CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Afforestation - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"28edef0e-84b0-4df5-8b4d-d3e6564fc8f3","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Afforestation","wgTitle":"Afforestation","wgCurRevisionId":1258110698,"wgRevisionId":1258110698,"wgArticleId":1968338,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from September 2024","Articles with permanently dead external links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from February 2024","Articles with excerpts","Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback via Module:Annotated link","Deforestation","Desert greening", "Forest ecology","Habitat management equipment and methods","Reforestation","Carbon dioxide removal","Afforestation"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Afforestation","wgRelevantArticleId":1968338,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage", "wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q2384419","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=[ "ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/New_afforestation_looking_into_Rand_Wood_-_geograph.org.uk_-_329908.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="801"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/New_afforestation_looking_into_Rand_Wood_-_geograph.org.uk_-_329908.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="534"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="427"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Afforestation - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afforestation"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Afforestation&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afforestation"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Afforestation rootpage-Afforestation skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Afforestation" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Afforestation" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Afforestation" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Afforestation" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Definition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Procedure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Procedure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Procedure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Procedure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Benefits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Benefits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Benefits</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Benefits-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Benefits subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Benefits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate_change_mitigation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_change_mitigation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Climate change mitigation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate_change_mitigation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_benefits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_benefits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Environmental benefits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_benefits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Criticism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Afforestation_in_grasslands_and_savanna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Afforestation_in_grasslands_and_savanna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Afforestation in grasslands and savanna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Afforestation_in_grasslands_and_savanna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact_on_biodiversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_on_biodiversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Impact on biodiversity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact_on_biodiversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surface_albedo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surface_albedo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Surface albedo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surface_albedo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Examples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Examples subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>European Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Israel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Scotland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scotland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8.1</span> <span>Scotland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scotland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.9</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Afforestation</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="تشجير – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تشجير" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A8" title="বনায়ন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বনায়ন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%83" title="Урман ултыртыу – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Урман ултыртыу" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C5%A1umljavanje" title="Pošumljavanje – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Pošumljavanje" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zales%C5%88ov%C3%A1n%C3%AD" title="Zalesňování – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Zalesňování" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coedwigo" title="Coedwigo – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Coedwigo" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tihi_Sabu" title="Tihi Sabu – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Tihi Sabu" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aufforstung" title="Aufforstung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Aufforstung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metsastamine" title="Metsastamine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Metsastamine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forestaci%C3%B3n" title="Forestación – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Forestación" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gur mw-list-item"><a href="https://gur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afforestation" title="Afforestation – Frafra" lang="gur" hreflang="gur" data-title="Afforestation" data-language-autonym="Farefare" data-language-local-name="Frafra" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Farefare</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%E2%80%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="جنگل‌کاری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنگل‌کاری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afforestation" title="Afforestation – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Afforestation" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foraoisi%C3%BA" title="Foraoisiú – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Foraoisiú" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EB%A6%BC_(%ED%99%9C%EB%8F%99)" title="조림 (활동) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="조림 (활동)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Անտառապատում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Անտառապատում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C5%A1umljavanje" title="Pošumljavanje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pošumljavanje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mgbukp%E1%BB%8D_osisi" title="Mgbukpọ osisi – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Mgbukpọ osisi" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aforestasi" title="Aforestasi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Aforestasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%A8" title="ייעור – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ייעור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upandaji_miti" title="Upandaji miti – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Upandaji miti" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C5%A1ko_%C4%AFveisimas" title="Miško įveisimas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Miško įveisimas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bebossing" title="Bebossing – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bebossing" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E6%9E%97%E6%B4%BB%E5%8B%95" title="植林活動 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="植林活動" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zalesianie" title="Zalesianie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zalesianie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florestamento" title="Florestamento – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Florestamento" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Лесоразведение – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лесоразведение" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metsitys" title="Metsitys – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Metsitys" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beskogning" title="Beskogning – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Beskogning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="காடு வளர்ப்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="காடு வளர்ப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%83%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83" title="Урман утырту – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Урман утырту" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B3%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%89%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2" title="การทำให้เป็นป่า – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การทำให้เป็นป่า" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BD%D3%A3" title="Бешазоркунӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Бешазоркунӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C4%9Fa%C3%A7land%C4%B1rma" title="Ağaçlandırma – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ağaçlandırma" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Залісення – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Залісення" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BB%93ng_r%E1%BB%ABng" title="Trồng rừng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trồng rừng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E6%A8%B9%E9%80%A0%E6%9E%97" title="植樹造林 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="植樹造林" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2384419#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Afforestation" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Afforestation" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Afforestation"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afforestation&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afforestation&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Afforestation"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afforestation&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afforestation&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Afforestation" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Afforestation" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afforestation&oldid=1258110698" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afforestation&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Afforestation&id=1258110698&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAfforestation"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAfforestation"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Afforestation&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afforestation&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Afforestation" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2384419" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Establishment of trees where there were none previously</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the establishment of a forest in an area where there was no forest before. For natural or intentional restocking of former forests and woodlands, see <a href="/wiki/Reforestation" title="Reforestation">reforestation</a>. For reforestation and afforestation together, see <a href="/wiki/Forest_management" title="Forest management">Forest management</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_afforestation_looking_into_Rand_Wood_-_geograph.org.uk_-_329908.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/New_afforestation_looking_into_Rand_Wood_-_geograph.org.uk_-_329908.jpg/280px-New_afforestation_looking_into_Rand_Wood_-_geograph.org.uk_-_329908.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/New_afforestation_looking_into_Rand_Wood_-_geograph.org.uk_-_329908.jpg/420px-New_afforestation_looking_into_Rand_Wood_-_geograph.org.uk_-_329908.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/New_afforestation_looking_into_Rand_Wood_-_geograph.org.uk_-_329908.jpg/560px-New_afforestation_looking_into_Rand_Wood_-_geograph.org.uk_-_329908.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption>An afforestation project in Rand Wood, <a href="/wiki/Lincolnshire" title="Lincolnshire">Lincolnshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> (this patch was open ground before)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Afforestation</b> is the establishment of a forest or stand of trees in an area where there was no recent tree cover.<sup id="cite_ref-FAO-2018_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO-2018-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are three types of afforestation: natural <a href="/wiki/Regeneration_(biology)" title="Regeneration (biology)">regeneration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agroforestry" title="Agroforestry">agroforestry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tree_plantation" title="Tree plantation">tree plantations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lark-2023_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lark-2023-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Afforestation has many benefits. In the context of <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>, afforestation can be helpful for <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">climate change mitigation</a> through the route of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">carbon sequestration</a>. Afforestation can also improve the local climate through increased rainfall and by being a barrier against high winds. The additional trees can also prevent or reduce <a href="/wiki/Topsoil_erosion" class="mw-redirect" title="Topsoil erosion">topsoil erosion</a> (from water and wind), floods and landslides. Finally, additional trees can be a <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitat</a> for wildlife, and provide employment and wood products.<sup id="cite_ref-Lark-2023_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lark-2023-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Annual-afforestation_(OWID_0067).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Annual-afforestation_%28OWID_0067%29.png/250px-Annual-afforestation_%28OWID_0067%29.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Annual-afforestation_%28OWID_0067%29.png/375px-Annual-afforestation_%28OWID_0067%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Annual-afforestation_%28OWID_0067%29.png/500px-Annual-afforestation_%28OWID_0067%29.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Annual afforestation in 2015</figcaption></figure> <p>In comparison, <a href="/wiki/Reforestation" title="Reforestation">reforestation</a> means re-establishing forest that have either been cut down or lost due to natural causes, such as fire, storm, etc. Nowadays, the boundaries between afforestation and reforestation projects can be blurred as it may not be so clear what was there before, at what point in time. </p><p>An essential aspect of successful afforestation efforts lies in the careful selection of tree species that are well-suited to the local climate and soil conditions. By choosing appropriate species, afforested areas can better withstand the impacts of climate change.<sup id="cite_ref-Windisch_Davin_Seneviratne_2021_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Windisch_Davin_Seneviratne_2021-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Earth offers enough room to plant an additional 0.9 billion ha of tree canopy cover.<sup id="cite_ref-Bastin-2019_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bastin-2019-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Planting and protecting them would sequester 205 billion tons of carbon<sup id="cite_ref-Bastin-2019_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bastin-2019-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is about 20 years of current global carbon emissions.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This level of sequestration would represent about 25% of the atmosphere's current carbon pool.<sup id="cite_ref-Bastin-2019_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bastin-2019-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there has been debate about whether afforestation is beneficial for the sustainable use of natural resources,<sup id="cite_ref-:02_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dasgupta-2021_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dasgupta-2021-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with some researchers pointing out that tree planting is not the only way to enhance climate mitigation and CO<sub>2</sub> capture.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Non-forest areas, such as <a href="/wiki/Grassland" title="Grassland">grasslands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Savanna" title="Savanna">savannas</a>, also benefit the biosphere and humanity, and they need a different management strategy - they are not supposed to be forests.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Afforestation critics argue that ecosystems without trees are not necessarily degraded, and many of them can store carbon as they are; for example, savannas and <a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">tundra</a> store carbon underground.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carbon sequestration estimates in these areas often do not include the total amount of carbon reductions in soils and slowing tree growth over time. Afforestation can also negatively affect <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> by increasing <a href="/wiki/Habitat_fragmentation" title="Habitat fragmentation">fragmentation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edge_effects" title="Edge effects">edge effects</a> on the habitat outside the planted area.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Australia, Canada, China, India, Israel, United States and Europe have afforestation programs to increase <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_removal" title="Carbon dioxide removal">carbon dioxide removal</a> in forests and in some cases to reduce <a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">desertification</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afforestation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term afforestation means establishing new forest on lands that were not forest before (e.g. abandoned agriculture).<sup id="cite_ref-FAO-2018_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO-2018-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same definition in other words states that afforestation is "conversion to forest of land that historically has not contained forests".<sup id="cite_ref-IPCC_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IPCC-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1794">: 1794 </span></sup> </p><p>In comparison, <a href="/wiki/Reforestation" title="Reforestation">reforestation</a> means the "conversion to forest of land that has previously contained forests but that has been converted to some other use".<sup id="cite_ref-IPCC_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IPCC-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1812">: 1812 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afforestation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are three types of afforestation:<sup id="cite_ref-Lark-2023_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lark-2023-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Natural <a href="/wiki/Regeneration_(biology)" title="Regeneration (biology)">regeneration</a> (where native trees are planted as seeds; this creates new ecosystems and increases <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">carbon sequestration</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agroforestry" title="Agroforestry">Agroforestry</a> (this is essentially an agricultural activity carried out in order to grow harvestable crops such as fruits and nuts).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_plantation" title="Tree plantation">Tree plantations</a> (carried out in order to produce wood and wood-pulp products; this can be seen as an alternative to cutting down naturally-occurring forests).</li></ol> <p>However, the term <i>afforestation</i> can also "imply the intentional conversion of native non-forest ecosystems to exotic tree cover and violate biodiversity safeguards".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Procedure">Procedure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afforestation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Procedure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The process of afforestation begins with site selection. Several environmental factors of the site must be analyzed, including <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vegetation" title="Vegetation">vegetation</a>, and human activity.<sup id="cite_ref-Duan-2021_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duan-2021-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These factors will determine the quality of the site, what species of trees should be planted, and what planting method should be used.<sup id="cite_ref-Duan-2021_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duan-2021-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the forest site has been assessed, the area must be prepared for planting. Preparation can involve a variety of mechanical or chemical methods, such as chopping, mounding, bedding, <a href="/wiki/Herbicide" title="Herbicide">herbicides</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Controlled_burn" title="Controlled burn">prescribed burning</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once the site is prepared, planting can take place. One method for planting is direct seeding, which involves sowing seeds directly into the <a href="/wiki/Forest_floor" title="Forest floor">forest floor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another is seedling planting, which is similar to direct seeding except that seedlings already have an established root system.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Afforestation by cutting is an option for tree species that can reproduce asexually, where a piece of a tree stem, branch, root, or leaves can be planted onto the forest floor and sprout successfully.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes special tools, such as a <a href="/wiki/Tree_planting_bar" title="Tree planting bar">tree planting bar</a>, are used to make planting of trees easier and faster.<i><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> </p><p>An essential aspect of successful afforestation efforts lies in the careful selection of tree species that are well-suited to the local climate and soil conditions. By choosing appropriate species, afforested areas can better withstand the impacts of climate change.<sup id="cite_ref-Benedek_&_Fertő_2013_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benedek_&_Fertő_2013-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Windisch_Davin_Seneviratne_2021_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Windisch_Davin_Seneviratne_2021-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Benefits">Benefits</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afforestation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Benefits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are several benefits from afforestation such as <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">carbon sequestration</a>, increasing rainfall, prevention of topsoil erosion (from water and wind), flood and landslide mitigation, barriers against high winds, shelter for wildlife, employment and alternative sources of wood products.<sup id="cite_ref-Lark-2023_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lark-2023-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Afforestation projects create employment opportunities, particularly in rural areas, thus promoting sustainable livelihoods. They can create many jobs in various forest-related activities.<sup id="cite_ref-Kurtz2020_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kurtz2020-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate_change_mitigation">Climate change mitigation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afforestation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Climate change mitigation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration#Forestry" title="Carbon sequestration">Carbon sequestration § Forestry</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carbon_sequestration&action=edit#Forestry">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Proportion_of_carbon_stock_in_forest_carbon_pools,_2020.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Proportion_of_carbon_stock_in_forest_carbon_pools%2C_2020.svg/220px-Proportion_of_carbon_stock_in_forest_carbon_pools%2C_2020.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Proportion_of_carbon_stock_in_forest_carbon_pools%2C_2020.svg/330px-Proportion_of_carbon_stock_in_forest_carbon_pools%2C_2020.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Proportion_of_carbon_stock_in_forest_carbon_pools%2C_2020.svg/440px-Proportion_of_carbon_stock_in_forest_carbon_pools%2C_2020.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="230" /></a><figcaption>Proportion of carbon stock in forest carbon pools, 2020<sup id="cite_ref-Carbon_sequestration_FAO-2020_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carbon_sequestration_FAO-2020-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Forests are an important part of the <a href="/wiki/Global_carbon_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Global carbon cycle">global carbon cycle</a> because trees and plants absorb <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> through <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a>. Therefore, they play an important role in <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">climate change mitigation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Carbon_sequestration_AR6_WGIII_Ch_13_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carbon_sequestration_AR6_WGIII_Ch_13-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 37">: 37 </span></sup> By removing the <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gas</a> carbon dioxide from the air, forests function as terrestrial <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sink" title="Carbon sink">carbon sinks</a>, meaning they store large amounts of carbon in the form of biomass, encompassing roots, stems, branches, and leaves. Throughout their lifespan, trees continue to sequester carbon, storing atmospheric CO<small><sub>2</sub></small> long-term.<sup id="cite_ref-Carbon_sequestration_Sedjo,_R._2012_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carbon_sequestration_Sedjo,_R._2012-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_forest_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable forest management">Sustainable forest management</a>, afforestation, <a href="/wiki/Reforestation" title="Reforestation">reforestation</a> are therefore important contributions to climate change mitigation. </p><p>An important consideration in such efforts is that forests can turn from sinks to carbon sources.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019 forests took up a third less carbon than they did in the 1990s, due to higher temperatures, <a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">droughts</a><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a>. The typical tropical forest may become a carbon source by the 2060s.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Researchers have found that, in terms of environmental services, it is better to avoid deforestation than to allow for deforestation to subsequently reforest, as the latter leads to irreversible effects in terms of <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">biodiversity loss</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soil_degradation" class="mw-redirect" title="Soil degradation">soil degradation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the probability that legacy carbon will be released from soil is higher in younger boreal forest.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Global greenhouse gas emissions caused by damage to tropical rainforests may have been substantially underestimated until around 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the effects of afforestation and reforestation will be farther in the future than keeping existing forests intact.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It takes much longer − several decades − for the benefits for global warming to manifest to the same carbon sequestration benefits from mature trees in tropical forests and hence from limiting deforestation.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, scientists consider "the protection and recovery of carbon-rich and long-lived ecosystems, especially natural forests" to be "the major climate <a href="/wiki/Nature-based_solutions" title="Nature-based solutions">solution</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The planting of trees on marginal crop and <a href="/wiki/Pasture" title="Pasture">pasture</a> lands helps to incorporate carbon from atmospheric <span class="chemf nowrap">CO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span> into <a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this carbon sequestration process to succeed the carbon must not return to the atmosphere from biomass burning or rotting when the trees die.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To this end, land allotted to the trees must not be converted to other uses. Alternatively, the wood from them must itself be sequestered, e.g., via <a href="/wiki/Biochar" title="Biochar">biochar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bioenergy_with_carbon_capture_and_storage" title="Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage">bioenergy with carbon capture and storage</a>, landfill or stored by use in construction. </p><p>Earth offers enough room to plant an additional 0.9 billion ha of tree canopy cover, although this estimate has been criticized,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the true area that has a net cooling effect on the climate when accounting for biophysical feedbacks like albedo is 20-80% lower.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Carbon_sequestration_:7_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carbon_sequestration_:7-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Planting and protecting these trees would sequester 205 billion tons of carbon if the trees survive future climate stress to reach maturity.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Carbon_sequestration_:7_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carbon_sequestration_:7-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To put this number into perspective, this is about 20 years of current global carbon emissions (as of 2019) .<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This level of sequestration would represent about 25% of the atmosphere's carbon pool in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-Carbon_sequestration_:7_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carbon_sequestration_:7-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Life expectancy of forests varies throughout the world, influenced by tree species, site conditions, and natural disturbance patterns. In some forests, carbon may be stored for centuries, while in other forests, carbon is released with frequent stand replacing fires. Forests that are harvested prior to stand replacing events allow for the retention of carbon in manufactured forest products such as <a href="/wiki/Lumber" title="Lumber">lumber</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, only a portion of the carbon removed from logged forests ends up as durable goods and buildings. The remainder ends up as sawmill by-products such as pulp, paper, and pallets.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If all new construction globally utilized 90% wood products, largely via adoption of <a href="/wiki/Mass_timber" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass timber">mass timber</a> in <a href="/wiki/Low_rise" class="mw-redirect" title="Low rise">low rise</a> construction, this could sequester 700 million net tons of carbon per year.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is in addition to the elimination of carbon emissions from the displaced construction material such as steel or concrete, which are carbon-intense to produce. </p><p>A meta-analysis found that mixed species plantations would increase carbon storage alongside other benefits of diversifying planted forests.<sup id="cite_ref-Carbon_sequestration_:6_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carbon_sequestration_:6-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although a bamboo forest stores less total carbon than a mature forest of trees, a <a href="/wiki/Bamboo_cultivation" title="Bamboo cultivation">bamboo plantation</a> sequesters carbon at a much faster rate than a mature forest or a tree plantation. Therefore, the farming of bamboo timber may have significant carbon sequestration potential.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a> (FAO) reported that: "The total carbon stock in forests decreased from 668 gigatonnes in 1990 to 662 gigatonnes in 2020".<sup id="cite_ref-Carbon_sequestration_FAO-2020_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carbon_sequestration_FAO-2020-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 11">: 11 </span></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Boreal_forest_of_Canada" title="Boreal forest of Canada">Canada's boreal forests</a> as much as 80% of the total carbon is stored in the soils as dead organic matter.<sup id="cite_ref-Carbon_sequestration_cfs.nrcan.gc.ca_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carbon_sequestration_cfs.nrcan.gc.ca-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/IPCC_Sixth_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC Sixth Assessment Report">IPCC Sixth Assessment Report</a> says: "Secondary forest regrowth and restoration of degraded forests and non-forest ecosystems can play a large role in carbon sequestration (high confidence) with high resilience to disturbances and additional benefits such as enhanced biodiversity."<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Impacts on temperature are affected by the location of the forest. For example, reforestation in boreal or <a href="/wiki/Subarctic" title="Subarctic">subarctic</a> regions has less impact on climate. This is because it substitutes a high-<a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">albedo</a>, snow-dominated region with a lower-albedo forest canopy. By contrast, tropical reforestation projects lead to a positive change such as the formation of <a href="/wiki/Clouds" class="mw-redirect" title="Clouds">clouds</a>. These clouds then <a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">reflect the sunlight</a>, lowering temperatures.<sup id="cite_ref-Carbon_sequestration_Canadell_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carbon_sequestration_Canadell-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1457">: 1457 </span></sup> </p> Planting trees in <a href="/wiki/Tropical_climate" title="Tropical climate">tropical climates</a> with <a href="/wiki/Wet_season" title="Wet season">wet seasons</a> has another advantage. In such a setting, trees grow more quickly (fixing more carbon) because they can grow year-round. Trees in tropical climates have, on average, larger, brighter, and more abundant leaves than non-tropical climates. A study of the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/girth" class="extiw" title="wikt:girth">girth</a> of 70,000 trees across <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> has shown that tropical forests fix more carbon dioxide pollution than previously realized. The research suggested almost one-fifth of fossil fuel emissions are absorbed by forests across Africa, <a href="/wiki/Amazonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazonia">Amazonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>. Simon Lewis stated, "Tropical forest trees are absorbing about 18% of the carbon dioxide added to the atmosphere each year from burning fossil fuels, substantially buffering the rate of change."<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_benefits">Environmental benefits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afforestation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Environmental benefits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Afforestation provides other environmental benefits, including increasing the soil quality and its organic carbon levels, reducing the risk of <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">desertification</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Suganuma-2012_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suganuma-2012-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The planting of trees in urban areas is also able to reduce air pollution via the trees' absorption and filtration of <a href="/wiki/Pollutant" title="Pollutant">pollutants</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">ozone</a>, in addition to CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub>.<sup id="cite_ref-Freedman-1996_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freedman-1996-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Afforestation protects the <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> of plants and animals which allows the sustenance of ecosystems that provide clean air, soil fertilization, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Forests support biodiversity conservation, providing habitats for about 80% of the world's biodiversity and contributing to ecosystem restoration and resilience.<sup id="cite_ref-Benedek_&_Fertő_2013_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benedek_&_Fertő_2013-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Water management can be improved afforestation, as trees regulate <a href="/wiki/Hydrological_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrological cycle">hydrological cycles</a>, reduce <a href="/wiki/Soil_erosion" title="Soil erosion">soil erosion</a>, and prevent water runoff. Their capacity to capture and store water helps in mitigating floods and droughts.<sup id="cite_ref-Benedek_&_Fertő_2013_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benedek_&_Fertő_2013-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Forests act as natural air filters, absorbing pollutants and improving air quality. <a href="/wiki/Urban_forestry" title="Urban forestry">Urban forestation projects</a> have been successful in reducing respiratory illnesses and enhancing overall air quality in cities.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhang_&_Wei_2021_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhang_&_Wei_2021-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AbdulBaqi2022_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AbdulBaqi2022-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Windisch_Davin_Seneviratne_2021_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Windisch_Davin_Seneviratne_2021-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trees provide shade and cooling effects. By shading and evaporation, forests can lower local temperatures, offering a more comfortable environment in urban areas and reducing the impact of extreme heat.<sup id="cite_ref-Windisch_Davin_Seneviratne_2021_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Windisch_Davin_Seneviratne_2021-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AbdulBaqi2022_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AbdulBaqi2022-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afforestation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Reforestation#Limitations" title="Reforestation">Reforestation § Limitations</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Afforestation_in_grasslands_and_savanna">Afforestation in grasslands and savanna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afforestation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Afforestation in grasslands and savanna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tree-planting campaigns are criticised for sometimes targeting areas where forests would not naturally occur, such as <a href="/wiki/Grassland" title="Grassland">grassland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Savanna" title="Savanna">savanna</a> biomes.<sup id="cite_ref-Dasgupta-2021_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dasgupta-2021-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carbon sequestration forecasts of afforestation programmes often insufficiently consider possible carbon reductions in soils as well as slowing tree growth over time.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impact_on_biodiversity">Impact on biodiversity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afforestation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Impact on biodiversity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Afforestation can negatively affect <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> through increasing <a href="/wiki/Habitat_fragmentation" title="Habitat fragmentation">fragmentation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edge_effects" title="Edge effects">edge effects</a> for the habitat remaining outside the planted area.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New forest <a href="/wiki/Plantation" title="Plantation">plantations</a> can introduce <a href="/wiki/Generalist_and_specialist_species" title="Generalist and specialist species">generalist predators</a> that would otherwise not be found in open habitat into the covered area, which could detrimentally increase predation rates on the native species of the area. A study by scientists at the <a href="/wiki/British_Trust_for_Ornithology" title="British Trust for Ornithology">British Trust for Ornithology</a> into the decline of British populations of <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_curlew" title="Eurasian curlew">Eurasian curlew</a> found that afforestation had impacted curlew populations through fragmentation of their naturally open grassland habitats and increases in generalist predators.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surface_albedo">Surface albedo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afforestation&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Surface albedo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Questions have also been raised in the scientific community regarding how global afforestation could affect the surface <a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">albedo</a> of Earth. The <a href="/wiki/Canopy_(biology)" title="Canopy (biology)">canopy</a> cover of mature trees could make the surface albedo darker, which causes more heat to be absorbed, potentially raising the temperature of the planet. This is particularly relevant in parts of the world with high levels of snow cover, due to the more significant difference in albedo between highly reflective white snow and more darker forest cover which absorbs more solar radiation.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afforestation&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afforestation&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide">Adelaide</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a> (a city of 1.3 million as of June 2016), Premier <a href="/wiki/Mike_Rann" title="Mike Rann">Mike Rann</a> (2002 to 2011) launched an urban forest initiative in 2003 to plant 3 million native trees and shrubs by 2014 on 300 project sites across the metro area.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thousands of Adelaide citizens participated in community planting days on sites including parks, reserves, transport corridors, schools, water courses and coastline. Only native trees were planted to ensure genetic integrity. Rann said the project aimed to beautify and cool the city and make it more livable, improve air and water quality, and reduce Adelaide's greenhouse gas emissions by 600,000 tonnes of CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> a year.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afforestation&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2003, the government of <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> created a four-year project called the Forest 2020 Plantation Development and Assessment Initiative, which involved planting 6000 ha of fast-growing forests on non-forested lands countrywide. These plantations were used to analyze how afforestation can help to increase <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">carbon sequestration</a> and mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions while also considering the economic and investment attractiveness of afforestation. The results of the initiative showed that although there is not enough available land in Canada to completely offset the country's GHG emissions, afforestation can be useful mitigation technique for meeting GHG emission goals, especially until permanent, more advanced carbon storage technology becomes available.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 14 December 2020, Canada's Minister of Natural Resources <a href="/wiki/Seamus_O%27Regan" title="Seamus O'Regan">Seamus O'Regan</a> announced the federal government's investment of $3.16 billion to plant two billion trees over the next 10 years. This plan aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by an estimated 12 <a href="/wiki/Megatonnes" class="mw-redirect" title="Megatonnes">megatonnes</a> by 2050.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afforestation&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jiayu_County_-_Panjiawan_-_on_the_Yangtze_embankment_-_P1540267.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Jiayu_County_-_Panjiawan_-_on_the_Yangtze_embankment_-_P1540267.JPG/220px-Jiayu_County_-_Panjiawan_-_on_the_Yangtze_embankment_-_P1540267.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Jiayu_County_-_Panjiawan_-_on_the_Yangtze_embankment_-_P1540267.JPG/330px-Jiayu_County_-_Panjiawan_-_on_the_Yangtze_embankment_-_P1540267.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Jiayu_County_-_Panjiawan_-_on_the_Yangtze_embankment_-_P1540267.JPG/440px-Jiayu_County_-_Panjiawan_-_on_the_Yangtze_embankment_-_P1540267.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Strips of forest are planted along hundreds of kilometers of the <a href="/wiki/Yangtze" title="Yangtze">Yangtze</a> <a href="/wiki/Levee" title="Levee">levees</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hubei" title="Hubei">Hubei</a> province<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Doubling of forest coverage between 1980 and 2021</b> </p><p>China had the highest afforestation rate of any country or region in the world, with 4.77 million hectares (47,000 square kilometers) of afforestation in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the 2021 government work report, forest coverage will reach 24 percent based on the main targets and tasks for the 14th Five-Year Plan period.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Tree-planting laws and school-children</b> </p><p>A law in China from 1981 requires that every school student over the age of 11 plants at least one tree per year.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Other</b> </p><p>From 2011 to 2016, the city <a href="/wiki/Dongying" title="Dongying">Dongying</a> in <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a> province forested over 13,800 hectares of <a href="/wiki/Soil_salinity" title="Soil salinity">saline soil</a> through the Shandong Ecological Afforestation Project, which was launched with support from the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017, the <a href="/wiki/Saihanba_National_Forest_Park" title="Saihanba National Forest Park">Saihanba</a> Afforestation Community won the UN <a href="/wiki/Champions_of_the_Earth" title="Champions of the Earth">Champions of the Earth</a> Award in the Inspiration and Action category for "transforming degraded land into a lush paradise".<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The successful afforestation of the <a href="/wiki/Loess_Plateau" title="Loess Plateau">Loess Plateau</a> involved collaborative efforts by international and domestic professionals alongside villagers. Through this initiative, millions of villagers across four of China's poorest provinces were able to improve farming practices and increase incomes and employment, alleviating poverty.<sup id="cite_ref-World_Bank_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_Bank-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the careful selection of trees ensured a healthy, self-sustainable ecosystem between tree and soil which facilitated a net <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sink" title="Carbon sink">carbon sink</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Li-2020_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Li-2020-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Loess Plateau, although successful, was costly, reaching almost US$500 million.<sup id="cite_ref-World_Bank_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_Bank-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This contrasts with more recent initiatives where the results have not been as favorable. In an attempt to make afforestation both low-cost and less time-consuming, China shifted towards <a href="/wiki/Monoculture" title="Monoculture">monoculture</a> of mostly <a href="/wiki/Pinus_resinosa" title="Pinus resinosa">red pine</a> trees. However, this did not adequately take into consideration environmental structure and led to increased soil erosion, <a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">desertification</a>, sand/dust storms and short-lived trees.<sup id="cite_ref-Li-2020_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Li-2020-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has reduced China's <a href="/wiki/Environmental_sustainability" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental sustainability">environmental sustainability</a> index (ESI)<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to one of the lowest in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Regarding the effects of afforestation on long-term carbon stocks and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">carbon sequestration</a> these decrease when trees are less than 5 years old and increase quickly thereafter.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This means trees from monoculture planting that do not survive never reach full potential for carbon sequestration to offset China's carbon output. Overall, there is a possibility for afforestation to balance carbon levels and aid <a href="/wiki/Carbon_neutrality" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon neutrality">carbon neutrality</a>, but several challenges still remain which hinder an all encompassing effort.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Chinese government requires <a href="/wiki/Mining_industry_of_China" title="Mining industry of China">mining companies</a> to restore the environment around exhausted mines by refilling excavated pits and planting crops or <a href="/wiki/Reforestation_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Reforestation in China">trees</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 53">: 53 </span></sup> Many mining companies use these recovered mines for <a href="/wiki/Ecotourism" title="Ecotourism">ecotourism</a> business.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 54–55">: 54–55 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_Union">European Union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afforestation&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: European Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Europe deforested more than half of its forested areas over the last 6000 years.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (EU) has paid farmers for afforestation since 1990, offering grants to turn <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_land" title="Agricultural land">farmland</a> into forest and payments for the management of forest.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As part of the Green Deal,<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the EU program "3 Billion Tree Planting Pledge by 2030"<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> provides direction on afforestation of previous farmland in addition to reforestation.   </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a> statistics, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> had the third fastest afforestation rate in Europe in the 1990-2005 period, after Iceland and Ireland. In those years, a total of 44,360 square kilometers were afforested, and the total <a href="/wiki/Forest_cover" title="Forest cover">forest cover</a> rose from 13.5 to 17.9 million hectares. In 1990, forests covered 26.6% of the Spanish territory. As of 2007, that figure had risen to 36.6%. Spain today has the fifth largest forest area in the European Union.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afforestation&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_India" title="Forestry in India">Forestry in India</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marebilli_forest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Marebilli_forest.jpg/220px-Marebilli_forest.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Marebilli_forest.jpg/330px-Marebilli_forest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Marebilli_forest.jpg/440px-Marebilli_forest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Afforestation in South India</figcaption></figure> <p>As of 2023 the total forest and tree cover in India was 22%.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The forests of India are grouped into 5 major categories and 16 types based on <a href="/wiki/Biophysics" title="Biophysics">biophysical</a> criteria. 38% of the forest is categorized as <a href="/wiki/Subtropics" title="Subtropics">subtropical</a> dry <a href="/wiki/Deciduous" title="Deciduous">deciduous</a> and 30% as tropical moist deciduous and other smaller groups. </p><p>In 2016 the Indian government passed the CAMPA (<a href="/wiki/CAMPA_bill" class="mw-redirect" title="CAMPA bill">Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning Authority</a>) law, allowing about 40 thousand crores rupees (almost $6 Billion) to go to Indian states for <a href="/wiki/Planting_trees" class="mw-redirect" title="Planting trees">planting trees</a>. The funds were to be used for treatment of <a href="/wiki/Catchment" class="mw-redirect" title="Catchment">catchment</a> areas, assisted natural generation, forest management, wildlife protection and management, relocation of villages from protected areas, management of human-wildlife conflicts, training and awareness generation, supply of wood saving devices and allied activities. Increasing the tree cover would also help in creating additional carbon sinks to meet the nation's Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) of 2.5 to 3 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent through additional forest and tree cover by 2030 - part of India's efforts to <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">combat climate change</a>. </p><p>In 2016 the <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a> government planted almost 20,000,000 saplings and pledged to plant another 30,000,000 the following year. In 2019, 220 million trees were planted in a single day in the Indian state of <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_fourth_year_of_a_genetically_modified_forest_in_Iran_by_Aras_GED_part_of_commercial_afforestation_in_Iran.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/The_fourth_year_of_a_genetically_modified_forest_in_Iran_by_Aras_GED_part_of_commercial_afforestation_in_Iran.jpg/220px-The_fourth_year_of_a_genetically_modified_forest_in_Iran_by_Aras_GED_part_of_commercial_afforestation_in_Iran.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/The_fourth_year_of_a_genetically_modified_forest_in_Iran_by_Aras_GED_part_of_commercial_afforestation_in_Iran.jpg/330px-The_fourth_year_of_a_genetically_modified_forest_in_Iran_by_Aras_GED_part_of_commercial_afforestation_in_Iran.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/The_fourth_year_of_a_genetically_modified_forest_in_Iran_by_Aras_GED_part_of_commercial_afforestation_in_Iran.jpg/440px-The_fourth_year_of_a_genetically_modified_forest_in_Iran_by_Aras_GED_part_of_commercial_afforestation_in_Iran.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption>Fourth year of a genetically modified forest in Iran, planted by Aras GED through commercial afforestation</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afforestation&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Afforestation_in_Japan" title="Afforestation in Japan">Afforestation in Japan</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afforestation_in_Japan&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> The <a href="/wiki/Japanese_temperate_rainforest" title="Japanese temperate rainforest">Japanese temperate rainforest</a> is well sustained and maintains a high biodiversity. One method that has been utilized in maintaining the health of forests in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> has been afforestation. The Japanese government and private businesses have set up multiple projects to plant native tree species in open areas scattered throughout the country. This practice has resulted in shifts in forest structure and a healthy temperate rainforest that maintains a high biodiversity.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israel">Israel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afforestation&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Israel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jewish_National_Fund#Afforestation" title="Jewish National Fund">Jewish National Fund § Afforestation</a></div> <p>With wood production as a main objective, monocultures of <a href="/wiki/Pinus_halepensis" title="Pinus halepensis">Aleppo pine</a> were vigorously planted between 1948 and the 1970s. Following a massive collapse of this species in the 1990s, due to attacks by the insect pine blast scale, the Aleppo pine was gradually replaced by <a href="/wiki/Pinus_brutia" title="Pinus brutia">Pinus brutia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the 1990s there has been a trend towards more ecological approaches planting mixed forests combining pines with broadleaf Mediterranean species e.g. oak, pistachio, carob, olive, arbutus and buckthorn.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 250 million trees have been planted through the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_National_Fund" title="Jewish National Fund">JNF</a> across Israel since 1990. Tree coverage increased from 2% in 1948 to over 8% at present.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afforestation&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In January 2013, the <a href="/wiki/UK_government" class="mw-redirect" title="UK government">UK government</a> set a target of 12% woodland cover in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> by 2060, up from the then 10%.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> the National Assembly for Wales has set a target of 19% woodland cover, up from 15%. Government-backed initiatives such as the <a href="/wiki/Woodland_Carbon_Code" title="Woodland Carbon Code">Woodland Carbon Code</a> are intended to support this objective by encouraging corporations and landowners to create new woodland to offset their carbon emissions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scotland">Scotland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afforestation&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Scotland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Charitable groups such as <a href="/wiki/Trees_for_Life_(Scotland)" title="Trees for Life (Scotland)">Trees for Life (Scotland)</a> contribute to afforestation and reforestation efforts in the UK.</p><div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Afforestation_in_Scotland" title="Afforestation in Scotland">Afforestation in Scotland</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afforestation_in_Scotland&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <a href="/wiki/Afforestation_in_Scotland" title="Afforestation in Scotland">Afforestation efforts in Scotland</a> have provided an increase in woodland expansion. By the 20th century mark, Scotland had diminished woodland coverage to 5% of Scotland's land area.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, by the early 21st century, afforestation efforts have increased woodland coverage to 17%. <sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Scottish government released their Draft Climate Change Plan in January 2017. The 2017 draft plan has increased the targeted woodland coverage to 21% by 2032 and increases the afforestation rate to 15,000 <a href="/wiki/Hectares" class="mw-redirect" title="Hectares">hectares</a> per year. <sup id="cite_ref-Afforestation_in_Scotland_plan_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Afforestation_in_Scotland_plan-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afforestation&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1800s people moving westward in the US encountered the <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a> – land with fertile soil, a growing population and a demand for timber but with few trees to supply it. So tree planting was encouraged along homesteads. <a href="/wiki/Arbor_Day" title="Arbor Day">Arbor Day</a> was founded in 1872 by <a href="/wiki/Julius_Sterling_Morton" title="Julius Sterling Morton">Julius Sterling Morton</a> in Nebraska City.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1930s the <a href="/wiki/Dust_Bowl" title="Dust Bowl">Dust Bowl</a> environmental disaster signified a reason for adding significant new tree cover. Public works programs under <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">the New Deal</a> saw the planting of 18,000 miles of <a href="/wiki/Windbreak" title="Windbreak">windbreaks</a> stretching from North Dakota to Texas to fight soil erosion (see <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains_Shelterbelt" title="Great Plains Shelterbelt">Great Plains Shelterbelt</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afforestation&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tree_template.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tree_template.svg/28px-Tree_template.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tree_template.svg/42px-Tree_template.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tree_template.svg/56px-Tree_template.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Trees" title="Portal:Trees">Trees portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffer_strip" title="Buffer strip">Buffer strip</a> – Land use and runoff management technique<span style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">Forestry</a> – Science and craft of managing woodlands</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silviculture" title="Silviculture">Silviculture</a> – Practice of controlling forests for timber production</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windbreak" title="Windbreak">Windbreak</a> – Rows of trees or shrubs planted to provide shelter from the wind</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afforestation&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FAO-2018-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FAO-2018_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FAO-2018_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/3/I8661EN/i8661en.pdf"><i>Terms and definitions – FRA 2020</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Rome: FAO. 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190809045851/http://www.fao.org/3/I8661EN/i8661en.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Terms+and+definitions+%E2%80%93+FRA+2020&rft.place=Rome&rft.pub=FAO&rft.date=2018&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2F3%2FI8661EN%2Fi8661en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfforestation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lark-2023-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lark-2023_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lark-2023_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lark-2023_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lark-2023_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLark2023" class="citation web cs1">Lark, Rachel (2 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://environment.co/the-importance-of-afforestation/">"The Importance of Afforestation"</a>. <i>Environment Co</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240104123109/https://environment.co/the-importance-of-afforestation/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Environment+Co&rft.atitle=The+Importance+of+Afforestation&rft.date=2023-10-02&rft.aulast=Lark&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenvironment.co%2Fthe-importance-of-afforestation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfforestation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Windisch_Davin_Seneviratne_2021-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Windisch_Davin_Seneviratne_2021_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Windisch_Davin_Seneviratne_2021_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Windisch_Davin_Seneviratne_2021_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Windisch_Davin_Seneviratne_2021_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWindischDavinSeneviratne2021" class="citation journal cs1">Windisch, Michael G.; Davin, Edouard L.; Seneviratne, Sonia I. (October 2021). "Prioritizing forestation based on biogeochemical and local biogeophysical impacts". <i>Nature Climate Change</i>. <b>11</b> (10): 867–871. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021NatCC..11..867W">2021NatCC..11..867W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41558-021-01161-z">10.1038/s41558-021-01161-z</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:237947801">237947801</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/2578272675">2578272675</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Climate+Change&rft.atitle=Prioritizing+forestation+based+on+biogeochemical+and+local+biogeophysical+impacts&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=867-871&rft.date=2021-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A237947801%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41558-021-01161-z&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021NatCC..11..867W&rft.aulast=Windisch&rft.aufirst=Michael+G.&rft.au=Davin%2C+Edouard+L.&rft.au=Seneviratne%2C+Sonia+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfforestation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bastin-2019-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bastin-2019_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bastin-2019_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bastin-2019_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBastinFinegoldGarciaMollicone2019" class="citation journal cs1">Bastin, Jean-Francois; Finegold, Yelena; Garcia, Claude; Mollicone, Danilo; Rezende, Marcelo; Routh, Devin; Zohner, Constantin M.; Crowther, Thomas W. (5 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aax0848">"The global tree restoration potential"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>365</b> (6448): 76–79. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019Sci...365...76B">2019Sci...365...76B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aax0848">10.1126/science.aax0848</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31273120">31273120</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200103103604/https://science.sciencemag.org/content/365/6448/76">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=The+global+tree+restoration+potential&rft.volume=365&rft.issue=6448&rft.pages=76-79&rft.date=2019-07-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aax0848&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31273120&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019Sci...365...76B&rft.aulast=Bastin&rft.aufirst=Jean-Francois&rft.au=Finegold%2C+Yelena&rft.au=Garcia%2C+Claude&rft.au=Mollicone%2C+Danilo&rft.au=Rezende%2C+Marcelo&rft.au=Routh%2C+Devin&rft.au=Zohner%2C+Constantin+M.&rft.au=Crowther%2C+Thomas+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aax0848&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfforestation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTutton2019" class="citation web cs1">Tutton, Mark (4 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2019/07/04/world/forests-capture-two-thirds-of-carbon-emissions-scn-intl/index.html">"Restoring forests could capture two-thirds of the carbon humans have added to the atmosphere"</a>. <i>CNN</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200323221053/https://www.cnn.com/2019/07/04/world/forests-capture-two-thirds-of-carbon-emissions-scn-intl/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Restoring+forests+could+capture+two-thirds+of+the+carbon+humans+have+added+to+the+atmosphere&rft.date=2019-07-04&rft.aulast=Tutton&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2019%2F07%2F04%2Fworld%2Fforests-capture-two-thirds-of-carbon-emissions-scn-intl%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfforestation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewisMitchardPrenticeMaslin2019" class="citation journal cs1">Lewis, Simon L.; Mitchard, Edward T. A.; Prentice, Colin; Maslin, Mark; Poulter, Ben (18 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aaz0388">"Comment on "The global tree restoration potential"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>366</b> (6463). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aaz0388">10.1126/science.aaz0388</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31624179">31624179</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Comment+on+%22The+global+tree+restoration+potential%22&rft.volume=366&rft.issue=6463&rft.date=2019-10-18&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31624179&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aaz0388&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Simon+L.&rft.au=Mitchard%2C+Edward+T.+A.&rft.au=Prentice%2C+Colin&rft.au=Maslin%2C+Mark&rft.au=Poulter%2C+Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aaz0388&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfforestation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dasgupta-2021-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dasgupta-2021_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dasgupta-2021_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDasgupta2021" class="citation web cs1">Dasgupta, Shreya (1 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.thewire.in/environment/many-tree-planting-campaigns-are-based-on-flawed-science/">"Many Tree-Planting Campaigns Are Based on Flawed Science"</a>. <i>The Wire Science</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210612171058/https://science.thewire.in/environment/many-tree-planting-campaigns-are-based-on-flawed-science/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Wire+Science&rft.atitle=Many+Tree-Planting+Campaigns+Are+Based+on+Flawed+Science&rft.date=2021-06-01&rft.aulast=Dasgupta&rft.aufirst=Shreya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscience.thewire.in%2Fenvironment%2Fmany-tree-planting-campaigns-are-based-on-flawed-science%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfforestation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVeldmanAlemanAlvaradoAnderson2019" class="citation journal cs1">Veldman, Joseph W.; Aleman, Julie C.; Alvarado, Swanni T.; Anderson, T. Michael; Archibald, Sally; Bond, William J.; Boutton, Thomas W.; Buchmann, Nina; Buisson, Elise; Canadell, Josep G.; Dechoum, Michele de Sá; Diaz-Toribio, Milton H.; Durigan, Giselda; Ewel, John J.; Fernandes, G. Wilson (18 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aay7976">"Comment on "The global tree restoration potential"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>366</b> (6463). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aay7976">10.1126/science.aay7976</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10261%2F208421">10261/208421</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31624182">31624182</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Comment+on+%22The+global+tree+restoration+potential%22&rft.volume=366&rft.issue=6463&rft.date=2019-10-18&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10261%2F208421&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31624182&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aay7976&rft.aulast=Veldman&rft.aufirst=Joseph+W.&rft.au=Aleman%2C+Julie+C.&rft.au=Alvarado%2C+Swanni+T.&rft.au=Anderson%2C+T.+Michael&rft.au=Archibald%2C+Sally&rft.au=Bond%2C+William+J.&rft.au=Boutton%2C+Thomas+W.&rft.au=Buchmann%2C+Nina&rft.au=Buisson%2C+Elise&rft.au=Canadell%2C+Josep+G.&rft.au=Dechoum%2C+Michele+de+S%C3%A1&rft.au=Diaz-Toribio%2C+Milton+H.&rft.au=Durigan%2C+Giselda&rft.au=Ewel%2C+John+J.&rft.au=Fernandes%2C+G.+Wilson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aay7976&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfforestation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaverArchibaldLevin2011" class="citation journal cs1">Staver, A. Carla; Archibald, Sally; Levin, Simon A. (14 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1210465">"The Global Extent and Determinants of Savanna and Forest as Alternative Biome States"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>334</b> (6053): 230–232. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1210465">10.1126/science.1210465</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21998389">21998389</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=The+Global+Extent+and+Determinants+of+Savanna+and+Forest+as+Alternative+Biome+States&rft.volume=334&rft.issue=6053&rft.pages=230-232&rft.date=2011-10-14&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21998389&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1210465&rft.aulast=Staver&rft.aufirst=A.+Carla&rft.au=Archibald%2C+Sally&rft.au=Levin%2C+Simon+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1210465&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfforestation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVeldmanOverbeckNegreirosMahy2015" class="citation journal cs1">Veldman, Joseph W.; Overbeck, Gerhard E.; Negreiros, Daniel; Mahy, Gregory; Le Stradic, Soizig; Fernandes, G. Wilson; Durigan, Giselda; Buisson, Elise; Putz, Francis E.; Bond, William J. (9 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/65/10/1011/245863">"Where Tree Planting and Forest Expansion are Bad for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services"</a>. <i>BioScience</i>. <b>65</b> (10): 1011–1018. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbiosci%2Fbiv118">10.1093/biosci/biv118</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1525-3244">1525-3244</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BioScience&rft.atitle=Where+Tree+Planting+and+Forest+Expansion+are+Bad+for+Biodiversity+and+Ecosystem+Services&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1011-1018&rft.date=2015-09-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fbiosci%2Fbiv118&rft.issn=1525-3244&rft.aulast=Veldman&rft.aufirst=Joseph+W.&rft.au=Overbeck%2C+Gerhard+E.&rft.au=Negreiros%2C+Daniel&rft.au=Mahy%2C+Gregory&rft.au=Le+Stradic%2C+Soizig&rft.au=Fernandes%2C+G.+Wilson&rft.au=Durigan%2C+Giselda&rft.au=Buisson%2C+Elise&rft.au=Putz%2C+Francis+E.&rft.au=Bond%2C+William+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fbioscience%2Farticle%2F65%2F10%2F1011%2F245863&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfforestation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaverArchibaldLevin2011" class="citation journal cs1">Staver, A. Carla; Archibald, Sally; Levin, Simon A. (14 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1210465">"The Global Extent and Determinants of Savanna and Forest as Alternative Biome States"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>334</b> (6053): 230–232. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1210465">10.1126/science.1210465</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21998389">21998389</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=The+Global+Extent+and+Determinants+of+Savanna+and+Forest+as+Alternative+Biome+States&rft.volume=334&rft.issue=6053&rft.pages=230-232&rft.date=2011-10-14&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21998389&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1210465&rft.aulast=Staver&rft.aufirst=A.+Carla&rft.au=Archibald%2C+Sally&rft.au=Levin%2C+Simon+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1210465&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfforestation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrockerhoffJactelParrottaQuine2008" class="citation journal cs1">Brockerhoff, Eckehard G.; Jactel, Hervé; Parrotta, John A.; Quine, Christopher P.; Sayer, Jeffrey (1 May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10531-008-9380-x?utm_source=wiley&getft_integrator=wiley">"Plantation forests and biodiversity: oxymoron or opportunity?"</a>. <i>Biodiversity and Conservation</i>. <b>17</b> (5): 925–951. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10531-008-9380-x">10.1007/s10531-008-9380-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1572-9710">1572-9710</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biodiversity+and+Conservation&rft.atitle=Plantation+forests+and+biodiversity%3A+oxymoron+or+opportunity%3F&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=925-951&rft.date=2008-05-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10531-008-9380-x&rft.issn=1572-9710&rft.aulast=Brockerhoff&rft.aufirst=Eckehard+G.&rft.au=Jactel%2C+Herv%C3%A9&rft.au=Parrotta%2C+John+A.&rft.au=Quine%2C+Christopher+P.&rft.au=Sayer%2C+Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs10531-008-9380-x%3Futm_source%3Dwiley%26getft_integrator%3Dwiley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfforestation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVasconcelosPinaReinoBeja2019" class="citation journal cs1">Vasconcelos, Sasha; Pina, Sílvia; Reino, Luís; Beja, Pedro; Moreira, Francisco; Sánchez-Oliver, Juan S.; Catry, Inês; Faria, João; Rotenberry, John T.; Santana, Joana (1 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0006320718319037">"Long-term consequences of agricultural policy decisions: How are forests planted under EEC regulation 2080/92 affecting biodiversity 20 years later?"</a>. <i>Biological Conservation</i>. <b>236</b>: 393–403. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.biocon.2019.05.052">10.1016/j.biocon.2019.05.052</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0006-3207">0006-3207</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biological+Conservation&rft.atitle=Long-term+consequences+of+agricultural+policy+decisions%3A+How+are+forests+planted+under+EEC+regulation+2080%2F92+affecting+biodiversity+20+years+later%3F&rft.volume=236&rft.pages=393-403&rft.date=2019-08-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.biocon.2019.05.052&rft.issn=0006-3207&rft.aulast=Vasconcelos&rft.aufirst=Sasha&rft.au=Pina%2C+S%C3%ADlvia&rft.au=Reino%2C+Lu%C3%ADs&rft.au=Beja%2C+Pedro&rft.au=Moreira%2C+Francisco&rft.au=S%C3%A1nchez-Oliver%2C+Juan+S.&rft.au=Catry%2C+In%C3%AAs&rft.au=Faria%2C+Jo%C3%A3o&rft.au=Rotenberry%2C+John+T.&rft.au=Santana%2C+Joana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2FS0006320718319037&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfforestation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranksDouglasGillingsPearce-Higgins2017" class="citation journal cs1">Franks, Samantha E.; Douglas, David J. T.; Gillings, Simon; Pearce-Higgins, James W. (3 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00063657.2017.1359233">"Environmental correlates of breeding abundance and population change of Eurasian Curlew Numenius arquata in Britain"</a>. <i>Bird Study</i>. <b>64</b> (3): 393–409. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017BirdS..64..393F">2017BirdS..64..393F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00063657.2017.1359233">10.1080/00063657.2017.1359233</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0006-3657">0006-3657</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:89966879">89966879</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bird+Study&rft.atitle=Environmental+correlates+of+breeding+abundance+and+population+change+of+Eurasian+Curlew+Numenius+arquata+in+Britain&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=393-409&rft.date=2017-07-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00063657.2017.1359233&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A89966879%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0006-3657&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017BirdS..64..393F&rft.aulast=Franks&rft.aufirst=Samantha+E.&rft.au=Douglas%2C+David+J.+T.&rft.au=Gillings%2C+Simon&rft.au=Pearce-Higgins%2C+James+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F00063657.2017.1359233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfforestation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IPCC-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IPCC_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IPCC_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">IPCC, 2022: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_Annex-I.pdf">Annex I: Glossary</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230313100106/https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_Annex-I.pdf">Archived</a> 13 March 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> [van Diemen, R., J.B.R. Matthews, V. Möller, J.S. Fuglestvedt, V. Masson-Delmotte, C.  Méndez, A. Reisinger, S. Semenov (eds)]. In IPCC, 2022: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/">Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220802125242/https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/">Archived</a> 2 August 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, A. Al Khourdajie, R. van Diemen, D. McCollum, M. Pathak, S. Some, P. Vyas, R. Fradera, M. Belkacemi, A. Hasija, G. Lisboa, S. Luz, J. Malley, (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. doi: 10.1017/9781009157926.020</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhangBuschHuangFleskens2023" class="citation journal cs1">Zhang, Xianghua; Busch, Jonah; Huang, Yingli; Fleskens, Luuk; Qin, Huiyan; Qiao, Zhenhua (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Fffgc.2023.1229216">"Cost of mitigating climate change through reforestation in China"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Forests and Global Change</i>. <b>6</b>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023FrFGC...629216Z">2023FrFGC...629216Z</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Fffgc.2023.1229216">10.3389/ffgc.2023.1229216</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2624-893X">2624-893X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Forests+and+Global+Change&rft.atitle=Cost+of+mitigating+climate+change+through+reforestation+in+China&rft.volume=6&rft.date=2023&rft.issn=2624-893X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Fffgc.2023.1229216&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023FrFGC...629216Z&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Xianghua&rft.au=Busch%2C+Jonah&rft.au=Huang%2C+Yingli&rft.au=Fleskens%2C+Luuk&rft.au=Qin%2C+Huiyan&rft.au=Qiao%2C+Zhenhua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3389%252Fffgc.2023.1229216&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfforestation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duan-2021-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Duan-2021_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duan-2021_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuanAbduwali2021" class="citation cs2">Duan, Jie; Abduwali, Dilnur (10 March 2021), Cristina Gonçalves, Ana (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.intechopen.com/books/silviculture/basic-theory-and-methods-of-afforestation">"Basic Theory and Methods of Afforestation"</a>, <i>Silviculture</i>, IntechOpen, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5772%2Fintechopen.96164">10.5772/intechopen.96164</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-83968-448-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-83968-448-7"><bdi>978-1-83968-448-7</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210416165802/https://www.intechopen.com/books/silviculture/basic-theory-and-methods-of-afforestation">archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2021</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Silviculture&rft.atitle=Basic+Theory+and+Methods+of+Afforestation&rft.date=2021-03-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5772%2Fintechopen.96164&rft.isbn=978-1-83968-448-7&rft.aulast=Duan&rft.aufirst=Jie&rft.au=Abduwali%2C+Dilnur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.intechopen.com%2Fbooks%2Fsilviculture%2Fbasic-theory-and-methods-of-afforestation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfforestation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnappWangWalkerCohen2006" class="citation journal cs1">Knapp, Benjamin O.; Wang, G. Geoff; Walker, Joan L.; Cohen, Susan (1 May 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112706000569">"Effects of site preparation treatments on early growth and survival of planted longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) seedlings in North Carolina"</a>. <i>Forest Ecology and Management</i>. <b>226</b> (1): 122–128. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006ForEM.226..122K">2006ForEM.226..122K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.foreco.2006.01.029">10.1016/j.foreco.2006.01.029</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0378-1127">0378-1127</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forest+Ecology+and+Management&rft.atitle=Effects+of+site+preparation+treatments+on+early+growth+and+survival+of+planted+longleaf+pine+%28Pinus+palustris+Mill.%29+seedlings+in+North+Carolina&rft.volume=226&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=122-128&rft.date=2006-05-01&rft.issn=0378-1127&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.foreco.2006.01.029&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006ForEM.226..122K&rft.aulast=Knapp&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+O.&rft.au=Wang%2C+G.+Geoff&rft.au=Walker%2C+Joan+L.&rft.au=Cohen%2C+Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0378112706000569&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfforestation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrossnickleIvetić2017" class="citation journal cs1">Grossnickle, Steven C.; Ivetić, Vladan (30 December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journal.reforestationchallenges.org/index.php/REFOR/article/view/76">"Direct Seeding in Reforestation – A Field Performance Review"</a>. <i>Reforesta</i> (4): 94–142. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.21750%2FREFOR.4.07.46">10.21750/REFOR.4.07.46</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2466-4367">2466-4367</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210305231703/https://journal.reforestationchallenges.org/index.php/REFOR/article/view/76">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reforesta&rft.atitle=Direct+Seeding+in+Reforestation+%E2%80%93+A+Field+Performance+Review&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=94-142&rft.date=2017-12-30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.21750%2FREFOR.4.07.46&rft.issn=2466-4367&rft.aulast=Grossnickle&rft.aufirst=Steven+C.&rft.au=Iveti%C4%87%2C+Vladan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournal.reforestationchallenges.org%2Findex.php%2FREFOR%2Farticle%2Fview%2F76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfforestation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeyJacobsMcNabbMiller2008" class="citation journal cs1">Dey, Daniel C.; Jacobs, Douglass; McNabb, Ken; Miller, Gary; Baldwin, V.; Foster, G. (1 February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fforestscience%2F54.1.77">"Artificial Regeneration of Major Oak (Quercus) Species in the Eastern United States—A Review of the Literature"</a>. <i>Forest Science</i>. <b>54</b> (1): 77–106. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fforestscience%2F54.1.77">10.1093/forestscience/54.1.77</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0015-749X">0015-749X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forest+Science&rft.atitle=Artificial+Regeneration+of+Major+Oak+%28Quercus%29+Species+in+the+Eastern+United+States%E2%80%94A+Review+of+the+Literature&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=77-106&rft.date=2008-02-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fforestscience%2F54.1.77&rft.issn=0015-749X&rft.aulast=Dey&rft.aufirst=Daniel+C.&rft.au=Jacobs%2C+Douglass&rft.au=McNabb%2C+Ken&rft.au=Miller%2C+Gary&rft.au=Baldwin%2C+V.&rft.au=Foster%2C+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fforestscience%252F54.1.77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfforestation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKauffman1991" class="citation journal cs1">Kauffman, J. Boone (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2388198">"Survival by Sprouting Following Fire in Tropical Forests of the Eastern Amazon"</a>. <i>Biotropica</i>. <b>23</b> (3): 219–224. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991Biotr..23..219K">1991Biotr..23..219K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2388198">10.2307/2388198</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0006-3606">0006-3606</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2388198">2388198</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biotropica&rft.atitle=Survival+by+Sprouting+Following+Fire+in+Tropical+Forests+of+the+Eastern+Amazon&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=219-224&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2388198&rft.issn=0006-3606&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2388198%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1991Biotr..23..219K&rft.aulast=Kauffman&rft.aufirst=J.+Boone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2388198&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfforestation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSweeneyCzapkaPetrow2007" class="citation journal cs1">Sweeney, Bernard W.; Czapka, Stephen J.; Petrow, L. Carol A. (1 May 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/sjaf/article/31/2/85/4782466">"How Planting Method, Weed Abatement, and Herbivory Affect Afforestation Success"</a>. <i>Southern Journal of Applied Forestry</i>. <b>31</b> (2): 85–92. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fsjaf%2F31.2.85">10.1093/sjaf/31.2.85</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0148-4419">0148-4419</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220623191213/https://academic.oup.com/sjaf/article/31/2/85/4782466">Archived</a> from the original on 23 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southern+Journal+of+Applied+Forestry&rft.atitle=How+Planting+Method%2C+Weed+Abatement%2C+and+Herbivory+Affect+Afforestation+Success&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=85-92&rft.date=2007-05-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fsjaf%2F31.2.85&rft.issn=0148-4419&rft.aulast=Sweeney&rft.aufirst=Bernard+W.&rft.au=Czapka%2C+Stephen+J.&rft.au=Petrow%2C+L.+Carol+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fsjaf%2Farticle%2F31%2F2%2F85%2F4782466&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfforestation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Benedek_&_Fertő_2013-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Benedek_&_Fertő_2013_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Benedek_&_Fertő_2013_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Benedek_&_Fertő_2013_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenedekFertő2013" class="citation document cs1">Benedek, Zsófia; Fertő, Imre (2013). "Development and application of a new Forestation Index: global forestation patterns and drivers" (Document). IEHAS Discussion Papers. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10419%2F108304">10419/108304</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/1698449297">1698449297</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Development+and+application+of+a+new+Forestation+Index%3A+global+forestation+patterns+and+drivers&rft.pub=IEHAS+Discussion+Papers&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10419%2F108304&rft.aulast=Benedek&rft.aufirst=Zs%C3%B3fia&rft.au=Fert%C5%91%2C+Imre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfforestation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kurtz2020-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kurtz2020_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurtz2020" class="citation journal cs1">Kurtz, Michele (Fall 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanforests.org/article/growing-trees-growing-jobs/">"Growing trees, growing jobs"</a>. <i>American Forests</i>. <b>126</b> (3): 18–23. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/2464421409">2464421409</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Forests&rft.atitle=Growing+trees%2C+growing+jobs&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=126&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=18-23&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Kurtz&rft.aufirst=Michele&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanforests.org%2Farticle%2Fgrowing-trees-growing-jobs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfforestation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carbon_sequestration_FAO-2020-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carbon_sequestration_FAO-2020_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carbon_sequestration_FAO-2020_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/ca8753en"><i>Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020</i></a>. FAO. 2020. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4060%2Fca8753en">10.4060/ca8753en</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-5-132581-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-5-132581-0"><bdi>978-92-5-132581-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:130116768">130116768</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Forest+Resources+Assessment+2020&rft.pub=FAO&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A130116768%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4060%2Fca8753en&rft.isbn=978-92-5-132581-0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Fdocuments%2Fcard%2Fen%2Fc%2Fca8753en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfforestation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carbon_sequestration_AR6_WGIII_Ch_13-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Carbon_sequestration_AR6_WGIII_Ch_13_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">IPCC (2022) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_SPM.pdf">Summary for policy makers</a> in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/">Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a>, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carbon_sequestration_Sedjo,_R._2012-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Carbon_sequestration_Sedjo,_R._2012_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sedjo, R., & Sohngen, B. (2012). Carbon sequestration in forests and soils. Annu. Rev. Resour. Econ., 4(1), 127-144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBacciniWalkerCarvalhoFarina2017" class="citation journal cs1">Baccini, A.; Walker, W.; Carvalho, L.; Farina, M.; Sulla-Menashe, D.; Houghton, R. A. (October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aam5962">"Tropical forests are a net carbon source based on aboveground measurements of gain and loss"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>358</b> (6360): 230–234. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017Sci...358..230B">2017Sci...358..230B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aam5962">10.1126/science.aam5962</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28971966">28971966</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Tropical+forests+are+a+net+carbon+source+based+on+aboveground+measurements+of+gain+and+loss&rft.volume=358&rft.issue=6360&rft.pages=230-234&rft.date=2017-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aam5962&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28971966&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017Sci...358..230B&rft.aulast=Baccini&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Walker%2C+W.&rft.au=Carvalho%2C+L.&rft.au=Farina%2C+M.&rft.au=Sulla-Menashe%2C+D.&rft.au=Houghton%2C+R.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aam5962&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfforestation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpawnSullivanLarkGibbs2020" class="citation journal cs1">Spawn, Seth A.; Sullivan, Clare C.; Lark, Tyler J.; Gibbs, Holly K. (6 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7136222">"Harmonized global maps of above and belowground biomass carbon density in the year 2010"</a>. <i>Scientific Data</i>. <b>7</b> (1): 112. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020NatSD...7..112S">2020NatSD...7..112S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41597-020-0444-4">10.1038/s41597-020-0444-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2052-4463">2052-4463</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7136222">7136222</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32249772">32249772</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Data&rft.atitle=Harmonized+global+maps+of+above+and+belowground+biomass+carbon+density+in+the+year+2010&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=112&rft.date=2020-04-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7136222%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020NatSD...7..112S&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32249772&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41597-020-0444-4&rft.issn=2052-4463&rft.aulast=Spawn&rft.aufirst=Seth+A.&rft.au=Sullivan%2C+Clare+C.&rft.au=Lark%2C+Tyler+J.&rft.au=Gibbs%2C+Holly+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7136222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfforestation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarolyn_Gramling2017" class="citation journal cs1">Carolyn Gramling (28 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencenews.org/article/tropical-forests-have-flipped-sponges-sources-carbon-dioxide">"Tropical forests have flipped from sponges to sources of carbon dioxide; A closer look at the world's trees reveals a loss of density in the tropics"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Sciencenews.org" class="mw-redirect" title="Sciencenews.org">Sciencenews.org</a></i>. <b>358</b> (6360): 230–234. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017Sci...358..230B">2017Sci...358..230B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aam5962">10.1126/science.aam5962</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28971966">28971966</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sciencenews.org&rft.atitle=Tropical+forests+have+flipped+from+sponges+to+sources+of+carbon+dioxide%3B+A+closer+look+at+the+world%27s+trees+reveals+a+loss+of+density+in+the+tropics&rft.volume=358&rft.issue=6360&rft.pages=230-234&rft.date=2017-09-28&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28971966&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aam5962&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017Sci...358..230B&rft.au=Carolyn+Gramling&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencenews.org%2Farticle%2Ftropical-forests-have-flipped-sponges-sources-carbon-dioxide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfforestation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenfield2024" class="citation news cs1">Greenfield, Patrick (14 October 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2024/oct/14/nature-carbon-sink-collapse-global-heating-models-emissions-targets-evidence-aoe">"Trees and land absorbed almost no CO2 last year. Is nature's carbon sink failing?"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Trees+and+land+absorbed+almost+no+CO2+last+year.+Is+nature%27s+carbon+sink+failing%3F&rft.date=2024-10-14&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Greenfield&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2024%2Foct%2F14%2Fnature-carbon-sink-collapse-global-heating-models-emissions-targets-evidence-aoe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfforestation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey2020" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fiona_Harvey" title="Fiona Harvey">Harvey, Fiona</a> (4 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/mar/04/tropical-forests-losing-their-ability-to-absorb-carbon-study-finds">"Tropical forests losing their ability to absorb carbon, study finds"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Tropical+forests+losing+their+ability+to+absorb+carbon%2C+study+finds&rft.date=2020-03-04&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=Fiona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2020%2Fmar%2F04%2Ftropical-forests-losing-their-ability-to-absorb-carbon-study-finds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfforestation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/MEMO_08_632">"Press corner"</a>. <i>European Commission – European Commission</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Commission+%E2%80%93+European+Commission&rft.atitle=Press+corner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fcommission%2Fpresscorner%2Fdetail%2Fen%2FMEMO_08_632&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfforestation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalkerBaltzerCummingDay2019" class="citation journal cs1">Walker, Xanthe J.; Baltzer, Jennifer L.; Cumming, Steven G.; Day, Nicola J.; Ebert, Christopher; Goetz, Scott; Johnstone, Jill F.; Potter, Stefano; Rogers, Brendan M.; Schuur, Edward A. G.; Turetsky, Merritt R.; <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Cailin_Mack" title="Michelle Cailin Mack">Mack, Michelle C.</a> (August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1474-y">"Increasing wildfires threaten historic carbon sink of boreal forest soils"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>572</b> (7770): 520–523. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019Natur.572..520W">2019Natur.572..520W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-019-1474-y">10.1038/s41586-019-1474-y</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687">1476-4687</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31435055">31435055</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:201124728">201124728</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Increasing+wildfires+threaten+historic+carbon+sink+of+boreal+forest+soils&rft.volume=572&rft.issue=7770&rft.pages=520-523&rft.date=2019-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A201124728%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019Natur.572..520W&rft.issn=1476-4687&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-019-1474-y&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31435055&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Xanthe+J.&rft.au=Baltzer%2C+Jennifer+L.&rft.au=Cumming%2C+Steven+G.&rft.au=Day%2C+Nicola+J.&rft.au=Ebert%2C+Christopher&rft.au=Goetz%2C+Scott&rft.au=Johnstone%2C+Jill+F.&rft.au=Potter%2C+Stefano&rft.au=Rogers%2C+Brendan+M.&rft.au=Schuur%2C+Edward+A.+G.&rft.au=Turetsky%2C+Merritt+R.&rft.au=Mack%2C+Michelle+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41586-019-1474-y&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfforestation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/oct/31/climate-emissions-from-tropical-forest-damage-underestimated-by-a-factor-of-six">"Climate emissions from tropical forest damage 'underestimated by a factor of six'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 31 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Climate+emissions+from+tropical+forest+damage+%27underestimated+by+a+factor+of+six%27&rft.date=2019-10-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2019%2Foct%2F31%2Fclimate-emissions-from-tropical-forest-damage-underestimated-by-a-factor-of-six&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfforestation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://e360.yale.edu/features/why-keeping-mature-forests-intact-is-key-to-the-climate-fight">"Why Keeping Mature Forests Intact Is Key to the Climate Fight"</a>. <i>Yale E360</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yale+E360&rft.atitle=Why+Keeping+Mature+Forests+Intact+Is+Key+to+the+Climate+Fight&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fe360.yale.edu%2Ffeatures%2Fwhy-keeping-mature-forests-intact-is-key-to-the-climate-fight&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfforestation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.ucsusa.org/elliott-negin/would-reforestation-help-counter-deforestation">"Would a Large-scale Reforestation Effort Help Counter the Global Warming Impacts of Deforestation?"</a>. <i>Union of Concerned Scientists</i>. 1 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Union+of+Concerned+Scientists&rft.atitle=Would+a+Large-scale+Reforestation+Effort+Help+Counter+the+Global+Warming+Impacts+of+Deforestation%3F&rft.date=2012-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.ucsusa.org%2Felliott-negin%2Fwould-reforestation-help-counter-deforestation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfforestation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2019-08-trees-substitute-natural-forests.html">"Planting trees is no substitute for natural forests"</a>. <i>phys.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=phys.org&rft.atitle=Planting+trees+is+no+substitute+for+natural+forests&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2019-08-trees-substitute-natural-forests.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfforestation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDermott2008" class="citation web cs1">McDermott, Matthew (22 August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treehugger.com/files/2008/08/aerial-reforestation-explored-in-discovery-project-earth-premiere.php">"Can Aerial Reforestation Help Slow Climate Change? Discovery Project Earth Examines Re-Engineering the Planet's Possibilities"</a>. <i>TreeHugger</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100330031042/http://www.treehugger.com/files/2008/08/aerial-reforestation-explored-in-discovery-project-earth-premiere.php">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TreeHugger&rft.atitle=Can+Aerial+Reforestation+Help+Slow+Climate+Change%3F+Discovery+Project+Earth+Examines+Re-Engineering+the+Planet%27s+Possibilities&rft.date=2008-08-22&rft.aulast=McDermott&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.treehugger.com%2Ffiles%2F2008%2F08%2Faerial-reforestation-explored-in-discovery-project-earth-premiere.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfforestation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLefebvreWilliamsKirkPaul2021" class="citation journal cs1">Lefebvre, David; Williams, Adrian G.; Kirk, Guy J. D.; Paul; Burgess, J.; Meersmans, Jeroen; Silman, Miles R.; Román-Dañobeytia, Francisco; Farfan, Jhon; Smith, Pete (7 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8497602">"Assessing the carbon capture potential of a reforestation project"</a>. <i>Scientific Reports</i>. <b>11</b> (1): 19907. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021NatSR..1119907L">2021NatSR..1119907L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-021-99395-6">10.1038/s41598-021-99395-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2045-2322">2045-2322</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8497602">8497602</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34620924">34620924</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=Assessing+the+carbon+capture+potential+of+a+reforestation+project&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=19907&rft.date=2021-10-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8497602%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021NatSR..1119907L&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34620924&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41598-021-99395-6&rft.issn=2045-2322&rft.aulast=Lefebvre&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Williams%2C+Adrian+G.&rft.au=Kirk%2C+Guy+J.+D.&rft.au=Paul&rft.au=Burgess%2C+J.&rft.au=Meersmans%2C+Jeroen&rft.au=Silman%2C+Miles+R.&rft.au=Rom%C3%A1n-Da%C3%B1obeytia%2C+Francisco&rft.au=Farfan%2C+Jhon&rft.au=Smith%2C+Pete&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8497602&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfforestation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGorte2009" class="citation book cs1">Gorte, Ross W. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sgp.fas.org/crs/misc/RL31432.pdf"><i>Carbon Sequestration in Forests</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (RL31432 ed.). Congressional Research Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221114182920/http://sgp.fas.org/crs/misc/RL31432.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 14 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carbon+Sequestration+in+Forests&rft.edition=RL31432&rft.pub=Congressional+Research+Service&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Gorte&rft.aufirst=Ross+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsgp.fas.org%2Fcrs%2Fmisc%2FRL31432.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfforestation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewisMitchardPrenticeMaslin2019" class="citation journal cs1">Lewis, Simon L.; Mitchard, Edward T. A.; Prentice, Colin; Maslin, Mark; Poulter, Ben (18 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aaz0388">"Comment on "The global tree restoration potential"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>366</b> (6463). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aaz0388">10.1126/science.aaz0388</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31624179">31624179</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Comment+on+%22The+global+tree+restoration+potential%22&rft.volume=366&rft.issue=6463&rft.date=2019-10-18&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31624179&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aaz0388&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Simon+L.&rft.au=Mitchard%2C+Edward+T.+A.&rft.au=Prentice%2C+Colin&rft.au=Maslin%2C+Mark&rft.au=Poulter%2C+Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aaz0388&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfforestation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedlingsteinAllenCanadellPeters2019" class="citation journal cs1">Friedlingstein, Pierre; Allen, Myles; Canadell, Josep G.; Peters, Glen P.; Seneviratne, Sonia I. (18 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aay8060">"Comment on "The global tree restoration potential"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>366</b> (6463). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aay8060">10.1126/science.aay8060</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31624183">31624183</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Comment+on+%22The+global+tree+restoration+potential%22&rft.volume=366&rft.issue=6463&rft.date=2019-10-18&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31624183&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aay8060&rft.aulast=Friedlingstein&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft.au=Allen%2C+Myles&rft.au=Canadell%2C+Josep+G.&rft.au=Peters%2C+Glen+P.&rft.au=Seneviratne%2C+Sonia+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aay8060&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfforestation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaslerWilliamsDenneyEllis2024" class="citation journal cs1">Hasler, Natalia; Williams, Christopher A.; Denney, Vanessa Carrasco; Ellis, Peter W.; Shrestha, Surendra; Terasaki Hart, Drew E.; Wolff, Nicholas H.; Yeo, Samantha; Crowther, Thomas W.; Werden, Leland K.; Cook-Patton, Susan C. (26 March 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10965905">"Accounting for albedo change to identify climate-positive tree cover restoration"</a>. <i>Nature Communications</i>. <b>15</b> (1): 2275. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024NatCo..15.2275H">2024NatCo..15.2275H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-024-46577-1">10.1038/s41467-024-46577-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2041-1723">2041-1723</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10965905">10965905</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38531896">38531896</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=Accounting+for+albedo+change+to+identify+climate-positive+tree+cover+restoration&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=2275&rft.date=2024-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10965905%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2024NatCo..15.2275H&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F38531896&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41467-024-46577-1&rft.issn=2041-1723&rft.aulast=Hasler&rft.aufirst=Natalia&rft.au=Williams%2C+Christopher+A.&rft.au=Denney%2C+Vanessa+Carrasco&rft.au=Ellis%2C+Peter+W.&rft.au=Shrestha%2C+Surendra&rft.au=Terasaki+Hart%2C+Drew+E.&rft.au=Wolff%2C+Nicholas+H.&rft.au=Yeo%2C+Samantha&rft.au=Crowther%2C+Thomas+W.&rft.au=Werden%2C+Leland+K.&rft.au=Cook-Patton%2C+Susan+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10965905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfforestation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carbon_sequestration_:7-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carbon_sequestration_:7_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carbon_sequestration_:7_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carbon_sequestration_:7_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBastinFinegoldGarciaMollicone2019" class="citation journal cs1">Bastin, Jean-Francois; Finegold, Yelena; Garcia, Claude; Mollicone, Danilo; Rezende, Marcelo; Routh, Devin; Zohner, Constantin M.; Crowther, Thomas W. (5 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aax0848">"The global tree restoration potential"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>365</b> (6448): 76–79. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019Sci...365...76B">2019Sci...365...76B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aax0848">10.1126/science.aax0848</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31273120">31273120</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:195804232">195804232</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=The+global+tree+restoration+potential&rft.volume=365&rft.issue=6448&rft.pages=76-79&rft.date=2019-07-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aax0848&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A195804232%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31273120&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019Sci...365...76B&rft.aulast=Bastin&rft.aufirst=Jean-Francois&rft.au=Finegold%2C+Yelena&rft.au=Garcia%2C+Claude&rft.au=Mollicone%2C+Danilo&rft.au=Rezende%2C+Marcelo&rft.au=Routh%2C+Devin&rft.au=Zohner%2C+Constantin+M.&rft.au=Crowther%2C+Thomas+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1126%252Fscience.aax0848&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfforestation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndereggTrugmanBadgleyAnderson2020" class="citation journal cs1">Anderegg, William R. L.; Trugman, Anna T.; Badgley, Grayson; Anderson, Christa M.; Bartuska, Ann; Ciais, Philippe; Cullenward, Danny; Field, Christopher B.; Freeman, Jeremy; Goetz, Scott J.; Hicke, Jeffrey A.; Huntzinger, Deborah; Jackson, Robert B.; Nickerson, John; Pacala, Stephen (19 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aaz7005">"Climate-driven risks to the climate mitigation potential of forests"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>368</b> (6497). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aaz7005">10.1126/science.aaz7005</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32554569">32554569</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Climate-driven+risks+to+the+climate+mitigation+potential+of+forests&rft.volume=368&rft.issue=6497&rft.date=2020-06-19&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32554569&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aaz7005&rft.aulast=Anderegg&rft.aufirst=William+R.+L.&rft.au=Trugman%2C+Anna+T.&rft.au=Badgley%2C+Grayson&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Christa+M.&rft.au=Bartuska%2C+Ann&rft.au=Ciais%2C+Philippe&rft.au=Cullenward%2C+Danny&rft.au=Field%2C+Christopher+B.&rft.au=Freeman%2C+Jeremy&rft.au=Goetz%2C+Scott+J.&rft.au=Hicke%2C+Jeffrey+A.&rft.au=Huntzinger%2C+Deborah&rft.au=Jackson%2C+Robert+B.&rft.au=Nickerson%2C+John&rft.au=Pacala%2C+Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aaz7005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfforestation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTutton2019" class="citation web cs1">Tutton, Mark (4 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2019/07/04/world/forests-capture-two-thirds-of-carbon-emissions-scn-intl/index.html">"Restoring forests could capture two-thirds of the carbon humans have added to the atmosphere"</a>. <i>CNN</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200323221053/https://www.cnn.com/2019/07/04/world/forests-capture-two-thirds-of-carbon-emissions-scn-intl/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Restoring+forests+could+capture+two-thirds+of+the+carbon+humans+have+added+to+the+atmosphere&rft.date=2019-07-04&rft.aulast=Tutton&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2019%2F07%2F04%2Fworld%2Fforests-capture-two-thirds-of-carbon-emissions-scn-intl%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfforestation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Chatellier2010" class="citation book cs1">J. Chatellier (January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100705163108/http://gisf.research.yale.edu/forest_carbon_report/Chapter_13.pdf"><i>The Role of Forest Products in the Global Carbon Cycle: From In-Use to End-of-Life</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gisf.research.yale.edu/forest_carbon_report/Chapter_13.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 5 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Role+of+Forest+Products+in+the+Global+Carbon+Cycle%3A+From+In-Use+to+End-of-Life&rft.pub=Yale+School+of+Forestry+and+Environmental+Studies&rft.date=2010-01&rft.au=J.+Chatellier&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgisf.research.yale.edu%2Fforest_carbon_report%2FChapter_13.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfforestation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarmonHarmonFerrellBrooks1996" class="citation journal cs1">Harmon, M. E.; Harmon, J. M.; Ferrell, W. K.; Brooks, D. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1232389">"Modeling carbon stores in Oregon and Washington forest products: 1900?1992"</a>. <i>Climatic Change</i>. <b>33</b> (4): 521. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996ClCh...33..521H">1996ClCh...33..521H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00141703">10.1007/BF00141703</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27637103">27637103</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Climatic+Change&rft.atitle=Modeling+carbon+stores+in+Oregon+and+Washington+forest+products%3A+1900%3F1992&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=521&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A27637103%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00141703&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1996ClCh...33..521H&rft.aulast=Harmon&rft.aufirst=M.+E.&rft.au=Harmon%2C+J.+M.&rft.au=Ferrell%2C+W.+K.&rft.au=Brooks%2C+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1232389&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfforestation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToussaint2020" class="citation web cs1">Toussaint, Kristin (27 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fastcompany.com/90456328/building-with-timber-instead-of-steel-could-help-pull-millions-of-tons-of-carbon-from-the-atmosphere">"Building with timber instead of steel could help pull millions of tons of carbon from the atmosphere"</a>. <i>Fast Company</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200128214740/https://www.fastcompany.com/90456328/building-with-timber-instead-of-steel-could-help-pull-millions-of-tons-of-carbon-from-the-atmosphere">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fast+Company&rft.atitle=Building+with+timber+instead+of+steel+could+help+pull+millions+of+tons+of+carbon+from+the+atmosphere&rft.date=2020-01-27&rft.aulast=Toussaint&rft.aufirst=Kristin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fastcompany.com%2F90456328%2Fbuilding-with-timber-instead-of-steel-could-help-pull-millions-of-tons-of-carbon-from-the-atmosphere&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfforestation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChurkinaOrganschiReyerRuff2020" class="citation journal cs1">Churkina, Galina; Organschi, Alan; Reyer, Christopher P. O.; Ruff, Andrew; Vinke, Kira; Liu, Zhu; Reck, Barbara K.; Graedel, T. E.; Schellnhuber, Hans Joachim (27 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-019-0462-4">"Buildings as a global carbon sink"</a>. <i>Nature Sustainability</i>. <b>3</b> (4): 269–276. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020NatSu...3..269C">2020NatSu...3..269C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41893-019-0462-4">10.1038/s41893-019-0462-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2398-9629">2398-9629</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:213032074">213032074</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200128124454/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-019-0462-4">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Sustainability&rft.atitle=Buildings+as+a+global+carbon+sink&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=269-276&rft.date=2020-01-27&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41893-019-0462-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A213032074%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2398-9629&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020NatSu...3..269C&rft.aulast=Churkina&rft.aufirst=Galina&rft.au=Organschi%2C+Alan&rft.au=Reyer%2C+Christopher+P.+O.&rft.au=Ruff%2C+Andrew&rft.au=Vinke%2C+Kira&rft.au=Liu%2C+Zhu&rft.au=Reck%2C+Barbara+K.&rft.au=Graedel%2C+T.+E.&rft.au=Schellnhuber%2C+Hans+Joachim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41893-019-0462-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfforestation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carbon_sequestration_:6-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Carbon_sequestration_:6_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarnerCook-PattonLewisBrown2023" class="citation journal cs1">Warner, Emily; Cook-Patton, Susan C.; Lewis, Owen T.; Brown, Nick; Koricheva, Julia; Eisenhauer, Nico; Ferlian, Olga; Gravel, Dominique; Hall, Jefferson S.; Jactel, Hervé; Mayoral, Carolina; Meredieu, Céline; Messier, Christian; Paquette, Alain; Parker, William C. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Fffgc.2023.1226514">"Young mixed planted forests store more carbon than monocultures—a meta-analysis"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Forests and Global Change</i>. <b>6</b>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023FrFGC...626514W">2023FrFGC...626514W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Fffgc.2023.1226514">10.3389/ffgc.2023.1226514</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2624-893X">2624-893X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Forests+and+Global+Change&rft.atitle=Young+mixed+planted+forests+store+more+carbon+than+monocultures%E2%80%94a+meta-analysis&rft.volume=6&rft.date=2023&rft.issn=2624-893X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Fffgc.2023.1226514&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023FrFGC...626514W&rft.aulast=Warner&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft.au=Cook-Patton%2C+Susan+C.&rft.au=Lewis%2C+Owen+T.&rft.au=Brown%2C+Nick&rft.au=Koricheva%2C+Julia&rft.au=Eisenhauer%2C+Nico&rft.au=Ferlian%2C+Olga&rft.au=Gravel%2C+Dominique&rft.au=Hall%2C+Jefferson+S.&rft.au=Jactel%2C+Herv%C3%A9&rft.au=Mayoral%2C+Carolina&rft.au=Meredieu%2C+C%C3%A9line&rft.au=Messier%2C+Christian&rft.au=Paquette%2C+Alain&rft.au=Parker%2C+William+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3389%252Fffgc.2023.1226514&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfforestation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeviSingh2021" class="citation journal cs1">Devi, Angom Sarjubala; Singh, Kshetrimayum Suresh (12 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7803772">"Carbon storage and sequestration potential in aboveground biomass of bamboos in North East India"</a>. <i>Scientific Reports</i>. <b>11</b> (1): 837. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-020-80887-w">10.1038/s41598-020-80887-w</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2045-2322">2045-2322</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7803772">7803772</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33437001">33437001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=Carbon+storage+and+sequestration+potential+in+aboveground+biomass+of+bamboos+in+North+East+India&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=837&rft.date=2021-01-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7803772%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2045-2322&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33437001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41598-020-80887-w&rft.aulast=Devi&rft.aufirst=Angom+Sarjubala&rft.au=Singh%2C+Kshetrimayum+Suresh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7803772&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfforestation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carbon_sequestration_cfs.nrcan.gc.ca-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Carbon_sequestration_cfs.nrcan.gc.ca_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfmcanada.org/CMFiles/PublicationLibrary/CFS_DoesHarvestingInCanadasForestsContributeToClimateChange_English1OVA-25012010-8256.pdf">"Does harvesting in Canada's forests contribute to climate change?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Canadian Forest Service Science-Policy Notes</i>. Natural Resources Canada. May 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130730163912/http://www.sfmcanada.org/CMFiles/PublicationLibrary/CFS_DoesHarvestingInCanadasForestsContributeToClimateChange_English1OVA-25012010-8256.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 30 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Forest+Service+Science-Policy+Notes&rft.atitle=Does+harvesting+in+Canada%27s+forests+contribute+to+climate+change%3F&rft.date=2007-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfmcanada.org%2FCMFiles%2FPublicationLibrary%2FCFS_DoesHarvestingInCanadasForestsContributeToClimateChange_English1OVA-25012010-8256.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfforestation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/factsheets/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Sectoral_Fact_Sheet_Forestry.pdf">"Climate information relevant for Forestry"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climate+information+relevant+for+Forestry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipcc.ch%2Freport%2Far6%2Fwg1%2Fdownloads%2Ffactsheets%2FIPCC_AR6_WGI_Sectoral_Fact_Sheet_Forestry.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfforestation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ometto, J.P., K. Kalaba, G.Z. Anshari, N. Chacón, A. Farrell, S.A. Halim, H. Neufeldt, and R. Sukumar, 2022: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_CCP7.pdf">CrossChapter Paper 7: Tropical Forests</a>. In: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/chapter/ccp7/">Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability</a>. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 2369–2410, doi:10.1017/9781009325844.024.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carbon_sequestration_Canadell-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Carbon_sequestration_Canadell_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanadellM.R._Raupach2008" class="citation journal cs1">Canadell, J.G.; M.R. Raupach (13 June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalcarbonproject.org/global/pdf/canadell%26raupach2008_managingforests.science.pdf">"Managing Forests for Climate Change"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Science</i>. <b>320</b> (5882): 1456–1457. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008Sci...320.1456C">2008Sci...320.1456C</a>. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.573.5230">10.1.1.573.5230</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1155458">10.1126/science.1155458</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18556550">18556550</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:35218793">35218793</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Managing+Forests+for+Climate+Change&rft.volume=320&rft.issue=5882&rft.pages=1456-1457&rft.date=2008-06-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A35218793%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008Sci...320.1456C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.573.5230%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18556550&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1155458&rft.aulast=Canadell&rft.aufirst=J.G.&rft.au=M.R.+Raupach&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalcarbonproject.org%2Fglobal%2Fpdf%2Fcanadell%2526raupach2008_managingforests.science.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfforestation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdam2009" class="citation news cs1">Adam, David (18 February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2009/feb/18/trees-tropics-climate-change">"Fifth of world carbon emissions soaked up by extra forest growth, scientists find"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Fifth+of+world+carbon+emissions+soaked+up+by+extra+forest+growth%2C+scientists+find&rft.date=2009-02-18&rft.aulast=Adam&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guardian.co.uk%2Fenvironment%2F2009%2Ffeb%2F18%2Ftrees-tropics-climate-change&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfforestation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Suganuma-2012-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Suganuma-2012_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuganumaEgashiraUtsugiKojima2012" class="citation book cs1">Suganuma, H.; Egashira, Y.; Utsugi, H.; Kojima, T. (July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6351997">"Estimation of CO<sub>2</sub> reduction amount by arid land afforestation in Western Australia"</a>. <i>2012 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium</i>. pp. 7216–7219. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FIGARSS.2012.6351997">10.1109/IGARSS.2012.6351997</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4673-1159-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4673-1159-5"><bdi>978-1-4673-1159-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:31123240">31123240</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210922154425/https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6351997/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Estimation+of+CO%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E+reduction+amount+by+arid+land+afforestation+in+Western+Australia&rft.btitle=2012+IEEE+International+Geoscience+and+Remote+Sensing+Symposium&rft.pages=7216-7219&rft.date=2012-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A31123240%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FIGARSS.2012.6351997&rft.isbn=978-1-4673-1159-5&rft.aulast=Suganuma&rft.aufirst=H.&rft.au=Egashira%2C+Y.&rft.au=Utsugi%2C+H.&rft.au=Kojima%2C+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fdocument%2F6351997&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfforestation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Freedman-1996-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Freedman-1996_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreedmanKeith1996" class="citation journal cs1">Freedman, Bill; Keith, Todd (11 April 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/abs/10.1139/a96-006">"Planting trees for carbon credits: a discussion of context, issues, feasibility, and environmental benefits"</a>. <i>Environmental Reviews</i>. <b>4</b> (2): 100–111. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1139%2Fa96-006">10.1139/a96-006</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Reviews&rft.atitle=Planting+trees+for+carbon+credits%3A+a+discussion+of+context%2C+issues%2C+feasibility%2C+and+environmental+benefits&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=100-111&rft.date=1996-04-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1139%2Fa96-006&rft.aulast=Freedman&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft.au=Keith%2C+Todd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcdnsciencepub.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1139%2Fa96-006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfforestation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Why is biodiversity important? (2018). Retrieved 28 April 2023, from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.conservation.org/blog/why-is-biodiversity-important">https://www.conservation.org/blog/why-is-biodiversity-important</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240909160207/https://www.conservation.org/blog/why-is-biodiversity-important">Archived</a> 9 September 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zhang_&_Wei_2021-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zhang_&_Wei_2021_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhangWei2021" class="citation journal cs1">Zhang, Mingfang; Wei, Xiaohua (5 March 2021). "Deforestation, forestation, and water supply". <i>Science</i>. <b>371</b> (6533): 990–991. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021Sci...371..990Z">2021Sci...371..990Z</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.abe7821">10.1126/science.abe7821</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33674479">33674479</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:232124649">232124649</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Deforestation%2C+forestation%2C+and+water+supply&rft.volume=371&rft.issue=6533&rft.pages=990-991&rft.date=2021-03-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.abe7821&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A232124649%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33674479&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021Sci...371..990Z&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Mingfang&rft.au=Wei%2C+Xiaohua&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfforestation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AbdulBaqi2022-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AbdulBaqi2022_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AbdulBaqi2022_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbdulBaqi2022" class="citation journal cs1">AbdulBaqi, Faten Khalid (June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tfp.2022.100267">"The effect of afforestation and green roofs techniques on thermal reduction in Duhok city"</a>. <i>Trees, Forests and People</i>. <b>8</b>: 100267. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022TFP.....800267A">2022TFP.....800267A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tfp.2022.100267">10.1016/j.tfp.2022.100267</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:248646593">248646593</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trees%2C+Forests+and+People&rft.atitle=The+effect+of+afforestation+and+green+roofs+techniques+on+thermal+reduction+in+Duhok+city&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=100267&rft.date=2022-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A248646593%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.tfp.2022.100267&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022TFP.....800267A&rft.aulast=AbdulBaqi&rft.aufirst=Faten+Khalid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.tfp.2022.100267&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfforestation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scienceline.org/2021/05/can-tree-campaigns-curb-climate-change-without-harming-grasslands/">"Can tree campaigns curb climate change without harming grasslands?"</a>. <i>Scienceline</i>. 28 May 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210613054241/https://scienceline.org/2021/05/can-tree-campaigns-curb-climate-change-without-harming-grasslands/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scienceline&rft.atitle=Can+tree+campaigns+curb+climate+change+without+harming+grasslands%3F&rft.date=2021-05-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscienceline.org%2F2021%2F05%2Fcan-tree-campaigns-curb-climate-change-without-harming-grasslands%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfforestation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBondStevensMidgleyLehmann2019" class="citation journal cs1">Bond, William J.; Stevens, Nicola; Midgley, Guy F.; Lehmann, Caroline E.R. (November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0169534719302526">"The Trouble with Trees: Afforestation Plans for Africa"</a>. <i>Trends in Ecology & Evolution</i>. <b>34</b> (11): 963–965. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019TEcoE..34..963B">2019TEcoE..34..963B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tree.2019.08.003">10.1016/j.tree.2019.08.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11820%2Fad569ac5-dc12-4420-9517-d8f310ede95e">20.500.11820/ad569ac5-dc12-4420-9517-d8f310ede95e</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31515117">31515117</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:202568025">202568025</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221115102436/https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0169534719302526">Archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+in+Ecology+%26+Evolution&rft.atitle=The+Trouble+with+Trees%3A+Afforestation+Plans+for+Africa&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=963-965&rft.date=2019-11&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F20.500.11820%2Fad569ac5-dc12-4420-9517-d8f310ede95e&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A202568025%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019TEcoE..34..963B&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31515117&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.tree.2019.08.003&rft.aulast=Bond&rft.aufirst=William+J.&rft.au=Stevens%2C+Nicola&rft.au=Midgley%2C+Guy+F.&rft.au=Lehmann%2C+Caroline+E.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0169534719302526&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfforestation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaschlerBialic-MurphyWanAndresen2022" class="citation cs2">Maschler, Julia; Bialic-Murphy, Lalasia; Wan, Joe; Andresen, Louise C.; Zohner, Constantin M.; Reich, Peter B.; Lüscher, Andreas; Schneider, Manuel K.; Müller, Christoph (2022), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://datadryad.org/stash/dataset/doi:10.5061/dryad.hhmgqnkk4"><i>Data from: Links across ecological scales: Plant biomass responses to elevated CO2</i></a>, Dryad, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5061%2Fdryad.hhmgqnkk4">10.5061/dryad.hhmgqnkk4</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240909160050/https://datadryad.org/stash/dataset/doi:10.5061/dryad.hhmgqnkk4">archived</a> from the original on 9 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2022</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Data+from%3A+Links+across+ecological+scales%3A+Plant+biomass+responses+to+elevated+CO2&rft.pub=Dryad&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5061%2Fdryad.hhmgqnkk4&rft.aulast=Maschler&rft.aufirst=Julia&rft.au=Bialic-Murphy%2C+Lalasia&rft.au=Wan%2C+Joe&rft.au=Andresen%2C+Louise+C.&rft.au=Zohner%2C+Constantin+M.&rft.au=Reich%2C+Peter+B.&rft.au=L%C3%BCscher%2C+Andreas&rft.au=Schneider%2C+Manuel+K.&rft.au=M%C3%BCller%2C+Christoph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdatadryad.org%2Fstash%2Fdataset%2Fdoi%3A10.5061%2Fdryad.hhmgqnkk4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfforestation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrockerhoffJactelParrottaQuine2008" class="citation journal cs1">Brockerhoff, Eckehard G.; Jactel, Hervé; Parrotta, John A.; Quine, Christopher P.; Sayer, Jeffrey (1 May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10531-008-9380-x?utm_source=wiley&getft_integrator=wiley">"Plantation forests and biodiversity: oxymoron or opportunity?"</a>. <i>Biodiversity and Conservation</i>. <b>17</b> (5): 925–951. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10531-008-9380-x">10.1007/s10531-008-9380-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1572-9710">1572-9710</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biodiversity+and+Conservation&rft.atitle=Plantation+forests+and+biodiversity%3A+oxymoron+or+opportunity%3F&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=925-951&rft.date=2008-05-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10531-008-9380-x&rft.issn=1572-9710&rft.aulast=Brockerhoff&rft.aufirst=Eckehard+G.&rft.au=Jactel%2C+Herv%C3%A9&rft.au=Parrotta%2C+John+A.&rft.au=Quine%2C+Christopher+P.&rft.au=Sayer%2C+Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs10531-008-9380-x%3Futm_source%3Dwiley%26getft_integrator%3Dwiley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfforestation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVasconcelosPinaReinoBeja2019" class="citation journal cs1">Vasconcelos, Sasha; Pina, Sílvia; Reino, Luís; Beja, Pedro; Moreira, Francisco; Sánchez-Oliver, Juan S.; Catry, Inês; Faria, João; Rotenberry, John T.; Santana, Joana (1 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0006320718319037">"Long-term consequences of agricultural policy decisions: How are forests planted under EEC regulation 2080/92 affecting biodiversity 20 years later?"</a>. <i>Biological Conservation</i>. <b>236</b>: 393–403. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.biocon.2019.05.052">10.1016/j.biocon.2019.05.052</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0006-3207">0006-3207</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biological+Conservation&rft.atitle=Long-term+consequences+of+agricultural+policy+decisions%3A+How+are+forests+planted+under+EEC+regulation+2080%2F92+affecting+biodiversity+20+years+later%3F&rft.volume=236&rft.pages=393-403&rft.date=2019-08-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.biocon.2019.05.052&rft.issn=0006-3207&rft.aulast=Vasconcelos&rft.aufirst=Sasha&rft.au=Pina%2C+S%C3%ADlvia&rft.au=Reino%2C+Lu%C3%ADs&rft.au=Beja%2C+Pedro&rft.au=Moreira%2C+Francisco&rft.au=S%C3%A1nchez-Oliver%2C+Juan+S.&rft.au=Catry%2C+In%C3%AAs&rft.au=Faria%2C+Jo%C3%A3o&rft.au=Rotenberry%2C+John+T.&rft.au=Santana%2C+Joana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2FS0006320718319037&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfforestation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMyklebySnyderTwine2017" class="citation journal cs1">Mykleby, P. M.; Snyder, P. K.; Twine, T. E. (16 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/2016GL071459">"Quantifying the trade-off between carbon sequestration and albedo in midlatitude and high-latitude North American forests"</a>. <i>Geophysical Research Letters</i>. <b>44</b> (5): 2493–2501. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017GeoRL..44.2493M">2017GeoRL..44.2493M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F2016GL071459">10.1002/2016GL071459</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0094-8276">0094-8276</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:133588291">133588291</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240909160052/https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2016GL071459">Archived</a> from the original on 9 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geophysical+Research+Letters&rft.atitle=Quantifying+the+trade-off+between+carbon+sequestration+and+albedo+in+midlatitude+and+high-latitude+North+American+forests&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=2493-2501&rft.date=2017-03-16&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F2016GL071459&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A133588291%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0094-8276&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017GeoRL..44.2493M&rft.aulast=Mykleby&rft.aufirst=P.+M.&rft.au=Snyder%2C+P.+K.&rft.au=Twine%2C+T.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1002%2F2016GL071459&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfforestation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRohatynYakirRotenbergCarmel2022" class="citation journal cs1">Rohatyn, Shani; Yakir, Dan; Rotenberg, Eyal; Carmel, Yohay (23 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abm9684">"Limited climate change mitigation potential through forestation of the vast dryland regions"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>377</b> (6613): 1436–1439. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022Sci...377.1436R">2022Sci...377.1436R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.abm9684">10.1126/science.abm9684</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36137038">36137038</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:252465486">252465486</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240909160129/https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abm9684">Archived</a> from the original on 9 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Limited+climate+change+mitigation+potential+through+forestation+of+the+vast+dryland+regions&rft.volume=377&rft.issue=6613&rft.pages=1436-1439&rft.date=2022-09-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A252465486%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022Sci...377.1436R&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.abm9684&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36137038&rft.aulast=Rohatyn&rft.aufirst=Shani&rft.au=Yakir%2C+Dan&rft.au=Rotenberg%2C+Eyal&rft.au=Carmel%2C+Yohay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.abm9684&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfforestation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.greenadelaide.sa.gov.au/projects/adelaide-greening-strategy">"Projects: Adelaide Greening Strategy"</a>. <i>www.greenadelaide.sa.gov.au</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240909160220/https://www.greenadelaide.sa.gov.au/projects/adelaide-greening-strategy">Archived</a> from the original on 9 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.greenadelaide.sa.gov.au&rft.atitle=Projects%3A+Adelaide+Greening+Strategy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.greenadelaide.sa.gov.au%2Fprojects%2Fadelaide-greening-strategy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfforestation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdn.environment.sa.gov.au/carbonneutraladelaide/general-images/Carbon-Neutral-Adelaide-status-report-2021_FINAL.pdf?v=1691558211">"Carbon Neutral Adelaide Status Report 2021 Final"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>cdn.environment.sa.gov.au</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240909160053/https://cdn.environment.sa.gov.au/carbonneutraladelaide/general-images/Carbon-Neutral-Adelaide-status-report-2021_FINAL.pdf?v=1691558211">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cdn.environment.sa.gov.au&rft.atitle=Carbon+Neutral+Adelaide+Status+Report+2021+Final&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.environment.sa.gov.au%2Fcarbonneutraladelaide%2Fgeneral-images%2FCarbon-Neutral-Adelaide-status-report-2021_FINAL.pdf%3Fv%3D1691558211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfforestation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDominy2010" class="citation journal cs1">Dominy, S.W.J. (June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5558%2Ftfc86339-3">"A retrospective and lessons learned from Natural Resources Canada's Forest 2020 afforestation initiative"</a>. <i>The Forestry Chronicle</i>. <b>86</b> (3): 339–347. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5558%2Ftfc86339-3">10.5558/tfc86339-3</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Forestry+Chronicle&rft.atitle=A+retrospective+and+lessons+learned+from+Natural+Resources+Canada%27s+Forest+2020+afforestation+initiative&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=339-347&rft.date=2010-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5558%2Ftfc86339-3&rft.aulast=Dominy&rft.aufirst=S.W.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5558%252Ftfc86339-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfforestation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canada.ca/en/campaign/2-billion-trees/2-billion-trees-program.html">"2 Billion Trees Program"</a>. <i>Canada.ca</i>. Government of Canada. 16 December 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240909160057/https://www.canada.ca/en/campaign/2-billion-trees/2-billion-trees-program.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canada.ca&rft.atitle=2+Billion+Trees+Program&rft.date=2021-12-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.canada.ca%2Fen%2Fcampaign%2F2-billion-trees%2F2-billion-trees-program.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfforestation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.woodbusiness.ca/canada-calls-for-proposals-to-support-2-billion-trees-program/#:~:text=The%202%20Billion%20Trees%20program%20is%20a%20key%20component%20of,restore%20nature%20and%20protect%20biodiversity.">"Canada calls for proposals to support 2 Billion Trees program"</a>. <i>Woodbusiness.ca</i>. Annex Business Media. Canadian Forest Industries magazine. 20 December 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220224143148/https://www.woodbusiness.ca/canada-calls-for-proposals-to-support-2-billion-trees-program/#:~:text=The%202%20Billion%20Trees%20program%20is%20a%20key%20component%20of,restore%20nature%20and%20protect%20biodiversity.">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Woodbusiness.ca&rft.atitle=Canada+calls+for+proposals+to+support+2+Billion+Trees+program&rft.date=2021-12-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.woodbusiness.ca%2Fcanada-calls-for-proposals-to-support-2-billion-trees-program%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DThe%25202%2520Billion%2520Trees%2520program%2520is%2520a%2520key%2520component%2520of%2Crestore%2520nature%2520and%2520protect%2520biodiversity.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfforestation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://slt.hubei.gov.cn/dfj/info.aspx?ArtID=2797">省河道堤防建设管理局2016年工作要点</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180401075100/http://slt.hubei.gov.cn/dfj/info.aspx?ArtID=2797">Archived</a> 2018-04-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (The work goals of the provincial waterway flood protection levee administration for 2016), 2016-02-17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYang" class="citation web cs1">Yang, Ling. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090210112501/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-01/09/content_10631987.htm">"China to plant more trees in 2009"</a>. <i>ChinaView</i>. Xinhua News Agency. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-01/09/content_10631987.htm">the original</a> on 10 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ChinaView&rft.atitle=China+to+plant+more+trees+in+2009&rft.aulast=Yang&rft.aufirst=Ling&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.xinhuanet.com%2Fenglish%2F2009-01%2F09%2Fcontent_10631987.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfforestation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fujian.gov.cn/english/news/202108/t20210809_5665713.htm">"Outline of the 14th Five-Year Plan (2021-2025) for National Economic and Social Development and Vision 2035 of the People's Republic of China_ News_ 福建省人民政府门户网站"</a>. <i>www.fujian.gov.cn</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220414125344/https://www.fujian.gov.cn/english/news/202108/t20210809_5665713.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.fujian.gov.cn&rft.atitle=Outline+of+the+14th+Five-Year+Plan+%282021-2025%29+for+National+Economic+and+Social+Development+and+Vision+2035+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China_+News_+%E7%A6%8F%E5%BB%BA%E7%9C%81%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E9%97%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%BD%91%E7%AB%99&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fujian.gov.cn%2Fenglish%2Fnews%2F202108%2Ft20210809_5665713.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfforestation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atibt.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/China-Forest-Law-Amendment-2020-20191228.pdf">China Forest Law Amendment</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240203141722/https://www.atibt.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/China-Forest-Law-Amendment-2020-20191228.pdf">Archived</a> 3 February 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> atibt.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/results/2017/07/26/china-afforestation-project-in-shandong-improves-environment-and-farmers-incomes">"China: Afforestation Project in Shandong Improves Environment and Farmers' Incomes"</a>. <i>World Bank</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240909160055/https://www.worldbank.org/en/results/2017/07/26/china-afforestation-project-in-shandong-improves-environment-and-farmers-incomes">Archived</a> from the original on 9 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Bank&rft.atitle=China%3A+Afforestation+Project+in+Shandong+Improves+Environment+and+Farmers%27+Incomes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbank.org%2Fen%2Fresults%2F2017%2F07%2F26%2Fchina-afforestation-project-in-shandong-improves-environment-and-farmers-incomes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfforestation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnvironment2019" class="citation web cs1">Environment, U. N. (22 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unep.org/championsofearth/laureates/2017/saihanba-afforestation-community">"Saihanba Afforestation Community | Champions of the Earth"</a>. <i>www.unep.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240203162710/https://www.unep.org/championsofearth/laureates/2017/saihanba-afforestation-community">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.unep.org&rft.atitle=Saihanba+Afforestation+Community+%7C+Champions+of+the+Earth&rft.date=2019-08-22&rft.aulast=Environment&rft.aufirst=U.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unep.org%2Fchampionsofearth%2Flaureates%2F2017%2Fsaihanba-afforestation-community&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfforestation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-World_Bank-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-World_Bank_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-World_Bank_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2007/03/15/restoring-chinas-loess-plateau">"Restoring China's Loess Plateau"</a>. <i>World Bank</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230510093546/https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2007/03/15/restoring-chinas-loess-plateau">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Bank&rft.atitle=Restoring+China%27s+Loess+Plateau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbank.org%2Fen%2Fnews%2Ffeature%2F2007%2F03%2F15%2Frestoring-chinas-loess-plateau&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfforestation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Li-2020-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Li-2020_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Li-2020_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiShapiro2020" class="citation book cs1">Li, Yifei; Shapiro, Judith (2020). <i>China goes green: coercive environmentalism for a troubled planet = Zhong guo zou xiang lü se</i>. Cambridge, UK Medford, MA: Polity. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5095-4312-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5095-4312-0"><bdi>978-1-5095-4312-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+goes+green%3A+coercive+environmentalism+for+a+troubled+planet+%3D+Zhong+guo+zou+xiang+l%C3%BC+se&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK+Medford%2C+MA&rft.pub=Polity&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-5095-4312-0&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Yifei&rft.au=Shapiro%2C+Judith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfforestation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmiedeknecht2013" class="citation cs2">Schmiedeknecht, Maud H. (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-28036-8_116">"Environmental Sustainability Index"</a>, in Idowu, Samuel O.; Capaldi, Nicholas; Zu, Liangrong; Gupta, Ananda Das (eds.), <i>Encyclopedia of Corporate Social Responsibility</i>, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 1017–1024, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-28036-8_116">10.1007/978-3-642-28036-8_116</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-28036-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-28036-8"><bdi>978-3-642-28036-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2024</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Environmental+Sustainability+Index&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Corporate+Social+Responsibility&rft.place=Berlin%2C+Heidelberg&rft.pages=1017-1024&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-642-28036-8_116&rft.isbn=978-3-642-28036-8&rft.aulast=Schmiedeknecht&rft.aufirst=Maud+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2F978-3-642-28036-8_116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfforestation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaoChenShankmanWang2011" class="citation journal cs1">Cao, Shixiong; Chen, Li; Shankman, David; Wang, Chunmei; Wang, Xiongbin; Zhang, Hong (1 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012825210001571">"Excessive reliance on afforestation in China's arid and semi-arid regions: Lessons in ecological restoration"</a>. <i>Earth-Science Reviews</i>. <b>104</b> (4): 240–245. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011ESRv..104..240C">2011ESRv..104..240C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.earscirev.2010.11.002">10.1016/j.earscirev.2010.11.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0012-8252">0012-8252</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth-Science+Reviews&rft.atitle=Excessive+reliance+on+afforestation+in+China%27s+arid+and+semi-arid+regions%3A+Lessons+in+ecological+restoration&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=240-245&rft.date=2011-02-01&rft.issn=0012-8252&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.earscirev.2010.11.002&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011ESRv..104..240C&rft.aulast=Cao&rft.aufirst=Shixiong&rft.au=Chen%2C+Li&rft.au=Shankman%2C+David&rft.au=Wang%2C+Chunmei&rft.au=Wang%2C+Xiongbin&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Hong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0012825210001571&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfforestation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShiCui2010" class="citation journal cs1">Shi, Jun; Cui, Linli (30 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169204610001799">"Soil carbon change and its affecting factors following afforestation in China"</a>. <i>Landscape and Urban Planning</i>. <b>98</b> (2): 75–85. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010LUrbP..98...75S">2010LUrbP..98...75S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.landurbplan.2010.07.011">10.1016/j.landurbplan.2010.07.011</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0169-2046">0169-2046</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Landscape+and+Urban+Planning&rft.atitle=Soil+carbon+change+and+its+affecting+factors+following+afforestation+in+China&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=75-85&rft.date=2010-11-30&rft.issn=0169-2046&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.landurbplan.2010.07.011&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010LUrbP..98...75S&rft.aulast=Shi&rft.aufirst=Jun&rft.au=Cui%2C+Linli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0169204610001799&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfforestation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXu1995" class="citation journal cs1">Xu, Deying (1 January 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0961-9534%2895%2900026-7">"The potential for reducing atmospheric carbon by large-scale afforestation in China and related cost/benefit analysis"</a>. <i>Biomass and Bioenergy</i>. Forestry and Climate Change. <b>8</b> (5): 337–344. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995BmBe....8..337X">1995BmBe....8..337X</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0961-9534%2895%2900026-7">10.1016/0961-9534(95)00026-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0961-9534">0961-9534</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biomass+and+Bioenergy&rft.atitle=The+potential+for+reducing+atmospheric+carbon+by+large-scale+afforestation+in+China+and+related+cost%2Fbenefit+analysis&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=337-344&rft.date=1995-01-01&rft.issn=0961-9534&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0961-9534%2895%2900026-7&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1995BmBe....8..337X&rft.aulast=Xu&rft.aufirst=Deying&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1016%2F0961-9534%252895%252900026-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfforestation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhan2022" class="citation book cs1">Zhan, Jing Vivian (2022). <i>China's Contained Resource Curse: How Minerals Shape State-Capital-Labor Relations</i>. Cambridge, United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-009-04898-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-009-04898-9"><bdi>978-1-009-04898-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Contained+Resource+Curse%3A+How+Minerals+Shape+State-Capital-Labor+Relations&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-009-04898-9&rft.aulast=Zhan&rft.aufirst=Jing+Vivian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfforestation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertsFyfeWoodbridgeGaillard2018" class="citation journal cs1">Roberts, N.; Fyfe, R. M.; Woodbridge, J.; Gaillard, M.-J.; Davis, B. a. S.; Kaplan, J. O.; Marquer, L.; Mazier, F.; Nielsen, A. B.; Sugita, S.; Trondman, A.-K.; Leydet, M. (15 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5768782">"Europe's lost forests: a pollen-based synthesis for the last 11,000 years"</a>. <i>Scientific Reports</i>. <b>8</b> (1): 716. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NatSR...8..716R">2018NatSR...8..716R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-017-18646-7">10.1038/s41598-017-18646-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2045-2322">2045-2322</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5768782">5768782</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29335417">29335417</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=Europe%27s+lost+forests%3A+a+pollen-based+synthesis+for+the+last+11%2C000+years&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=716&rft.date=2018-01-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5768782%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018NatSR...8..716R&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29335417&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41598-017-18646-7&rft.issn=2045-2322&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=N.&rft.au=Fyfe%2C+R.+M.&rft.au=Woodbridge%2C+J.&rft.au=Gaillard%2C+M.-J.&rft.au=Davis%2C+B.+a.+S.&rft.au=Kaplan%2C+J.+O.&rft.au=Marquer%2C+L.&rft.au=Mazier%2C+F.&rft.au=Nielsen%2C+A.+B.&rft.au=Sugita%2C+S.&rft.au=Trondman%2C+A.-K.&rft.au=Leydet%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5768782&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfforestation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZanchiThielGreenLindner2007" class="citation report cs1">Zanchi, Giuliana; Thiel, Daniel; Green, Tim; Lindner, Marcus (26 January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ieep.eu/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/wp4_nd_afforestation_in_europe.pdf">Afforestation in Europe</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). Joensuu, Finland: European Forest Institute. SSPE-CT-2004-503604.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Afforestation+in+Europe&rft.place=Joensuu%2C+Finland&rft.pub=European+Forest+Institute&rft.date=2007-01-26&rft.aulast=Zanchi&rft.aufirst=Giuliana&rft.au=Thiel%2C+Daniel&rft.au=Green%2C+Tim&rft.au=Lindner%2C+Marcus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fieep.eu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2022%2F12%2Fwp4_nd_afforestation_in_europe.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfforestation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/priorities-2019-2024/european-green-deal_en">"The European Green Deal - European Commission"</a>. <i>commission.europa.eu</i>. 14 July 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240909160640/https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/priorities-2019-2024/european-green-deal_en">Archived</a> from the original on 9 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=commission.europa.eu&rft.atitle=The+European+Green+Deal+-+European+Commission&rft.date=2021-07-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommission.europa.eu%2Fstrategy-and-policy%2Fpriorities-2019-2024%2Feuropean-green-deal_en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfforestation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52021SC0651">COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT The 3 Billion Tree Planting Pledge For 2030 Accompanying the document COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE AND THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS New EU Forest Strategy for 2030</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVadellde-MiguelPemán2016" class="citation journal cs1">Vadell, Enric; de-Miguel, Sergio; Pemán, Jesús (1 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264837716302344">"Large-scale reforestation and afforestation policy in Spain: A historical review of its underlying ecological, socioeconomic and political dynamics"</a>. <i>Land Use Policy</i>. <b>55</b>: 37–48. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016LUPol..55...37V">2016LUPol..55...37V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.landusepol.2016.03.017">10.1016/j.landusepol.2016.03.017</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0264-8377">0264-8377</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155200935">155200935</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Land+Use+Policy&rft.atitle=Large-scale+reforestation+and+afforestation+policy+in+Spain%3A+A+historical+review+of+its+underlying+ecological%2C+socioeconomic+and+political+dynamics&rft.volume=55&rft.pages=37-48&rft.date=2016-09-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.landusepol.2016.03.017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A155200935%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0264-8377&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016LUPol..55...37V&rft.aulast=Vadell&rft.aufirst=Enric&rft.au=de-Miguel%2C+Sergio&rft.au=Pem%C3%A1n%2C+Jes%C3%BAs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0264837716302344&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfforestation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1906388">"Total forest and tree cover increased by 2261 square kilometre in India as per the India State of Forest Report (ISFR) 2021"</a>. <i>pib.gov.in</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240909153535/https://pib.gov.in/ErrorPage.html?aspxerrorpath=/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 9 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pib.gov.in&rft.atitle=Total+forest+and+tree+cover+increased+by+2261+square+kilometre+in+India+as+per+the+India+State+of+Forest+Report+%28ISFR%29+2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpib.gov.in%2Fpib.gov.in%2FPressreleaseshare.aspx%3FPRID%3D1906388&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfforestation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/uttar-pradesh-plants-220-million-trees-in-one-day/article29070682.ece">"Uttar Pradesh plants 220 million trees in one day"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. 13 August 2019. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X">0971-751X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220112191920/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/uttar-pradesh-plants-220-million-trees-in-one-day/article29070682.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Uttar+Pradesh+plants+220+million+trees+in+one+day&rft.date=2019-08-13&rft.issn=0971-751X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fother-states%2Futtar-pradesh-plants-220-million-trees-in-one-day%2Farticle29070682.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfforestation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffpost.com/entry/india-plant-trees-220-million_n_5d501f43e4b0fc06ace91e2a">"Indians Plant 220 Million Trees In A Single Day"</a>. <i>HuffPost</i>. 11 August 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220113093143/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/india-plant-trees-220-million_n_5d501f43e4b0fc06ace91e2a">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HuffPost&rft.atitle=Indians+Plant+220+Million+Trees+In+A+Single+Day&rft.date=2019-08-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffpost.com%2Fentry%2Findia-plant-trees-220-million_n_5d501f43e4b0fc06ace91e2a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfforestation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPritchard2001" class="citation journal cs1">Pritchard, H. W (1 January 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/aob/article-lookup/doi/10.1006/anbo.2000.1313">"Ne'eman G, Traubaud L, eds. 2000. Ecology, biogeography and management of Pinus halepensis and P. brutia forest ecosystems in the Mediterranean Basin. 404 pp. Leiden: Backhuys Publishers. $120 (hardback)"</a>. <i>Annals of Botany</i>. <b>87</b> (1): 132–133. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fanbo.2000.1313">10.1006/anbo.2000.1313</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0305-7364">0305-7364</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240909153504/https://academic.oup.com/aob/article/87/1/132/2588413?login=false">Archived</a> from the original on 9 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Botany&rft.atitle=Ne%27eman+G%2C+Traubaud+L%2C+eds.+2000.+Ecology%2C+biogeography+and+management+of+Pinus+halepensis+and+P.+brutia+forest+ecosystems+in+the+Mediterranean+Basin.+404+pp.+Leiden%3A+Backhuys+Publishers.+%24120+%28hardback%29.&rft.volume=87&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=132-133&rft.date=2001-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Fanbo.2000.1313&rft.issn=0305-7364&rft.aulast=Pritchard&rft.aufirst=H.+W&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Faob%2Farticle-lookup%2Fdoi%2F10.1006%2Fanbo.2000.1313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfforestation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerevolotskySheffer2009" class="citation journal cs1">Perevolotsky, Avi; Sheffer, Efrat (1 December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencefromisrael.com/openurl.asp?genre=article&id=doi:10.1560/IJPS.57.1-2.35">"Forest management in Israel—The ecological alternative"</a>. <i>Israel Journal of Plant Sciences</i>. <b>57</b> (1): 35–48. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009IsJPS..57...35P">2009IsJPS..57...35P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1560%2FIJPS.57.1-2.35">10.1560/IJPS.57.1-2.35</a> (inactive 1 November 2024). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0792-9978">0792-9978</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Israel+Journal+of+Plant+Sciences&rft.atitle=Forest+management+in+Israel%E2%80%94The+ecological+alternative&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=35-48&rft.date=2009-12-01&rft.issn=0792-9978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1560%2FIJPS.57.1-2.35&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009IsJPS..57...35P&rft.aulast=Perevolotsky&rft.aufirst=Avi&rft.au=Sheffer%2C+Efrat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencefromisrael.com%2Fopenurl.asp%3Fgenre%3Darticle%26id%3Ddoi%3A10.1560%2FIJPS.57.1-2.35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfforestation" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aardvarkisrael.com/the-reforestation-of-israel/">"The Reforestation of Israel - Aardvark Israel"</a>. <i>aardvarkisrael.com</i>. 28 November 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240203174611/https://aardvarkisrael.com/the-reforestation-of-israel/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aardvarkisrael.com&rft.atitle=The+Reforestation+of+Israel+-+Aardvark+Israel&rft.date=2017-11-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faardvarkisrael.com%2Fthe-reforestation-of-israel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfforestation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestawayGrangeSmithSmith2023" class="citation journal cs1">Westaway, Sally; Grange, Ian; Smith, Jo; Smith, Laurence G. (1 February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264837722005294">"Meeting tree planting targets on the UK's path to net-zero: A review of lessons learnt from 100 years of land use policies"</a>. <i>Land Use Policy</i>. <b>125</b>: 106502. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023LUPol.12506502W">2023LUPol.12506502W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.landusepol.2022.106502">10.1016/j.landusepol.2022.106502</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0264-8377">0264-8377</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Land+Use+Policy&rft.atitle=Meeting+tree+planting+targets+on+the+UK%27s+path+to+net-zero%3A+A+review+of+lessons+learnt+from+100+years+of+land+use+policies&rft.volume=125&rft.pages=106502&rft.date=2023-02-01&rft.issn=0264-8377&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.landusepol.2022.106502&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023LUPol.12506502W&rft.aulast=Westaway&rft.aufirst=Sally&rft.au=Grange%2C+Ian&rft.au=Smith%2C+Jo&rft.au=Smith%2C+Laurence+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0264837722005294&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfforestation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmoutMacDonaldWatson2007" class="citation book cs1">Smout, T C; MacDonald, R; Watson, Fiona (2007). <i>A History of the Native Woodlands of Scotland 1500–1920</i>. <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_University_Press" title="Edinburgh University Press">Edinburgh University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-3294-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-3294-7"><bdi>978-0-7486-3294-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Native+Woodlands+of+Scotland+1500%E2%80%931920&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-3294-7&rft.aulast=Smout&rft.aufirst=T+C&rft.au=MacDonald%2C+R&rft.au=Watson%2C+Fiona&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfforestation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.scot/professional-advice/land-and-sea-management/managing-land/forests-and-woodlands/woodland-expansion-across-scotland">"Woodland expansion across Scotland"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NatureScot" title="NatureScot">NatureScot</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Woodland+expansion+across+Scotland&rft.pub=NatureScot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.scot%2Fprofessional-advice%2Fland-and-sea-management%2Fmanaging-land%2Fforests-and-woodlands%2Fwoodland-expansion-across-scotland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfforestation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Afforestation_in_Scotland_plan-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Afforestation_in_Scotland_plan_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.gov.scot/Resource/0051/00513102.pdf">"Draft Climate Change Plan: The draft third report on policies and proposals 2017-2032"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Government of Scotland. January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Draft+Climate+Change+Plan%3A+The+draft+third+report+on+policies+and+proposals+2017-2032&rft.pub=Government+of+Scotland&rft.date=2017-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.gov.scot%2FResource%2F0051%2F00513102.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfforestation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arborday.org/celebrate/history.cfm">"History at arborday.org"</a>. <i>www.arborday.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200425050048/https://www.arborday.org/celebrate/history.cfm">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.arborday.org&rft.atitle=History+at+arborday.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arborday.org%2Fcelebrate%2Fhistory.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfforestation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnow2019" class="citation web cs1">Snow, Megan Anne (January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://conservancy.umn.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/a1c69e9e-ee25-4c86-8bb8-08eb3e73cc30/content">"The Shelterbelt "Scheme": Radical Ecological Forestry and the Production of Climate in the Fight for the Prairie States Forestry Project"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240909153500/https://conservancy.umn.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/a1c69e9e-ee25-4c86-8bb8-08eb3e73cc30/content">Archived</a> from the original on 9 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Shelterbelt+%22Scheme%22%3A+Radical+Ecological+Forestry+and+the+Production+of+Climate+in+the+Fight+for+the+Prairie+States+Forestry+Project&rft.date=2019-01&rft.aulast=Snow&rft.aufirst=Megan+Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fconservancy.umn.edu%2Fserver%2Fapi%2Fcore%2Fbitstreams%2Fa1c69e9e-ee25-4c86-8bb8-08eb3e73cc30%2Fcontent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfforestation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Forestry" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Forestry" title="Template:Forestry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Forestry" title="Template talk:Forestry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Forestry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Forestry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Forestry" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">Forestry</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Index_of_forestry_articles" title="Index of forestry articles">Index</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_forest_area" title="List of countries by forest area">Forest areas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_forestry_ministries" title="List of forestry ministries">Ministries</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_forest_research_institutes" title="List of forest research institutes">Research institutes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_forestry_universities_and_colleges" title="List of forestry universities and colleges">Colleges</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_forestry_journals" title="List of forestry journals">Journals</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arbor_Day" title="Arbor Day">Arbor Day</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agroforestry" title="Agroforestry">Agroforestry</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dehesa" title="Dehesa">dehesa</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analog_forestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Analog forestry">Analog forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_cultivation" title="Bamboo cultivation">Bamboo forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close_to_nature_forestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Close to nature forestry">Close to nature forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_forestry" title="Community forestry">Community forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecoforestry" title="Ecoforestry">Ecoforestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_forestry" title="Energy forestry">Energy forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycoforestry" title="Mycoforestry">Mycoforestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permaforestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Permaforestry">Permaforestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_plantation" title="Tree plantation">Plantation forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_forestry_in_India" title="Social forestry in India">Social forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_forestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable forestry">Sustainable forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_forest" title="Urban forest">Urban forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_forestry" title="Urban forestry">Urban forestry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Forest_ecology" title="Forest ecology">Ecology</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Forest_management" title="Forest management">management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arboriculture" title="Arboriculture">Arboriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controlled_burn" title="Controlled burn">Controlled burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debris" title="Debris">Debris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coarse_woody_debris" title="Coarse woody debris">coarse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driftwood" title="Driftwood">driftwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_woody_debris" title="Large woody debris">large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_jam" title="Log jam">log jam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slash_(logging)" title="Slash (logging)">slash</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendrology" title="Dendrology">Dendrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_thinning" title="Ecological thinning">Ecological thinning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Even_aged_timber_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Even aged timber management">Even-aged management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_ecology" title="Fire ecology">Fire ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest" title="Forest">Forest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forest_dynamics" title="Forest dynamics">dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_informatics" title="Forest informatics">informatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_integrated_pest_management" title="Forest integrated pest management">IPM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_inventory" title="Forest inventory">inventory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_governance" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest governance">governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_law" title="Forestry law">law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Forest_Information_Service" title="Global Forest Information Service">Global Forest Information Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old-growth_forest" title="Old-growth forest">old-growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_pathology" title="Forest pathology">pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_protection" title="Forest protection">protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_restoration" title="Forest restoration">restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_forest" title="Secondary forest">secondary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_stand" title="Forest stand">stand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_transition" title="Forest transition">transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trillion_Tree_Campaign" title="Trillion Tree Campaign">Trillion Tree Campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certified_wood" title="Certified wood">Forest certification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tree_farm#American_Tree_Farm_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree farm">ATFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CarbonFix_Standard" title="CarbonFix Standard">CFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_Stewardship_Council#Standards,_certification_and_accreditation" title="Forest Stewardship Council">FSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_for_the_Endorsement_of_Forest_Certification" title="Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification">PEFC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Forestry_Initiative" title="Sustainable Forestry Initiative">SFI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainforest_Alliance#Sustainable_forestry_certification" title="Rainforest Alliance">SmartWood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodland_Carbon_Code" title="Woodland Carbon Code">Woodland Carbon Code</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestation" class="mw-redirect" title="Forestation">Forestation</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">afforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reforestation" title="Reforestation">reforestation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_types_of_formally_designated_forests" title="List of types of formally designated forests">Formally designated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_and_yield_modelling" title="Growth and yield modelling">Growth and yield modelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">Horticulture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_tree" title="Genetically modified tree">GM trees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I-Tree" title="I-Tree">i-Tree</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_reforestation" title="Urban reforestation">urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silviculture" title="Silviculture">Silviculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_forest_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable forest management">Sustainable management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">Tree</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tree_allometry" title="Tree allometry">allometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_breeding" title="Tree breeding">breeding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_measurement" title="Tree measurement">Tree measurement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tree_crown_measurement" title="Tree crown measurement">crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_girth_measurement" title="Tree girth measurement">girth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_height_measurement" title="Tree height measurement">height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_volume_measurement" title="Tree volume measurement">volume</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environmental<br />topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_rain#Forests_and_other_vegetation" title="Acid rain">Acid rain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">Carbon sequestration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clearcutting" title="Clearcutting">Clearcutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystem services">Ecosystem services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_degradation" title="Forest degradation">Forest degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_dieback" title="Forest dieback">Forest dieback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_fragmentation" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest fragmentation">Forest fragmentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_forest" title="Ghost forest">Ghost forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Green_Wall_(Africa)" title="Great Green Wall (Africa)">Great Green Wall (Africa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Green_Wall_(China)" title="Great Green Wall (China)">Great Green Wall (China)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_grading" title="High grading">High grading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_logging" title="Illegal logging">Illegal logging</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timber_mafia" title="Timber mafia">timber mafia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_species#Forestry" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilding_conifer" title="Wilding conifer">wilding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Million_Tree_Initiative" title="Million Tree Initiative">Million Tree Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reducing_emissions_from_deforestation_and_forest_degradation" class="mw-redirect" title="Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation">REDD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shifting_cultivation" title="Shifting cultivation">Shifting cultivation</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chitemene" title="Chitemene">chitemene</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slash-and-burn" title="Slash-and-burn">slash-and-burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slash-and-char" title="Slash-and-char">slash-and-char</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Svedjebruk" class="mw-redirect" title="Svedjebruk">svedjebruk</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_recycling" title="Timber recycling">Timber recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipko_movement" title="Chipko movement">Tree hugging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_forest_inequity" title="Urban forest inequity">Urban forest inequity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">Wildfire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wood_industry" title="Wood industry">Industries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coppicing" title="Coppicing">Coppicing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest farming">Forest farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_gardening" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest gardening">Forest gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logging" title="Logging">Logging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">Manufacturing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumber" title="Lumber">lumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plywood" title="Plywood">plywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry" title="Pulp and paper industry">pulp and paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawmill" title="Sawmill">sawmilling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_product" title="Forest product">Products</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biochar" title="Biochar">biochar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-timber_forest_product" title="Non-timber forest product">non-timber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">palm oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayon" title="Rayon">rayon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rubber" title="Natural rubber">rubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanbark" title="Tanbark">tanbark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_railway" title="Forest railway">Rail transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_farm" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree farm">Tree farm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_tree_cultivation" title="Christmas tree cultivation">Christmas trees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">Wood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Engineered_wood" title="Engineered wood">engineered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_fuel" title="Wood fuel">fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahogany" title="Mahogany">mahogany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spruce-pine-fir" title="Spruce-pine-fir">spruce-pine-fir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teak" title="Teak">teak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodworking" title="Woodworking">Woodworking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_woodworking" title="Green woodworking">green woodworking</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forester" title="Forester">Forester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arborist" title="Arborist">Arborist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_bucking" title="Log bucking">Bucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choker_setter" title="Choker setter">Choker setter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_ecology" title="Forest ecology">Ecologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felling" title="Felling">Feller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildland_firefighter" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildland firefighter">Firefighter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Handcrew" title="Handcrew">handcrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interagency_hotshot_crew" class="mw-redirect" title="Interagency hotshot crew">hotshot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_lookout" title="Fire lookout">lookout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smokejumper" title="Smokejumper">smokejumper</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_driving" title="Log driving">River driver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logging_truck" title="Logging truck">Truck driver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_scaler" title="Log scaler">Log scaler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumberjack" title="Lumberjack">Lumberjack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_ranger" title="Park ranger">Ranger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resin_extraction" title="Resin extraction">Resin tapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_tapping" title="Rubber tapping">Rubber tapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingle_weaver" title="Shingle weaver">Shingle weaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_inventory" title="Forest inventory">Timber cruiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_planting" title="Tree planting">Tree planter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_processing" title="Wood processing">Wood process engineer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Forestry" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Forestry">WikiProject</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Climate_change_icon.png/16px-Climate_change_icon.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Climate_change_icon.png/24px-Climate_change_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Climate_change_icon.png/32px-Climate_change_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="1112" data-file-height="1056" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Climate_change" title="Portal:Climate change">Climate change portal</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/24px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/32px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png 2x" data-file-width="2790" data-file-height="2776" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Earth_sciences" title="Portal:Earth sciences">Earth sciences portal</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/16px-Earth_Day_Flag.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/24px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/32px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ecology" title="Portal:Ecology">Ecology portal</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/16px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/24px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/32px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment portal</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leaf_1_web.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Leaf_1_web.jpg/16px-Leaf_1_web.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Leaf_1_web.jpg/24px-Leaf_1_web.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Leaf_1_web.jpg/32px-Leaf_1_web.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Plants" title="Portal:Plants">Plants portal</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tree_template.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tree_template.svg/16px-Tree_template.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tree_template.svg/24px-Tree_template.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tree_template.svg/32px-Tree_template.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Trees" title="Portal:Trees">Trees portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Forestry" title="Category:Forestry">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_forestry" title="Outline of forestry">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Forestry_tools_and_equipment" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Forestry_tools" title="Template:Forestry tools"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Forestry_tools" title="Template talk:Forestry tools"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Forestry_tools" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Forestry tools"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Forestry_tools_and_equipment" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">Forestry</a> <a href="/wiki/Tool" title="Tool">tools</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heavy_equipment" title="Heavy equipment">equipment</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tree_planting" title="Tree planting">Tree planting</a>,<br /><a class="mw-selflink selflink">afforestation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caulk_boots" title="Caulk boots">Caulk boots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoe_(tool)#Types" title="Hoe (tool)">Hoedad</a> (hoedag)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groasis_Waterboxx" title="Groasis Waterboxx">Groasis Waterboxx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattock" title="Mattock">Mattock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottiputki" title="Pottiputki">Pottiputki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root_trainer" title="Root trainer">Root trainer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seed_trap" title="Seed trap">Seed trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_planting_bar" title="Tree planting bar">Tree planting bar</a> (dibble bar)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_shelter" title="Tree shelter">Tree shelter</a> (Tuley tube)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_spade" title="Tree spade">Tree spade</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Using_a_DTApe.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Using_a_DTApe.JPG/70px-Using_a_DTApe.JPG" decoding="async" width="70" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Using_a_DTApe.JPG/105px-Using_a_DTApe.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Using_a_DTApe.JPG/140px-Using_a_DTApe.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tree_measurement" title="Tree measurement">Mensuration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_scanning" title="3D scanning">3D scanner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angle_gauge" title="Angle gauge">Angle gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biltmore_stick" title="Biltmore stick">Biltmore stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chain_(unit)#Other_instruments" title="Chain (unit)">Chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruising_rod" title="Cruising rod">Cruising rod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diameter_tape" title="Diameter tape">Diameter tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemispherical_photography" title="Hemispherical photography">Hemispherical photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclinometer" title="Inclinometer">Inclinometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Increment_borer" title="Increment borer">Increment borer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangefinding_telemeter" class="mw-redirect" title="Rangefinding telemeter">Rangefinder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laser_rangefinder" title="Laser rangefinder">laser</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microtome" title="Microtome">Microtome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relascope" title="Relascope">Relascope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_caliper" title="Tree caliper">Tree caliper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedge_prism" title="Wedge prism">Wedge prism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wildfire_suppression_equipment_and_personnel" title="Wildfire suppression equipment and personnel">Fire suppression</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_firefighting" title="Aerial firefighting">Aerial firefighting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DC-10_Air_Tanker" title="DC-10 Air Tanker">DC-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle#Forest_fire_detection" title="Unmanned aerial vehicle">UAVs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driptorch" title="Driptorch">Driptorch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_flapper_(tool)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire flapper (tool)">Fire flapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_rake" title="Fire rake">Fire rake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_retardant#Forest-fire_fighting" title="Fire retardant">Fire retardant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helitack" title="Helitack">Helitack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McLeod_(tool)" title="McLeod (tool)">McLeod</a> (rakehoe)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulaski_(tool)" title="Pulaski (tool)">Pulaski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Axe" title="Axe">Axes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billhook" title="Billhook">Billhook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadaxe" title="Broadaxe">Broadaxe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brush_hook" class="mw-redirect" title="Brush hook">Brush hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Froe" title="Froe">Froe</a> (shake axe)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatchet" title="Hatchet">Hatchet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labrys" title="Labrys">Labrys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_splitter" title="Log splitter">Log splitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marking_axe" title="Marking axe">Marking axe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splitting_maul" title="Splitting maul">Splitting maul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saw" title="Saw">Saws</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bow_saw" title="Bow saw">Bow saw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucksaw" title="Bucksaw">Bucksaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chainsaw" title="Chainsaw">Chainsaw</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chainsaw_safety_clothing" title="Chainsaw safety clothing">safety clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chainsaw_safety_features" title="Chainsaw safety features">safety features</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crosscut_saw" title="Crosscut saw">Crosscut saw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragsaw" title="Dragsaw">Dragsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_saw" title="Head saw">Head saw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumber_edger" title="Lumber edger">Lumber edger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polesaw" title="Polesaw">Polesaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_sawmill" title="Portable sawmill">Portable sawmill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resaw" title="Resaw">Resaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-man_saw" title="Two-man saw">Two-man saw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whipsaw" title="Whipsaw">Whipsaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Logging" title="Logging">Logging</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cant_hook" title="Cant hook">Cant hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feller_buncher" title="Feller buncher">Feller buncher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forwarder" title="Forwarder">Forwarder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go-devil" title="Go-devil">Go-devil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvester_(forestry)" title="Harvester (forestry)">Harvester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heli-logging" title="Heli-logging">Helicopter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logging_truck" title="Logging truck">Log truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_Steam_Log_Hauler" title="Lombard Steam Log Hauler">Lombard Steam Log Hauler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peavey_(tool)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peavey (tool)">Peavey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickaroon" title="Pickaroon">Pickaroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pike_pole" title="Pike pole">Pike pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skid_cone" title="Skid cone">Skid cone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skidder" title="Skidder">Skidder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Winch" title="Washington Winch">Washington Winch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_donkey" title="Steam donkey">Steam donkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarder" title="Yarder">Yarder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swing_yarder" title="Swing yarder">swing</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denailer" title="Denailer">Denailer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firewood_processor" title="Firewood processor">Firewood processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_railway" title="Forest railway">Forest railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_mulching" title="Forestry mulching">Forestry mulcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_compass" title="Hand compass">Hand compass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hook_(hand_tool)#Forestry_hook" title="Hook (hand tool)">Hand hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_debarker" title="Hydraulic debarker">Hydraulic debarker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_house_moulder" title="Log house moulder">Log house moulder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_pond" title="Log pond">Log pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_flume" title="Log flume">Log flume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machete" title="Machete">Machete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stump_grinder" title="Stump grinder">Stump grinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chainsaw_mill" title="Chainsaw mill">Chainsaw mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_baler" title="Tree baler">Tree tyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsakat" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsakat">Tsakat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whoopie_sling" title="Whoopie sling">Whoopie sling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiln#Wood-drying_kiln" title="Kiln">Wood-drying kiln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodchipper" title="Woodchipper">Woodchipper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b>Categories</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Forestry_tools" title="Category:Forestry tools">tools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Forestry_equipment" title="Category:Forestry equipment">equipment</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b>Commons</b> <ul><li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Forestry_tools" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Forestry tools">tools</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Forestry_machines" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Forestry machines">equipment</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Forestry" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Forestry">WikiProject Forestry</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Template:Types_of_tools" title="Template:Types of tools">Types of tools</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Cleaning_tools" title="Template:Cleaning tools">Cleaning</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Cutting_and_abrasive_tools" title="Template:Cutting and abrasive tools">Cutting and abrasive</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Forestry_tools" title="Template:Forestry tools">Forestry</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Garden_tools" title="Template:Garden tools">Garden</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Hand_tools" title="Template:Hand tools">Hand</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Kitchen_tools" title="Template:Kitchen tools">Kitchen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Machine_and_metalworking_tools" title="Template:Machine and metalworking tools">Machine and metalworking</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Masonry_tools" title="Template:Masonry tools">Masonry</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Measuring_and_alignment_tools" title="Template:Measuring and alignment tools">Measuring and alignment</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Mining_equipment" title="Template:Mining equipment">Mining</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Power_tools" title="Template:Power tools">Power</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Textile_tools" title="Template:Textile tools">Textile</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Woodworking" title="Template:Woodworking">Woodworking</a></dd></dl> </div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Conservation_of_species" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservation_of_species" title="Template:Conservation of species"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservation_of_species" title="Template talk:Conservation of species"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservation_of_species" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservation of species"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Conservation_of_species" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">Conservation of species</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_conservation_articles" title="Index of conservation articles">Index of conservation articles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">Conservation<br />biology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity#Conservation" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captive_breeding" title="Captive breeding">Captive breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservation" title="Compassionate conservation">Compassionate conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_behavior" title="Conservation behavior">Conservation behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation-dependent_species" title="Conservation-dependent species">Conservation-dependent species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_genetics" title="Conservation genetics">Conservation genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation-induced_extinction" title="Conservation-induced extinction">Conservation-induced extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">Conservation status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">Endemism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex-situ_conservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ex-situ conservation">Ex-situ conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_threshold" title="Extinction threshold">Extinction threshold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-situ_conservation" title="In-situ conservation">In-situ conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latent_extinction_risk" title="Latent extinction risk">Latent extinction risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_conservation" title="Marine conservation">Marine conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualisms_and_conservation" title="Mutualisms and conservation">Mutualisms and conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_conservation" title="Nature conservation">Nature conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology_of_parasites" title="Conservation biology of parasites">Conservation biology of parasites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Species_translocation" title="Species translocation">Species translocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_welfare" title="Conservation welfare">Conservation welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threatened_species" title="Threatened species">Threatened species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulnerability_and_susceptibility_in_conservation_biology" title="Vulnerability and susceptibility in conservation biology">Vulnerability and susceptibility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Approaches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_agriculture" title="Conservation agriculture">Conservation agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_development" title="Conservation development">Conservation development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_finance" title="Conservation finance">Conservation finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_grazing" title="Conservation grazing">Conservation grazing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_management_system" title="Conservation management system">Conservation management system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_movement" title="Conservation movement">Conservation movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_photography" title="Conservation photography">Conservation photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_psychology" title="Conservation psychology">Conservation psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspicuous_conservation" title="Conspicuous conservation">Conspicuous conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community-based_conservation" title="Community-based conservation">Community-based conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecoregion_conservation_status" title="Ecoregion conservation status">Ecoregion conservation status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_protection" title="Environmental protection">Environmental protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_conservation" title="Evidence-based conservation">Evidence-based conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flagship_species" title="Flagship species">Flagship species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_forest_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable forest management">Forest management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forest_protection" title="Forest protection">Forest protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_rainforest_conservation" title="Tropical rainforest conservation">Tropical rainforest conservation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Conservation_and_Development_Project" title="Integrated Conservation and Development Project">Integrated Conservation and Development Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Other_effective_area-based_conservation_measures" title="Other effective area-based conservation measures">Other effective area-based conservation measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riparian_buffer" title="Riparian buffer">Riparian buffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roadless_area_conservation" title="Roadless area conservation">Roadless area conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roadside_conservation" title="Roadside conservation">Roadside conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Site-based_conservation" title="Site-based conservation">Site-based conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetland_conservation" title="Wetland conservation">Wetland conservation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protected_area" title="Protected area">Protected<br />areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_designation" title="Conservation designation">Conservation designation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation district">Conservation district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_easement" title="Conservation easement">Conservation easement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_reserve" title="Conservation reserve">Conservation reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gap_analysis_(conservation)" title="Gap analysis (conservation)">Gap analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitat_conservation" title="Habitat conservation">Habitat conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_conservation_value_area" class="mw-redirect" title="High conservation value area">High conservation value area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape-scale_conservation" title="Landscape-scale conservation">Landscape-scale conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_protected_area" title="Marine protected area">Marine protected area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxan" title="Marxan">Marxan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_space_reserve" title="Open space reserve">Open space reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_corridor" title="Wildlife corridor">Wildlife corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/30_by_30" title="30 by 30">30 by 30 target</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_refugee" title="Conservation refugee">Conservation refugee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortress_conservation" title="Fortress conservation">Fortress conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitat_fragmentation" title="Habitat fragmentation">Habitat fragmentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93wildlife_conflict" title="Human–wildlife conflict">Human–wildlife conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Restoration_ecology" class="mw-redirect" title="Restoration ecology">Restoration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_natural_regeneration" title="Assisted natural regeneration">Assisted natural regeneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_restoration" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystem restoration">Ecosystem restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_restoration" title="Island restoration">Island restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reforestation" title="Reforestation">Reforestation</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">afforestation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rewilding" title="Rewilding">Rewilding</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sea_rewilding" title="Sea rewilding">marine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Species_reintroduction" title="Species reintroduction">Species reintroduction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By taxon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insect_hotel" title="Insect hotel">Arthropod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_conservation" title="Bird conservation">Bird</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_honeycreeper_conservation" title="Hawaiian honeycreeper conservation">Hawaiian honeycreeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raptor_conservation" title="Raptor conservation">Raptor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Status_and_conservation_of_the_golden_eagle" title="Status and conservation of the golden eagle">Golden eagle</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_of_fungi" title="Conservation of fungi">Fungi</a></li> <li>Land mammal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_of_American_bison" title="Conservation of American bison">American bison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_oryx_reintroduction" title="Arabian oryx reintroduction">Arabian oryx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_conservation" title="Bear conservation">Bear</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polar_bear_conservation" title="Polar bear conservation">Polar bear</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheetah_reintroduction_in_India" title="Cheetah reintroduction in India">Cheetah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_of_elephants" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation of elephants">Elephant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Project_Elephant" title="Project Elephant">Indian elephant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_of_slow_lorises" title="Conservation of slow lorises">Slow loris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger_conservation" title="Tiger conservation">Tiger</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Project_Tiger" title="Project Tiger">Bengal Tiger</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_reintroduction" title="Wolf reintroduction">Wolf</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_conservation" title="Marine conservation">Marine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Project_Dolphin_(India)" title="Project Dolphin (India)">Dolphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_nurse_shark_conservation" title="Grey nurse shark conservation">Gray nurse shark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manatee_conservation" title="Manatee conservation">Manatee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_of_painted_turtles" title="Conservation of painted turtles">Painted turtle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_conservation" title="Salmon conservation">Salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_otter_conservation" title="Sea otter conservation">Sea otter</a></li></ul></li> <li>Plant <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seed_bank" title="Seed bank">Seed bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_cryopreservation" title="Plant cryopreservation">Cryopreservation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Angola" title="Conservation in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Australia" title="Conservation in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Belize" title="Conservation in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Brazil" title="Conservation in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_the_Central_African_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Costa_Rica" title="Conservation in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Hong_Kong" title="Conservation in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Iceland" title="Conservation in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_India" title="Conservation in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Indonesia" title="Conservation in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Conservation in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Italy" title="Conservation in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Malaysia" title="Conservation in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Mauritius" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communal_Wildlife_Conservancies_in_Namibia" class="mw-redirect" title="Communal Wildlife Conservancies in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_New_Zealand" title="Conservation in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Pakistan" title="Conservation in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Conservation in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_South_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Uganda" title="Conservation in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Conservation in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Scotland" title="Conservation in Scotland">Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_the_United_States" title="Conservation in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forest_conservation_in_the_United_States" title="Forest conservation in the United States">forests</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_officer" title="Conservation officer">Conservation officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-extinction" title="De-extinction">De-extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_boundaries" title="Planetary boundaries">Planetary boundaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NatureServe_conservation_status" title="NatureServe conservation status">NatureServe conservation status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Area_of_Conservation" title="Special Area of Conservation">Special Area of Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_conservation" title="Soil conservation">Soil conservation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conservation_issues" class="mw-redirect" title="List of conservation issues">List of conservation issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nature_conservation_organizations" title="List of nature conservation organizations">List of organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conservationists" title="List of conservationists">List of people</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservation_biology" title="Category:Conservation biology">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Climate_change" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Climate_change" title="Template:Climate change"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Climate_change" title="Template talk:Climate change"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Climate_change" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Climate change"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Climate_change" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Overview" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Overview</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_climate_change" title="Causes of climate change">Causes of climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">Effects of climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">Climate change mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">Climate change adaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Climate_change_regions" title="Template:Climate change regions">By country and region</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Causes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_climate_change" title="Causes of climate change">Causes</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_system" title="Climate system">Climate system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_effect" title="Greenhouse effect">Greenhouse effect</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_in_Earth%27s_atmosphere" title="Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere">Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_consensus_on_climate_change" title="Scientific consensus on climate change">Scientific consensus on climate change</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_and_climate_change" title="Deforestation and climate change">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">Fossil fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">Greenhouse gases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">Greenhouse gas emissions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_accounting" title="Carbon accounting">Carbon accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_footprint" title="Carbon footprint">Carbon footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_leakage" title="Carbon leakage">Carbon leakage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_agriculture" title="Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture">from agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_wetlands" title="Greenhouse gas emissions from wetlands">from wetlands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_energy_supply_and_consumption" title="World energy supply and consumption">World energy supply and consumption</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_climate_change_policy_and_politics" title="History of climate change policy and politics">History of climate change policy and politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_climate_change_science" title="History of climate change science">History of climate change science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius" title="Svante Arrhenius">Svante Arrhenius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hansen" title="James Hansen">James Hansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_David_Keeling" title="Charles David Keeling">Charles David Keeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Climate_Change_conference" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Climate Change conference">United Nations Climate Change conferences</a></li> <li>Years in climate change <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019_in_climate_change" title="2019 in climate change">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_in_climate_change" title="2020 in climate change">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_in_climate_change" title="2021 in climate change">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_in_climate_change" title="2022 in climate change">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_in_climate_change" title="2023 in climate change">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_in_climate_change" title="2024 in climate change">2024</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Effects_and_issues" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">Effects and issues</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Physical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrupt_climate_change" title="Abrupt climate change">Abrupt climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anoxic_event" title="Anoxic event">Anoxic event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_methane_emissions" title="Arctic methane emissions">Arctic methane emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_sea_ice_decline" title="Arctic sea ice decline">Arctic sea ice decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_meridional_overturning_circulation" title="Atlantic meridional overturning circulation">Atlantic meridional overturning circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">Drought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_weather" title="Extreme weather">Extreme weather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">Flood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_flooding" title="Coastal flooding">Coastal flooding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_wave" title="Heat wave">Heat wave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_heatwave" title="Marine heatwave">Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_heat_island" title="Urban heat island">Urban heat island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans" title="Effects of climate change on oceans">Oceans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_deoxygenation" title="Ocean deoxygenation">deoxygenation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_heat_content" title="Ocean heat content">heat content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_surface_temperature" title="Sea surface temperature">sea surface temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_stratification" title="Ocean stratification">stratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_temperature" title="Ocean temperature">temperature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permafrost#Impacts_of_climate_change" title="Permafrost">Permafrost thaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retreat_of_glaciers_since_1850" title="Retreat of glaciers since 1850">Retreat of glaciers since 1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">Sea level rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Season_creep" title="Season creep">Season creep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipping_points_in_the_climate_system" title="Tipping points in the climate system">Tipping points in the climate system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclones_and_climate_change" title="Tropical cyclones and climate change">Tropical cyclones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_the_water_cycle" title="Effects of climate change on the water cycle">Water cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_wildfires" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change and wildfires">Wildfires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Flora and fauna</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_biomes" title="Effects of climate change on biomes">Biomes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_mortality_event" title="Mass mortality event">Mass mortality event</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_birds" title="Climate change and birds">Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_risk_from_climate_change" title="Extinction risk from climate change">Extinction risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_dieback" title="Forest dieback">Forest dieback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_invasive_species" title="Climate change and invasive species">Invasive species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_marine_life#Climate_change" title="Human impact on marine life">Marine life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_plant_biodiversity" title="Effects of climate change on plant biodiversity">Plant biodiversity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Social and economic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_agriculture" title="Effects of climate change on agriculture">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_livestock" title="Effects of climate change on livestock">Livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change and agriculture in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_children" title="Climate change and children">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_cities" title="Climate change and cities">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_civilizational_collapse" title="Climate change and civilizational collapse">Civilizational collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_crime" title="Climate change and crime">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_depopulated_due_to_climate_change" title="List of areas depopulated due to climate change">Depopulation of settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_landmarks_destroyed_or_damaged_by_climate_change" title="List of landmarks destroyed or damaged by climate change">Destruction of cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_climate_change" title="Disability and climate change">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_analysis_of_climate_change" title="Economic analysis of climate change">Economic impacts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change and insurance in the United States">U.S. insurance industry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_fisheries" title="Climate change and fisheries">Fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_gender" title="Climate change and gender">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_human_health" title="Effects of climate change on human health">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_mental_health" title="Effects of climate change on mental health">Mental health</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_and_climate_change" title="Human rights and climate change">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_Indigenous_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change and Indigenous peoples">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_infectious_diseases" title="Climate change and infectious diseases">Infectious diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_migration" title="Climate migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_poverty" title="Climate change and poverty">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_impact_of_climate_change" title="Psychological impact of climate change">Psychological impacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_security" title="Climate security">Security and conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_flooding" title="Urban flooding">Urban flooding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Water scarcity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_security" title="Water security">Water security</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em"><a href="/wiki/Template:Climate_change_regions" title="Template:Climate change regions">By country and region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Africa" title="Climate change in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Americas" title="Climate change in the Americas">Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Antarctica" title="Climate change in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Arctic" title="Climate change in the Arctic">Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Asia" title="Climate change in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Australia" title="Climate change in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Caribbean" title="Climate change in the Caribbean">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Europe" title="Climate change in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Climate change in the Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_small_island_countries" title="Effects of climate change on small island countries">Small island countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Climate_change_by_country" title="Category:Climate change by country">by individual country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Mitigation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">Mitigation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em"><a href="/wiki/Economic_analysis_of_climate_change" title="Economic analysis of climate change">Economics and finance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_budget" title="Carbon budget">Carbon budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_emission_trading" title="Carbon emission trading">Carbon emission trading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_offsets_and_credits" title="Carbon offsets and credits">Carbon offsets and credits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Standard_(carbon_offset_standard)" title="Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)">Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_price" title="Carbon price">Carbon price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_tax" title="Carbon tax">Carbon tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_debt" title="Climate debt">Climate debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_finance" title="Climate finance">Climate finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_risk_insurance" title="Climate risk insurance">Climate risk insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-benefits_of_climate_change_mitigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-benefits of climate change mitigation">Co-benefits of climate change mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_climate_change_mitigation" title="Economics of climate change mitigation">Economics of climate change mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_divestment" title="Fossil fuel divestment">Fossil fuel divestment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Climate_Fund" title="Green Climate Fund">Green Climate Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-carbon_economy" title="Low-carbon economy">Low-carbon economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_zero_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Net zero emissions">Net zero emissions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Energy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_capture_and_storage" title="Carbon capture and storage">Carbon capture and storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_transition" title="Energy transition">Energy transition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_phase-out" title="Fossil fuel phase-out">Fossil fuel phase-out</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">Nuclear power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_energy" title="Sustainable energy">Sustainable energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Preserving and enhancing<br /> <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sink" title="Carbon sink">carbon sinks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_carbon" title="Blue carbon">Blue carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_removal" title="Carbon dioxide removal">Carbon dioxide removal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">Carbon sequestration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_air_capture" title="Direct air capture">Direct air capture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_farming" title="Carbon farming">Carbon farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate-smart_agriculture" title="Climate-smart agriculture">Climate-smart agriculture</a></li> <li>Forest management <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">afforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration#Forestry" title="Carbon sequestration">forestry for carbon sequestration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/REDD_and_REDD%2B" title="REDD and REDD+">REDD and REDD+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reforestation" title="Reforestation">reforestation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_use,_land-use_change,_and_forestry" title="Land use, land-use change, and forestry">Land use, land-use change, and forestry</a> (LULUCF and AFOLU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature-based_solutions" title="Nature-based solutions">Nature-based solutions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Personal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Individual_action_on_climate_change" title="Individual action on climate change">Individual action on climate change</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant-based_diet" title="Plant-based diet">Plant-based diet</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society_and_adaptation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Society and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">adaptation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_action_on_climate_change" title="Business action on climate change">Business action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_action" title="Climate action">Climate action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_emergency_declaration" title="Climate emergency declaration">Climate emergency declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_movement" title="Climate movement">Climate movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_Strike_for_Climate" class="mw-redirect" title="School Strike for Climate">School Strike for Climate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_denial" title="Climate change denial">Denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_grief" title="Ecological grief">Ecological grief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_governance" title="Climate governance">Governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_justice" title="Climate justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_litigation" title="Climate change litigation">Litigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_climate_change" title="Politics of climate change">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_opinion_on_climate_change" title="Public opinion on climate change">Public opinion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_climate_change" title="Women in climate change">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">Adaptation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation_strategies_on_the_German_coast" title="Climate change adaptation strategies on the German coast">Adaptation strategies on the German coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_capacity" title="Adaptive capacity">Adaptive capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_risk_reduction" title="Disaster risk reduction">Disaster risk reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem-based_adaptation" title="Ecosystem-based adaptation">Ecosystem-based adaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Flood control">Flood control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss_and_damage_(climate_change)" title="Loss and damage (climate change)">Loss and damage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managed_retreat" title="Managed retreat">Managed retreat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature-based_solutions" title="Nature-based solutions">Nature-based solutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_resilience" title="Climate resilience">Resilience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_risk" title="Climate risk">Risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_vulnerability" title="Climate change vulnerability">Vulnerability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Adaptation_Fund" title="The Adaptation Fund">The Adaptation Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Adaptation_Programme_of_Action" title="National Adaptation Programme of Action">National Adaptation Programme of Action</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_communication" title="Climate communication">Communication</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_Change_Performance_Index" title="Climate Change Performance Index">Climate Change Performance Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_crisis" title="Climate crisis">Climate crisis (term)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_spiral" title="Climate spiral">Climate spiral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_education" title="Climate change education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_climate_change" title="Media coverage of climate change">Media coverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_popular_culture" title="Climate change in popular culture">Popular culture depictions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_art" title="Climate change art">art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_fiction" title="Climate fiction">fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_climate_change_video_games" class="mw-redirect" title="List of climate change video games">video games</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warming_stripes" title="Warming stripes">Warming stripes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">International agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Climate_Pact" title="Glasgow Climate Pact">Glasgow Climate Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol" title="Kyoto Protocol">Kyoto Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_Mechanisms_under_Article_6_of_the_Paris_Agreement" title="Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement">Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationally_determined_contribution" title="Nationally determined contribution">Nationally determined contributions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_13" title="Sustainable Development Goal 13">Sustainable Development Goal 13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change" title="United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change">United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Background_and_theory" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Background and theory</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Measurements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_surface_temperature" title="Global surface temperature">Global surface temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_temperature_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Instrumental temperature record">Instrumental temperature record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxy_(climate)" title="Proxy (climate)">Proxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_temperature_measurement" title="Satellite temperature measurement">Satellite temperature measurement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">Albedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_cycle" title="Carbon cycle">Carbon cycle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_carbon_cycle" title="Atmospheric carbon cycle">atmospheric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_pump" title="Biological pump">biologic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_carbon_cycle" title="Oceanic carbon cycle">oceanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permafrost_carbon_cycle" title="Permafrost carbon cycle">permafrost</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sink" title="Carbon sink">Carbon sink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_sensitivity" title="Climate sensitivity">Climate sensitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_variability_and_change" title="Climate variability and change">Climate variability and change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_feedback" title="Cloud feedback">Cloud feedback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_forcing" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloud forcing">Cloud forcing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fixed_anvil_temperature_hypothesis" title="Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis">Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryosphere" title="Cryosphere">Cryosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_energy_budget" title="Earth's energy budget">Earth's energy budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_event_attribution" title="Extreme event attribution">Extreme event attribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_feedbacks" title="Climate change feedbacks">Feedbacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_warming_potential" title="Global warming potential">Global warming potential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illustrative_model_of_greenhouse_effect_on_climate_change" title="Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change">Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_forcing" title="Orbital forcing">Orbital forcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiative_forcing" title="Radiative forcing">Radiative forcing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Research and modelling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_scenario" title="Climate change scenario">Climate change scenario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_model" title="Climate model">Climate model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupled_Model_Intercomparison_Project" title="Coupled Model Intercomparison Project">Coupled Model Intercomparison Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IPCC_Sixth_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC Sixth Assessment Report">IPCC Sixth Assessment Report</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoclimatology" title="Paleoclimatology">Paleoclimatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representative_Concentration_Pathway" title="Representative Concentration Pathway">Representative Concentration Pathway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_Socioeconomic_Pathways" title="Shared Socioeconomic Pathways">Shared Socioeconomic Pathways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Climate_change_icon.png/16px-Climate_change_icon.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Climate_change_icon.png/24px-Climate_change_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Climate_change_icon.png/32px-Climate_change_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="1112" data-file-height="1056" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Climate_change" title="Portal:Climate change">Climate change portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Climate_change" title="Category:Climate change">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_climate_change" title="Glossary of climate change">Glossary</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Index_of_climate_change_articles" title="Index of climate change articles">Index</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Deforestation_and_desertification" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Deforestation_and_desertification" title="Template:Deforestation and desertification"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Deforestation_and_desertification" title="Template talk:Deforestation and desertification"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Deforestation_and_desertification" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Deforestation and desertification"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Deforestation_and_desertification" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">desertification</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assarting" title="Assarting">Assarting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_and_climate_change" title="Deforestation and climate change">Deforestation and climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_by_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Deforestation by region">Deforestation by region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_logging" title="Illegal logging">Illegal logging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountaintop_removal" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountaintop removal">Mountaintop removal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slash-and-burn" title="Slash-and-burn">Slash-and-burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slash-and-char" title="Slash-and-char">Slash-and-char</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Manantenina_bushfire.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Illegal slash and burn in Madagascar"><img alt="Illegal slash and burn in Madagascar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Manantenina_bushfire.jpg/140px-Manantenina_bushfire.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Manantenina_bushfire.jpg/210px-Manantenina_bushfire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Manantenina_bushfire.jpg/280px-Manantenina_bushfire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2166" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">Desertification</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aridification" title="Aridification">Aridification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_desertification" title="Historic desertification">Historic desertification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moisture_recycling" title="Moisture recycling">Moisture recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_retrogression_and_degradation" title="Soil retrogression and degradation">Soil retrogression and degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Water scarcity</a></li> <li>By region: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Desertification_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Desertification in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertification_in_the_Gobi_Desert" class="mw-redirect" title="Desertification in the Gobi Desert">Gobi Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertification_in_Lebanon" title="Desertification in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertification_in_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="Desertification in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertification_in_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="Desertification in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertification_in_Mauritania" class="mw-redirect" title="Desertification in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertification_in_Mongolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Desertification in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertification_in_the_Sahel" class="mw-redirect" title="Desertification in the Sahel">Sahel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertification_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Desertification in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mitigation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Afforestation</a></li> <li>Arid Lands Information Network</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biochar" title="Biochar">Biochar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_grazing" title="Conservation grazing">Conservation grazing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_greening" title="Desert greening">Desert greening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecoforestry" title="Ecoforestry">Ecoforestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_engineering" title="Ecological engineering">Ecological engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmer-managed_natural_regeneration" class="mw-redirect" title="Farmer-managed natural regeneration">Farmer-managed regeneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexible_Mechanisms" title="Flexible Mechanisms">Flexible Mechanisms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Green_Wall_(Africa)" title="Great Green Wall (Africa)">Great Green Wall (Africa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Green_Wall_(China)" title="Great Green Wall (China)">Great Green Wall (China)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managed_intensive_rotational_grazing" class="mw-redirect" title="Managed intensive rotational grazing">Managed intensive rotational grazing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oasification" title="Oasification">Oasification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reforestation" title="Reforestation">Reforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_to_Combat_Desertification" title="United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification">United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forest_Landscape_Integrity_Index" title="Forest Landscape Integrity Index">Forest Landscape Integrity Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intact_forest_landscape" title="Intact forest landscape">Intact forest landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_surface_effects_on_climate" title="Land surface effects on climate">Land surface effects on climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_use,_land-use_change_and_forestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Land use, land-use change and forestry">Land use, land-use change and forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_global_issues" title="List of global issues">List of global issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_landscape" title="Natural landscape">Natural landscape</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Terra_preta" title="Terra preta">Terra preta</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilderness" title="Wilderness">Wilderness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2384419#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4112743-2">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85001510">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11964799w">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11964799w">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00574935">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="zalesňování"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph127531&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="obnova lesních porostů"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph136605&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007293836405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afforestation&oldid=1258110698">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afforestation&oldid=1258110698</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deforestation" title="Category:Deforestation">Deforestation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Desert_greening" title="Category:Desert greening">Desert greening</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Forest_ecology" title="Category:Forest ecology">Forest ecology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Habitat_management_equipment_and_methods" title="Category:Habitat management equipment and methods">Habitat management equipment and methods</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Reforestation" title="Category:Reforestation">Reforestation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Carbon_dioxide_removal" title="Category:Carbon dioxide removal">Carbon dioxide removal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Afforestation" title="Category:Afforestation">Afforestation</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_September_2024" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from September 2024">Articles with dead external links from September 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_February_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from February 2024">Use dmy dates from February 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_excerpts" title="Category:Articles with excerpts">Articles with excerpts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_displaying_wikidata_descriptions_as_a_fallback_via_Module:Annotated_link" title="Category:Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback via Module:Annotated link">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback via Module:Annotated link</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 18 November 2024, at 05:20<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afforestation&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-694cf4987f-jlt2g","wgBackendResponseTime":150,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.032","walltime":"2.332","ppvisitednodes":{"value":10306,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":427140,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":5434,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":18,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":17,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":459931,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1960.783 1 -total"," 46.57% 913.139 1 Template:Reflist"," 22.41% 439.474 49 Template:Cite_journal"," 17.37% 340.490 3 Template:Excerpt"," 8.89% 174.372 4 Template:Annotated_link"," 7.38% 144.739 4 Template:Navbox"," 6.73% 131.965 29 Template:Cite_web"," 6.20% 121.488 1 Template:Forestry"," 6.18% 121.112 8 Template:Cite_book"," 3.78% 74.183 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.426","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":19186467,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","240","17.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","240","17.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","160","11.4"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","140","10.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","120","8.6"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","120","8.6"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","60","4.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","40","2.9"],["safe_join \u003CModule:Citation/CS1:899\u003E","20","1.4"],["init \u003CModule:Citation/CS1/Utilities\u003E","20","1.4"],["[others]","240","17.1"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-x4xzf","timestamp":"20241125142906","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Afforestation","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Afforestation","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2384419","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2384419","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-05-31T18:12:00Z","dateModified":"2024-11-18T05:20:20Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/b\/bb\/New_afforestation_looking_into_Rand_Wood_-_geograph.org.uk_-_329908.jpg","headline":"establishment of a forest or stand of trees in an area where there was no previous tree cover"}</script> </body> </html>