior.jpg/440px-Academy_of_Athens_-_interior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="782" data-file-height="536" /></a><figcaption>Academy of Sciences in Athens</figcaption></figure> <p>A larger collection are Rahl's compositions which Griepenkerl carried out with the help of <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bitterlich" title="Eduard Bitterlich">Eduard Bitterlich</a> in the new <a href="/wiki/Vienna_State_Opera" title="Vienna State Opera">municipal opera house</a>. They worked for four years on the ceiling of the auditorium and on the drop curtain of the tragical opera. It was only after the death of Rahl in 1865 that Griepenkerl took on his own monumental assignments. The <a href="/wiki/Architect" title="Architect">architect</a> <a href="/wiki/Theophil_Freiherr_von_Hansen" class="mw-redirect" title="Theophil Freiherr von Hansen">Hansen</a> employed him to decorate the <a href="/wiki/Palace_Ephrussi" class="mw-redirect" title="Palace Ephrussi">Palace Ephrussi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palace_Epstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Palace Epstein">Palace Epstein</a>, Franz Klein hired Griepenkerl for the castle of <a href="/wiki/Hornstein,_Austria" title="Hornstein, Austria">Hornstein</a> and for the palace of Sina in <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>. There he made the ceiling fresco <i><a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a>'s Wedding Procession</i>, <i>Demons of the Storm</i>, and <i>Protective Ghosts of the Sea</i>, which are of noble form and very graceful, but have some insufficiencies concerning the clothing and the illumination. Of the same importance are the wall paintings in the mansion of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_duke" title="Grand duke">grand duchess</a> of Tuscany in <a href="/wiki/Gmunden" title="Gmunden">Gmunden</a> and his painting <i>The Wedding of <a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adonis" title="Adonis">Adonis</a></i> in the dining hall of the Mansion Simon near <a href="/wiki/Hietzing" title="Hietzing">Hietzing</a>. </p><p>Griepenkerl also made the decorative oil paintings (finished in 1878) in the stairway hall of the <a href="/wiki/Augusteum,_Oldenburg" title="Augusteum, Oldenburg">Augusteum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oldenburg_(city)" title="Oldenburg (city)">Oldenburg</a>, on the ceiling depicting the <a href="/wiki/Venus_Urania" class="mw-redirect" title="Venus Urania">Venus Urania</a> as the ideal of all beauty, surrounded by four themes from the myth of <a href="/wiki/Prometheus" title="Prometheus">Prometheus</a>; and on three walls (similar to the <a href="/wiki/Hemicycle" title="Hemicycle">hémicycle</a> of <a href="/wiki/Paul_Delaroche" title="Paul Delaroche">Paul Delaroche</a>) is depicted an ideal gathering of the all-time heroes of art in historical sequence. </p><p>It was followed by a cycle of paintings – once again employing themes from the Prometheus myth – that are distinguished by a great concept of forms and a swinging composition, in the conference hall of the new <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Athens_(modern)" title="Academy of Athens (modern)">Academy of Sciences</a> in <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eve_by_the_tree_of_Knowledge_(C._Griepenkerl,_1887).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Eve_by_the_tree_of_Knowledge_%28C._Griepenkerl%2C_1887%29.jpg/220px-Eve_by_the_tree_of_Knowledge_%28C._Griepenkerl%2C_1887%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="413" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Eve_by_the_tree_of_Knowledge_%28C._Griepenkerl%2C_1887%29.jpg/330px-Eve_by_the_tree_of_Knowledge_%28C._Griepenkerl%2C_1887%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Eve_by_the_tree_of_Knowledge_%28C._Griepenkerl%2C_1887%29.jpg/440px-Eve_by_the_tree_of_Knowledge_%28C._Griepenkerl%2C_1887%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1796" data-file-height="3375" /></a><figcaption>Eve at the Tree of Knowledge</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours_and_awards">Honours and awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Griepenkerl&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Honours and awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1878: <a href="/wiki/House_and_Merit_Order_of_Peter_Frederick_Louis" title="House and Merit Order of Peter Frederick Louis">House and Merit Order of Peter Frederick Louis</a> (Oldenburg)</li> <li>1887: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Iron_Crown_(Austria)" title="Order of the Iron Crown (Austria)">Order of the Iron Crown (Austria)</a></li> <li>1912: Honorary grave at <a href="/wiki/Vienna%27s_Central_Cemetery" class="mw-redirect" title="Vienna's Central Cemetery">Vienna's Central Cemetery</a> (<i>Zentralfriedhof</i>)</li> <li>1924: the street Griepenkerlgasse in <a href="/wiki/Hietzing" title="Hietzing">Hietzing district, Vienna</a> was named after him</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Griepenkerl&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thieme-Becker" title="Thieme-Becker">Thieme-Becker</a> Vol. 15, 1922, page 22.</li> <li>"<span class="plainlinks-print"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biographien.ac.at/oebl_2/59.pdf">Griepenkerl, Christian</a></span>". In: <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%96sterreichisches_Biographisches_Lexikon_1815%E2%80%931950" title="Österreichisches Biographisches Lexikon 1815–1950">Österreichisches Biographisches Lexikon 1815–1950</a></i> (ÖBL). Vol. 2, <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Austrian Academy of Sciences">Austrian Academy of Sciences</a>, Vienna 1959, p. 59 f. (Direct links to "<span class="plainlinks-print"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biographien.ac.at/oebl_2/59.pdf">p. 59</a></span>", "<span class="plainlinks-print"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biographien.ac.at/oebl_2/60.pdf">p. 60</a></span>")</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Griepenkerl&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_painters" title="List of German painters">List of German painters</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Griepenkerl&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kunstmaxx.de/wp-trackback.php/32">Kunstmaxx.de » Ernst Willers (1803-1880): Isarlandschaft bei Thalkirchen</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2016">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> at kunstmaxx.de</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brigitte Hamann, <i>Hitler's Vienna. A Dictator's Apprenticeship</i>. Oxford University Press, 1999.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Griepenkerl&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a 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class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q872469#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000066782616">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/64768061">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJh4BjCR8gPkmCKgHqj3cP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/116834390">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0187058&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500060920">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/33782">RKD Artists</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/ressources/repertoire-artistes-personnalites/112405">Musée d'Orsay</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd116834390.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" 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