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interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finestra_antorbit%C3%A0ria" title="Finestra antorbitària – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Finestra antorbitària" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenestra_antorbitalis" title="Fenestra antorbitalis – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fenestra antorbitalis" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fen%C3%AAtre_ant%C3%A9orbitaire" title="Fenêtre antéorbitaire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fenêtre antéorbitaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiestra_anteorbital" title="Fiestra anteorbital – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Fiestra anteorbital" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%95%88%EC%99%80%EC%B0%BD" title="전안와창 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="전안와창" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenestra_antorbitalis" title="Fenestra antorbitalis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Fenestra antorbitalis" data-language-autonym="Latina" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Opening in the skull in front of the eye sockets, largely associated with archosauriforms</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Massospondylus_Skull_Steveoc_86.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Massospondylus_Skull_Steveoc_86.png/220px-Massospondylus_Skull_Steveoc_86.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Massospondylus_Skull_Steveoc_86.png/330px-Massospondylus_Skull_Steveoc_86.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Massospondylus_Skull_Steveoc_86.png/440px-Massospondylus_Skull_Steveoc_86.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>The antorbital fenestra in relation to the other skull openings in the <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">dinosaur</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Massospondylus" title="Massospondylus">Massospondylus</a></i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>antorbital fenestra</b> (plural: fenestrae) is an opening in the <a href="/wiki/Skull" title="Skull">skull</a> that is in front of the eye sockets. This skull character is largely associated with <a href="/wiki/Archosauriformes" title="Archosauriformes">archosauriforms</a>, first appearing during the <a href="/wiki/Triassic_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Triassic Period">Triassic Period</a>. Among <a href="/wiki/Extant_taxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Extant taxon">extant</a> <a href="/wiki/Archosaurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Archosaurs">archosaurs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a> still possess antorbital fenestrae, whereas <a href="/wiki/Crocodylian" class="mw-redirect" title="Crocodylian">crocodylians</a> have lost them. The loss in crocodylians is believed to be related to the structural needs of their skulls for the bite force and feeding behaviours that they employ.<sup id="cite_ref-preuschcoftwitzel2002_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-preuschcoftwitzel2002-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rayfield2007_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rayfield2007-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some archosaur species, the opening has closed but its location is still marked by a depression, or <a href="/wiki/Fossa_(anatomy)" title="Fossa (anatomy)">fossa</a>, on the surface of the skull called the <b>antorbital fossa</b>. </p><p>The antorbital fenestra houses a <a href="/wiki/Paranasal_sinuses" title="Paranasal sinuses">paranasal sinus</a> that is confluent with the adjacent nasal capsule.<sup id="cite_ref-witmer1997_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-witmer1997-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although crocodylians walled over their antorbital fenestra, they still retain an antorbital sinus.<sup id="cite_ref-witmer1997_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-witmer1997-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Theropod" class="mw-redirect" title="Theropod">theropod</a> <a href="/wiki/Dinosaurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinosaurs">dinosaurs</a>, the antorbital fenestra is the largest opening in the skull. Systematically, the presence of the antorbital fenestra is considered a <a href="/wiki/Synapomorphy" class="mw-redirect" title="Synapomorphy">synapomorphy</a> that unites <a href="/wiki/Tetanuran" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetanuran">tetanuran</a> <a href="/wiki/Theropod" class="mw-redirect" title="Theropod">theropods</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a>. In contrast, most <a href="/wiki/Ornithischia" title="Ornithischia">ornithischian</a> dinosaurs reduce and even close their antorbital fenestrae<sup id="cite_ref-witmer1997_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-witmer1997-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as in <a href="/wiki/Hadrosauridae" title="Hadrosauridae">hadrosaurs</a> and the dinosaur genus <i><a href="/wiki/Protoceratops" title="Protoceratops">Protoceratops</a></i>. This closure distinguishes <i>Protoceratops</i> from other <a href="/wiki/Ceratopsian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceratopsian">ceratopsian</a> dinosaurs.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antorbital_fenestra&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fenestra_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fenestra (anatomy)">Fenestra (anatomy)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antorbital_fenestra&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-preuschcoftwitzel2002-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-preuschcoftwitzel2002_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Preushscoft, H., Witzel, U. 2002. Biomechanical Investigations on the Skulls of Reptiles and Mammals. Senckenbergiana Lethaea 82:207–222.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rayfield2007-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rayfield2007_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rayfield, E.J., Milner, A.C., Xuan, V.B., Young, P.G. 2007. Functional Morphology of Spinosaur "Crocodile Mimic" Dinosaurs. JVP. 27(4):892–901.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-witmer1997-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-witmer1997_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-witmer1997_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-witmer1997_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Witmer, L.M. 1997. The Evolution of the Antorbital Cavity of Archosaurs: A Study in Soft-Tissue Reconstruction in the Fossil Record with an Analysis of the Function of Pneumaticity. JVP 17(1 supp):1–76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin, A.J. (2006). Introduction to the Study of Dinosaurs. Second Edition. Oxford, Blackwell Publishing. pg. 299-300. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4051-3413-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-4051-3413-5">1-4051-3413-5</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antorbital_fenestra&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/diapsids/archomm.html">Archosaur Morphology</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antorbital_fenestra&oldid=1149338223">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antorbital_fenestra&oldid=1149338223</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dinosaur_anatomy" title="Category:Dinosaur anatomy">Dinosaur anatomy</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_with_empty_Wikidata_description" title="Category:Short description with empty Wikidata description">Short description with empty Wikidata description</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 11 April 2023, at 16:05<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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