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class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buka_akaun&returnto=Kepanjangan+vokal" title="Anda digalakkan untuk membuka akaun dan melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ianya tidak wajib" class=""><span>Buka akaun</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Log_masuk&returnto=Kepanjangan+vokal" title="Anda digalakkan untuk melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ia tidak wajib. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log masuk</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Lebih pilihan" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Alat peribadi" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Alat peribadi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menu pengguna" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ms.wikipedia.org&uselang=ms"><span>Derma</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buka_akaun&returnto=Kepanjangan+vokal" title="Anda digalakkan untuk membuka akaun dan melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ianya tidak wajib"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Buka akaun</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Log_masuk&returnto=Kepanjangan+vokal" title="Anda digalakkan untuk melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ia tidak wajib. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log masuk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Laman untuk penyunting log keluar <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengenalan" aria-label="Ketahui lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>Ketahui lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumbangan_saya" title="Senarai suntingan yang dibuat daripada alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Sumbangan</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perbincangan_saya" title="Perbincangan mengenai penyuntingan daripada alamat IP anda [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Perbincangan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Tapak"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Kandungan" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Kandungan</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Permulaan</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Faktor_yang_mempengaruhi_kepanjangan_vokal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Faktor_yang_mempengaruhi_kepanjangan_vokal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Faktor yang mempengaruhi kepanjangan vokal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Faktor_yang_mempengaruhi_kepanjangan_vokal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kepanjangan_vokal_fonemik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kepanjangan_vokal_fonemik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Kepanjangan vokal fonemik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kepanjangan_vokal_fonemik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Penandaan_dalam_abjad_Rumi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penandaan_dalam_abjad_Rumi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Penandaan dalam abjad Rumi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Penandaan_dalam_abjad_Rumi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Togol subbahagian Penandaan dalam abjad Rumi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Penandaan_dalam_abjad_Rumi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-IPA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IPA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>IPA</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IPA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diakritik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diakritik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Diakritik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diakritik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rujukan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rujukan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Rujukan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rujukan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Kandungan" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Togol isi kandungan" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Togol isi kandungan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kepanjangan vokal</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke rencana dalam bahasa lain. Tersedia dalam 17 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirder_vogalennek" title="Hirder vogalennek – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Hirder vogalennek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Квантитет – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Квантитет" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vokalquantit%C3%A4t" title="Vokalquantität – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vokalquantität" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length – Inggeris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Vowel length" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggeris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_larga" title="Vocal larga – Sepanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vocal larga" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Sepanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokalen_iraupen" title="Bokalen iraupen – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bokalen iraupen" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B4%D8%B4_%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%87" title="کشش واکه – Parsi" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کشش واکه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Parsi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantit%C3%A9_vocalique" title="Quantité vocalique – Perancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Quantité vocalique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Perancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonxitude_voc%C3%A1lica" title="Lonxitude vocálica – Galicia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lonxitude vocálica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AA%A8%EC%9D%8C%EC%9D%98_%EA%B8%B8%EC%9D%B4" title="모음의 길이 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="모음의 길이" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantit%C3%A0_vocalica" title="Quantità vocalica – Itali" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Quantità vocalica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Itali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E6%AF%8D%E9%9F%B3" title="長母音 – Jepun" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="長母音" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iloczas" title="Iloczas – Poland" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Iloczas" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Poland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantidade_voc%C3%A1lica" title="Quantidade vocálica – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Quantidade vocálica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5" title="Долгие и краткие гласные – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Долгие и краткие гласные" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Vowel length" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AF%8D%E9%9F%B3%E9%95%B7%E5%BA%A6" title="母音長度 – Cina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="母音長度" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Cina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1110362#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pautan antara bahasa" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pautan</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kepanjangan_vokal" title="Lihat laman kandungan [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Rencana</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Perbincangan:Kepanjangan_vokal" rel="discussion" title="Perbincangan mengenai laman kandungan [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Perbincangan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tukar kelainan bahasa" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Bahasa Melayu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Rupa"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kepanjangan_vokal"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kepanjangan_vokal&veaction=edit" title="Sunting laman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kepanjangan_vokal&action=edit" title="Sunting kod sumber untuk laman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kepanjangan_vokal&action=history" title="Semakan terdahulu bagi laman ini [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Lihat sejarah</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Peralatan" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Peralatan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Peralatan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Lagi pilihan" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kepanjangan_vokal"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kepanjangan_vokal&veaction=edit" title="Sunting laman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kepanjangan_vokal&action=edit" title="Sunting kod sumber untuk laman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kepanjangan_vokal&action=history"><span>Lihat sejarah</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Pautan_ke_sini/Kepanjangan_vokal" title="Senarai semua laman wiki yang mengandungi pautan ke laman ini [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pautan ke laman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perubahan_berkaitan/Kepanjangan_vokal" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terkini bagi laman yang dipaut dari laman ini [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Perubahan berkaitan</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=ms" title="Muat naik fail [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Muat naik fail</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Laman_khas" title="Senarai semua laman khas [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Laman khas</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kepanjangan_vokal&oldid=5251039" title="Pautan kekal ke semakan laman ini"><span>Pautan kekal</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kepanjangan_vokal&action=info" title="Maklumat lanjut mengenai laman ini"><span>Maklumat laman</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Petik_laman_ini&page=Kepanjangan_vokal&id=5251039&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Maklumat tentang cara memetik laman ini"><span>Petik laman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fms.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKepanjangan_vokal"><span>Dapatkan URL pendek</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fms.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKepanjangan_vokal"><span>Muat turun kod QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/eksport </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buku&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Kepanjangan+vokal"><span>Cipta buku</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:DownloadAsPdf&page=Kepanjangan_vokal&action=show-download-screen"><span>Muat turun sebagai PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kepanjangan_vokal&printable=yes" title="Versi boleh cetak bagi laman ini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versi boleh cetak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam projek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1110362" title="Pautan ke item repositori data yang bersambung [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Butir Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Penampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Penampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Daripada Wikipedia, ensiklopedia bebas.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ms" dir="ltr"><p>Dalam bidang <a href="/wiki/Linguistik" title="Linguistik">linguistik</a>, <b>kepanjangan vokal</b> ialah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kepanjangan_(fonetik)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kepanjangan (fonetik) (laman tidak wujud)">jangka masa</a> yang dicerap bagi sesuatu <a href="/wiki/Vokal" title="Vokal">vokal</a>. Selalunya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kronem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kronem (laman tidak wujud)">kronem</a> atau "kepanjangan" itu bertindak sebagai konsonan, misalnya dalam beberapa variasi bahasa Inggeris. Kepanjangan vokal merupakan faktor <a href="/wiki/Fonem" title="Fonem">fonemik</a> dalam bahasa-bahasa <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Arab" title="Bahasa Arab">Arab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Czech" title="Bahasa Czech">Czech</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Estonia" title="Bahasa Estonia">Estonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Fiji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Fiji (laman tidak wujud)">Fiji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Finland" title="Bahasa Finland">Finland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Jepun" title="Bahasa Jepun">Jepun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Hawaii" title="Bahasa Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Hungary" title="Bahasa Hungary">Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Slovenia">Slovenia</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Latin_Klasik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Latin Klasik (laman tidak wujud)">Latin Klasik</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Nahuatl_Klasik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Nahuatl Klasik (laman tidak wujud)">Nahuatl Klasik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Lombard" title="Bahasa Lombard">Lombard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Jerman" title="Bahasa Jerman">Jerman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Belanda" title="Bahasa Belanda">Belanda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Latvia" title="Bahasa Latvia">Latvia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Inggeris_Lama" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Inggeris Lama">Inggeris Lama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Samoa" title="Bahasa Samoa">Samoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Lao" title="Bahasa Lao">Lao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Thai" title="Bahasa Thai">Thai</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Vietnam" title="Bahasa Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, antara lainnya, di samping memainkan peranan fonetik dalam kebanyakan loghat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Inggeris_England&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Inggeris England (laman tidak wujud)">Inggeris di England</a>, di samping juga beberapa loghat di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Inggeris_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Inggeris Australia (laman tidak wujud)">Australia</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Inggeris_New_Zealand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Inggeris New Zealand (laman tidak wujud)">New Zealand</a>. </p><p>Bahasa yang membezakan kepanjangan vokalnya biasanya membezakan dua kepanjangan iaitu <b>vokal pendek</b> dan <b>vokal panjang</b>. Banyak juga bahasa-bahasa yang langsung tidak membezakan kepanjangan vokal. Terdapat sebilangan kecil bahasa yang membezakan tiga kepanjangan vokal, misalnya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Luise%C3%B1o&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Luiseño (laman tidak wujud)">bahasa Luiseño</a>. Juga dalam sebilangan bahasa adanya perkataan yang mana vokal panjang diikuti oleh vokal lagi, cth: bahasa Jepun: <i>hōō</i> "burung phoenix" atau bahasa Estonia: <i>jäääär</i> "hujung ais". </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Faktor_yang_mempengaruhi_kepanjangan_vokal">Faktor yang mempengaruhi kepanjangan vokal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kepanjangan_vokal&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bahagian: Faktor yang mempengaruhi kepanjangan vokal" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kepanjangan_vokal&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Faktor yang mempengaruhi kepanjangan vokal"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Tekanan_(linguistik)" title="Tekanan (linguistik)">Tekanan</a> sering diperkuatkan oleh kepanjangan vokal alofon, terutamanya yang leksikal. Contohnya, vokal panjang dalam <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Perancis" title="Bahasa Perancis">bahasa Perancis</a> sentiasa disebut dalam suku kata tertekan. <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Finland" title="Bahasa Finland">Bahasa Finland</a> yang ada dua kepanjang fonemik, menandakan tekanan dengan menambah kepanjangan alofon. Ini memberikan empat kepanjangan berbeza dan lima kepanjangan fizikal: vokal tertekan pendek dan panjang, vokal tak tertekan pendek dan panjang, dan satu vokal separuh panjang, iaitu vokal pendek yang terdapat dalam suku kata yang didahului oleh vokal pendek tertekan, cth. <i>i-s<b>o</b></i>. </p><p>Sesetengah bahasa yang menunjukkan perbezaan kepanjangan vokal hanya berbuat demikian dalam suku kata tertekan, misalnya loghat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Jerman_Aleman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Jerman Aleman (laman tidak wujud)">Jerman Aleman</a>. Dalam bahasa-bahasa seperti <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Czech" title="Bahasa Czech">Czech</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Finland" title="Bahasa Finland">Finland</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Latin" title="Bahasa Latin">Latin Klasik</a>, kepanjangan vokal juga dibezakan dalam suku kata tak tertekan. </p><p>Dalam bahasa Jepun, kebanyakan vokal panjang merupakan hasil perubahan fonetik pada <a href="/wiki/Diftong" title="Diftong">diftong</a>; <i>au</i> dan <i>ou</i> menjadi <i>ō</i>, <i>iu</i> menjadi <i>yū</i>, <i>eu</i> menjadi <i>yō</i>, dan kini <i>ei</i> semakin menjadi <i>ē</i>. Perubahan ini berlaku selepas kehilangan fonem antara vokal /h/. Contoh: <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a>: <i>kyauto</i> → <i>kyoːto</i>; budak lelaki: <i>seunen</i> → <i>syoːnen</i> (<i>shoːnen</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kepanjangan_vokal_fonemik">Kepanjangan vokal fonemik</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kepanjangan_vokal&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bahagian: Kepanjangan vokal fonemik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kepanjangan_vokal&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Kepanjangan vokal fonemik"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kebanyakan bahasa ada pembezaan <a href="/wiki/Fonem" title="Fonem">fonemik</a> antara vokal panjang dan pendek: <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Sanskrit" title="Bahasa Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Jepun" title="Bahasa Jepun">Jepun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Finland" title="Bahasa Finland">Finland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Hungary" title="Bahasa Hungary">Hungary</a>, dsb. </p><p>Vokal panjang tidak semestinya merupakan fonem berasingan. Dalam bahasa Latin dan Hungary, vokal panjang merupakan fonem yang berasingan dari vokal pendek, maka menggandakan bilangan fonem vokal. </p> <table class="wikitable" border="1" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Vokal Latin </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">  </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Vokal_depan" title="Vokal depan">Depan</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Vokal_pusat" title="Vokal pusat">Pusat</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Vokal_belakang" title="Vokal belakang">Belakang</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>pendek</th> <th>panjang </th> <th>pendek</th> <th>panjang </th> <th>pendek</th> <th>panjang </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Vokal_sempit" title="Vokal sempit">Tinggi</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA">/ɪ/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA">/iː/</span> </td> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td><span class="IPA">/ʊ/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA">/uː/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Vokal_tengah" title="Vokal tengah">Tengah</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA">/ɛ/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA">/eː/</span> </td> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td><span class="IPA">/ɔ/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA">/oː/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Vokal_luas" title="Vokal luas">Rendah</a> </th> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td><span class="IPA">/a/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA">/aː/</span> </td> <td colspan="2">  </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Vokal panjang Jepun pula dikupas sebagai dua vokal yang sama atau satu vokal diikuti dengan fonem palsu (H), maka bilangan vokalnya tetap lima. </p> <table class="wikitable" border="1" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Vokal Jepun </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">  </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Vokal_depan" title="Vokal depan">Depan</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Vokal_pusat" title="Vokal pusat">Pusat</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Vokal_belakang" title="Vokal belakang">Belakang</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>pendek</th> <th>panjang </th> <th>pendek</th> <th>panjang </th> <th>pendek</th> <th>panjang </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Vokal_sempit" title="Vokal sempit">Tinggi</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA">/i/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA">/ii/</span> atau <span class="IPA">/iH/</span> </td> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td><span class="IPA">/u/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA">/uu/</span> atau <span class="IPA">/uH/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Vokal_tengah" title="Vokal tengah">Tengah</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA">/e/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA">/ee/</span> atau <span class="IPA">/eH/</span> </td> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td><span class="IPA">/o/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA">/oo/</span> atau <span class="IPA">/oH/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Vokal_luas" title="Vokal luas">Rendah</a> </th> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td><span class="IPA">/a/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA">/aa/</span> atau <span class="IPA">/aH/</span> </td> <td colspan="2">  </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Estonia" title="Bahasa Estonia">Bahasa Estonia</a> ada tiga kepanjangan berbeza, yang ketiganya adalah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Suprasegmental&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suprasegmental (laman tidak wujud)">suprasegmental</a>, kerana berkembang dari variasi alofon yang disebabkan oleh penanda tatabahasa yang terpadam. Contohnya, vokal separuh panjang 'aa' dalam <i>saada</i> berasal dari aglutinasi *<i>saata+ka</i> "hantar+(perintah)", manakala vokal terpanjang 'aa' dalam <i>saada</i> berasal dari *<i>saa+ta</i> "dapat+(infinitif)". Salah satu daripada sebilangan kecil bahasa yang dikenalpasti ada tiga kepanjangan vokal tanpa mengira sifat vokal atau struktur sukukata, ialah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Mixe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Mixe (laman tidak wujud)">bahasa Mixe</a>; contoh: <span class="IPA">[poʃ]</span> "jambu batu", <span class="IPA">[poˑʃ]</span> "labah-labah", dan <span class="IPA">[poːʃ]</span> "ikatan". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Penandaan_dalam_abjad_Rumi">Penandaan dalam abjad Rumi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kepanjangan_vokal&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bahagian: Penandaan dalam abjad Rumi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kepanjangan_vokal&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Penandaan dalam abjad Rumi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="IPA">IPA</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kepanjangan_vokal&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bahagian: IPA" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kepanjangan_vokal&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: IPA"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dalam <a href="/wiki/Abjad_Fonetik_Antarabangsa" title="Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa">Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa</a>, tanda <span class="IPA">ː</span> (bukan titik bertindih, sebenarnya dua segitiga bersemuka dalam bentuk jam pasir) digunakan untuk memanjangkan vokal dan konsonan, boleh digandakan untuk memanjangkan lagi bunyinya, atau sebutir segitiga atas sahaja (<span class="IPA">ˑ</span>) digunakan untuk menandakan bunyi "separuh panjang". Tanda <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bref&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bref (laman tidak wujud)">bref</a> digunakan untuk menandakan vokal atau konsonan pendek. </p><p>Bahasa Estonia membezakan tiga kepanjangan vokal: </p> <dl><dd><i>saada</i> <span class="IPA">[saːta]</span> "mendapat"</dd> <dd><i>saada</i> <span class="IPA">[saˑta]</span> "hantarkan!"</dd> <dd><i>sada</i> <span class="IPA">[sata]</span> "ratus"</dd></dl> <p>Biarpun bukan fonemik, perbezaannya tetap kelihatan dalam sesetengah loghat Inggeris: </p> <dl><dd><i>bead</i> <span class="IPA">[biːd]</span> "manik"</dd> <dd><i>beat</i> <span class="IPA">[biˑt]</span> "memukul"</dd> <dd><i>bid</i> <span class="IPA">[bɪˑd]</span> "membida"</dd> <dd><i>bit</i> <span class="IPA">[bɪt]</span> "menggigit" (kala lampau)</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diakritik">Diakritik</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kepanjangan_vokal&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bahagian: Diakritik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kepanjangan_vokal&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Diakritik"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Makron" title="Makron">Makron</a> (ā), digunakan untuk menandakan vokal panjang dalam bahasa-bahasa <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Maori" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Maori">Maori</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Latvia" title="Bahasa Latvia">Latvia</a> dan pelbagai skim transkripsi, termasuk perumian <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Arab" title="Bahasa Arab">Arab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perumian_Hepburn" title="Perumian Hepburn">perumian Hepburn</a> untuk <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Jepun" title="Bahasa Jepun">bahasa Jepun</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Perumian_Yale#Bahasa_Korea" title="Perumian Yale">Yale</a> untuk <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Korea" title="Bahasa Korea">Korea</a>. Biarpun tiada dalam ejaan piawainya, tanda makron juga digunakan sebagai bantuan mengajar <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Latin" title="Bahasa Latin">bahasa Latin</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Yunani_Kuno" title="Bahasa Yunani Kuno">bahasa Yunani Kuno</a>. <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bref&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bref (laman tidak wujud)">Bref</a> (ă) digunakan untuk menandakan vokal pendek dalam sesetengah sistem transkripsi bahasa, dan juga <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Vietnam" title="Bahasa Vietnam">bahasa Vietnam</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksen_tirus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aksen tirus (laman tidak wujud)">Aksen tirus</a> (á), digunakan untuk menandakan vokal panjang dalam bahasa-bahasa <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Czech" title="Bahasa Czech">Czech</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Slovak" title="Bahasa Slovak">Slovak</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Norse_Lama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Norse Lama (laman tidak wujud)">Norse Lama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Hungary" title="Bahasa Hungary">Hungary</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahsa_Ireland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahsa Ireland (laman tidak wujud)">Ireland</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirkumfleks" title="Sirkumfleks">Sirkumfleks</a> (â), digunakan dalam <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Wales" title="Bahasa Wales">bahasa Wales</a>; adakalanya digunakan sebagai ganti makron, terutamanya dalam perumian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunrei-shiki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kunrei-shiki (laman tidak wujud)">Kunrei-shiki</a> bagi bahasa Jepun.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksen_grava&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aksen grava (laman tidak wujud)">Aksen grava</a> (à) is used in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Scottish_Gaelic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scottish Gaelic (laman tidak wujud)">Scottish Gaelic</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ogonek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ogonek (laman tidak wujud)">Ogonek</a> (ą), digunakan dalam <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Lithuania" title="Bahasa Lithuania">bahasa Lithuania</a> untuk menandakan vokal panjang.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umlaut" title="Umlaut">Umlaut</a> (ä), digunakan dalam <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Aymara" title="Bahasa Aymara">bahasa Aymara</a> untuk menandakan vokal panjang.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rujukan">Rujukan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kepanjangan_vokal&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bahagian: Rujukan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kepanjangan_vokal&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Rujukan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6173370">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cc.jyu.fi/~tojan/rlang/finn2.htm">Some Features of the Vernacular Finnish of Jyväskylä</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051125044824/http://www.cc.jyu.fi/~tojan/rlang/finn2.htm">Diarkibkan</a> 2005-11-25 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Templat:Suprasegmentals&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Templat:Suprasegmentals (laman tidak wujud)">Templat:Suprasegmentals</a> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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