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</div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <center> <p><a href="/wiki/IVe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C._en_science" title="IVe siècle av. J.-C. en science"><abbr class="abbr" title="4ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">IV</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr> en science</a> - <a href="/wiki/IIIe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C." title="IIIe siècle av. J.-C."><abbr class="abbr" title="3ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">III</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></a> - <a href="/wiki/IIe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C._en_science" title="IIe siècle av. J.-C. en science"><abbr class="abbr" title="2ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">II</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr> en science</a> </p> </center> <center> <p><a href="/wiki/Chronologie_de_la_science" title="Chronologie de la science">Chronologie de la science</a> </p> </center> <p>Cet article concerne les événements concernant les sciences et les techniques qui se sont déroulés durant le <a href="/wiki/IIIe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C." title="IIIe siècle av. J.-C."><abbr class="abbr" title="3ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">III</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></a> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Événements"><span id=".C3.89v.C3.A9nements"></span>Événements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IIIe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C._en_science&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifier la section : Événements" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IIIe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C._en_science&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Événements"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Vers 300 av. J.-C.</b> : le philosophe <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophraste" title="Théophraste">Théophraste</a> publie <i>Les Signes du temps</i>, premier ouvrage de <a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A9vision_m%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologique" title="Prévision météorologique">prévisions météorologiques</a> en Europe<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>288 av. J.-C.</b> : <a href="/wiki/Ptol%C3%A9m%C3%A9e_Ier" title="Ptolémée Ier">Ptolémée</a> fonde le musée d’<a href="/wiki/Alexandrie" title="Alexandrie">Alexandrie</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Mouse%C3%AEon_d%27Alexandrie" title="Mouseîon d'Alexandrie">Mouseïon</a></i>) en <a href="/wiki/%C3%89gypte_antique" title="Égypte antique">Égypte</a> et le dédie aux <a href="/wiki/Muses" title="Muses">Muses</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Il fonde aussi la <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_d%27Alexandrie" title="Bibliothèque d'Alexandrie">bibliothèque d'Alexandrie</a> sans doute sur les conseils de <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9m%C3%A9trios_de_Phal%C3%A8re" title="Démétrios de Phalère">Démétrios de Phalère</a>. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_h%C3%A9rophil%C3%A9enne" class="mw-redirect" title="École hérophiléenne">École médicale d’Alexandrie</a> : le médecin et anatomiste <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9rophile" title="Hérophile">Hérophile</a> de <a href="/wiki/Chalc%C3%A9doine" title="Chalcédoine">Chalcédoine</a> (335-280 <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr>) établit un tableau général du système nerveux, montrant le rôle de la moelle épinière et du cerveau. Il étudie l’œil et le nerf optique. Il établit le diagnostic par le <a href="/wiki/Pouls" title="Pouls">pouls</a> et dissèque des cadavres humains pour améliorer ses connaissances en <a href="/wiki/Anatomie" title="Anatomie">anatomie</a>. Il distingue deux sortes de <a href="/wiki/Circulation_sanguine" class="mw-redirect" title="Circulation sanguine">vaisseaux sanguins</a>, les <a href="/wiki/Art%C3%A8re" title="Artère">artères</a> et les <a href="/wiki/Veine" title="Veine">veines</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Son rival <a href="/wiki/%C3%89rasistrate" title="Érasistrate">Érasistrate</a> de <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9os_(%C3%AEle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Céos (île)">Céos</a> (304-250 <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr>) se spécialise dans l’étude de la circulation et fonde véritablement la <a href="/wiki/Physiologie" title="Physiologie">physiologie</a>. Il aurait distingué les nerfs moteurs et sensitifs<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li>École mathématique d’<a href="/wiki/Alexandrie" title="Alexandrie">Alexandrie</a> : le <a href="/wiki/Math%C3%A9maticien" title="Mathématicien">mathématicien</a> <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A8ce_antique" title="Grèce antique">grec</a> <a href="/wiki/Euclide" title="Euclide">Euclide</a> (vers 325-265 av. J.-C.) y aurait enseigné la <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9om%C3%A9trie" title="Géométrie">géométrie</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Il organise toutes les recherches antérieures et y ajoute les siennes propres (<a href="/wiki/Axiome_des_parall%C3%A8les" title="Axiome des parallèles">postulat d’Euclide</a>). Il pose les principes de <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9om%C3%A9trie_euclidienne" title="Géométrie euclidienne">sa géométrie</a> dans les <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89l%C3%A9ments_d%27Euclide" class="mw-redirect" title="Éléments d'Euclide">Éléments</a></i>, qui ont fait autorité jusqu’au <a href="/wiki/XIXe_si%C3%A8cle" title="XIXe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="19ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</a>. Auteur également des « <i><a href="/wiki/Donn%C3%A9es_(Euclide)" title="Données (Euclide)">Données</a></i> », des « <i>Porismes</i> » (perdu), et d’une <i>Optique</i>.</li></ul></li> <li><b>287-212 av. J.-C.</b> : vie du savant <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A8ce_antique" title="Grèce antique">grec</a> <a href="/wiki/Archim%C3%A8de" title="Archimède">Archimède</a>. Il calcule le nombre <a href="/wiki/Pi" title="Pi">pi</a> à la deuxième décimale par la méthode des <a href="/wiki/Polygone" title="Polygone">polygones</a> inscrits et exinscrits<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>6<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>Vers 280 av. J.-C.</b> : <a href="/wiki/Aristarque_de_Samos" title="Aristarque de Samos">Aristarque de Samos</a>, (310-230 av. J.-C.) dans son ouvrage intitulé <i>Sur les dimensions et les distances du Soleil et de la Lune</i>, est le premier à tenter d'évaluer le <a href="/wiki/Diam%C3%A8tre" title="Diamètre">diamètre</a> du Soleil et de la Lune et leur distance par rapport à la Terre, en introduisant les premières notions de calcul <a href="/wiki/Trigonom%C3%A9trie" title="Trigonométrie">trigonométrique</a>. Il utilise la taille de l’<a href="/wiki/Ombre_de_la_Terre" title="Ombre de la Terre">ombre de la Terre</a> sur la Lune pour estimer que le rayon de la Lune est égal au tiers de celui de la Terre<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>7<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Il émet l'idée que la <a href="/wiki/Terre" title="Terre">Terre</a> tourne autour du <a href="/wiki/Soleil" title="Soleil">Soleil</a>, première théorie de l’<a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9liocentrisme" title="Héliocentrisme">héliocentrisme</a>, décrite dans <i><a href="/wiki/L%27Ar%C3%A9naire" title="L'Arénaire">L’Arénaire</a></i> par <a href="/wiki/Archim%C3%A8de" title="Archimède">Archimède</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>8<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>Vers 270 av. J.-C.</b> : <ul><li>le savant <a href="/wiki/Ct%C3%A9sibios" title="Ctésibios">Ctésibios</a> fonde l’école des mécaniciens d’Alexandrie. Il invente une orgue hydraulique et perfectionne la <a href="/wiki/Clepsydre" title="Clepsydre">clepsydre</a><sup id="cite_ref-Papin_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Papin-9"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>9<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9rophile" title="Hérophile">Hérophile</a> diffuse son traité sur l'importance de la <a href="/wiki/Gymnastique" title="Gymnastique">gymnastique</a> pour la santé<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>10<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul></li> <li><b>Vers 262-190 av. J.-C.</b> : vie du mathématicien <a href="/wiki/Apollonius_de_Perga" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollonius de Perga">Apollonius de Perga</a>, connue pour ses travaux sur les <a href="/wiki/Conique" title="Conique">sections coniques</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>11<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>Vers 265 av. J.-C.</b> : <a href="/wiki/Archim%C3%A8de" title="Archimède">Archimède</a>, âgé de 22 ans, chargé par le roi <a href="/wiki/Hi%C3%A9ron_II_de_Syracuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiéron II de Syracuse">Hiéron II de Syracuse</a> de vérifier la pureté du métal d'une couronne d'or découvre le <a href="/wiki/Pouss%C3%A9e_d%27Archim%C3%A8de" title="Poussée d'Archimède">principe</a> de l'<a href="/wiki/Hydrostatique" title="Hydrostatique">hydrostatique</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>12<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>Vers 245-200 av. J.-C.</b> : le <a href="/wiki/Math%C3%A9maticien" title="Mathématicien">mathématicien</a> et géographe <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A8ce_antique" title="Grèce antique">grec</a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ratosth%C3%A8ne" title="Ératosthène">Ératosthène</a> de <a href="/wiki/Cyr%C3%A8ne" title="Cyrène">Cyrène</a>, nommé par <a href="/wiki/Ptol%C3%A9m%C3%A9e_III" title="Ptolémée III">Ptolémée III</a>, dirige la <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_d%27Alexandrie" title="Bibliothèque d'Alexandrie">bibliothèque d’Alexandrie</a><sup id="cite_ref-Grandjean_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grandjean-13"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>13<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> ; ses plus grands travaux sont le calcul de la <a href="/wiki/Figure_de_la_Terre_dans_l%27Antiquit%C3%A9#La_détermination_du_rayon_de_la_Terre_par_Ératosthène_de_Cyrène" title="Figure de la Terre dans l'Antiquité">circonférence de la Terre</a> en utilisant l'ombre d'un <a href="/wiki/Gnomon" title="Gnomon">gnomon</a> (250 000 stades soit 40 000 km) et le <a href="/wiki/Crible_d%27%C3%89ratosth%C3%A8ne" title="Crible d'Ératosthène">crible d'Ératosthène</a>. Il mentionne ce qui semble être l'actuel <a href="/wiki/Lac_Tana" title="Lac Tana">lac Tana</a>, appelé par les Grecs Psébo ou Coloê et son île de Dak<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>14<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>Vers 250 av. J.-C.-<a href="/wiki/225" title="225">225</a> </b> : <a href="/wiki/Pile_%C3%A9lectrique_de_Bagdad" title="Pile électrique de Bagdad">pile électrique de Bagdad</a>, poterie de la période <a href="/wiki/Empire_parthe" title="Empire parthe">parthe</a> qui aurait servi de <a href="/wiki/Pile_%C3%A9lectrique" title="Pile électrique">pile électrique</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>15<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>Vers 225 av. J.-C.</b> : <i><a href="/wiki/De_la_sph%C3%A8re_et_du_cylindre" title="De la sphère et du cylindre">De la sphère et du cylindre</a></i>, traité de géométrie d'<a href="/wiki/Archim%C3%A8de" title="Archimède">Archimède</a>. Il calcule la somme des infiniment petits en nombre illimité, soit le <a href="/wiki/Calcul_int%C3%A9gral" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcul intégral">calcul intégral</a>.</li> <li><b>Vers 219 av. J.-C.</b> : le savant <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ratosth%C3%A8ne" title="Ératosthène">Ératosthène</a> de <a href="/wiki/Cyr%C3%A8ne" title="Cyrène">Cyrène</a> devient précepteur de <a href="/wiki/Ptol%C3%A9m%C3%A9e_IV" title="Ptolémée IV">Ptolémée IV</a><sup id="cite_ref-Papin_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Papin-9"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>9<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>213-212 av. J.-C.</b> : pour <a href="/wiki/Si%C3%A8ge_de_Syracuse_(213_av._J.-C.)" title="Siège de Syracuse (213 av. J.-C.)">défendre Syracuse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archim%C3%A8de" title="Archimède">Archimède</a> aurait conçu de fabuleuses machines : grues géantes pour envoyer des projectiles sur les navires, <a href="/wiki/Miroir_ardent" title="Miroir ardent">miroirs réfléchissant le soleil</a> afin d’incendier les bateaux à distance<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>16<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>…</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <ul><li>En <a href="/wiki/%C3%89gypte" title="Égypte">Égypte</a>, utilisation du <a href="/wiki/Roue_persane" title="Roue persane">saqieh</a> ou sakia, appareil élévateur d’eau équipé d’une <a href="/wiki/Vis_sans_fin" class="mw-redirect" title="Vis sans fin">vis sans fin</a><sup id="cite_ref-Walbank_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walbank-17"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>17<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personnages_significatifs">Personnages significatifs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IIIe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C._en_science&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifier la section : Personnages significatifs" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IIIe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C._en_science&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Personnages significatifs"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archim%C3%A8de" title="Archimède">Archimède</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Articles_connexes">Articles connexes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IIIe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C._en_science&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifier la section : Articles connexes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IIIe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C._en_science&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Articles connexes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IIIe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C." title="IIIe siècle av. J.-C."><abbr class="abbr" title="3ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">III</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IIIe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C._en_architecture" title="IIIe siècle av. J.-C. en architecture"><abbr class="abbr" title="3ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">III</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr> en architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_plastiques_au_IIIe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C." title="Arts plastiques au IIIe siècle av. J.-C.">Arts plastiques au <abbr class="abbr" title="3ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">III</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litt%C3%A9rature_du_IIIe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C." title="Littérature du IIIe siècle av. J.-C.">Littérature du <abbr class="abbr" title="3ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">III</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronologie_des_faits_%C3%A9conomiques_et_sociaux_au_IIIe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C." class="mw-redirect" title="Chronologie des faits économiques et sociaux au IIIe siècle av. J.-C.">Chronologie des faits économiques et sociaux au IIIe siècle av. J.-C.</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IIIe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C._en_science&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IIIe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C._en_science&action=edit&section=4" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Notes et références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""><div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Lallemand1985"><span class="ouvrage" id="Sylvia_Lallemand1985">Sylvia Lallemand, <cite class="italique">La Météorologie : Bibliographie analytique</cite>, CNDP, <time>1985</time>, 74 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-402-04259-8" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-402-04259-8"><span class="nowrap">978-2-402-04259-8</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=RFNYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PAPT13">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie&rft.pub=CNDP&rft.stitle=Bibliographie+analytique&rft.aulast=Lallemand&rft.aufirst=Sylvia&rft.date=1985&rft.tpages=74&rft.isbn=978-2-402-04259-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AIIIe+si%C3%A8cle+av.+J.-C.+en+science"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Maget2009"><span class="ouvrage" id="Antoinette_Maget2009">Antoinette Maget, <cite class="italique">Collectionnisme public et conscience patrimoniale : Les collections d'antiquités égyptiennes en Europe</cite>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ditions_L%27Harmattan" title="Éditions L'Harmattan">Éditions L'Harmattan</a>, <time>2009</time>, 608 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-296-22846-7" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-296-22846-7"><span class="nowrap">978-2-296-22846-7</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=A2z7_6Lh-tEC&pg=PA19">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collectionnisme+public+et+conscience+patrimoniale+%3A+Les+collections+d%27antiquit%C3%A9s+%C3%A9gyptiennes+en+Europe&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+L%27Harmattan&rft.aulast=Maget&rft.aufirst=Antoinette&rft.date=2009&rft.tpages=608&rft.isbn=978-2-296-22846-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AIIIe+si%C3%A8cle+av.+J.-C.+en+science"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="VignaisVignais2012"><span class="ouvrage" id="Paulette_VignaisPierre_Vignais2012">Paulette Vignais et Pierre Vignais, <cite class="italique">Science expérimentale et connaissance du vivant</cite>, <a href="/wiki/EDP_Sciences" title="EDP Sciences">EDP Sciences</a>, <time>2012</time>, 430 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-7598-0139-8" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-7598-0139-8"><span class="nowrap">978-2-7598-0139-8</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=8AN3r7dIOdQC&pg=PA30">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+exp%C3%A9rimentale+et+connaissance+du+vivant&rft.pub=EDP+Sciences&rft.aulast=Vignais&rft.aufirst=Paulette&rft.au=Pierre+Vignais&rft.date=2012&rft.tpages=430&rft.isbn=978-2-7598-0139-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AIIIe+si%C3%A8cle+av.+J.-C.+en+science"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Kupiec2014"><span class="ouvrage" id="Jean-Jacques_Kupiec2014"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Kupiec" title="Jean-Jacques Kupiec">Jean-Jacques Kupiec</a>, <cite class="italique">La vie et alors ? : Débats passionnés d'hier et d'aujourd'hui</cite>, <a href="/wiki/Humensis" title="Humensis">Humensis</a>, <time>2014</time>, 755 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-7011-8630-6" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-7011-8630-6"><span class="nowrap">978-2-7011-8630-6</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=8haWDgAAQBAJ&pg=PAPR15">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+vie+et+alors+%3F&rft.pub=Humensis&rft.stitle=D%C3%A9bats+passionn%C3%A9s+d%27hier+et+d%27aujourd%27hui&rft.aulast=Kupiec&rft.aufirst=Jean-Jacques&rft.date=2014&rft.tpages=755&rft.isbn=978-2-7011-8630-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AIIIe+si%C3%A8cle+av.+J.-C.+en+science"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Solal2015"><span class="ouvrage" id="Philippe_Solal2015">Philippe Solal, <cite class="italique">Objectif Bac Fiches Philosophie Terms Techno</cite>, <a href="/wiki/Hachette_Livre" title="Hachette Livre">Hachette Éducation</a>, <time>2015</time>, 130 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-01-270973-7" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-01-270973-7"><span class="nowrap">978-2-01-270973-7</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=iFiuCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA50">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Objectif+Bac+Fiches+Philosophie+Terms+Techno&rft.pub=Hachette+%C3%89ducation&rft.aulast=Solal&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rft.date=2015&rft.tpages=130&rft.isbn=978-2-01-270973-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AIIIe+si%C3%A8cle+av.+J.-C.+en+science"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Luminet,_Marc_Lachièze-Rey2016"><span class="ouvrage" id="Jean-Pierre_Luminet,_Marc_Lachièze-Rey2016">Jean-Pierre Luminet, Marc Lachièze-Rey, <cite class="italique">De l'infini : Horizons cosmiques, multivers et vide quantique</cite>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Dunod" title="Éditions Dunod">Dunod</a>, <time>2016</time>, 224 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-10-075568-4" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-10-075568-4"><span class="nowrap">978-2-10-075568-4</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=skzvDAAAQBAJ&pg=PAPT69">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+l%27infini&rft.pub=Dunod&rft.stitle=Horizons+cosmiques%2C+multivers+et+vide+quantique&rft.au=Jean-Pierre+Luminet%2C+Marc+Lachi%C3%A8ze-Rey&rft.date=2016&rft.tpages=224&rft.isbn=978-2-10-075568-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AIIIe+si%C3%A8cle+av.+J.-C.+en+science"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Paul,_Jean-Luc_Robert-Esil2016"><span class="ouvrage" id="Jacques_Paul,_Jean-Luc_Robert-Esil2016">Jacques Paul, Jean-Luc Robert-Esil, <cite class="italique">Le Beau Livre de l'Univers - 3e. éd. : Du Big Bang au Big Crunch</cite>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Dunod" title="Éditions Dunod">Dunod</a>, <time>2016</time>, 420 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-10-075788-6" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-10-075788-6"><span class="nowrap">978-2-10-075788-6</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=JDdKDQAAQBAJ&pg=PAPT199">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Beau+Livre+de+l%27Univers+-+3e.+%C3%A9d.&rft.pub=Dunod&rft.stitle=Du+Big+Bang+au+Big+Crunch&rft.au=Jacques+Paul%2C+Jean-Luc+Robert-Esil&rft.date=2016&rft.tpages=420&rft.isbn=978-2-10-075788-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AIIIe+si%C3%A8cle+av.+J.-C.+en+science"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Porcel2017"><span class="ouvrage" id="Florence_Porcel2017">Florence Porcel, <cite class="italique">La folle histoire du système solaire</cite>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Dunod" title="Éditions Dunod">Dunod</a>, <time>2017</time>, 192 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-10-077232-2" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-10-077232-2"><span class="nowrap">978-2-10-077232-2</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=_9M3DwAAQBAJ&pg=PAPT49">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+folle+histoire+du+syst%C3%A8me+solaire&rft.pub=Dunod&rft.aulast=Porcel&rft.aufirst=Florence&rft.date=2017&rft.tpages=192&rft.isbn=978-2-10-077232-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AIIIe+si%C3%A8cle+av.+J.-C.+en+science"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Papin-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Papin_9-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-Papin_9-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Denis_Papin1998"><span class="ouvrage" id="Yves_Denis_Papin1998">Yves Denis Papin, <cite class="italique">Chronologie de l'histoire ancienne</cite>, Éditions Jean-paul Gisserot, <time>1998</time>, 126 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-87747-346-0" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-87747-346-0"><span class="nowrap">978-2-87747-346-0</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=3K-nOHQEWJcC&pg=PA51">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronologie+de+l%27histoire+ancienne&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Jean-paul+Gisserot&rft.au=Yves+Denis+Papin&rft.date=1998&rft.tpages=126&rft.isbn=978-2-87747-346-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AIIIe+si%C3%A8cle+av.+J.-C.+en+science"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="de_Sambucy1968"><span class="ouvrage" id="André_de_Sambucy1968">André de Sambucy, <cite class="italique">Les Deux sources de la médecine européenne</cite>, H. Dangles, <time>1968</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=xv8fAQAAMAAJ&dq=270&pg=PA112">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Deux+sources+de+la+m%C3%A9decine+europ%C3%A9enne&rft.pub=H.+Dangles&rft.au=Andr%C3%A9+de+Sambucy&rft.date=1968&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AIIIe+si%C3%A8cle+av.+J.-C.+en+science"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Simmons2007"><span class="ouvrage" id="George_F._Simmons2007"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> George F. Simmons, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Calculus Gems : Brief Lives and Memorable Mathematics</cite>, Washington, DC, MAA, <time>2007</time>, 355 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-88385-561-4" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-88385-561-4"><span class="nowrap">978-0-88385-561-4</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Calculus+Gems&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=MAA&rft.stitle=Brief+Lives+and+Memorable+Mathematics&rft.aulast=Simmons&rft.aufirst=George+F.&rft.date=2007&rft.tpages=355&rft.isbn=978-0-88385-561-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AIIIe+si%C3%A8cle+av.+J.-C.+en+science"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Dervis2018"><span class="ouvrage" id="Philip_Dervis2018">Philip Dervis, <cite class="italique">Enseignement des sciences, méthode scientifique : la formation de l'esprit critique : contribution à une anthropologie des pratiques de l'enseignement des sciences à l'ère du numérique</cite>, Saint-Denis, Editions Publibook, <time>2018</time>, 253 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-7539-0587-0" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-7539-0587-0"><span class="nowrap">978-2-7539-0587-0</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=4DpaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA80">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enseignement+des+sciences%2C+m%C3%A9thode+scientifique+%3A+la+formation+de+l%27esprit+critique+%3A+contribution+%C3%A0+une+anthropologie+des+pratiques+de+l%27enseignement+des+sciences+%C3%A0+l%27%C3%A8re+du+num%C3%A9rique&rft.place=Saint-Denis&rft.pub=Editions+Publibook&rft.aulast=Dervis&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft.date=2018&rft.tpages=253&rft.isbn=978-2-7539-0587-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AIIIe+si%C3%A8cle+av.+J.-C.+en+science"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grandjean-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-Grandjean_13-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Grandjean,_Geneviève_Hoffmann,_Jean-Yves_Carrez-Maratray2008"><span class="ouvrage" id="Catherine_Grandjean,_Geneviève_Hoffmann,_Jean-Yves_Carrez-Maratray2008">Catherine Grandjean, Geneviève Hoffmann, Jean-Yves Carrez-Maratray, <cite class="italique">Le monde hellénistique</cite>, <a href="/wiki/Armand_Colin" title="Armand Colin">Armand Colin</a>, <time>2008</time>, 352 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-200-24237-4" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-200-24237-4"><span class="nowrap">978-2-200-24237-4</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=Be69T8OEoJwC&pg=PA167">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+monde+hell%C3%A9nistique&rft.pub=Armand+Colin&rft.au=Catherine+Grandjean%2C+Genevi%C3%A8ve+Hoffmann%2C+Jean-Yves+Carrez-Maratray&rft.date=2008&rft.tpages=352&rft.isbn=978-2-200-24237-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AIIIe+si%C3%A8cle+av.+J.-C.+en+science"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Doresse1956"><span class="ouvrage" id="Jean_Doresse1956">Jean Doresse, <cite class="italique">Au pays de la reine de Saba : l'Éthiopie, antique et moderne</cite>, A. Guillot, <time>1956</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=qz7oAAAAMAAJ&dq=Psébo&pg=PA22">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Au+pays+de+la+reine+de+Saba&rft.pub=A.+Guillot&rft.stitle=l%27%C3%89thiopie%2C+antique+et+moderne&rft.aulast=Doresse&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft.date=1956&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AIIIe+si%C3%A8cle+av.+J.-C.+en+science"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Kumar_Sethi2013"><span class="ouvrage" id="A._Kumar_Sethi2013">A. Kumar Sethi, <cite class="italique">The Business of Electronics : A Concise History</cite>, Springer, <time>2013</time>, 207 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-1-137-32338-5" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-1-137-32338-5"><span class="nowrap">978-1-137-32338-5</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=WBuuAgAAQBAJ&pg=PAPT12">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Business+of+Electronics&rft.pub=Springer&rft.stitle=A+Concise+History&rft.au=A.+Kumar+Sethi&rft.date=2013&rft.tpages=207&rft.isbn=978-1-137-32338-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AIIIe+si%C3%A8cle+av.+J.-C.+en+science"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Kane,_Morton_Sternheim,_Philippe_Ghosez,_Maryse_Hoebeke,_Gabriel_Llabrés2018"><span class="ouvrage" id="Joseph_Kane,_Morton_Sternheim,_Philippe_Ghosez,_Maryse_Hoebeke,_Gabriel_Llabrés2018">Joseph Kane, Morton Sternheim, Philippe Ghosez, Maryse Hoebeke, Gabriel Llabrés, <cite class="italique">Physique</cite>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Dunod" title="Éditions Dunod">Dunod</a>, <time>2018</time>, 912 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-10-078556-8" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-10-078556-8"><span class="nowrap">978-2-10-078556-8</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=5-dfDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA340">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Physique&rft.pub=Dunod&rft.au=Joseph+Kane%2C+Morton+Sternheim%2C+Philippe+Ghosez%2C+Maryse+Hoebeke%2C+Gabriel+Llabr%C3%A9s&rft.date=2018&rft.tpages=912&rft.isbn=978-2-10-078556-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AIIIe+si%C3%A8cle+av.+J.-C.+en+science"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walbank-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-Walbank_17-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Walbank,_A._E._Astin,_M._W._Frederiksen1984"><span class="ouvrage" id="F._W._Walbank,_A._E._Astin,_M._W._Frederiksen1984">F. W. Walbank, A. E. Astin, M. W. Frederiksen, <cite class="italique">The Cambridge Ancient History. The hellenistic worls</cite>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 1, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, <time>1984</time>, 625 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-521-23445-0" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-521-23445-0"><span class="nowrap">978-0-521-23445-0</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=lnIpo8KBbP4C&pg=PA365">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Ancient+History.+The+hellenistic+worls&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.aulast=Walbank%2C+A.+E.+Astin%2C+M.+W.+Frederiksen&rft.aufirst=F.+W.&rft.date=1984&rft.volume=1&rft.tpages=625&rft.isbn=978-0-521-23445-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AIIIe+si%C3%A8cle+av.+J.-C.+en+science"></span></span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> </div> <div class="navbox-container" style="clear:both;"> <table class="navbox collapsible noprint autocollapse" style=""> <tbody><tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=""><div style="float:left; width:6em; text-align:left"><div class="noprint plainlinks nowrap tnavbar" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-emphasized, #000000);"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Chronologie_de_la_science" title="Modèle:Palette Chronologie de la science"><abbr class="abbr" title="Voir ce modèle.">v</abbr></a> · <a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Chronologie_de_la_science&action=edit"><abbr class="abbr" title="Modifier ce modèle. Merci de prévisualiser avant de sauvegarder.">m</abbr></a></div></div><div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/wiki/Chronologie_de_la_science" title="Chronologie de la science">Chronologie de la science</a></div></th> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Avant le <abbr class="abbr" title="Seizième">XVI<sup>e</sup></abbr> siècle</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IVe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C._en_science" title="IVe siècle av. J.-C. en science">IVe siècle av. J.-C.</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">IIIe siècle av. J.-C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IIe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C._en_science" title="IIe siècle av. J.-C. en science">IIe siècle av. J.-C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ier_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C._en_science" title="Ier siècle av. J.-C. en science">Ier siècle av. J.-C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ier_si%C3%A8cle_en_science" title="Ier siècle en science">Ier siècle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IIe_si%C3%A8cle_en_science" title="IIe siècle en science">IIe siècle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IIIe_si%C3%A8cle_en_science" title="IIIe siècle en science">IIIe siècle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IVe_si%C3%A8cle_en_science" title="IVe siècle en science">IVe siècle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ve_si%C3%A8cle_en_science" title="Ve siècle en science">Ve siècle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VIe_si%C3%A8cle_en_science" title="VIe siècle en science">VIe siècle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VIIe_si%C3%A8cle_en_science" title="VIIe siècle en science">VIIe siècle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VIIIe_si%C3%A8cle_en_science" title="VIIIe siècle en science">VIIIe siècle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IXe_si%C3%A8cle_en_science" title="IXe siècle en science">IXe siècle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xe_si%C3%A8cle_en_science" title="Xe siècle en science">Xe siècle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XIe_si%C3%A8cle_en_science" title="XIe siècle en science">XIe siècle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XIIe_si%C3%A8cle_en_science" title="XIIe siècle en science">XIIe siècle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XIIIe_si%C3%A8cle_en_science" title="XIIIe siècle en science">XIIIe siècle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XIVe_si%C3%A8cle_en_science" title="XIVe siècle en science">XIVe siècle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XVe_si%C3%A8cle_en_science" title="XVe siècle en science">XVe siècle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1500_en_science" title="1500 en science">1500</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><abbr class="abbr" title="Seizième">XVI<sup>e</sup></abbr> siècle</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1501_en_science" title="1501 en science">1501</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1502_en_science" title="1502 en science">1502</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1503_en_science" title="1503 en science">1503</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1504_en_science" title="1504 en science">1504</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1505_en_science" title="1505 en science">1505</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1506_en_science" title="1506 en science">1506</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1507_en_science" title="1507 en science">1507</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1508_en_science" title="1508 en science">1508</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1509_en_science" title="1509 en science">1509</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1510_en_science" title="1510 en science">1510</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1511_en_science" title="1511 en science">1511</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1512_en_science" title="1512 en science">1512</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1513_en_science" title="1513 en science">1513</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1514_en_science" title="1514 en science">1514</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1515_en_science" title="1515 en science">1515</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1516_en_science" title="1516 en science">1516</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1517_en_science" title="1517 en science">1517</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1518_en_science" title="1518 en science">1518</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1519_en_science" title="1519 en science">1519</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1520_en_science" title="1520 en science">1520</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1521_en_science" title="1521 en science">1521</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1522_en_science" title="1522 en science">1522</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1523_en_science" title="1523 en science">1523</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1524_en_science" title="1524 en science">1524</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1525_en_science" title="1525 en science">1525</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1526_en_science" title="1526 en science">1526</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1527_en_science" title="1527 en science">1527</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1528_en_science" title="1528 en science">1528</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1529_en_science" title="1529 en science">1529</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1530_en_science" title="1530 en science">1530</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1531_en_science" title="1531 en science">1531</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1532_en_science" title="1532 en science">1532</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1533_en_science" title="1533 en science">1533</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1534_en_science" title="1534 en science">1534</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1535_en_science" title="1535 en science">1535</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1536_en_science" title="1536 en science">1536</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1537_en_science" title="1537 en science">1537</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1538_en_science" title="1538 en science">1538</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1539_en_science" title="1539 en science">1539</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1540_en_science" title="1540 en science">1540</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1541_en_science" title="1541 en science">1541</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1542_en_science" title="1542 en science">1542</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1543_en_science" title="1543 en science">1543</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1544_en_science" title="1544 en science">1544</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1545_en_science" title="1545 en science">1545</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1546_en_science" title="1546 en science">1546</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1547_en_science" title="1547 en science">1547</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1548_en_science" title="1548 en science">1548</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1549_en_science" title="1549 en science">1549</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1550_en_science" title="1550 en science">1550</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1551_en_science" title="1551 en science">1551</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1552_en_science" title="1552 en science">1552</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1553_en_science" title="1553 en science">1553</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1554_en_science" title="1554 en science">1554</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1555_en_science" title="1555 en science">1555</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1556_en_science" title="1556 en science">1556</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1557_en_science" title="1557 en science">1557</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1558_en_science" title="1558 en science">1558</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1559_en_science" title="1559 en science">1559</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1560_en_science" title="1560 en science">1560</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1561_en_science" title="1561 en science">1561</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1562_en_science" title="1562 en science">1562</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1563_en_science" title="1563 en science">1563</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1564_en_science" title="1564 en science">1564</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1565_en_science" title="1565 en science">1565</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1566_en_science" title="1566 en science">1566</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1567_en_science" title="1567 en science">1567</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1568_en_science" title="1568 en science">1568</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1569_en_science" title="1569 en science">1569</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1570_en_science" title="1570 en science">1570</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1571_en_science" title="1571 en science">1571</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1572_en_science" title="1572 en science">1572</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1573_en_science" title="1573 en science">1573</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1574_en_science" title="1574 en science">1574</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1575_en_science" title="1575 en science">1575</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1576_en_science" title="1576 en science">1576</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1577_en_science" title="1577 en science">1577</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1578_en_science" title="1578 en science">1578</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1579_en_science" title="1579 en science">1579</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1580_en_science" title="1580 en science">1580</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1581_en_science" title="1581 en science">1581</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1582_en_science" title="1582 en science">1582</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1583_en_science" title="1583 en science">1583</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1584_en_science" title="1584 en science">1584</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1585_en_science" title="1585 en science">1585</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1586_en_science" title="1586 en science">1586</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1587_en_science" title="1587 en science">1587</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1588_en_science" title="1588 en science">1588</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1589_en_science" title="1589 en science">1589</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1590_en_science" title="1590 en science">1590</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1591_en_science" title="1591 en science">1591</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1592_en_science" title="1592 en science">1592</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1593_en_science" title="1593 en science">1593</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1594_en_science" title="1594 en science">1594</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1595_en_science" title="1595 en science">1595</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1596_en_science" title="1596 en science">1596</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1597_en_science" title="1597 en science">1597</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1598_en_science" title="1598 en science">1598</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1599_en_science" title="1599 en science">1599</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1600_en_science" title="1600 en science">1600</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><abbr class="abbr" title="Dix-septième">XVII<sup>e</sup></abbr> siècle</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1601_en_science" title="1601 en science">1601</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1602_en_science" title="1602 en science">1602</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1603_en_science" title="1603 en science">1603</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1604_en_science" title="1604 en science">1604</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1605_en_science" title="1605 en science">1605</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1606_en_science" title="1606 en science">1606</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1607_en_science" title="1607 en science">1607</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1608_en_science" title="1608 en science">1608</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1609_en_science" title="1609 en science">1609</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1610_en_science" title="1610 en science">1610</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1611_en_science" title="1611 en science">1611</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1612_en_science" title="1612 en science">1612</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1613_en_science" title="1613 en science">1613</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1614_en_science" title="1614 en science">1614</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1615_en_science" title="1615 en science">1615</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1616_en_science" title="1616 en science">1616</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1617_en_science" title="1617 en science">1617</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1618_en_science" title="1618 en science">1618</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1619_en_science" title="1619 en science">1619</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1620_en_science" title="1620 en science">1620</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1621_en_science" title="1621 en science">1621</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1622_en_science" title="1622 en science">1622</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1623_en_science" title="1623 en science">1623</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1624_en_science" title="1624 en science">1624</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1625_en_science" title="1625 en science">1625</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1626_en_science" title="1626 en science">1626</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1627_en_science" title="1627 en science">1627</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1628_en_science" title="1628 en science">1628</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1629_en_science" title="1629 en science">1629</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1630_en_science" title="1630 en science">1630</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1631_en_science" title="1631 en science">1631</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1632_en_science" title="1632 en science">1632</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1633_en_science" title="1633 en science">1633</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1634_en_science" title="1634 en science">1634</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1635_en_science" title="1635 en science">1635</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1636_en_science" title="1636 en science">1636</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1637_en_science" title="1637 en science">1637</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1638_en_science" title="1638 en science">1638</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1639_en_science" title="1639 en science">1639</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1640_en_science" title="1640 en science">1640</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1641_en_science" title="1641 en science">1641</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1642_en_science" title="1642 en science">1642</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1643_en_science" title="1643 en science">1643</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1644_en_science" title="1644 en science">1644</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1645_en_science" title="1645 en science">1645</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1646_en_science" title="1646 en science">1646</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1647_en_science" title="1647 en science">1647</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1648_en_science" title="1648 en science">1648</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1649_en_science" title="1649 en science">1649</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1650_en_science" title="1650 en science">1650</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1651_en_science" title="1651 en science">1651</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1652_en_science" title="1652 en science">1652</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1653_en_science" title="1653 en science">1653</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1654_en_science" title="1654 en science">1654</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1655_en_science" title="1655 en science">1655</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1656_en_science" title="1656 en science">1656</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1657_en_science" title="1657 en science">1657</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1658_en_science" title="1658 en science">1658</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1659_en_science" title="1659 en science">1659</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1660_en_science" title="1660 en science">1660</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1661_en_science" title="1661 en science">1661</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1662_en_science" title="1662 en science">1662</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1663_en_science" title="1663 en science">1663</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1664_en_science" title="1664 en science">1664</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1665_en_science" title="1665 en science">1665</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1666_en_science" title="1666 en science">1666</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1667_en_science" title="1667 en science">1667</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1668_en_science" title="1668 en science">1668</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1669_en_science" title="1669 en science">1669</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1670_en_science" title="1670 en science">1670</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1671_en_science" title="1671 en science">1671</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1672_en_science" title="1672 en science">1672</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1673_en_science" title="1673 en science">1673</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1674_en_science" title="1674 en science">1674</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1675_en_science" title="1675 en science">1675</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1676_en_science" title="1676 en science">1676</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1677_en_science" title="1677 en science">1677</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1678_en_science" title="1678 en science">1678</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1679_en_science" title="1679 en science">1679</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1680_en_science" title="1680 en science">1680</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1681_en_science" title="1681 en science">1681</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1682_en_science" title="1682 en science">1682</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1683_en_science" title="1683 en science">1683</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1684_en_science" title="1684 en science">1684</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1685_en_science" title="1685 en science">1685</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1686_en_science" title="1686 en science">1686</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1687_en_science" title="1687 en science">1687</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1688_en_science" title="1688 en science">1688</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1689_en_science" title="1689 en science">1689</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1690_en_science" title="1690 en science">1690</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1691_en_science" title="1691 en science">1691</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1692_en_science" title="1692 en science">1692</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1693_en_science" title="1693 en science">1693</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1694_en_science" title="1694 en science">1694</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1695_en_science" title="1695 en science">1695</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1696_en_science" title="1696 en science">1696</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1697_en_science" title="1697 en science">1697</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1698_en_science" title="1698 en science">1698</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1699_en_science" title="1699 en science">1699</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1700_en_science" title="1700 en science">1700</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><abbr class="abbr" title="Dix-huitième">XVIII<sup>e</sup></abbr> siècle</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1701_en_science" title="1701 en science">1701</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1702_en_science" title="1702 en science">1702</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1703_en_science" title="1703 en science">1703</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1704_en_science" title="1704 en science">1704</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1705_en_science" title="1705 en science">1705</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1706_en_science" title="1706 en science">1706</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1707_en_science" title="1707 en science">1707</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1708_en_science" title="1708 en science">1708</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1709_en_science" title="1709 en science">1709</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1710_en_science" title="1710 en science">1710</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1711_en_science" title="1711 en science">1711</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1712_en_science" title="1712 en science">1712</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1713_en_science" title="1713 en science">1713</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1714_en_science" title="1714 en science">1714</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1715_en_science" title="1715 en science">1715</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1716_en_science" title="1716 en science">1716</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1717_en_science" title="1717 en science">1717</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1718_en_science" title="1718 en science">1718</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1719_en_science" title="1719 en science">1719</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1720_en_science" title="1720 en science">1720</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1721_en_science" title="1721 en science">1721</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1722_en_science" title="1722 en science">1722</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1723_en_science" title="1723 en science">1723</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1724_en_science" title="1724 en science">1724</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1725_en_science" title="1725 en science">1725</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1726_en_science" title="1726 en science">1726</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1727_en_science" title="1727 en science">1727</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1728_en_science" title="1728 en science">1728</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1729_en_science" title="1729 en science">1729</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1730_en_science" title="1730 en science">1730</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1731_en_science" title="1731 en science">1731</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1732_en_science" title="1732 en science">1732</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1733_en_science" title="1733 en science">1733</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1734_en_science" title="1734 en science">1734</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1735_en_science" title="1735 en science">1735</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1736_en_science" title="1736 en science">1736</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1737_en_science" title="1737 en science">1737</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1738_en_science" title="1738 en science">1738</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1739_en_science" title="1739 en science">1739</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1740_en_science" title="1740 en science">1740</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1741_en_science" title="1741 en science">1741</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1742_en_science" title="1742 en science">1742</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1743_en_science" title="1743 en science">1743</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1744_en_science" title="1744 en science">1744</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1745_en_science" title="1745 en science">1745</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1746_en_science" title="1746 en science">1746</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1747_en_science" title="1747 en science">1747</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1748_en_science" title="1748 en science">1748</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1749_en_science" title="1749 en science">1749</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1750_en_science" title="1750 en science">1750</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1751_en_science" title="1751 en science">1751</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1752_en_science" title="1752 en science">1752</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1753_en_science" title="1753 en science">1753</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1754_en_science" title="1754 en science">1754</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1755_en_science" title="1755 en science">1755</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1756_en_science" title="1756 en science">1756</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1757_en_science" title="1757 en science">1757</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1758_en_science" title="1758 en science">1758</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1759_en_science" title="1759 en science">1759</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1760_en_science" title="1760 en science">1760</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1761_en_science" title="1761 en science">1761</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1762_en_science" title="1762 en science">1762</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1763_en_science" title="1763 en science">1763</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1764_en_science" title="1764 en science">1764</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1765_en_science" title="1765 en science">1765</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1766_en_science" title="1766 en science">1766</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1767_en_science" title="1767 en science">1767</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1768_en_science" title="1768 en science">1768</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1769_en_science" title="1769 en science">1769</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1770_en_science" title="1770 en science">1770</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1771_en_science" title="1771 en science">1771</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1772_en_science" title="1772 en science">1772</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1773_en_science" title="1773 en science">1773</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1774_en_science" title="1774 en science">1774</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1775_en_science" title="1775 en science">1775</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1776_en_science" title="1776 en science">1776</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1777_en_science" title="1777 en science">1777</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1778_en_science" title="1778 en science">1778</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1779_en_science" title="1779 en science">1779</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1780_en_science" title="1780 en science">1780</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1781_en_science" title="1781 en science">1781</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1782_en_science" title="1782 en science">1782</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1783_en_science" title="1783 en science">1783</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1784_en_science" title="1784 en science">1784</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1785_en_science" title="1785 en science">1785</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1786_en_science" title="1786 en science">1786</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1787_en_science" title="1787 en science">1787</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1788_en_science" title="1788 en science">1788</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1789_en_science" title="1789 en science">1789</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1790_en_science" title="1790 en science">1790</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1791_en_science" title="1791 en science">1791</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1792_en_science" title="1792 en science">1792</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1793_en_science" title="1793 en science">1793</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1794_en_science" title="1794 en science">1794</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1795_en_science" title="1795 en science">1795</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1796_en_science" title="1796 en science">1796</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1797_en_science" title="1797 en science">1797</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1798_en_science" title="1798 en science">1798</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1799_en_science" title="1799 en science">1799</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1800_en_science" title="1800 en science">1800</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><abbr class="abbr" title="Dix-neuvième">XIX<sup>e</sup></abbr> siècle</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1801_en_science" title="1801 en science">1801</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1802_en_science" title="1802 en science">1802</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1803_en_science" title="1803 en science">1803</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1804_en_science" title="1804 en science">1804</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1805_en_science" title="1805 en science">1805</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1806_en_science" title="1806 en science">1806</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1807_en_science" title="1807 en science">1807</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1808_en_science" title="1808 en science">1808</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1809_en_science" title="1809 en science">1809</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1810_en_science" title="1810 en science">1810</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1811_en_science" title="1811 en science">1811</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1812_en_science" title="1812 en science">1812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1813_en_science" title="1813 en science">1813</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1814_en_science" title="1814 en science">1814</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1815_en_science" title="1815 en science">1815</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1816_en_science" title="1816 en science">1816</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1817_en_science" title="1817 en science">1817</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1818_en_science" title="1818 en science">1818</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1819_en_science" title="1819 en science">1819</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1820_en_science" title="1820 en science">1820</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1821_en_science" title="1821 en science">1821</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1822_en_science" title="1822 en science">1822</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1823_en_science" title="1823 en science">1823</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1824_en_science" title="1824 en science">1824</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1825_en_science" title="1825 en science">1825</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1826_en_science" title="1826 en science">1826</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1827_en_science" title="1827 en science">1827</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1828_en_science" title="1828 en science">1828</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1829_en_science" title="1829 en science">1829</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1830_en_science" title="1830 en science">1830</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1831_en_science" title="1831 en science">1831</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1832_en_science" title="1832 en science">1832</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1833_en_science" title="1833 en science">1833</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1834_en_science" title="1834 en science">1834</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1835_en_science" title="1835 en science">1835</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1836_en_science" title="1836 en science">1836</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1837_en_science" title="1837 en science">1837</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1838_en_science" title="1838 en science">1838</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1839_en_science" title="1839 en science">1839</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1840_en_science" title="1840 en science">1840</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1841_en_science" title="1841 en science">1841</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1842_en_science" title="1842 en science">1842</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1843_en_science" title="1843 en science">1843</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1844_en_science" title="1844 en science">1844</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1845_en_science" title="1845 en science">1845</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1846_en_science" title="1846 en science">1846</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1847_en_science" title="1847 en science">1847</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1848_en_science" title="1848 en science">1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1849_en_science" title="1849 en science">1849</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1850_en_science" title="1850 en science">1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1851_en_science" title="1851 en science">1851</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1852_en_science" title="1852 en science">1852</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1853_en_science" title="1853 en science">1853</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1854_en_science" title="1854 en science">1854</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1855_en_science" title="1855 en science">1855</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1856_en_science" title="1856 en science">1856</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1857_en_science" title="1857 en science">1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1858_en_science" title="1858 en science">1858</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1859_en_science" title="1859 en science">1859</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_en_science" title="1860 en science">1860</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1861_en_science" title="1861 en science">1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1862_en_science" title="1862 en science">1862</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_en_science" title="1863 en science">1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_en_science" title="1864 en science">1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1865_en_science" title="1865 en science">1865</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_en_science" title="1866 en science">1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1867_en_science" title="1867 en science">1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_en_science" title="1868 en science">1868</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_en_science" title="1869 en science">1869</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_en_science" title="1870 en science">1870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_en_science" title="1871 en science">1871</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_en_science" title="1872 en science">1872</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1873_en_science" title="1873 en science">1873</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_en_science" title="1874 en science">1874</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1875_en_science" title="1875 en science">1875</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_en_science" title="1876 en science">1876</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1877_en_science" title="1877 en science">1877</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1878_en_science" title="1878 en science">1878</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1879_en_science" title="1879 en science">1879</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_en_science" title="1880 en science">1880</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1881_en_science" title="1881 en science">1881</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1882_en_science" title="1882 en science">1882</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1883_en_science" title="1883 en science">1883</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1884_en_science" title="1884 en science">1884</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1885_en_science" title="1885 en science">1885</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1886_en_science" title="1886 en science">1886</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1887_en_science" title="1887 en science">1887</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1888_en_science" title="1888 en science">1888</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1889_en_science" title="1889 en science">1889</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1890_en_science" title="1890 en science">1890</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1891_en_science" title="1891 en science">1891</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1892_en_science" title="1892 en science">1892</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1893_en_science" title="1893 en science">1893</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1894_en_science" title="1894 en science">1894</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1895_en_science" title="1895 en science">1895</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896_en_science" title="1896 en science">1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1897_en_science" title="1897 en science">1897</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1898_en_science" title="1898 en science">1898</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1899_en_science" title="1899 en science">1899</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_en_science" title="1900 en science">1900</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><abbr class="abbr" title="Vingtième">XX<sup>e</sup></abbr> siècle</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1901_en_science" title="1901 en science">1901</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1902_en_science" title="1902 en science">1902</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1903_en_science" title="1903 en science">1903</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904_en_science" title="1904 en science">1904</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1905_en_science" title="1905 en science">1905</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1906_en_science" title="1906 en science">1906</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1907_en_science" title="1907 en science">1907</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_en_science" title="1908 en science">1908</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1909_en_science" title="1909 en science">1909</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1910_en_science" title="1910 en science">1910</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1911_en_science" title="1911 en science">1911</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_en_science" title="1912 en science">1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1913_en_science" title="1913 en science">1913</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1914_en_science" title="1914 en science">1914</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_en_science" title="1915 en science">1915</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_en_science" title="1916 en science">1916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1917_en_science" title="1917 en science">1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1918_en_science" title="1918 en science">1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_en_science" title="1919 en science">1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_en_science" title="1920 en science">1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1921_en_science" title="1921 en science">1921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1922_en_science" title="1922 en science">1922</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1923_en_science" title="1923 en science">1923</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_en_science" title="1924 en science">1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1925_en_science" title="1925 en science">1925</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1926_en_science" title="1926 en science">1926</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1927_en_science" title="1927 en science">1927</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_en_science" title="1928 en science">1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1929_en_science" title="1929 en science">1929</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1930_en_science" title="1930 en science">1930</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1931_en_science" title="1931 en science">1931</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_en_science" title="1932 en science">1932</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1933_en_science" title="1933 en science">1933</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_en_science" title="1934 en science">1934</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_en_science" title="1935 en science">1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_en_science" title="1936 en science">1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1937_en_science" title="1937 en science">1937</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938_en_science" title="1938 en science">1938</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939_en_science" title="1939 en science">1939</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_en_science" title="1940 en science">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_en_science" title="1941 en science">1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1942_en_science" title="1942 en science">1942</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1943_en_science" title="1943 en science">1943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_en_science" title="1944 en science">1944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1945_en_science" title="1945 en science">1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_en_science" title="1946 en science">1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_en_science" title="1947 en science">1947</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_en_science" title="1948 en science">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949_en_science" title="1949 en science">1949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950_en_science" title="1950 en science">1950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1951_en_science" title="1951 en science">1951</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_en_science" title="1952 en science">1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_en_science" title="1953 en science">1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_en_science" title="1954 en science">1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1955_en_science" title="1955 en science">1955</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_en_science" title="1956 en science">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1957_en_science" title="1957 en science">1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_en_science" title="1958 en science">1958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_en_science" title="1959 en science">1959</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_en_science" title="1960 en science">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1961_en_science" title="1961 en science">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_en_science" title="1962 en science">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_en_science" title="1963 en science">1963</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_en_science" title="1964 en science">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_en_science" title="1965 en science">1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_en_science" title="1966 en science">1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_en_science" title="1967 en science">1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_en_science" title="1968 en science">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_en_science" title="1969 en science">1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_en_science" title="1970 en science">1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_en_science" title="1971 en science">1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_en_science" title="1972 en science">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_en_science" title="1973 en science">1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_en_science" title="1974 en science">1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_en_science" title="1975 en science">1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_en_science" title="1976 en science">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_en_science" title="1977 en science">1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_en_science" title="1978 en science">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_en_science" title="1979 en science">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_en_science" title="1980 en science">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_en_science" title="1981 en science">1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_en_science" title="1982 en science">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_en_science" title="1983 en science">1983</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_en_science" title="1984 en science">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_en_science" title="1985 en science">1985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_en_science" title="1986 en science">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_en_science" title="1987 en science">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_en_science" title="1988 en science">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_en_science" title="1989 en science">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_en_science" title="1990 en science">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_en_science" title="1991 en science">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_en_science" title="1992 en science">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_en_science" title="1993 en science">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_en_science" title="1994 en science">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_en_science" title="1995 en science">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_en_science" title="1996 en science">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_en_science" title="1997 en science">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_en_science" title="1998 en science">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_en_science" title="1999 en science">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_en_science" title="2000 en science">2000</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><abbr class="abbr" title="Vingt-et-unième">XXI<sup>e</sup></abbr> siècle</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2001_en_science" title="2001 en science">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_en_science" title="2002 en science">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_en_science" title="2003 en science">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_en_science" title="2004 en science">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_en_science" title="2005 en science">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_en_science" title="2006 en science">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_en_science" title="2007 en science">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_en_science" title="2008 en science">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_en_science" title="2009 en science">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_en_science" title="2010 en science">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_en_science" title="2011 en science">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_en_science" title="2012 en science">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_en_science" title="2013 en science">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_en_science" title="2014 en science">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_en_science" title="2015 en science">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_en_science" title="2016 en science">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_en_science" title="2017 en science">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_en_science" title="2018 en science">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_en_science" title="2019 en science">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_en_science" title="2020 en science">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_en_science" title="2021 en science">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_en_science" title="2022 en science">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_en_science" title="2023 en science">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_en_science" title="2024 en science">2024</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"><li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Histoire_des_sciences" 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