LiteRT for Android | Google AI Edge | Google AI for Developers

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</span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" > </span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Tools" track-name="tools" > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Tools </span> </span> <ul class="devsite-nav-responsive-tabs devsite-nav-has-menu "> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Tools" track-name="tools" > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip menu="Tools"> More </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" menu="Tools"> </span> </span> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://discuss.ai.google.dev/" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Community" track-name="community" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Community" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Community </span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="devsite-mobile-nav-bottom"> <ul class="devsite-nav-list" menu="_book"> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/edge/litert" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /edge/litert" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/edge/litert" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Overview</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/edge/litert/inference" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /edge/litert/inference" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/edge/litert/inference" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Get started</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/edge/litert/migration" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /edge/litert/migration" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/edge/litert/migration" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Migrating from TensorFlow Lite</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Models</span> </div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/edge/litert/models/convert_to_flatbuffer" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /edge/litert/models/convert_to_flatbuffer" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/edge/litert/models/convert_to_flatbuffer" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Support multiple frameworks</span></a></li> <li 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href="/edge/litert/models/convert_tf" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /edge/litert/models/convert_tf" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/edge/litert/models/convert_tf" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Convert TensorFlow models</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-experimental"><a href="/edge/litert/models/signatures" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /edge/litert/models/signatures" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/edge/litert/models/signatures" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Add Signatures</span><span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="experimental" data-title="Experimental!" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Conversion tools</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-experimental"><a href="/edge/litert/models/model_analyzer" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /edge/litert/models/model_analyzer" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/edge/litert/models/model_analyzer" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Model Analyzer</span><span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="experimental" data-title="Experimental!" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-experimental"><a href="/edge/litert/models/authoring" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /edge/litert/models/authoring" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/edge/litert/models/authoring" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Authoring tool</span><span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="experimental" data-title="Experimental!" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></li></ul></div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Model compatibility</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/edge/litert/models/ops_compatibility" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /edge/litert/models/ops_compatibility" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/edge/litert/models/ops_compatibility" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Overview</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/edge/litert/models/ops_select" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /edge/litert/models/ops_select" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/edge/litert/models/ops_select" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Select operators</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/edge/litert/models/op_select_allowlist" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /edge/litert/models/op_select_allowlist" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/edge/litert/models/op_select_allowlist" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Select operators Allowlist</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Advanced</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/edge/litert/models/ops_custom" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /edge/litert/models/ops_custom" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/edge/litert/models/ops_custom" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Custom operators</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/edge/litert/models/operation_fusion" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /edge/litert/models/operation_fusion" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/edge/litert/models/operation_fusion" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Fused operators</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-experimental"><a href="/edge/litert/models/ops_version" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /edge/litert/models/ops_version" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/edge/litert/models/ops_version" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Operator versions</span><span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="experimental" data-title="Experimental!" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/edge/litert/models/rnn" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /edge/litert/models/rnn" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/edge/litert/models/rnn" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>RNN models</span></a></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Optimize models</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/edge/litert/models/model_optimization" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /edge/litert/models/model_optimization" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/edge/litert/models/model_optimization" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Overview</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/edge/litert/models/post_training_quantization" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /edge/litert/models/post_training_quantization" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/edge/litert/models/post_training_quantization" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Post-training quantization</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/edge/litert/models/post_training_quant" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /edge/litert/models/post_training_quant" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/edge/litert/models/post_training_quant" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Post-training dynamic range quantization</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/edge/litert/models/post_training_integer_quant" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /edge/litert/models/post_training_integer_quant" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/edge/litert/models/post_training_integer_quant" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Post-training integer quantization</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/edge/litert/models/post_training_float16_quant" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /edge/litert/models/post_training_float16_quant" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/edge/litert/models/post_training_float16_quant" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Post-training float16 quantization</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-experimental"><a href="/edge/litert/models/post_training_integer_quant_16x8" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /edge/litert/models/post_training_integer_quant_16x8" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/edge/litert/models/post_training_integer_quant_16x8" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Post-training integer quantization with int16 activations</span><span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="experimental" data-title="Experimental!" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/edge/litert/models/quantization_spec" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /edge/litert/models/quantization_spec" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/edge/litert/models/quantization_spec" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Quantization specification</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-nightly"><a href="/edge/litert/models/quantization_debugger" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /edge/litert/models/quantization_debugger" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/edge/litert/models/quantization_debugger" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Inspecting quantization errors</span><span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="nightly" data-title="Nightly build only" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></li></ul></div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Add model metadata</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/edge/litert/models/metadata" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /edge/litert/models/metadata" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/edge/litert/models/metadata" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Overview</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/edge/litert/models/metadata_writer_tutorial" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /edge/litert/models/metadata_writer_tutorial" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/edge/litert/models/metadata_writer_tutorial" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Metadata Writer API</span></a></li></ul></div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Design and build models</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/edge/litert/models/build" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /edge/litert/models/build" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/edge/litert/models/build" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Overview</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/edge/litert/models/best_practices" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /edge/litert/models/best_practices" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/edge/litert/models/best_practices" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Performance best practices</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/edge/litert/models/measurement" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /edge/litert/models/measurement" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/edge/litert/models/measurement" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Performance measurement</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/edge/litert/models/ondevice_training" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /edge/litert/models/ondevice_training" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/edge/litert/models/ondevice_training" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>On-device training</span></a></li></ul></div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Convert PyTorch models</span> </div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/edge/litert/models/convert_pytorch" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /edge/litert/models/convert_pytorch" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/edge/litert/models/convert_pytorch" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Overview</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/edge/litert/models/pytorch_to_tflite" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /edge/litert/models/pytorch_to_tflite" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/edge/litert/models/pytorch_to_tflite" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>PyTorch to LiteRT quickstart</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/edge/litert/models/edge_generative" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /edge/litert/models/edge_generative" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/edge/litert/models/edge_generative" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Convert generative PyTorch models</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Convert JAX models</span> </div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-nightly"><a href="/edge/litert/models/convert_jax" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /edge/litert/models/convert_jax" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/edge/litert/models/convert_jax" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Overview</span><span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="nightly" data-title="Nightly build only" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-nightly"><a href="/edge/litert/models/jax_to_tflite" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /edge/litert/models/jax_to_tflite" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/edge/litert/models/jax_to_tflite" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>JAX to LiteRT quickstart</span><span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="nightly" data-title="Nightly build only" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Hardware acceleration</span> </div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/edge/litert/performance/delegates" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /edge/litert/performance/delegates" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/edge/litert/performance/delegates" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Delegates</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/edge/litert/performance/gpu" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /edge/litert/performance/gpu" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/edge/litert/performance/gpu" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>GPU delegates</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-experimental"><a href="/edge/litert/performance/implementing_delegate" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /edge/litert/performance/implementing_delegate" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/edge/litert/performance/implementing_delegate" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Implementing a delegate</span><span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="experimental" data-title="Experimental!" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Run on Android</span> </div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/edge/litert/android" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /edge/litert/android" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/edge/litert/android" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Overview</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Google Play services runtime</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/edge/litert/android/play_services" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /edge/litert/android/play_services" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/edge/litert/android/play_services" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Overview</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/edge/litert/android/java" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /edge/litert/android/java" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/edge/litert/android/java" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Java API</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-experimental"><a href="/edge/litert/android/native" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /edge/litert/android/native" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/edge/litert/android/native" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>C API</span><span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="experimental" data-title="Experimental!" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></li></ul></div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/edge/litert/android/development" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /edge/litert/android/development" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/edge/litert/android/development" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Development tools</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Hardware acceleration</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-experimental"><a href="/edge/litert/android/acceleration_service" class="devsite-nav-title 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data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /edge/litert/android/gpu_native" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/edge/litert/android/gpu_native" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>GPU with C/C++ API</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/edge/litert/android/npu" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /edge/litert/android/npu" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/edge/litert/android/npu" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>NPU delegates</span></a></li></ul></div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Models with metadata</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/edge/litert/android/metadata/overview" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /edge/litert/android/metadata/overview" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/edge/litert/android/metadata/overview" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Overview</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/edge/litert/android/metadata/codegen" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /edge/litert/android/metadata/codegen" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/edge/litert/android/metadata/codegen" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Generate model interfaces</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/edge/litert/android/metadata/lite_support" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /edge/litert/android/metadata/lite_support" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/edge/litert/android/metadata/lite_support" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Customize data input and output</span></a></li></ul></div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Run on iOS</span> </div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/edge/litert/ios/quickstart" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /edge/litert/ios/quickstart" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/edge/litert/ios/quickstart" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Overview</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/edge/litert/ios/coreml" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /edge/litert/ios/coreml" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/edge/litert/ios/coreml" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Core ML delegate</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/edge/litert/ios/gpu" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /edge/litert/ios/gpu" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/edge/litert/ios/gpu" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>GPU delegate</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Run on Micro</span> </div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/edge/litert/microcontrollers/overview" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /edge/litert/microcontrollers/overview" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/edge/litert/microcontrollers/overview" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Overview</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/edge/litert/microcontrollers/get_started" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /edge/litert/microcontrollers/get_started" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/edge/litert/microcontrollers/get_started" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Get started</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/edge/litert/microcontrollers/python" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /edge/litert/microcontrollers/python" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/edge/litert/microcontrollers/python" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Linux-based devices with Python</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/edge/litert/microcontrollers/library" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /edge/litert/microcontrollers/library" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/edge/litert/microcontrollers/library" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Understand the C++ library</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/edge/litert/microcontrollers/build_convert" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /edge/litert/microcontrollers/build_convert" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/edge/litert/microcontrollers/build_convert" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Build and convert models</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Libraries and tools</span> </div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Task Library</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/edge/litert/libraries/task_library/overview" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /edge/litert/libraries/task_library/overview" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/edge/litert/libraries/task_library/overview" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Overview</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/edge/litert/libraries/task_library/image_classifier" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /edge/litert/libraries/task_library/image_classifier" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/edge/litert/libraries/task_library/image_classifier" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>ImageClassifier</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/edge/litert/libraries/task_library/object_detector" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /edge/litert/libraries/task_library/object_detector" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/edge/litert/libraries/task_library/object_detector" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>ObjectDetector</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/edge/litert/libraries/task_library/image_segmenter" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /edge/litert/libraries/task_library/image_segmenter" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/edge/litert/libraries/task_library/image_segmenter" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>ImageSegmenter</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/edge/litert/libraries/task_library/image_embedder" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /edge/litert/libraries/task_library/image_embedder" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/edge/litert/libraries/task_library/image_embedder" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>ImageEmbedder</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/edge/litert/libraries/task_library/image_searcher" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /edge/litert/libraries/task_library/image_searcher" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/edge/litert/libraries/task_library/image_searcher" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>ImageSearcher</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/edge/litert/libraries/task_library/nl_classifier" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /edge/litert/libraries/task_library/nl_classifier" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/edge/litert/libraries/task_library/nl_classifier" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>NLClassifier</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/edge/litert/libraries/task_library/bert_nl_classifier" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /edge/litert/libraries/task_library/bert_nl_classifier" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/edge/litert/libraries/task_library/bert_nl_classifier" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>BertNLClassifier</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/edge/litert/libraries/task_library/bert_question_answerer" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /edge/litert/libraries/task_library/bert_question_answerer" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/edge/litert/libraries/task_library/bert_question_answerer" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>BertQuestionAnswerer</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/edge/litert/libraries/task_library/text_embedder" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /edge/litert/libraries/task_library/text_embedder" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/edge/litert/libraries/task_library/text_embedder" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>TextEmbedder</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/edge/litert/libraries/task_library/text_searcher" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /edge/litert/libraries/task_library/text_searcher" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/edge/litert/libraries/task_library/text_searcher" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>TextSearcher</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/edge/litert/libraries/task_library/audio_classifier" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /edge/litert/libraries/task_library/audio_classifier" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/edge/litert/libraries/task_library/audio_classifier" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>AudioClassifier</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/edge/litert/libraries/task_library/customized_task_api" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /edge/litert/libraries/task_library/customized_task_api" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/edge/litert/libraries/task_library/customized_task_api" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Customized API</span></a></li></ul></div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable devsite-nav-experimental"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Model Maker</span><span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="experimental" data-title="Experimental!" aria-hidden="true"></span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/edge/litert/libraries/modify" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /edge/litert/libraries/modify" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/edge/litert/libraries/modify" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Overview</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Images & video</span> </div></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/edge/litert/libraries/modify/image_classification" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /edge/litert/libraries/modify/image_classification" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/edge/litert/libraries/modify/image_classification" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Image classification</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/edge/litert/libraries/modify/object_detection" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /edge/litert/libraries/modify/object_detection" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/edge/litert/libraries/modify/object_detection" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Object detection</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Text</span> </div></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/edge/litert/libraries/modify/text_classification" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /edge/litert/libraries/modify/text_classification" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/edge/litert/libraries/modify/text_classification" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Text classification</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/edge/litert/libraries/modify/question_answer" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /edge/litert/libraries/modify/question_answer" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/edge/litert/libraries/modify/question_answer" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>BERT question & answer</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/edge/litert/libraries/modify/text_searcher" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /edge/litert/libraries/modify/text_searcher" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/edge/litert/libraries/modify/text_searcher" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Text search</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Audio</span> </div></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/edge/litert/libraries/modify/audio_classification" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /edge/litert/libraries/modify/audio_classification" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/edge/litert/libraries/modify/audio_classification" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Audio classification</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/edge/litert/libraries/modify/speech_recognition" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /edge/litert/libraries/modify/speech_recognition" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/edge/litert/libraries/modify/speech_recognition" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Speech recognition</span></a></li></ul></div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Advanced</span> </div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Build LiteRT</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/edge/litert/build/android" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /edge/litert/build/android" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/edge/litert/build/android" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Build for Android</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/edge/litert/build/ios" 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track-name="breadcrumb" track-metadata-position="3" track-metadata-eventdetail="" > LiteRT </a> </li> </ul> <devsite-thumb-rating position="header"> </devsite-thumb-rating> </div> <devsite-feedback position="header" project-name="Google AI Edge" product-id="5336252" bucket="documentation" context="" version="t-devsite-webserver-20241114-r00-rc02.464921008191574316" data-label="Send Feedback Button" track-type="feedback" track-name="sendFeedbackLink" track-metadata-position="header" class="nocontent" project-icon="https://www.gstatic.com/devrel-devsite/prod/v870e399c64f7c43c99a3043db4b3a74327bb93d0914e84a0c3dba90bbfd67625/googledevai/images/touchicon-180-new.png" > <button> Send feedback </button> </devsite-feedback> <h1 class="devsite-page-title" tabindex="-1"> LiteRT for Android </h1> <div class="devsite-page-title-meta"><devsite-view-release-notes></devsite-view-release-notes></div> <devsite-toc class="devsite-nav" depth="2" devsite-toc-embedded > </devsite-toc> <div class="devsite-article-body clearfix "> <p>LiteRT lets you run TensorFlow machine learning (ML) models in your Android apps. The LiteRT system provides prebuilt and customizable execution environments for running models on Android quickly and efficiently, including options for hardware acceleration.</p> <h2 id="machine_learning_models" data-text="Machine learning models" tabindex="-1">Machine learning models</h2> <p>LiteRT uses TensorFlow models that are converted into a smaller, portable, more efficient machine learning model format. You can use pre-built models with LiteRT on Android, or build your own TensorFlow models and convert them to LiteRT format.</p> <aside class="key-point"><strong>Key Point:</strong><span> LiteRT models and TensorFlow models have a <em>different format and are not interchangeable.</em> TensorFlow models can be converted into the LiteRT models, but that process is not reversible.</span></aside> <p>This page discusses using already-built machine learning models and does not cover building, training, testing, or converting models. Learn more about picking, modifying, building, and converting machine learning models for LiteRT in the <a href="https://ai.google.dev/edge/litert/models/trained">Models</a> page.</p> <h2 id="run_models_on_android" data-text="Run models on Android" tabindex="-1">Run models on Android</h2> <p>A LiteRT model running inside an Android app takes in data, processes the data, and generates a prediction based on the model's logic. A TensorFlow Lite model requires a special runtime environment in order to execute, and the data that is passed into the model must be in a specific data format, called a <a href="https://www.tensorflow.org/guide/tensor"><em>tensor</em></a>. When a model processes the data, known as running an <em>inference</em>, it generates prediction results as new tensors, and passes them to the Android app so it can take action, such as showing the result to a user or executing additional business logic.</p> <p><img src="https://ai.google.dev/edge/litert/images/android/tf_execution_flow_android.png" alt="Functional execution flow for LiteRT models in Android apps"></p> <p><strong>Figure 1.</strong> Functional execution flow for LiteRT models in Android apps.</p> <p>At the functional design level, your Android app needs the following elements to run a LiteRT model:</p> <ul> <li>LiteRT <strong>runtime environment</strong> for executing the model</li> <li><strong>Model input handler</strong> to transform data into tensors</li> <li><strong>Model output handler</strong> to receive output result tensors and interpret them as prediction results</li> </ul> <p>The following sections describe how the LiteRT libraries and tools provide these functional elements.</p> <h2 id="build_apps_with_litert" data-text="Build apps with LiteRT" tabindex="-1">Build apps with LiteRT</h2> <p>This section describes the recommended, most common path for implementing LiteRT in your Android App. You should pay most attention to the <a href="#runtime">runtime environment</a> and <a href="#apis">development libraries</a> sections. If you have developed a custom model, make sure to review the <a href="#adv_development">Advanced development paths</a> section.</p> <h3 id="runtime" data-text="Runtime environment options" tabindex="-1">Runtime environment options</h3> <p>There are several ways you can enable a runtime environment for executing models in your Android app. These are the preferred options:</p> <ul> <li><strong>LiteRT in <a href="https://ai.google.dev/edge/litert/android/play_services">Google Play services runtime environment</a> (recommended)</strong></li> <li>Stand-alone LiteRT runtime environment</li> </ul> <p>In general, you should use the runtime environment provided by Google Play services because it is more space-efficient than the standard environment since it loads dynamically, keeping your app size smaller. Google Play services also automatically uses the most recent, stable release of the LiteRT runtime, giving you additional features and improved performance over time. If you offer your app on devices that do not include Google Play services or you need to closely manage your ML runtime environment, then you should use the standard LiteRT runtime. This option bundles additional code into your app, allowing you to have more control over the ML runtime in your app at the cost of increasing your app's download size.</p> <p>You access these runtime environments in your Android app by adding TensorFlow Lite development libraries to your app development environment. For information about how to use the standard runtime environments in your app, see the next section.</p> <aside class="note"><strong>Note:</strong><span> Some advanced use cases may require customization of model runtime environment, which are described in the <a href="#adv_runtime">Advanced runtime environments</a> section.</span></aside> <h3 id="libraries" data-text="Libraries" tabindex="-1">Libraries</h3> <p>You can access the Interpreter API using the <a href="https://ai.google.dev/edge/litert/android/play_services#add_tensorflow_lite_to_your_app">Google Play services</a>. You can use the LiteRT <a href="https://ai.google.dev/edge/litert/android/development#lite_lib">core</a> and <a href="https://ai.google.dev/edge/litert/android/development#support_lib">support</a> libraries in your Android app. For programming details about using LiteRT libraries and runtime environments, see <a href="https://ai.google.dev/edge/litert/android/development">Development tools for Android</a>.</p> <h3 id="models" data-text="Obtain models" tabindex="-1">Obtain models</h3> <p>Running a model in an Android app requires a LiteRT-format model. You can use prebuilt models or build one with TensorFlow and convert it to the Lite format. For more information on obtaining models for your Android app, see the LiteRT <a href="https://ai.google.dev/edge/litert/models/trained">Models</a> page.</p> <h3 id="input_data" data-text="Handle input data" tabindex="-1">Handle input data</h3> <p>Any data you pass into a ML model must be a tensor with a specific data structure, often called the <em>shape</em> of the tensor. To process data with a model, your app code must transform data from its native format, such as image, text, or audio data, into a tensor in the required shape for your model.</p> <aside class="note"><strong>Note:</strong><span> Many LiteRT models come with embedded <a href="https://ai.google.dev/edge/litert/android/metadata/overview">metadata</a> that describes the required input data.</span></aside> <h3 id="inferences" data-text="Run inferences" tabindex="-1">Run inferences</h3> <p>Processing data through a model to generate a prediction result is known as running an <em>inference</em>. Running an inference in an Android app requires a LiteRT <a href="#runtime">runtime environment</a>, a <a href="#models">model</a> and <a href="#input_data">input data</a>.</p> <p>The speed at which a model can generate an inference on a particular device depends on the size of the data processed, the complexity of the model, and the available computing resources such as memory and CPU, or specialized processors called <em>accelerators</em>. Machine learning models can run faster on these specialized processors such as graphics processing units (GPUs) and tensor processing units (TPUs), using LiteRT hardware drivers called <em>delegates</em>. For more information about delegates and hardware acceleration of model processing, see the <a href="https://ai.google.dev/edge/litert/performance/delegates">Hardware acceleration overview</a>.</p> <h3 id="output_results" data-text="Handle output results" tabindex="-1">Handle output results</h3> <p>Models generate prediction results as tensors, which must be handled by your Android app by taking action or displaying a result to the user. Model output results can be as simple as a number corresponding to a single result (0 = dog, 1 = cat, 2 = bird) for an image classification, to much more complex results, such as multiple bounding boxes for several classified objects in an image, with prediction confidence ratings between 0 and 1.</p> <aside class="note"><strong>Note:</strong><span> Many LiteRT models come with embedded <a href="https://ai.google.dev/edge/litert/android/metadata/overview">metadata</a> that describes the output results of a model and how to interpret it.</span></aside> <h2 id="adv_development" data-text="Advanced development paths" tabindex="-1">Advanced development paths</h2> <p>When using more sophisticated and customized LiteRT models, you may need to use more advanced development approaches than what is described above. The following sections describe advanced techniques for executing models and developing them for LiteRT in Android apps.</p> <h3 id="adv_runtime" data-text="Advanced runtime environments" tabindex="-1">Advanced runtime environments</h3> <p>In addition to the standard runtime and Google Play services runtime environments for LiteRT, there are additional runtime environments you can use with your Android app. The most likely use for these environments is if you have a machine learning model that uses ML operations that are not supported by the standard runtime environment for LiteRT.</p> <ul> <li><a href="https://ai.google.dev/edge/litert/models/ops_select">Flex runtime</a> for LiteRT</li> <li>Custom-built LiteRT runtime</li> </ul> <p>The LiteRT <a href="https://ai.google.dev/edge/litert/models/ops_select">Flex runtime</a> allows you to include specific operators required for your model. As an advanced option for running your model, you can build LiteRT for Android to include operators and other functionality required for running your TensorFlow machine learning model. For more information, see <a href="https://ai.google.dev/edge/litert/build/android">Build LiteRT for Android</a>.</p> <h3 id="c_and_c_apis" data-text="C and C++ APIs" tabindex="-1">C and C++ APIs</h3> <p>LiteRT also provides an API for running models using C and C++. If your app uses the <a href="https://developer.android.com/ndk">Android NDK</a>, you should consider using this API. You may also want to consider using this API if you want to be able to share code between multiple platforms. For more information about this development option, see the <a href="https://ai.google.dev/edge/litert/android/development#tools_for_building_with_c_and_c">Development tools</a> page.</p> <h3 id="server-based_model_execution" data-text="Server-based model execution" tabindex="-1">Server-based model execution</h3> <p>In general, you should run models in your app on an Android device to take advantage of lower latency and improved data privacy for your users. However, there are cases where running a model on a cloud server, off device, is a better solution. For example, if you have a large model which does not easily compress down to a size that fits on your users' Android devices, or can be executed with reasonable performance on those devices. This approach may also be your preferred solution if consistent performance of the model across a wide range of devices is top priority.</p> <p>Google Cloud offers a full suite of services for running TensorFlow machine learning models. For more information, see Google Cloud's <a href="https://cloud.google.com/products/ai">AI and machine learning products</a> page.</p> <h3 id="custom_model_development_and_optimization" data-text="Custom model development and optimization" tabindex="-1">Custom model development and optimization</h3> <p>More advanced development paths are likely to include developing custom machine learning models and optimizing those models for use on Android devices. If you plan to build custom models, make sure you consider applying <a href="https://ai.google.dev/edge/litert/models/post_training_quantization">quantization techniques</a> to models to reduce memory and processing costs. 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