CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr" class="client-nojs"> <head><script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/bundle-playback.js?v=HxkREWBo" charset="utf-8"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/wombat.js?v=txqj7nKC" charset="utf-8"></script> <script>window.RufflePlayer=window.RufflePlayer||{};window.RufflePlayer.config={"autoplay":"on","unmuteOverlay":"hidden"};</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/ruffle/ruffle.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> __wm.init("https://web.archive.org/web"); __wm.wombat("https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_communication","20150327024840","https://web.archive.org/","web","/_static/", "1427424520"); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/banner-styles.css?v=S1zqJCYt" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/iconochive.css?v=3PDvdIFv" />  <meta charset="UTF-8"/> <title>Optical communication - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</title> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.25wmf22"/> <link rel="alternate" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150327024840/android-app://org.wikipedia/http/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_communication"/> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Optical_communication&action=edit"/> <link rel="edit" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Optical_communication&action=edit"/> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327024840im_/https://bits.wikimedia.org/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"/> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327024840im_/https://bits.wikimedia.org/favicon/wikipedia.ico"/> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/opensearch_desc.php" title="Wikipedia (en)"/> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"/> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_communication"/> <link rel="copyright" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327024840/https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"/> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"/> <link rel="canonical" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150327024840/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_communication"/> <script>var _mwq = _mwq || []; _mwq.push( function ( mw ) { mw.config.set({"wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Optical_communication","wgTitle":"Optical communication","wgCurRevisionId":614038052,"wgRevisionId":614038052,"wgArticleId":164174,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles containing Greek-language text","Commons category with local link same as on Wikidata","Optical communications","Telecommunications"],"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgMonthNamesShort":["","Jan","Feb","Mar","Apr","May","Jun","Jul","Aug","Sep","Oct","Nov","Dec"],"wgRelevantPageName":"Optical_communication","wgRelevantArticleId":164174,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgWikiEditorEnabledModules":{"toolbar":true,"dialogs":true,"hidesig":true,"preview":false,"publish":false},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr"},"wikilove-recipient":"","wikilove-anon":0,"wgPoweredByHHVM":true,"wgULSAcceptLanguageList":[],"wgULSCurrentAutonym":"English","wgBetaFeaturesFeatures":[],"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1,"quality":2,"pristine":3}}},"wgStableRevisionId":null,"wgCategoryTreePageCategoryOptions":"{\"mode\":0,\"hideprefix\":20,\"showcount\":true,\"namespaces\":false}","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1469765"}); } );</script> <script>var _mwq = _mwq || []; _mwq.push( function ( mw ) { mw.loader.implement("user.options",function($,jQuery){mw.user.options.set({"variant":"en"});},{},{},{});mw.loader.implement("user.tokens",function($,jQuery){mw.user.tokens.set({"editToken":"+\\","patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\"});},{},{},{}); /* cache key: enwiki:resourceloader:filter:minify-js:7:94007ea073e20ad4a3cdce36b2f2e369 */ } );</script> <script>var _mwq = _mwq || []; _mwq.push( function ( mw ) { mw.loader.load(["mediawiki.page.startup","mediawiki.legacy.wikibits","mediawiki.legacy.ajax","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.head","ext.imageMetrics.head","ext.visualEditor.viewPageTarget.init","ext.uls.init","ext.uls.interface","ext.centralNotice.bannerController","skins.vector.js"]); } );</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327024840cs_/https://bits.wikimedia.org/en.wikipedia.org/load.php?debug=false&lang=en&modules=ext.gadget.DRN-wizard%2CReferenceTooltips%2Ccharinsert%2Cfeatured-articles-links%2CrefToolbar%2Cswitcher%2Cteahouse%7Cext.rtlcite%2Cwikihiero%2CwikimediaBadges%7Cext.uls.nojs%7Cext.visualEditor.viewPageTarget.noscript%7Cmediawiki.legacy.commonPrint%2Cshared%7Cmediawiki.sectionAnchor%7Cmediawiki.skinning.interface%7Cmediawiki.ui.button%7Cskins.vector.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector&*"/> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""/> <link rel="stylesheet" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327024840cs_/https://bits.wikimedia.org/en.wikipedia.org/load.php?debug=false&lang=en&modules=site&only=styles&skin=vector&*"/> <style>a:lang(ar),a:lang(kk-arab),a:lang(mzn),a:lang(ps),a:lang(ur){text-decoration:none} /* cache key: enwiki:resourceloader:filter:minify-css:7:3904d24a08aa08f6a68dc338f9be277e */</style> <script src="//web.archive.org/web/20150327024840js_/https://bits.wikimedia.org/en.wikipedia.org/load.php?debug=false&lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&skin=vector&*"></script> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327024840/https://meta.wikimedia.org/"/>  </head> <body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr ns-0 ns-subject page-Optical_communication skin-vector action-view"> <div id="mw-page-base" class="noprint"></div> <div id="mw-head-base" class="noprint"></div> <div id="content" class="mw-body" role="main"> <a id="top"></a> <div id="siteNotice"></div> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Optical communication</h1> <div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content"> <div id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> <div id="contentSub"></div> <div id="jump-to-nav" class="mw-jump"> Jump to: <a href="#mw-head">navigation</a>, <a href="#p-search">search</a> </div> <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_Navy_020623-N-5329L-007_Signalman_2nd_Class_Eric_Palmer_signals_the_U.S._Navy_mine_hunter_coastal_ship_USS_Raven_(MHC_61.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150327024840im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/US_Navy_020623-N-5329L-007_Signalman_2nd_Class_Eric_Palmer_signals_the_U.S._Navy_mine_hunter_coastal_ship_USS_Raven_%28MHC_61.jpg/220px-US_Navy_020623-N-5329L-007_Signalman_2nd_Class_Eric_Palmer_signals_the_U.S._Navy_mine_hunter_coastal_ship_USS_Raven_%28MHC_61.jpg" width="220" height="157" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150327024840im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/US_Navy_020623-N-5329L-007_Signalman_2nd_Class_Eric_Palmer_signals_the_U.S._Navy_mine_hunter_coastal_ship_USS_Raven_%28MHC_61.jpg/330px-US_Navy_020623-N-5329L-007_Signalman_2nd_Class_Eric_Palmer_signals_the_U.S._Navy_mine_hunter_coastal_ship_USS_Raven_%28MHC_61.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150327024840im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/US_Navy_020623-N-5329L-007_Signalman_2nd_Class_Eric_Palmer_signals_the_U.S._Navy_mine_hunter_coastal_ship_USS_Raven_%28MHC_61.jpg/440px-US_Navy_020623-N-5329L-007_Signalman_2nd_Class_Eric_Palmer_signals_the_U.S._Navy_mine_hunter_coastal_ship_USS_Raven_%28MHC_61.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1500"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_Navy_020623-N-5329L-007_Signalman_2nd_Class_Eric_Palmer_signals_the_U.S._Navy_mine_hunter_coastal_ship_USS_Raven_(MHC_61.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> A naval <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_lamp" title="Signal lamp">signal lamp</a>, a form of optical communication that uses shutters and is typically employed with <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morse_code" title="Morse code">Morse code</a> (2002)</div> </div> </div> <p><b>Optical communication</b>, also known as <b>optical telecommunication</b>, is <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication" title="Communication">communication</a> at a distance using <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light" title="Light">light</a> to carry information. It can be performed visually or by using <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">electronic devices</a>. The earliest basic forms of optical communication date back several millennia, while the earliest electrical device created to do so was the <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photophone" title="Photophone">photophone</a>, invented in 1880.</p> <p>An optical <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_system" title="Communication system" class="mw-redirect">communication system</a> uses a <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmitter" title="Transmitter">transmitter</a>, which encodes a <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Message" title="Message">message</a> into an optical <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_(information_theory)" title="Signal (information theory)" class="mw-redirect">signal</a>, a <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_(communications)" title="Channel (communications)">channel</a>, which carries the signal to its destination, and a <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuner_(radio)" title="Tuner (radio)">receiver</a>, which reproduces the message from the received optical signal. When electronic equipment is not employed the 'receiver' is a person visually observing and interpreting a signal, which may be either simple (such as the presence of a <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beacon" title="Beacon">beacon fire</a>) or complex (such as lights using color codes or flashed in a <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morse_code" title="Morse code">Morse code</a> sequence).</p> <p><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication" title="Free-space optical communication">Free-space optical communication</a> has been deployed in space, while terrestrial forms are naturally limited by geography, weather and the availability of light. This article provides a basic introduction to different forms of optical communication.</p> <p></p> <div id="toc" class="toc"> <div id="toctitle"> <h2>Contents</h2> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Forms"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Forms</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Semaphore_line"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Semaphore line</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Semaphore_signal_flags"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Semaphore signal flags</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Optical_fiber"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Optical fiber</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Signal_lamps"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Signal lamps</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Photophone"><span class="tocnumber">1.5</span> <span class="toctext">Photophone</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Free-space_optical_communication"><span class="tocnumber">1.6</span> <span class="toctext">Free-space optical communication</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Heliograph"><span class="tocnumber">1.7</span> <span class="toctext">Heliograph</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Citations"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Citations</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Bibliography"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliography</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <p></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Forms">Forms</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Optical_communication&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Forms">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>Visual techniques such as <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoke_signals" title="Smoke signals" class="mw-redirect">smoke signals</a>, <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beacon" title="Beacon">beacon fires</a>, <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_telegraph" title="Hydraulic telegraph">hydraulic telegraphs</a>, <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_flags" title="Ship flags" class="mw-redirect">ship flags</a> and <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semaphore_line" title="Semaphore line">semaphore lines</a> were the earliest forms of optical communication.<sup id="cite_ref-Burns2004_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burns2004-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EncyBrit1824_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncyBrit1824-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> Hydraulic telegraph semaphores date back to the 4th century BCE Greece. <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distress_flare" title="Distress flare" class="mw-redirect">Distress flares</a> are still used by mariners in emergencies, while <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighthouse" title="Lighthouse">lighthouses</a> and <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navigation_light" title="Navigation light">navigation lights</a> are used to communicate navigation hazards.</p> <p>The <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliograph" title="Heliograph">heliograph</a> uses a <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirror" title="Mirror">mirror</a> to <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflection_(physics)" title="Reflection (physics)">reflect</a> sunlight to a distant observer.<sup id="cite_ref-Boer_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boer-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> When a signaler tilts the mirror to reflect sunlight, the distant observer sees flashes of light that can be used to transmit a prearranged signaling code. <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy" title="Navy">Naval</a> <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship" title="Ship">ships</a> often use <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_lamp" title="Signal lamp">signal lamps</a> and <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morse_code" title="Morse code">Morse code</a> in a similar way.</p> <p><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviator" title="Aviator" class="mw-redirect">Aircraft pilots</a> often use <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_approach_slope_indicator" title="Visual approach slope indicator">visual approach slope indicator</a> (VASI) projected light systems to land safely, especially at night. Military aircraft landing on an <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">aircraft carrier</a> use a similar system to land correctly on a carrier deck. The coloured light system communicates the aircraft's height relative to a standard landing <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glideslope" title="Glideslope" class="mw-redirect">glideslope</a>. As well, <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_traffic_control#Airport_control" title="Air traffic control">airport control towers</a> still use <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldis_lamp" title="Aldis lamp" class="mw-redirect">Aldis lamps</a> to transmit instructions to aircraft whose radios have failed.</p> <p>In the present day a variety of electronic systems optically transmit and receive information carried by pulses of light. <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">Fiber-optic communication</a> cables are now employed to send the great majority of the electronic data and long distance telephone calls that are not conveyed by either <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a>, <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwave_transmission" title="Microwave transmission">terrestrial microwave</a> or <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">satellite</a>. <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication" title="Free-space optical communication">Free-space optical communications</a> are also used every day in various applications.</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Semaphore_line">Semaphore line</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Optical_communication&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Semaphore line">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semaphore_line" title="Semaphore line">Semaphore line</a></div> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OptischerTelegraf.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150327024840im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/OptischerTelegraf.jpg/170px-OptischerTelegraf.jpg" width="170" height="227" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150327024840im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/OptischerTelegraf.jpg/255px-OptischerTelegraf.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150327024840im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/OptischerTelegraf.jpg/340px-OptischerTelegraf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OptischerTelegraf.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> A replica of one of <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Chappe" title="Claude Chappe">Chappe's</a> <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semaphore_tower" title="Semaphore tower" class="mw-redirect">semaphore towers</a> (18th century).</div> </div> </div> <p>A <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semaphore_line" title="Semaphore line">'semaphore telegraph'</a>, also called a 'semaphore line', 'optical telegraph', 'shutter telegraph chain', 'Chappe telegraph', or 'Napoleonic semaphore', is a system used for conveying information by means of visual signals, using towers with pivoting arms or shutters, also known as blades or paddles. Information is encoded by the position of the mechanical elements; it is read when the shutter is in a fixed position.<sup id="cite_ref-EncyBrit1824_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncyBrit1824-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EdEnc1832_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EdEnc1832-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Semaphore lines were a precursor of the <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_telegraph" title="Electrical telegraph">electrical telegraph</a>. They were far faster than <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_rider" title="Post rider" class="mw-redirect">post riders</a> for conveying a message over long distances, but far more expensive and less private than the electrical telegraph lines which would later replace them. The maximum distance that a pair of semaphore telegraph stations can bridge is limited by geography, weather and the availability of light; thus, in practical use, most optical telegraphs used lines of relay stations to bridge longer distances. Each relay station would also require its compliment of skilled operator-observers to convey messages back and forth across the line.</p> <p>The modern design of semaphores was first foreseen by the British <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymath" title="Polymath">polymath</a> <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a>, who first gave a vivid and comprehensive outline of visual telegraphy in an 1684 submission to the <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a>. His proposal (which was motivated by military concerns following the <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Vienna" title="Battle of Vienna">Battle of Vienna</a> the preceding year) was not put into practice during his lifetime.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>The first operational optical semaphore line arrived in 1792, created by the French engineer <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Chappe" title="Claude Chappe">Claude Chappe</a> and his brothers, who succeeded in covering <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> with a network of 556 stations stretching a total distance of 4,800 kilometres (3,000 mi). It was used for military and national communications until the 1850s.</p> <p>Many national services adopted signaling systems different from the Chappe system. For example, <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK" title="UK" class="mw-redirect">Britain</a> and <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> adopted systems of shuttered panels (in contradiction to the Chappe brothers' contention that angled rods are more visible). In <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, the engineer <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_de_Betancourt" title="Agustín de Betancourt">Agustín de Betancourt</a> developed his own system which was adopted by that state. This system was considered by many experts in Europe better than Chappe's, even in France.</p> <p>These systems were popular in the late 18th to early 19th century but could not compete with the <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_telegraph" title="Electrical telegraph">electrical telegraph</a>, and went completely out of service by 1880.<sup id="cite_ref-Burns2004_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burns2004-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Semaphore_signal_flags">Semaphore signal flags</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Optical_communication&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Semaphore signal flags">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_semaphore" title="Flag semaphore">Flag semaphore</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:020118-N-6520M-011_Semaphore_Flags.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150327024840im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/020118-N-6520M-011_Semaphore_Flags.jpg/220px-020118-N-6520M-011_Semaphore_Flags.jpg" width="220" height="144" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150327024840im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/020118-N-6520M-011_Semaphore_Flags.jpg/330px-020118-N-6520M-011_Semaphore_Flags.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150327024840im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/020118-N-6520M-011_Semaphore_Flags.jpg/440px-020118-N-6520M-011_Semaphore_Flags.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1312"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:020118-N-6520M-011_Semaphore_Flags.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> A naval signaler transmitting a message by flag semaphore (2002).</div> </div> </div> <p><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_semaphore" title="Flag semaphore">Semaphore Flags</a> is the system for conveying information at a distance by means of visual signals with hand-held flags, rods, disks, paddles, or occasionally bare or gloved hands. Information is encoded by the position of the flags, objects or arms; it is read when they are in a fixed position.</p> <p>Semaphores were adopted and widely used (with hand-held <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag" title="Flag">flags</a> replacing the mechanical arms of <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semaphore_line" title="Semaphore line">shutter semaphores</a>) in the maritime world in the 19th century. They are still used during <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underway_replenishment" title="Underway replenishment">underway replenishment at sea</a> and are acceptable for emergency communication in daylight or, using lighted wands instead of flags, at night.</p> <p>The newer flag semaphore system uses two short poles with square flags, which a signaler holds in different positions to convey letters of the alphabet and numbers. The transmitter holds one pole in each hand, and extends each arm in one of eight possible directions. Except for in the rest position, the flags cannot overlap. The flags are colored differently based on whether the signals are sent by sea or by land. At sea, the flags are colored red and yellow (the <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_maritime_signal_flags#Letters" title="International maritime signal flags">Oscar flags</a>), while on land, they are white and blue (the <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_maritime_signal_flags#Letters" title="International maritime signal flags">Papa flags</a>). Flags are not required, they just make the characters more obvious.</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Optical_fiber">Optical fiber</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Optical_communication&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Optical fiber">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">Fiber-optic communication</a></div> <p><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">Optical fiber</a> is the most common type of channel for optical communications. The transmitters in optical fiber links are generally <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-emitting_diode" title="Light-emitting diode">light-emitting diodes</a> (LEDs) or <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_diode" title="Laser diode">laser diodes</a>. <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">Infrared</a> light, rather than <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visible_light" title="Visible light" class="mw-redirect">visible light</a> is used more commonly, because optical fibers transmit infrared wavelengths with less <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attenuation_(electromagnetic_radiation)" title="Attenuation (electromagnetic radiation)" class="mw-redirect">attenuation</a> and <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispersion_(optics)" title="Dispersion (optics)">dispersion</a>. The signal encoding is typically simple <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensity_modulation" title="Intensity modulation">intensity modulation</a>, although historically optical phase and <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_modulation" title="Frequency modulation">frequency modulation</a> have been demonstrated in the lab. The need for periodic <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_regeneration" title="Signal regeneration">signal regeneration</a> was largely superseded by the introduction of the <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erbium-doped_fiber_amplifier" title="Erbium-doped fiber amplifier" class="mw-redirect">erbium-doped fiber amplifier</a>, which extended link distances at significantly lower cost.</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Signal_lamps">Signal lamps</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Optical_communication&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Signal lamps">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main articles: <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_lamp" title="Signal lamp">Signal lamp</a> and <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation_light_signals" title="Aviation light signals">Aviation light signals</a></div> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TC_with_light_gun.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150327024840im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/TC_with_light_gun.JPG/220px-TC_with_light_gun.JPG" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150327024840im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/TC_with_light_gun.JPG/330px-TC_with_light_gun.JPG 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150327024840im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/TC_with_light_gun.JPG/440px-TC_with_light_gun.JPG 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="336"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TC_with_light_gun.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> An <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_traffic_control" title="Air traffic control">air traffic controller</a> holding a signal light gun that can be used to direct aircraft experiencing a radio failure (2007).</div> </div> </div> <p><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_lamp" title="Signal lamp">Signal lamps</a> (such as Aldis lamps), are visual signaling devices for optical communication (typically using Morse code). Modern signal lamps are a focused lamp which can produce a pulse of light. In large versions this pulse is achieved by opening and closing shutters mounted in front of the lamp, either via a manually operated pressure switch or, in later versions, automatically.</p> <p>With hand held lamps, a <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curved_mirror#Concave_mirrors" title="Curved mirror">concave mirror</a> is tilted by a trigger to focus the light into pulses. The lamps are usually equipped with some form of optical sight, and are most commonly deployed on naval vessels and also used in airport control towers with coded <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation_light_signals" title="Aviation light signals">aviation light signals</a>.</p> <p><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation_light_signals" title="Aviation light signals">Aviation light signals</a> are used in the case of a <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NORDO" title="NORDO">radio failure</a>, an <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft" title="Aircraft">aircraft</a> not equipped with a radio, or in the case of a hearing-impaired pilot. <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_traffic_control" title="Air traffic control">Air traffic controlers</a> have long used signal light guns to direct such aircraft. The light gun's lamp has a focused bright beam capable of emitting three different colors: red, white and green. These colors may be flashing or steady, and provide different instructions to aircraft in flight or on the ground (for example, "cleared to land" or "cleared for takeoff"). Pilots can acknowledge the instructions by wiggling their plane's wings, moving their <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aileron" title="Aileron">ailerons</a> if they are on the ground, or by flashing their <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_landing_lights" title="Aircraft landing lights" class="mw-redirect">landing</a> or <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navigation_light" title="Navigation light">navigation lights</a> during night time. Only 12 simple standardized instructions are directed at aircraft using signal light guns as the system is not utilized with <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morse_code" title="Morse code">Morse code</a>.</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Photophone">Photophone</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Optical_communication&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Photophone">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photophone" title="Photophone">Photophone</a></div> <p>The <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photophone" title="Photophone">photophone</a> (originally given an alternate name, <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiophone" title="Radiophone" class="mw-redirect">radiophone</a>) is a communication device which allowed for the <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_(telecommunications)" title="Transmission (telecommunications)">transmission</a> of speech on a beam of <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light" title="Light">light</a>. It was invented jointly by <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a> and his assistant <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Sumner_Tainter" title="Charles Sumner Tainter">Charles Sumner Tainter</a> on February 19, 1880, at Bell's 1325 'L' Street laboratory in Washington, D.C.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SDU_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SDU-10"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup> Both were later to become full associates in the <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volta_Laboratory_and_Bureau#Laboratory_projects" title="Volta Laboratory and Bureau">Volta Laboratory Association</a>, created and financed by Bell.</p> <p>On June 21, 1880, Bell's assistant transmitted a wireless voice telephone message of considerable distance, from the roof of the <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_School_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Franklin School (Washington, D.C.)">Franklin School</a> to the window of Bell's laboratory, some 213 meters (about 700 ft.) away.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Carson-2007-gvttw_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carson-2007-gvttw-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Groth_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Groth-13"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mims_1982.2C_p._11_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mims_1982.2C_p._11-14"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Bell believed the photophone was his most important <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invention" title="Invention">invention</a>. Of the 18 <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patents</a> granted in Bell's name alone, and the 12 he shared with his collaborators, four were for the photophone, which Bell referred to as his <i>'greatest achievement'</i>, telling a reporter shortly before his death that the photophone was <i>"the greatest invention [I have] ever made, greater than the telephone"</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mims_1982.2C_p._14_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mims_1982.2C_p._14-15"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>The photophone was a precursor to the <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">fiber-optic communication</a> systems which achieved popular worldwide usage starting in the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-Morgan_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morgan-16"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AmericanScientist-1984.V72.No1_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AmericanScientist-1984.V72.No1-17"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gallardo.2BMims_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gallardo.2BMims-18"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup> The master patent for the photophone (<span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327024840/https://www.google.com/patents/US235199">U.S. Patent 235,199</a></span> <i>Apparatus for Signalling and Communicating, called Photophone</i>), was issued in December 1880,<sup id="cite_ref-Groth_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Groth-13"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup> many decades before its principles came to have practical applications.</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Free-space_optical_communication">Free-space optical communication</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Optical_communication&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Free-space optical communication">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main articles: <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication" title="Free-space optical communication">Free-space optical communication</a> and <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_wireless_communications" title="Optical wireless communications">Optical wireless communications</a></div> <p>Free-space optics (FSO) systems are generally employed for '<a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_mile" title="Last mile">last mile</a>' <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunication" title="Telecommunication">telecommunications</a> and can function over distances of several kilometers as long as there is a clear <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line-of-sight_propagation" title="Line-of-sight propagation">line of sight</a> between the source and the destination, and the optical receiver can reliably decode the transmitted information.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup> Other free-space systems can provide high-data-rate, long-range links using small, low-mass, low-power-consumption subsystems.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>More generally, transmission of unguided optical signals is known as <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_wireless_communications" title="Optical wireless communications">optical wireless communications</a> (OWC). Examples include medium-range <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visible_light_communication" title="Visible light communication">visible light communication</a> and short-distance <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_Data_Association" title="Infrared Data Association">IrDA</a>, using infrared LEDs.</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Heliograph">Heliograph</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Optical_communication&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Heliograph">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Australian_Heliograph_in_Egyptian_Desert_1940.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150327024840im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Australian_Heliograph_in_Egyptian_Desert_1940.png/170px-Australian_Heliograph_in_Egyptian_Desert_1940.png" width="170" height="240" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150327024840im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Australian_Heliograph_in_Egyptian_Desert_1940.png/255px-Australian_Heliograph_in_Egyptian_Desert_1940.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150327024840im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Australian_Heliograph_in_Egyptian_Desert_1940.png/340px-Australian_Heliograph_in_Egyptian_Desert_1940.png 2x" data-file-width="3534" data-file-height="4993"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Australian_Heliograph_in_Egyptian_Desert_1940.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliograph" title="Heliograph">Heliograph</a>: Australians using a heliograph in North Africa (1940).</div> </div> </div> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliograph" title="Heliograph">Heliograph</a></div> <p>A <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliograph" title="Heliograph">heliograph</a> (<a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el" xml:lang="el">Ἥλιος <i><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helios" title="Helios">helios</a></i></span>, meaning "sun", and <span lang="el" xml:lang="el">γραφειν <i><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327024840/https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-graphy" class="extiw" title="wikt:-graphy">graphein</a></i></span>, meaning "write") is a wireless solar <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraph" title="Telegraph" class="mw-redirect">telegraph</a> that signals by flashes of <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">sunlight</a> (generally using <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morse_code" title="Morse code">Morse code</a>) reflected by a <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirror" title="Mirror">mirror</a>. The flashes are produced by momentarily pivoting the mirror, or by interrupting the beam with a shutter.</p> <p>The heliograph was a simple but effective instrument for instantaneous optical communication over long distances during the late 19th and early 20th century. Its main uses were in military, surveys and forest protection work. They were standard issue in the British and Australian armies until the 1960s, and were used by the Pakistani army as late as 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-Boer_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boer-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Optical_communication&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <table class="mbox-small plainlinks" style="border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:#f9f9f9"> <tr> <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150327024840im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="30" height="40" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150327024840im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150327024840im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"/></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <i><b><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327024840/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Optical_communication" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Optical communication">Optical communication</a></b></i>.</td> </tr> </table> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber_tapping" title="Fiber tapping">Fiber tapping</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interconnect_bottleneck" title="Interconnect bottleneck">Interconnect bottleneck</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jun-Ichi_Nishizawa" title="Jun-Ichi Nishizawa" class="mw-redirect">Jun-Ichi Nishizawa</a> an inventor of optical communication.</li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulating_retro-reflector" title="Modulating retro-reflector">Modulating retro-reflector</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OECC" title="OECC">OECC</a> (OptoElectronics and Communications Conference)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_interconnect" title="Optical interconnect">Optical interconnect</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opto-isolator" title="Opto-isolator">Opto-isolator</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_optical_interface" title="Parallel optical interface">Parallel optical interface</a></li> </ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Optical_communication&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Citations">Citations</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Optical_communication&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Burns2004-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Burns2004_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burns2004_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150327024840/http://books.google.com/books?id=7eUUy8-VvwoC&pg=PA29">Chapter 2: Semaphore Signalling</a> <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780863413278" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-86341-327-8</a> Communications: an international history of the formative years R. W. Burns, 2004</span></li> <li id="cite_note-EncyBrit1824-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EncyBrit1824_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EncyBrit1824_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150327024840/http://books.google.com/books?id=MsYnAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA645">Telegraph</a> Vol 10, Encyclopaedia Britannica, 6th Edition, 1824 pp. 645-651</span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150327024840/http://www.nps.gov/fire/utility/uti_tl_perspectivestext.cfm">"Nation Park Service Fire History Timeline"</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOptical+communication&rft.btitle=Nation+Park+Service+Fire+History+Timeline&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Ffire%2Futility%2Futi_tl_perspectivestext.cfm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150327024840/http://lewisandclarkjournals.unl.edu/read/?_xmlsrc=1805-07-20.xml&_xslsrc=LCstyles.xsl">"Lewis and Clark Journals, July 20, 1805"</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOptical+communication&rft.btitle=Lewis+and+Clark+Journals%2C+July+20%2C+1805&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flewisandclarkjournals.unl.edu%2Fread%2F%3F_xmlsrc%3D1805-07-20.xml%26_xslsrc%3DLCstyles.xsl&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Boer-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boer_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boer_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Harris, J.D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150327024840/http://rapidttp.com/milhist/vol111jh.html">Wire At War - Signals communication in the South African War 1899–1902</a>. Retrieved on 1 June 2008. Note a discussion on the heliograph use during the Boer War.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-EdEnc1832-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EdEnc1832_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150327024840/http://books.google.com/books?id=VhEbAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA657">Telegraph</a>, Volume 17 of The Edinburgh encyclopaedia, pp. 664-667, 1832 David Brewster, ed.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Calvert, J.B. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150327024840/http://web.archive.org/web/20120208081932/http://mysite.du.edu/~jcalvert/railway/semaphor/semhist.htm">The Origin of the Railway Semaphore</a>, <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_University" title="Boston University">Boston University</a>, 15 April 2000, Revised 4 May 2007.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McVeigh, Daniel P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150327024840/http://www.ilt.columbia.edu/projects/bluetelephone/html/part2.html">An Early History of the Telephone: 1664-1865, Part 2</a>, <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University in The City of New York</a>, Institute For Learning Technologies, 2000.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bruce 1990, pg. 336</span></li> <li id="cite_note-SDU-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SDU_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, Newell. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150327024840/http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/recording/ar304.html">First 'Radio' Built by San Diego Resident Partner of Inventor of Telephone: Keeps Notebook of Experiences With Bell</a>, San Diego Evening Tribune, July 31, 1937. Retrieved from the University of San Diego History Department website, November 26, 2009.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bruce 1990, pg. 338</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Carson-2007-gvttw-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Carson-2007-gvttw_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carson 2007, pg. 76-78</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Groth-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Groth_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Groth_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Groth, Mike. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150327024840/http://www.bluehaze.com.au/modlight/GrothArticle1.htm">Photophones Revisted</a>, 'Amateur Radio' magazine, <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_Institute_of_Australia" title="Wireless Institute of Australia">Wireless Institute of Australia</a>, Melbourne, April 1987 pp. 12–17 and May 1987 pp. 13–17.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Mims_1982.2C_p._11-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mims_1982.2C_p._11_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mims 1982, p. 11.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Mims_1982.2C_p._14-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mims_1982.2C_p._14_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mims 1982, p. 14.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Morgan-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Morgan_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morgan, Tim J. "The Fiber Optic Backbone", <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_North_Texas" title="University of North Texas">University of North Texas</a>, 2011.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-AmericanScientist-1984.V72.No1-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AmericanScientist-1984.V72.No1_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miller, Stewart E. "Lightwaves and Telecommunication", <i><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Scientist" title="American Scientist">American Scientist</a></i>, Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Society, January–February 1984, Vol. 72, No. 1, pp. 66-71, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150327024840/http://www.jstor.org/stable/i27852430">Issue Stable URL</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Gallardo.2BMims-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gallardo.2BMims_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gallardo, Arturo; <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forrest_Mims" title="Forrest Mims">Mims III, Forrest M.</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150327024840/http://www.mysanantonio.com/default/article/Fiber-optic-communication-began-130-years-ago-783469.php">Fiber-optic Communication Began 130 Years Ago</a>, <i><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Antonio_Express-News" title="San Antonio Express-News">San Antonio Express-News</a></i>, June 21, 2010. Accessed January 1, 2013.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Clint Turner (October 3, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150327024840/http://www.modulatedlight.org/optical_comms/optical_qso_173mile.html">"A 173-mile 2-way all-electronic optical contact"</a>. <i>Modulated light web site</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 28,</span> 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOptical+communication&rft.atitle=A+173-mile+2-way+all-electronic+optical+contact&rft.au=Clint+Turner&rft.aulast=Clint+Turner&rft.date=October+3%2C+2007&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.modulatedlight.org%2Foptical_comms%2Foptical_qso_173mile.html&rft.jtitle=Modulated+light+web+site&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Wilson, K. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150327024840/http://hdl.handle.net/2014/18156">"Recent Development in High-Data Rate Optical Communications at JPL"</a>. <i>Jet Propulsion Laboratory</i>. NASA Technical Reports Server<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOptical+communication&rft.atitle=Recent+Development+in+High-Data+Rate+Optical+Communications+at+JPL&rft.aufirst=K.&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.au=Wilson%2C+K.&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F2014%2F18156&rft.jtitle=Jet+Propulsion+Laboratory&rft.pub=NASA+Technical+Reports+Server&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> </ol> </div> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Bibliography">Bibliography</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Optical_communication&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="refbegin references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em;"> <ul> <li>Alwayn, Vivek. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150327024840/http://www.ciscopress.com/articles/article.asp?p=170740&seqNum=1&rl=1">Fiber-Optic Technologies</a>, Cisco Press, Apr 23, 2004.</li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Boston_University_people#Guggenheim_Fellows" title="List of Boston University people">Bruce, Robert V</a> <i>Bell: Alexander Bell and the Conquest of Solitude</i>, Ithaca, New York: <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University Press</a>, 1990. <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0801496918" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-8014-9691-8</a>.</li> <li><span class="citation book">Carson, Mary Kay (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150327024840/http://books.google.ca/books?id=a46ivzJ1yboC"><i>Alexander Graham Bell: Giving Voice To The World</i></a>. Sterling Biographies. 387 Park Avenue South, New York, NY 10016: Sterling Publishing Co., Inc. pp. 76–78. <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4027-3230-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4027-3230-0">978-1-4027-3230-0</a>. <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327024840/https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/182527281">182527281</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOptical+communication&rft.au=Carson%2C+Mary+Kay&rft.aufirst=Mary+Kay&rft.aulast=Carson&rft.btitle=Alexander+Graham+Bell%3A+Giving+Voice+To+The+World&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da46ivzJ1yboC&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F182527281&rft.isbn=978-1-4027-3230-0&rft.pages=76-78&rft.place=387+Park+Avenue+South%2C+New+York%2C+NY+10016&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishing+Co.%2C+Inc.&rft.series=Sterling+Biographies&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forrest_Mims" title="Forrest Mims">Mims III, Forest M</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150327024840/http://books.google.ca/books?id=zoaSp1BJu50C&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false">The First Century of Lightwave Communications</a>, <i>Fiber Optics Weekly Update</i>, Information Gatekeepers, February 10–26, 1982, pp. 6–23.</li> <li>Paschotta, Rüdiger. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150327024840/http://www.rp-photonics.com/optical_fiber_communications.html">Encyclopedia of Laser Physics and Technology</a>, RP-Photonics.com website, 2012.</li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Optical_communication&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul> <li>Bayvel, Polina. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150327024840/http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2666790">Future High-Capacity Optical Telecommunication Networks</a>, <i>Philosophical Transactions: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences</i>, Vol. 358, No. 1765, January 2000, Science into the Next Millenium: Young Scientists Give Their Visions of the Future: II. Mathematics, Physics and Engineering, pp. 303–329, stable article URL: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150327024840/http://www.jstor.org/stable/2666790">http://www.jstor.org/stable/2666790</a>, published by <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Royal_Society" title="The Royal Society" class="mw-redirect">The Royal Society</a>.</li> <li>Dilhac, J-M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150327024840/http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/images/1/17/Dilhac.pdf">The Telegraph of Claude Chappe -An Optical Telecommunication Network For The XVIII Century</a>, Toulouse: Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Toulouse. Retrieved from IEEE Global History Network.</li> </ul> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Optical_telecommunication" title="Template:Optical telecommunication"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Optical_telecommunication" title="Template talk:Optical telecommunication"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Optical_telecommunication&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_telecommunication" title="Optical telecommunication" class="mw-redirect">Optical telecommunication</a></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_telecommunication" title="Optical telecommunication" class="mw-redirect">Basic</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoke_signal" title="Smoke signal">Smoke signal</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beacon" title="Beacon">Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_telegraph" title="Hydraulic telegraph">Hydraulic telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_maritime_signal_flags" title="International maritime signal flags">Ships flags</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semaphore_line" title="Semaphore line">Semaphore line</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliograph" title="Heliograph">Heliograph</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_lamp" title="Signal lamp">Signal lamp</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_telecommunication" title="Optical telecommunication" class="mw-redirect">Advanced</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">Fiber-optic telecommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication" title="Free-space optical communication">Free-space optical telecommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_wireless" title="Optical wireless">Optical wireless</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">Optical fiber</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_fiber_cable" title="Optical fiber cable">cable</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_fiber_connector" title="Optical fiber connector">connector</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_Carrier_transmission_rates" title="Optical Carrier transmission rates">Optical Carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photophone" title="Photophone">Photophone</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensity_modulation" title="Intensity modulation">Intensity modulation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulating_retro-reflector" title="Modulating retro-reflector">Modulating retro-reflector</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_Transport_Network" title="Optical Transport Network">Optical Transport Network</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Telephony" title="Template:Telephony"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Telephony" title="Template talk:Telephony"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Telephony&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephony" title="Telephony">Telephony</a></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Types</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landline" title="Landline">Landline</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">Mobile phone</a></li> <li><strong class="selflink">Optical</strong></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Connectivity</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellites</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">Fibre-optical</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication" title="Free-space optical communication">Free-space optical</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" title="Integrated Services Digital Network">ISDN</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone_signal" title="Mobile phone signal">Mobile phone signal</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plain_old_telephone_service" title="Plain old telephone service">POTS</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">PSTN</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable" title="Submarine communications cable">Submarine cables</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_over_IP" title="Voice over IP">VoIP</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Calls</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missed_call" title="Missed call">Missed call</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misdialed_call" title="Misdialed call">Misdialed call</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuisance_call" title="Nuisance call">Nuisance call</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phone_tag" title="Phone tag">Phone tag</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Applications</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fax" title="Fax">Fax transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_call" title="Telephone call">Telephone calls</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_newspaper" title="Telephone newspaper">Telephone newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2trophone" title="Théâtrophone">Théâtrophone</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videotelephony" title="Videotelephony">Video calls</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Telecommunications" title="Template:Telecommunications"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Telecommunications" title="Template talk:Telecommunications"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Telecommunications&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunication" title="Telecommunication">Telecommunications</a></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">History</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <div class="floatright"><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Telecom-icon.svg" class="image" title="Telecommunications symbol"><img alt="Telecommunications symbol" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150327024840im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/50px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" width="50" height="50" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150327024840im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/75px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150327024840im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/100px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500"/></a></div> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beacon#For_defensive_communications" title="Beacon">Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_broadcasting" title="History of broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_satellite#History" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_network#History" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drums_in_communication" title="Drums in communication">Drums</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_telegraph#History" title="Electrical telegraph">Electrical telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fax#History" title="Fax">Fax</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliograph#History" title="Heliograph">Heliographs</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_telegraph#Greek_hydraulic_semaphore_system" title="Hydraulic telegraph">Hydraulic telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_media#History" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">Mobile phone</a></li> <li><strong class="selflink">Optical telecommunication</strong></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semaphore_line#History" title="Semaphore line">Optical telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photophone" title="Photophone">Photophone</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_prepaid_mobile_phone" title="History of the prepaid mobile phone">Prepaid mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_radio" title="History of radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiotelephone" title="Radiotelephone">Radiotelephone</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Satellite communications</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoke_signal" title="Smoke signal">Smoke signals</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">Telecommunications history</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">Telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_telephone" title="History of the telephone">Telephone</a></li> <li><i><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Telephone_Cases" title="The Telephone Cases">The Telephone Cases</a></i></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_television" title="History of television">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_communication_technology" title="Timeline of communication technology">Timeline of communication technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable#Early_history:_telegraph_and_coaxial_cables" title="Submarine communications cable">Undersea telegraph line</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videoconferencing#History" title="Videoconferencing">Videoconferencing</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videophone#Early_history" title="Videophone">Videophone</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_videotelephony" title="History of videotelephony">Videotelephony</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Pioneers</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Chappe" title="Claude Chappe">Claude Chappe</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov" title="Alexander Stepanovich Popov">Alexander Stepanovich Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Reis" title="Johann Philipp Reis">Johann Philipp Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille_Papin_Tissot" title="Camille Papin Tissot">Camille Papin Tissot</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Vail" title="Alfred Vail">Alfred Vail</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">Transmission<br/> media</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">Coaxial cable</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication" title="Free-space optical communication">Free-space optical</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">Optical fiber</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio waves</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_line" title="Telephone line">Telephone lines</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwave#Communication" title="Microwave">Terrestrial microwave</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_P1906.1" title="IEEE P1906.1">Molecules</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_topology" title="Network topology">Network topology</a><br/> and switching</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_link" title="Telecommunications link">Links</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">Nodes</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_(telecommunication)" title="Terminal (telecommunication)">Terminal node</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">Network switching</a> (<a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet</a>)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">Telephone exchange</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">Multiplexing</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-user_MIMO#SDMA" title="Multi-user MIMO">Space-division</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">Frequency-division</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">Time-division</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarization-division_multiplexing" title="Polarization-division multiplexing">Polarization-division</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing" title="Orbital angular momentum multiplexing">Orbital angular-momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_division_multiple_access" title="Code division multiple access">Code-division</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Networks</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" title="Integrated Services Digital Network">ISDN</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">LAN</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next-generation_network" title="Next-generation network">NGN</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">Public Switched Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_network" title="Radio network">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">Telecommunications equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_network" title="Television network">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telex" title="Telex">Telex</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network">WAN</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">Wireless</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">By continent</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Africa_topic" title="Template:Africa topic"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Africa_topic" title="Template talk:Africa topic"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Africa_topic&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%">Telecommunications in Africa</div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Algeria" title="Telecommunications in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Angola" title="Telecommunications in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Benin" title="Telecommunications in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Botswana" title="Telecommunications in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Telecommunications in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Burundi" title="Telecommunications in Burundi" class="mw-redirect">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Cameroon" title="Telecommunications in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Cape_Verde" title="Telecommunications in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Telecommunications in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Chad" title="Telecommunications in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Comoros" title="Telecommunications in Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Telecommunications in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Telecommunications in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Djibouti" title="Telecommunications in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Egypt" title="Telecommunications in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Telecommunications in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Eritrea" title="Telecommunications in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Ethiopia" title="Telecommunications in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Gabon" title="Telecommunications in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Gambia" title="Telecommunications in the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Ghana" title="Telecommunications in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Guinea" title="Telecommunications in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="Telecommunications in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Telecommunications in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Kenya" title="Telecommunications in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Lesotho" title="Telecommunications in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Liberia" title="Telecommunications in Liberia" class="mw-redirect">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Libya" title="Telecommunications in Libya" class="mw-redirect">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Madagascar" title="Telecommunications in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Malawi" title="Telecommunications in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Mali" title="Telecommunications in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Mauritania" title="Telecommunications in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Mauritius" title="Telecommunications in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Morocco" title="Telecommunications in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Mozambique" title="Telecommunications in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Namibia" title="Telecommunications in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Niger" title="Telecommunications in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Nigeria" title="Telecommunications in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Rwanda" title="Telecommunications in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Telecommunications in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Senegal" title="Telecommunications in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Seychelles" title="Telecommunications in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Telecommunications in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Somalia" title="Telecommunications in Somalia" class="mw-redirect">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_South_Africa" title="Telecommunications in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_South_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in South Sudan (page does not exist)">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Sudan" title="Telecommunications in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Swaziland" title="Telecommunications in Swaziland">Swaziland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Tanzania" title="Telecommunications in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Togo" title="Telecommunications in Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Tunisia" title="Telecommunications in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Uganda" title="Telecommunications in Uganda" class="mw-redirect">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Zambia" title="Telecommunications in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Zimbabwe" title="Telecommunications in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited<br/> recognition</a></div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Telecommunications in the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic" class="mw-redirect">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Somaliland" title="Telecommunications in Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br/> other territories</div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <div> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Canary_Islands" title="Telecommunications in the Canary Islands" class="mw-redirect">Canary Islands</a> / <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Ceuta" title="Telecommunications in Ceuta" class="mw-redirect">Ceuta</a> / <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Melilla" title="Telecommunications in Melilla" class="mw-redirect">Melilla</a> / <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Plazas_de_soberan%C3%ADa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Plazas de soberanía (page does not exist)">Plazas de soberanía</a> <small style="font-size:85%;">(Spain)</small></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Madeira" title="Telecommunications in Madeira" class="mw-redirect">Madeira</a> <small style="font-size:85%;">(Portugal)</small></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Mayotte" title="Telecommunications in Mayotte">Mayotte</a> / <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_R%C3%A9union" title="Telecommunications in Réunion">Réunion</a> <small style="font-size:85%;">(France)</small></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Saint_Helena" title="Telecommunications in Saint Helena" class="mw-redirect">Saint Helena</a> / <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Ascension_Island" title="Telecommunications in Ascension Island" class="mw-redirect">Ascension Island</a> / <a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Telecommunications in Tristan da Cunha" class="mw-redirect">Tristan da Cunha</a> <small style="font-size:85%;">(United Kingdom)</small></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Western_Sahara" title="Telecommunications in Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Asia_topic&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%">Telecommunications in Asia</div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Afghanistan" title="Telecommunications in Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Armenia" title="Telecommunications in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Azerbaijan" title="Telecommunications in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Bahrain" title="Telecommunications in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Bangladesh" title="Telecommunications in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Bhutan" title="Telecommunications in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Brunei" title="Telecommunications in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Burma" title="Telecommunications in Burma">Burma (Myanmar)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Cambodia" title="Telecommunications in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_China" title="Telecommunications in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Cyprus" title="Telecommunications in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_East_Timor" title="Telecommunications in East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Egypt" title="Telecommunications in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Telecommunications in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_India" title="Telecommunications in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Indonesia" title="Telecommunications in Indonesia" class="mw-redirect">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Iran" title="Telecommunications in Iran" class="mw-redirect">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Iraq" title="Telecommunications in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Israel" title="Telecommunications in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Japan" title="Telecommunications in Japan" class="mw-redirect">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Jordan" title="Telecommunications in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Kazakhstan" title="Telecommunications in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_North_Korea" title="Telecommunications in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_South_Korea" title="Telecommunications in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Kuwait" title="Telecommunications in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Telecommunications in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Laos" title="Telecommunications in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Lebanon" title="Telecommunications in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Malaysia" title="Telecommunications in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Maldives" title="Telecommunications in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Mongolia" title="Telecommunications in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Nepal" title="Telecommunications in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Oman" title="Telecommunications in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Pakistan" title="Telecommunications in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Philippines" title="Telecommunications in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Qatar" title="Telecommunications in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Russia" title="Telecommunications in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Telecommunications in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Singapore" title="Telecommunications in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Telecommunications in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Syria" title="Telecommunications in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Tajikistan" title="Telecommunications in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Thailand" title="Telecommunications in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Turkey" title="Telecommunications in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Turkmenistan" title="Telecommunications in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Telecommunications in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Uzbekistan" title="Telecommunications in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Vietnam" title="Telecommunications in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Yemen" title="Telecommunications in Yemen">Yemen</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br/> limited recognition</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Nagorno-Karabakh_Republic" title="Telecommunications in the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic" class="mw-redirect">Nagorno-Karabakh</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Telecommunications in Northern Cyprus" class="mw-redirect">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Palestinian_territories" title="Telecommunications in the Palestinian territories" class="mw-redirect">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Taiwan" title="Telecommunications in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br/> other territories</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Hong_Kong" title="Telecommunications in Hong Kong" class="mw-redirect">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Macau" title="Telecommunications in Macau">Macau</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Europe_topic" title="Template:Europe topic"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Europe_topic" title="Template talk:Europe topic"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Europe_topic&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Europe" title="Telecommunications in Europe" class="mw-redirect">Telecommunications in Europe</a></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Albania" title="Telecommunications in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Andorra" title="Telecommunications in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Armenia" title="Telecommunications in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Austria" title="Telecommunications in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Azerbaijan" title="Telecommunications in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Belarus" title="Telecommunications in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Belgium" title="Telecommunications in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Telecommunications in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Bulgaria" title="Telecommunications in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Croatia" title="Telecommunications in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Cyprus" title="Telecommunications in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Telecommunications in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Denmark" title="Telecommunications in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Estonia" title="Telecommunications in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Finland" title="Telecommunications in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_France" title="Telecommunications in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Telecommunications in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Germany" title="Telecommunications in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Greece" title="Telecommunications in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Hungary" title="Telecommunications in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Iceland" title="Telecommunications in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Telecommunications in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Italy" title="Telecommunications in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Kazakhstan" title="Telecommunications in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Latvia" title="Telecommunications in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Liechtenstein" title="Telecommunications in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Lithuania" title="Telecommunications in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Luxembourg" title="Telecommunications in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Republic_of_Macedonia" title="Telecommunications in the Republic of Macedonia">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Malta" title="Telecommunications in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Moldova" title="Telecommunications in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Monaco" title="Telecommunications in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Montenegro" title="Telecommunications in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Netherlands" title="Telecommunications in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Norway" title="Telecommunications in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Poland" title="Telecommunications in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Portugal" title="Telecommunications in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Romania" title="Telecommunications in Romania" class="mw-redirect">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Russia" title="Telecommunications in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_San_Marino" title="Telecommunications in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Serbia" title="Telecommunications in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Slovakia" title="Telecommunications in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Slovenia" title="Telecommunications in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Spain" title="Telecommunications in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Sweden" title="Telecommunications in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Switzerland" title="Telecommunications in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Turkey" title="Telecommunications in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Ukraine" title="Telecommunications in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Telecommunications in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited<br/> recognition</a></div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Kosovo" title="Telecommunications in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Nagorno-Karabakh_Republic" title="Telecommunications in the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic" class="mw-redirect">Nagorno-Karabakh</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Telecommunications in Northern Cyprus" class="mw-redirect">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Transnistria" title="Telecommunications in Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br/> other territories</div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_%C3%85land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Åland (page does not exist)">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Faroe_Islands" title="Telecommunications in the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Gibraltar" title="Telecommunications in Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Guernsey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Guernsey (page does not exist)">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Jersey" title="Telecommunications in Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Telecommunications in the Isle of Man" class="mw-redirect">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Svalbard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Svalbard (page does not exist)">Svalbard</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Other entities</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_European_Union" title="Telecommunications in the European Union" class="mw-redirect">European Union</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:North_America_topic" title="Template:North America topic"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:North_America_topic" title="Template talk:North America topic"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:North_America_topic&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%">Telecommunications in North America</div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Sovereign states</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Telecommunications in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Bahamas" title="Telecommunications in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Barbados" title="Telecommunications in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Belize" title="Telecommunications in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Canada" title="Telecommunications in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Costa_Rica" title="Telecommunications in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Cuba" title="Telecommunications in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Dominica" title="Telecommunications in Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Telecommunications in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_El_Salvador" title="Telecommunications in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Grenada" title="Telecommunications in Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Guatemala" title="Telecommunications in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Haiti" title="Telecommunications in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Honduras" title="Telecommunications in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Jamaica" title="Telecommunications in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Mexico" title="Telecommunications in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Nicaragua" title="Telecommunications in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Panama" title="Telecommunications in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Telecommunications in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Saint_Lucia" title="Telecommunications in Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Telecommunications in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Telecommunications in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_United_States" title="Telecommunications in the United States" class="mw-redirect">United States</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Dependencies and<br/> other territories</div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Anguilla" title="Telecommunications in Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Aruba" title="Telecommunications in Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Bermuda" title="Telecommunications in Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Bonaire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Bonaire (page does not exist)">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="Telecommunications in the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Telecommunications in the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Telecommunications in Curaçao">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Greenland" title="Telecommunications in Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Guadeloupe" title="Telecommunications in Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Martinique" title="Telecommunications in Martinique">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Montserrat" title="Telecommunications in Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Navassa_Island" title="Telecommunications in Navassa Island" class="mw-redirect">Navassa Island</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Telecommunications in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="Telecommunications in Saint Barthélemy" class="mw-redirect">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in the Collectivity of Saint Martin (page does not exist)">Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Telecommunications in Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Saba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Saba (page does not exist)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Sint_Eustatius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Sint Eustatius (page does not exist)">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Sint_Maarten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Sint Maarten (page does not exist)">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Telecommunications in the Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="Telecommunications in the United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Template:Oceania topic"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Oceania_topic" title="Template talk:Oceania topic"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Oceania_topic&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%">Telecommunications in Oceania</div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Australia" title="Telecommunications in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Fiji" title="Telecommunications in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Indonesia" title="Telecommunications in Indonesia" class="mw-redirect">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Kiribati" title="Telecommunications in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Telecommunications in the Marshall Islands" class="mw-redirect">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Telecommunications in the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Nauru" title="Telecommunications in Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_New_Zealand" title="Telecommunications in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Palau" title="Telecommunications in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Telecommunications in Papua New Guinea" class="mw-redirect">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Samoa" title="Telecommunications in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Solomon_Islands" title="Telecommunications in the Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Tonga" title="Telecommunications in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Tuvalu" title="Telecommunications in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Vanuatu" title="Telecommunications in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Associated states<br/> of New Zealand</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Cook_Islands" title="Telecommunications in the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Niue" title="Telecommunications in Niue" class="mw-redirect">Niue</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a><br/> and other territories</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_American_Samoa" title="Telecommunications in American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Easter_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Easter Island (page does not exist)">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_French_Polynesia" title="Telecommunications in French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Guam" title="Telecommunications in Guam" class="mw-redirect">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Hawaii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Hawaii (page does not exist)">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_New_Caledonia" title="Telecommunications in New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Norfolk_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Norfolk Island (page does not exist)">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in the Northern Mariana Islands (page does not exist)">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_the_Pitcairn_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in the Pitcairn Islands (page does not exist)">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Tokelau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Tokelau (page does not exist)">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Wallis_and_Futuna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Wallis and Futuna (page does not exist)">Wallis and Futuna</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:South_America_topic" title="Template:South America topic"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:South_America_topic" title="Template talk:South America topic"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:South_America_topic&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%">Telecommunications in South America</div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Argentina" title="Telecommunications in Argentina" class="mw-redirect">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Bolivia" title="Telecommunications in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Brazil" title="Telecommunications in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Chile" title="Telecommunications in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Colombia" title="Telecommunications in Colombia" class="mw-redirect">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Ecuador" title="Telecommunications in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Guyana" title="Telecommunications in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Paraguay" title="Telecommunications in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Peru" title="Telecommunications in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Suriname" title="Telecommunications in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Uruguay" title="Telecommunications in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Venezuela" title="Telecommunications in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br/> other territories</div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Falkland_Islands" title="Telecommunications in the Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_French_Guiana" title="Telecommunications in French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="Telecommunications in South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands" class="mw-redirect"><span style="white-space:normal;">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"> <div> <ul> <li><img alt="Category" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150327024840im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" title="Category" width="16" height="14" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150327024840im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150327024840im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31"/> <b><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" title="Category:Telecommunications">Telecommunications</a></b></li> <li><img alt="Commons page" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150327024840im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" title="Commons page" width="12" height="16" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150327024840im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150327024840im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"/> <b><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327024840/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Telecommunication" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Telecommunication">Telecommunication</a></b></li> <li><img alt="Portal" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150327024840im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/16px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png" title="Portal" width="16" height="14" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150327024840im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/24px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150327024840im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/32px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28"/> <b><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Telecommunication" title="Portal:Telecommunication">Telecommunication</a></b></li> <li><img alt="Portal" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150327024840im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/16px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png" title="Portal" width="16" height="14" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150327024840im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/24px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150327024840im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/32px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28"/> <b><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Mass_surveillance" title="Portal:Mass surveillance">Mass surveillance</a></b></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table>    <noscript><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20150327024840im_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" title="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"/></noscript></div> <div class="printfooter"> Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150327024840/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Optical_communication&oldid=614038052">http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Optical_communication&oldid=614038052</a>" </div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Optical_communications" title="Category:Optical communications">Optical communications</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" title="Category:Telecommunications">Telecommunications</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Greek-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Greek-language text">Articles containing Greek-language text</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Commons_category_with_local_link_same_as_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category with local link same as on Wikidata">Commons category with local link same as on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> <div class="visualClear"></div> </div> </div> <div id="mw-navigation"> <h2>Navigation menu</h2> <div id="mw-head"> <div id="p-personal" role="navigation" class="" aria-labelledby="p-personal-label"> <h3 id="p-personal-label">Personal tools</h3> <ul> <li id="pt-createaccount"><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Optical+communication&type=signup" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory">Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login"><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Optical+communication" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o">Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> <div id="left-navigation"> <div id="p-namespaces" role="navigation" class="vectorTabs" aria-labelledby="p-namespaces-label"> <h3 id="p-namespaces-label">Namespaces</h3> <ul> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected"><span><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_communication" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></span></li> <li id="ca-talk"><span><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Optical_communication" title="Discussion about the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></span></li> </ul> </div> <div id="p-variants" role="navigation" class="vectorMenu emptyPortlet" aria-labelledby="p-variants-label"> <h3 id="p-variants-label"><span>Variants</span><a href="#"></a></h3> <div class="menu"> <ul> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="right-navigation"> <div id="p-views" role="navigation" class="vectorTabs" aria-labelledby="p-views-label"> <h3 id="p-views-label">Views</h3> <ul> <li id="ca-view" class="selected"><span><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_communication">Read</a></span></li> <li id="ca-edit"><span><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Optical_communication&action=edit" title="You can edit this page. Please use the preview button before saving [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></span></li> <li id="ca-history" class="collapsible"><span><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Optical_communication&action=history" title="Past versions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></span></li> </ul> </div> <div id="p-cactions" role="navigation" class="vectorMenu emptyPortlet" aria-labelledby="p-cactions-label"> <h3 id="p-cactions-label"><span>More</span><a href="#"></a></h3> <div class="menu"> <ul> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-search" role="search"> <h3> <label for="searchInput">Search</label> </h3> <form action="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php" id="searchform"> <div id="simpleSearch"> <input type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput"/><input type="hidden" value="Special:Search" name="title"/><input type="submit" name="fulltext" value="Search" title="Search Wikipedia for this text" id="mw-searchButton" class="searchButton mw-fallbackSearchButton"/><input type="submit" name="go" value="Go" title="Go to a page with this exact name if one exists" id="searchButton" class="searchButton"/> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div id="mw-panel"> <div id="p-logo" role="banner"><a class="mw-wiki-logo" href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page"></a></div> <div class="portal" role="navigation" id="p-navigation" aria-labelledby="p-navigation-label"> <h3 id="p-navigation-label">Navigation</h3> <div class="body"> <ul> <li id="n-mainpage-description"><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li> <li id="n-contents"><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li> <li id="n-featuredcontent"><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Featured_content" title="Featured content – the best of Wikipedia">Featured content</a></li> <li id="n-currentevents"><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Find background information on current events">Current events</a></li> <li id="n-randompage"><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Random" title="Load a random article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li> <li id="n-sitesupport"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150327024840/https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" title="Support us">Donate to Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="n-shoplink"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327024840/https://shop.wikimedia.org/" title="Visit the Wikimedia Shop">Wikipedia store</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="portal" role="navigation" id="p-interaction" aria-labelledby="p-interaction-label"> <h3 id="p-interaction-label">Interaction</h3> <div class="body"> <ul> <li id="n-help"><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li> <li id="n-aboutsite"><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Find out about Wikipedia">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="n-portal"><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="About the project, what you can do, where to find things">Community portal</a></li> <li id="n-recentchanges"><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes in the wiki [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li> <li id="n-contactpage"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact page</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="portal" role="navigation" id="p-tb" aria-labelledby="p-tb-label"> <h3 id="p-tb-label">Tools</h3> <div class="body"> <ul> <li id="t-whatlinkshere"><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Optical_communication" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li> <li id="t-recentchangeslinked"><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Optical_communication" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li> <li id="t-upload"><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li> <li id="t-specialpages"><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li> <li id="t-permalink"><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Optical_communication&oldid=614038052" title="Permanent link to this revision of the page">Permanent link</a></li> <li id="t-info"><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Optical_communication&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li> <li id="t-wikibase"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327024840/https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1469765" title="Link to connected data repository item [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> <li id="t-cite"><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Optical_communication&id=614038052" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="portal" role="navigation" id="p-coll-print_export" aria-labelledby="p-coll-print_export-label"> <h3 id="p-coll-print_export-label">Print/export</h3> <div class="body"> <ul> <li id="coll-create_a_book"><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Optical+communication">Create a book</a></li> <li id="coll-download-as-rdf2latex"><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Book&bookcmd=render_article&arttitle=Optical+communication&oldid=614038052&writer=rdf2latex">Download as PDF</a></li> <li id="t-print"><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Optical_communication&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="portal" role="navigation" id="p-lang" aria-labelledby="p-lang-label"> <h3 id="p-lang-label">Languages</h3> <div class="body"> <ul> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327024840/https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comunicaci%C3%B3_%C3%B2ptica" title="Comunicació òptica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca">Català</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327024840/https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optische_Kommunikation" title="Optische Kommunikation – German" lang="de" hreflang="de">Deutsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327024840/https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optiline_side" title="Optiline side – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et">Eesti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327024840/https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comunicaci%C3%B3n_%C3%B3ptica" title="Comunicación óptica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es">Español</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327024840/https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="مخابرات نوری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa">فارسی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327024840/https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_optique" title="Communication optique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr">Français</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327024840/https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telekomunikasi_optik" title="Telekomunikasi optik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327024840/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comunicazioni_ottiche" title="Comunicazioni ottiche – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it">Italiano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327024840/https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA" title="תקשורת אופטית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he">עברית</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327024840/https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunikasi_optik" title="Komunikasi optik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms">Bahasa Melayu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327024840/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optische_communicatie" title="Optische communicatie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl">Nederlands</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327024840/https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%A1" title="光通信 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja">日本語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327024840/https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optisk_kommunikasjon" title="Optisk kommunikasjon – Norwegian (bokmål)" lang="no" hreflang="no">Norsk bokmål</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327024840/https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optisk_kommunikation" title="Optisk kommunikation – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv">Svenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327024840/https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%B4ng_tin_quang" title="Thông tin quang – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi">Tiếng Việt</a></li> <li class="uls-p-lang-dummy"><a href="#"></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327024840/https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1469765#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last modified on 23 June 2014, at 02:31.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a rel="license" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_3.0_Unported_License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License</a><a rel="license" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327024840/https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/" style="display:none;"></a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327024840/https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Terms_of_Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327024840/https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Privacy_policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327024840/https://www.wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327024840/https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Privacy_policy" title="wikimedia:Privacy policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimer"><a href="/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer" title="Wikipedia:General disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327024840/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150327024840/https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/How_to_contribute">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327024840/https://en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Optical_communication&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"> <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327024840/https://wikimediafoundation.org/"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20150327024840im_/https://bits.wikimedia.org/images/wikimedia-button.png" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150327024840im_/https://bits.wikimedia.org/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150327024840im_/https://bits.wikimedia.org/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x" width="88" height="31" alt="Wikimedia Foundation"/></a> </li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"> <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327024840/https://www.mediawiki.org/"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20150327024840im_/https://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.25wmf22/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki_88x31.png" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150327024840im_/https://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.25wmf22/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150327024840im_/https://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.25wmf22/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x" width="88" height="31"/></a> </li> </ul> <div style="clear:both"></div> </div> <script>/*<![CDATA[*/window.jQuery && jQuery.ready();/*]]>*/</script><script>var _mwq = _mwq || []; _mwq.push( function ( mw ) { mw.loader.state({"ext.globalCssJs.site":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","site":"loading","user":"ready","user.groups":"ready"}); } );</script> <script>var _mwq = _mwq || []; _mwq.push( function ( mw ) { mw.loader.load(["ext.cite","mediawiki.toc","mediawiki.action.view.postEdit","mediawiki.user","mediawiki.hidpi","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.searchSuggest","ext.gadget.teahouse","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.DRN-wizard","ext.gadget.charinsert","ext.gadget.refToolbar","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.featured-articles-links","ext.wikiEditor.init","mmv.bootstrap.autostart","ext.imageMetrics.loader","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.eventLogging.subscriber","ext.wikimediaEvents.statsd","ext.navigationTiming","schema.UniversalLanguageSelector","ext.uls.eventlogger","ext.uls.interlanguage"],null,true); } );</script> <script>var _mwq = _mwq || []; _mwq.push( function ( mw ) { document.write("\u003Cscript src=\"//bits.wikimedia.org/en.wikipedia.org/load.php?debug=false\u0026amp;lang=en\u0026amp;modules=site\u0026amp;only=scripts\u0026amp;skin=vector\u0026amp;*\"\u003E\u003C/script\u003E"); } );</script> <script>var _mwq = _mwq || []; _mwq.push( function ( mw ) { mw.config.set({"wgBackendResponseTime":121,"wgHostname":"mw1111"}); } );</script> </body> </html>