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class="sectionpicWrapper-mobile">RESEARCH</div> <div class="wrapperPage-Sidebar"> <div class="wrapperSidebar"> <!-- start joomla module: left --> <div class="helix-sidebar"> <div class="floatingmoduleck" id="floatingmoduleck231" data-method="onscroll" data-onscrollpos="top" data-pos="left" data-x="0px" data-y="165px" data-w="200px" data-bg="" data-css="" data-offsety="0" data-bottomlimit=".sponsorsWrapper" data-bottomoffset="0"> <div id="mod-custom231" class="mod-custom custom"> <div style="border: 0.1em solid #1d55c1; border-radius: 10px; padding: 5px;"> <H3>Search Paper Series</H3> <form action="/search-the-arda" > <input id="searchtext" style="width: 85%; height: 24px; margin: 0; display: inline-block; -webkit-box-sizing: content-box; box-sizing: content-box;" class="text" value="" type="text" name="searchterms" size="20" placeholder="Type Terms - Press Enter..." > <input type="hidden" name="specData" value="13" /> <button aria-label="Search Button"; style="margin: 0px; padding: 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<p><img src="/images/ardaimages/photos/making-notes-document.jpg" alt="making notes document" width="200" height="133" style="margin: 1px 5px 5px 10px; float: right;" /></p> <h4>The ARDA Working Papers Series provides distribution of conference papers and other unpublished research on the social scientific study of religion for public use.</h4> <h4>Note on Unpublished Papers: The ARDA will not hold copyright permissions for the Working Papers series. The copyright remains with the author of the paper. Working papers are available electronically and may be accessed free of charge from theARDA.com.</h4> <h4><em>Click the title links below to view a working paper's abstract and download options.</em></h4></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></section><section id="section-id-1658508176633" class="sppb-section" ><div class="sppb-row-container"><div class="sppb-row"><div class="sppb-col-md-12" id="column-wrap-id-1658508176632"><div id="column-id-1658508176632" class="sppb-column" ><div class="sppb-column-addons"><div id="sppb-addon-wrapper-1658508176636" class="sppb-addon-wrapper" ><div id="sppb-addon-1658508176636" class="clearfix " ><div class="sppb-addon sppb-addon-articles-layout layout-excelsa "><div class="sppb-addon-content"><div class="sppb-row"><div class=" sppb-col-sm-6 sppb-col-md-6"><div class="sppb-addon-article " style=""><div class="sppb-article-info-wrap"><h3><a href="/categories/arda-papers/current-working-papers/sister-ohio-book-manuscript" target="_blank" itemprop="url">Sister Ohio (Book Manuscript)</a></h3><div class="sppb-article-meta"><span class="sppb-meta-author" itemprop="name">William Sims Bainbridge</span></div></div></div></div><div class=" sppb-col-sm-6 sppb-col-md-6"><div class="sppb-addon-article " style=""><div class="sppb-article-info-wrap"><h3><a href="/categories/arda-papers/current-working-papers/the-economics-of-religious-altruism-the-role-of-religious-experience" target="_blank" itemprop="url">The Economics of Religious Altruism: The Role of Religious Experience</a></h3><div class="sppb-article-meta"><span class="sppb-meta-author" itemprop="name">Timothy T. Brown</span></div></div></div></div><div class=" sppb-col-sm-6 sppb-col-md-6"><div class="sppb-addon-article " style=""><div class="sppb-article-info-wrap"><h3><a href="/categories/arda-papers/current-working-papers/a-monetary-valuation-of-individual-religious-behavior-the-case-of-prayer" target="_blank" itemprop="url">A Monetary Valuation of Individual Religious Behavior: The Case of Prayer</a></h3><div class="sppb-article-meta"><span class="sppb-meta-author" itemprop="name">Timothy T. Brown</span></div></div></div></div><div class=" sppb-col-sm-6 sppb-col-md-6"><div class="sppb-addon-article " style=""><div class="sppb-article-info-wrap"><h3><a href="/categories/arda-papers/current-working-papers/occupation-and-gender-american-jews-at-the-millennium" target="_blank" itemprop="url">Occupation and Gender: American Jews at the Millennium</a></h3><div class="sppb-article-meta"><span class="sppb-meta-author" itemprop="name">Carmel U. Chiswick</span></div></div></div></div><div class=" sppb-col-sm-6 sppb-col-md-6"><div class="sppb-addon-article " style=""><div class="sppb-article-info-wrap"><h3><a href="/categories/arda-papers/current-working-papers/going-global-testing-theories-with-international-data" target="_blank" itemprop="url">Going Global: Testing Theories with International Data</a></h3><div class="sppb-article-meta"><span class="sppb-meta-author" itemprop="name">Roger Finke</span></div></div></div></div><div class=" sppb-col-sm-6 sppb-col-md-6"><div class="sppb-addon-article " style=""><div class="sppb-article-info-wrap"><h3><a href="/categories/arda-papers/current-working-papers/religious-freedom-and-conflict-a-review-of-the-evidence" target="_blank" itemprop="url">Religious Freedom and Conflict: A Review of the Evidence</a></h3><div class="sppb-article-meta"><span class="sppb-meta-author" itemprop="name">Roger Finke and Robert Martin</span></div></div></div></div><div class=" sppb-col-sm-6 sppb-col-md-6"><div class="sppb-addon-article " style=""><div class="sppb-article-info-wrap"><h3><a href="/categories/arda-papers/current-working-papers/exploring-the-trends-and-consequences-of-religious-registration-a-global-overview" target="_blank" itemprop="url">Exploring the Trends and Consequences of Religious Registration: A Global Overview</a></h3><div class="sppb-article-meta"><span class="sppb-meta-author" itemprop="name">Roger Finke, Dane R. Mataic and Jonathan Fox</span></div></div></div></div><div class=" sppb-col-sm-6 sppb-col-md-6"><div class="sppb-addon-article " style=""><div class="sppb-article-info-wrap"><h3><a href="/categories/arda-papers/current-working-papers/reviewing-millions-of-books-charting-cultural-and-religious-trends-with-google-s-ngram-viewer" target="_blank" itemprop="url">Reviewing Millions of Books: Charting Cultural and Religious Trends with Google鈥檚 Ngram Viewer</a></h3><div class="sppb-article-meta"><span class="sppb-meta-author" itemprop="name">Roger Finke and Jennifer McClure</span></div></div></div></div><div class=" sppb-col-sm-6 sppb-col-md-6"><div class="sppb-addon-article " style=""><div class="sppb-article-info-wrap"><h3><a href="/categories/arda-papers/current-working-papers/the-economic-performance-of-great-religions-an-alternative-to-weber-s-rationalism" target="_blank" itemprop="url">The Economic Performance of Great Religions: An Alternative to Weber鈥檚 Rationalism</a></h3><div class="sppb-article-meta"><span class="sppb-meta-author" itemprop="name">Paul Fudulu</span></div></div></div></div><div class=" sppb-col-sm-6 sppb-col-md-6"><div class="sppb-addon-article " style=""><div class="sppb-article-info-wrap"><h3><a href="/categories/arda-papers/current-working-papers/religion-human-capital-investments-and-the-family-in-the-united-states" target="_blank" itemprop="url">Religion, Human Capital Investments and the Family in the United States</a></h3><div class="sppb-article-meta"><span class="sppb-meta-author" itemprop="name">Evelyn L. Lehrer</span></div></div></div></div><div class=" sppb-col-sm-6 sppb-col-md-6"><div class="sppb-addon-article " style=""><div class="sppb-article-info-wrap"><h3><a href="/categories/arda-papers/current-working-papers/defining-and-redefining-religious-freedom-a-quantitative-assessment-of-free-exercise-cases-in-the-u-s-state-courts-1981-2011" target="_blank" itemprop="url">Defining and Redefining Religious Freedom: A Quantitative Assessment of Free Exercise Cases in the U.S. State Courts, 1981-2011</a></h3><div class="sppb-article-meta"><span class="sppb-meta-author" itemprop="name">Robert Martin and Roger Finke</span></div></div></div></div><div class=" sppb-col-sm-6 sppb-col-md-6"><div class="sppb-addon-article " style=""><div class="sppb-article-info-wrap"><h3><a href="/categories/arda-papers/current-working-papers/trade-and-geography-in-the-economic-origins-of-islam-theory-and-evidence" target="_blank" itemprop="url">Trade and Geography in the Economic Origins of Islam: Theory and Evidence</a></h3><div class="sppb-article-meta"><span class="sppb-meta-author" itemprop="name">Stelios Michalopoulos, Alireza Naghavi and Giovanni Prarolo</span></div></div></div></div><div class=" sppb-col-sm-6 sppb-col-md-6"><div class="sppb-addon-article " style=""><div class="sppb-article-info-wrap"><h3><a href="/categories/arda-papers/current-working-papers/the-church-versus-the-spirit-the-impact-of-christianity-on-the-treatment-of-women-in-africa" target="_blank" itemprop="url">The Church versus the Spirit: The Impact of Christianity on the Treatment of Women in Africa</a></h3><div class="sppb-article-meta"><span class="sppb-meta-author" itemprop="name">Carrie A. Miles</span></div></div></div></div><div class=" sppb-col-sm-6 sppb-col-md-6"><div class="sppb-addon-article " style=""><div class="sppb-article-info-wrap"><h3><a href="/categories/arda-papers/current-working-papers/correlations-between-christian-population-changes-and-changes-in-sovereign-ratings-in-countries-for-the-period-between-2000-to-2012" target="_blank" itemprop="url">Correlations Between Christian Population Changes and Changes in Sovereign Ratings in Countries for the Period Between 2000 to 2012</a></h3><div class="sppb-article-meta"><span class="sppb-meta-author" itemprop="name">Dick Slikker</span></div></div></div></div><div class=" sppb-col-sm-6 sppb-col-md-6"><div class="sppb-addon-article " style=""><div class="sppb-article-info-wrap"><h3><a href="/categories/arda-papers/current-working-papers/the-economics-of-monasticism" target="_blank" itemprop="url">The Economics of Monasticism</a></h3><div class="sppb-article-meta"><span class="sppb-meta-author" itemprop="name">Nathan Smith</span></div></div></div></div><div class=" sppb-col-sm-6 sppb-col-md-6"><div class="sppb-addon-article " style=""><div class="sppb-article-info-wrap"><h3><a href="/categories/arda-papers/current-working-papers/suicide-and-religion-new-evidence-on-the-differences-between-protestantism-and-catholicism" target="_blank" itemprop="url">Suicide and Religion: New Evidence on the Differences Between Protestantism and Catholicism</a></h3><div class="sppb-article-meta"><span class="sppb-meta-author" itemprop="name">Benno Torgler and Christoph A. Schaltegger</span></div></div></div></div><div class=" sppb-col-sm-6 sppb-col-md-6"><div class="sppb-addon-article " style=""><div class="sppb-article-info-wrap"><h3><a href="/categories/arda-papers/current-working-papers/religion-and-gender-in-world-of-warcraft" target="_blank" itemprop="url">Religion and Gender in World of Warcraft</a></h3><div class="sppb-article-meta"><span class="sppb-meta-author" itemprop="name">William Sims Bainbridge</span></div></div></div></div><div class=" sppb-col-sm-6 sppb-col-md-6"><div class="sppb-addon-article " style=""><div class="sppb-article-info-wrap"><h3><a href="/categories/arda-papers/current-working-papers/merging-the-religious-congregations-and-membership-studies" target="_blank" itemprop="url">Merging the Religious Congregations and Membership Studies</a></h3><div class="sppb-article-meta"><span class="sppb-meta-author" itemprop="name">Rachel Brown,聽Roger Finke,聽Dales 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