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<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><meta name="bingbot" content="nocache"/><head><meta charSet="utf-8"/><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/><meta name="twitter:site" content="@voxdotcom"/><meta property="fb:app_id" content="549923288395304"/><meta property="og:site_name" content="Vox"/><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, shrink-to-fit=no"/><meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-title" content="Vox"/><link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Vox" href="/rss/index.xml"/><title>Nuclear power plants are coming back online because of the rising energy demand of AI | Vox</title><meta name="robots" content="index,follow,max-image-preview:large"/><meta name="description" content="What does it take to get a dead nuclear plant back online? 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They’re about to do something unprecedented."/><meta property="og:url" content="https://www.vox.com/climate/383547/nuclear-power-google-amazon-restart-energy"/><meta property="og:type" content="article"/><meta property="article:published_time" content="2024-11-11T12:00:00+00:00"/><meta property="article:modified_time" content="2024-11-11T12:00:00+00:00"/><meta property="og:image" content="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/MicrosoftTeams-image-6.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C10.131114926625%2C100%2C79.73777014675&w=1200"/><meta property="og:image:type" content="image/jpeg"/><meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"/><meta property="og:image:height" content="628"/><link rel="canonical" href="https://www.vox.com/climate/383547/nuclear-power-google-amazon-restart-energy"/><meta name="author" content="Umair Irfan"/><meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.vox.com/climate/383547/nuclear-power-google-amazon-restart-energy"/><meta name="twitter:title" content="How to bring a dead nuclear power plant back to life"/><meta name="twitter:description" content="Tech companies need more energy. 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An unprecedented move by the tech industry could actually help the planet.","datePublished":"2024-11-11T12:00:00+00:00","dateModified":"2024-11-11T12:00:00+00:00","url":"https://www.vox.com/climate/383547/nuclear-power-google-amazon-restart-energy","mainEntityOfPage":"https://www.vox.com/climate/383547/nuclear-power-google-amazon-restart-energy","publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Vox","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/04/default-og-image.png?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0,0.13712291199202,100,99.725754176016","width":"1200","height":"628"}},"articleSection":"Climate","keywords":["Climate","Energy","Technology"],"author":[{"@type":"Person","name":"Umair Irfan","url":"https://www.vox.com/authors/umair-irfan"}],"isAccessibleForFree":false,"image":[{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/MicrosoftTeams-image-6.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0,10.131114926625,100,79.73777014675","height":"1578","width":"3014"},{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/MicrosoftTeams-image-6.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0.75481088254811,0,98.490378234904,100","height":"1979","width":"2968"},{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/MicrosoftTeams-image-6.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=17.169873921699,0,65.660252156603,100","height":"1979","width":"1979"}],"speakable":{"@type":"SpeakableSpecification","xpath":["/html/head/title","/html/head/meta[@name='description']/@content"]},"articleBody":"The US nuclear industry has been struggling to hold its ground for decades as it contends with rising costs, an aging fleet, a shrinking workforce, and stiff competition from natural gas and renewable power. \nThe most recent new US nuclear reactors to come online, units 3 and 4 at Plant Vogtle in Georgia, started up in 2023. They were years behind schedule and billions of dollars over budget. Meanwhile, more than a dozen reactors have shut down since 2013. Several companies developing advanced reactors and small modular reactors, promising greater safety and lower costs, have seen their projects and their businesses collapse.\n[Image: Nuclear power has been holding fairly steady for decades. https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/chart.png?quality=90&strip=all]\nBut in the past year, some big tech companies have taken steps toward a revival. \nAmazon has signed a $500 million deal with X-energy to deploy 5 gigawatts worth of small modular reactors (SMRs) in Washington state. The company is also investigating new nuclear projects in Virginia. Google and nuclear startup Kairos Power agreed to develop molten salt-cooled nuclear reactors, an approach that promises greater efficiency and lower costs. Microsoft has made advanced nuclear energy, including technologies like SMRs and fusion, a part of its energy strategy. These tech firms are looking to meet their climate goals while sating energy appetites that have exploded with the push for artificial intelligence. Last year, new data center power demand grew 26 percent to more than 5 gigawatts in North America.   \nThe case to lean into nuclear power at this moment is compelling. It could generate massive quantities of electricity, day or night, rain or shine, without emitting greenhouse gasses into the atmosphere. Nuclear fission is also one of the safest energy sources. Coal kills more than 32 people per terawatt-hour of electricity produced while nuclear kills about 0.03. But building a new nuclear power plant from scratch, especially a new design, is an arduous, expensive process that can span decades. \nAt the same time, old, carbon dioxide- and soot-spewing coal power plants are also shutting down. Many states are looking to fill the void while also trying to meet their goals to decarbonize their power grids.\nThat’s why tech companies are also looking to revive shuttered nuclear plants. Progress is underway to resurrect reactors at three nuclear power plants that were slated for dismantling and could restart as soon as next year. It’s a stunning and unprecedented development for the nuclear industry. \n“If you told me we would’ve been talking about this 10 years ago, I would’ve laughed at you,” said Patrick O’Brien, head of government affairs and communications at Holtec International, a nuclear services company that until recently specialized in shutting nuclear plants down. \nThree plants are on the resuscitation list. The 800-megawatt reactor at the Palisades Nuclear Power Plant in Michigan, which shut down in 2022, is slated to revive by the end of 2025; Holtec bought the Palisades plant in 2022 and is now leading its restart. Microsoft signed a deal with Constellation to resuscitate the 835-megawatt Unit 1 reactor at Three Mile Island in Pennsylvania, which initially turned off in 2019 and could power up by 2028. NextEra Energy is mulling breathing life back into the 600-megawatt Duane Arnold nuclear power plant in Iowa. The plant closed in 2020 after sustaining damage during a derecho, a fast, powerful thunderstorm. \nRestarting these plants is a critical test for nuclear power in the US, and how they fare will bolster or erode confidence in broader ambitions for a new generation of nuclear deployment.\nBut whether they will help keep global warming in check depends on how much they will displace dirtier energy sources as opposed to merely enabling new demand. \nHow to restart a nuclear reactor\nAlas, restarting a nuclear power plant doesn’t involve flipping a comically large circuit breaker. The reality is much more tedious. \nFor a would-be nuclear resurrectionist, the main tasks are appeasing the regulators and reinvigorating the hardware. \nThe Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), the federal agency in charge of commercial nuclear reactors, says the reason these power plants — Palisades, Three Mile Island, Duane Arnold — are eligible to be restarted is that, from the regulator’s perspective, they’re only mostly dead. \nWhen a reactor first gains approval from the NRC, its initial operating license runs for 40 years. At the end of the first license, the operator can then seek a 20-year extension. “The key to all of these restart efforts is the fact that the licenses that are involved have not yet hit their expiration date,” said Scott Burnell, a spokesman for the NRC. \nThese reactors were shut down ahead of schedule not for technical problems but because the business wasn’t panning out. \nAfter shutting down a plant, operators remove fuel from the reactors and place it in spent fuel pools. They disassemble pipes and machinery. They drain coolants and lubricants to prevent contamination. A complete decommissioning can cost up to $2 billion and take 20 years. \nBut the three plants under restart consideration haven’t gotten far along in the disassembly process. Until recently, no one has sought to bring back a plant already slated for retirement, so there isn’t an established rulebook for how to go about it. “There’s never been a case up to this point where a company has come back and said, ‘Well, I’ve changed my mind,’” Burnell said. The first thing someone seeking to resuscitate a nuclear reactor must do is seek an exemption from the current rules that make shutting down a one-way street, which requires an enormous amount of paperwork. \nThe operator then has to put a safety plan in place and bring the plant back up to the original requirements under its operating license. Therein lies the next undertaking. \nPalisades, Three Mile Island, and Duane Arnold shut down relatively recently, but they’ve still been offline for years. Imagine letting a car sit in your driveway unused for a couple of years and then trying to fire it up. Odds are, it won’t start on the first try. The motor may have seized, the fuel may have separated, the battery may have discharged completely. Even sitting unused, components like rubber hoses, gaskets, and tires can oxidize and turn brittle with time. Metal parts can rust. A shuttered nuclear power plant faces similar concerns, albeit with significantly higher consequences. \nNuclear operators have to first meticulously investigate all the parts of their offline facilities before they get the thumbs-up to power up again. \nHowever, this shutdown, inspection, and resuscitation process can also be an opportunity. Holtec’s O’Brien noted that operating nuclear power plants have regularly scheduled downtime lasting a month or so to conduct maintenance and refuel. But a longer outage gives the operator more time to do more extensive upgrades and restoration. \n“We have parts of the turbine that have been sent out to North Carolina for refurbishment that’ll be gone for a year with the work being done,” O’Brien said. “You couldn’t have done that when you’re an [actively] operating plant.”\nThe other challenge is the workforce. Running a nuclear power plant requires highly specialized personnel, and since the US has been so slow in building reactors, many veteran staffers have retired or left the industry while fewer new graduates are rising to replace them. Palisades employed 600 workers when operating and brought in 1,000 more during refueling and maintenance periods.\nWhen a plant is slated for shutdown, many of those workers leave the area or retire. So to restart a nuclear facility, operators need to get their teams back together, sometimes bringing workers out of retirement while recruiting and training new ones.  \nNuclear revivals still have to prove their economics\nThe biggest challenge for nuclear restarts may not be the hardware or the regulations, but competition. According to a 2021 report from the Congressional Research Service, “The US nuclear power industry in recent years has been facing economic and financial challenges, particularly plants located in competitive power markets where natural gas and renewable power generators influence wholesale electricity prices.”\nThe reactor revivers say they can overcome what killed these power plants in the first place. With Palisades, Holtec is securing a power purchasing agreement with Wolverine Power Cooperative, a nonprofit that provides electricity to 280,000 homes and businesses in rural Michigan. Rather than competing head-to-head with other generators, this guarantees the plant can sell a given amount of electricity at a fixed rate. \nO’Brien said Holtec is putting up $500 million of its own money. The company also received $300 million in grants from the state of Michigan and a $1.52 billion loan guarantee from the US Department of Energy for its effort.  \nHoltec is also aiming to use the Palisades site to deploy two 300-megawatt small modular reactors, essentially becoming its own first customer for these reactors and demonstrating them for future clients. Since the site is already certified to be a nuclear power plant, it cuts out a lot of the development costs that come with building a plant on fresh soil. Holtec is aiming to have its first SMR up by 2030. \nWhile a lot of the recent activity around nuclear power has been fueled by the energy-hungry tech industry, Michigan has set its own ambitious climate goals that make Palisades an even more attractive option. The state is aiming to phase out all of its coal-fired power plants by 2030. Coal currently provides more than 22 percent of the state’s electricity. That’s a big hole to fill in over the next six years. \nLike many states, Michigan is experiencing growing electricity demand, particularly as hotter summers increase cooling needs. The rise of electric cars and switching from natural gas heating to electric heat pumps is increasing energy appetites as well. The state also sees an opportunity to get a piece of the AI action and is instituting tax breaks for new data centers.\nRevived plants like Palisades can’t keep running forever though. In a car, regular oil changes, tire replacements, and inspections can keep it on the road for a long time. But if the engine block starts to wear down, it’s usually not worth the time or money to replace it. Similarly, with a nuclear power plant, ongoing fueling and maintenance can keep it operational, but if its equivalent of an engine block — the reactor pressure vessel around the reactor core — becomes brittle over time as neutrons from nuclear fission bombard it, that can be expensive and difficult to replace. Its integrity is often the main determinant of the overall lifespan of a nuclear plant. \nPalisades was already 50 years old when it went offline, and the NRC’s current regulations are set up to allow for two 20-year renewals after an initial 40-year license for a nuclear power plant. “We’ve had several plants that have come in for a second renewal, which would allow them to run essentially for 80 years,” Burnell said. A plant could theoretically push that further, but no one has tried yet. \nAnd all nuclear plants have to deal with rising costs. Maintaining a nuclear workforce is getting more expensive, and safety regulations continue to ratchet up. Inflation is making materials more pricey and higher interest rates are increasing financing expenses. At the same time, photovoltaic solar panels and wind turbines have experienced extraordinary price drops and explosive growth around the world.\nThe nuclear industry’s challenges remain immense, but concerns about climate change might end up being the most compelling driver for new nuclear power. When it comes to ample, around-the-clock, zero-emissions power, nuclear is a strong contender in the competition. \nBut nuclear energy is now facing another curveball. Donald Trump’s reelection to the White House likely means that addressing climate change will become a lower priority, as it did during his first term. How much the federal government will continue backing nuclear restarts and new companies is unclear, and the industry might need to figure out a new pitch for more public investment. "},{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Climate","item":"https://www.vox.com/climate"}]}]</script><link rel="preload" as="image" imageSrcSet="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/MicrosoftTeams-image-6.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0.75481088254811%2C0%2C98.490378234904%2C100&w=376 376w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/MicrosoftTeams-image-6.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0.75481088254811%2C0%2C98.490378234904%2C100&w=384 384w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/MicrosoftTeams-image-6.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0.75481088254811%2C0%2C98.490378234904%2C100&w=415 415w, 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62.7h15.4l25.9-54.8c4.2-8.1 8.3-13.1 12.4-13.1z"></path></svg></a><div class="_1bn7g9f7">How to bring a dead nuclear power plant back to life</div><div class="_1bn7g9f9"><button aria-controls="drawer_:Rb6:" aria-label="Open Drawer" class="_1bn7g9fg"><svg width="23" height="17" class="_1bn7g9fb" viewBox="0 0 23 17" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><line x1="0.867188" y1="1.53857" x2="22.8672" y2="1.53857" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2"></line><line x1="0.867188" y1="8.53857" x2="22.8672" y2="8.53857" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2"></line><line x1="0.867188" y1="15.5386" x2="22.8672" y2="15.5386" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2"></line></svg></button></div></div></nav><div class="duet--navigation--wiki-banner _1juo5fm2"><div class="_1agbrix3 _1juo5fm4 _1agbrixy"><h2 class="_1juo5fm8">Clarity in this chaotic news cycle</h2><div class="_1juo5fm6"><div class="_1juo5fm9"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup">There’s an overwhelming amount of news, but 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They’re about to do something unprecedented.</p></div></div></div><div class=""><div class="_135mano3"><div class="_160ma521 _160ma520"><div class="_160ma528 _160ma52g"><div class="duet--article--article-byline xkp0cga _15r56j10"><p class=""><span>by</span> <span><span></span> <span class="_15r56j12 _15r56j13"><a href="/authors/umair-irfan">Umair Irfan</a></span></span></p></div><span class="duet--article--timestamp _1rf9w8o3 _1rf9w8o1 _1rf9w8o0 xkp0cg5 xkp0cga"><time dateTime="2024-11-11T12:00:00+00:00">Nov 11, 2024, 12:00 PM UTC</time></span></div><div class="_160ma52i _160ma52h _160ma52o _160ma52p"><div class="_160ma52r _160ma52q"><span class="_160ma52z"><ul class="duet--article--share-buttons _9txrgw0"><li><button aria-label="Share on Facebook" class="_9txrgw1"><svg class="_9txrgwc" width="40" height="40" viewBox="0 0 40 40" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><title>Facebook</title><path d="M27.0174 21.7497L27.8495 16.3604H22.6403V12.8637C22.6403 11.3906 23.3668 9.95151 25.7019 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International</cite></div></div></div></div><div class="_135mano5"><div class="_1jvzqea1 _1jvzqea0"><div class="_1j8rw6n0 _1j8rw6n1"><div class="_1j8rw6n3"><img alt="Umair Irfan" data-chromatic="ignore" loading="lazy" width="36" height="36" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" class="_1j8rw6n4" style="color:transparent" srcSet="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/author_profile_images/191621/umair.0.png?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=48 1x, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/author_profile_images/191621/umair.0.png?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=96 2x" src="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/author_profile_images/191621/umair.0.png?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=96"/></div><div class="_1j8rw6n5"><a class="_1j8rw6n6" href="/authors/umair-irfan">Umair Irfan</a> <span class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup _1j8rw6n7">is a correspondent at Vox writing about climate change, energy policy, and science. He is also a regular contributor to the radio program Science Friday. Prior to Vox, he was a reporter for ClimateWire at E&E News.</span></div></div></div></div></div><div id="zephr-anchor" class="_1agbrixz"><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixi lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg1">The US nuclear industry has been <a href="https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/nuclear/us-nuclear-industry.php">struggling to hold its ground</a> for decades as it contends with <a href="https://www.energypolicy.columbia.edu/the-uncertain-costs-of-new-nuclear-reactors-what-study-estimates-reveal-about-the-potential-for-nuclear-in-a-decarbonizing-world/">rising costs</a>, an aging fleet, a shrinking workforce, and stiff competition from <a href="/climate/24055711/lng-export-pause-biden-liquefied-natural-gas-climate-change">natural gas</a> and <a href="/climate/372852/solar-power-energy-growth-record-us-climate-china">renewable power</a>. </p></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixi lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg1">The most recent new <a href="/23771809/nuclear-power-smr-small-modular-reactor-energy-climate-nuscale">US nuclear reactors to come online</a>, units 3 and 4 at <a href="https://www.southerncompany.com/innovation/vogtle-3-and-4.html">Plant Vogtle in Georgia</a>, started up in 2023. They were years behind schedule and billions of dollars over budget. Meanwhile, <a href="https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R46820/">more than a dozen reactors</a> have shut down since 2013. Several companies developing <a href="/science/23702686/nuclear-power-small-modular-reactor-energy-climate-change">advanced reactors</a> and small modular reactors, promising greater safety and lower costs, have seen their <a href="https://apnews.com/article/nuclear-power-nuscale-clean-energy-wind-biden-7f3a7fe754b77d8d6cbad8662b87a9c3">projects</a> and their <a href="https://www.powermag.com/major-microreactor-developer-enters-bankruptcy-amid-nuclear-industry-surge/">businesses</a> collapse.</p></div><div class="duet--article--block-placement _80slsf1 _80slsf0 duet--article--article-body-component"><div style="position:relative"><div class="_1agbrixj"><div class=""><div style="background-image:none" class="duet--media--content-warning licp6k0"><div class="duet--article--image-gallery-image _1j8uwx0" style="aspect-ratio:1.538462" id="dngyOmltYWdlOjM4MzU0OA=="><a class="_1j8uwx1" href="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/chart.png?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0,0,100,100" data-pswp-height="780" data-pswp-width="1200" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer"><img alt="Graph of nuclear electricity generation capacity" data-chromatic="ignore" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-nimg="fill" class="mvmjsc0" style="position:absolute;height:100%;width:100%;left:0;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;color:transparent;background-size:cover;background-position:50% 50%;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' %3E%3Cfilter id='b' color-interpolation-filters='sRGB'%3E%3CfeGaussianBlur stdDeviation='20'/%3E%3CfeColorMatrix values='1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 100 -1' result='s'/%3E%3CfeFlood x='0' y='0' width='100%25' height='100%25'/%3E%3CfeComposite operator='out' in='s'/%3E%3CfeComposite in2='SourceGraphic'/%3E%3CfeGaussianBlur stdDeviation='20'/%3E%3C/filter%3E%3Cimage width='100%25' height='100%25' x='0' y='0' preserveAspectRatio='none' style='filter: url(%23b);' href='data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAQAAAC1HAwCAAAAC0lEQVR42mN8+R8AAtcB6oaHtZcAAAAASUVORK5CYII='/%3E%3C/svg%3E")" sizes="(max-width: 639px) 100vw, (max-width: 1023px) 50vw, 700px" srcSet="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/chart.png?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=256 256w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/chart.png?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=376 376w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/chart.png?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=384 384w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/chart.png?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=415 415w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/chart.png?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=480 480w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/chart.png?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=540 540w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/chart.png?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=640 640w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/chart.png?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=750 750w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/chart.png?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=828 828w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/chart.png?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=1080 1080w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/chart.png?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=1200 1200w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/chart.png?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=1440 1440w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/chart.png?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=1920 1920w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/chart.png?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=2048 2048w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/chart.png?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=2400 2400w" src="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/chart.png?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=2400"/></a></div></div></div><div class="duet--media--caption xptnl10"><figcaption class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup xkp0cg2 xptnl12">Nuclear power has been holding fairly steady for decades.</figcaption> <cite class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup xkp0cg2 xptnl11">Energy Information Administration</cite></div></div></div></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixi lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg1">But in the past year, some big tech companies have taken steps toward a revival. </p></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixi lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg1"><a href="https://www.powermag.com/amazon-backs-massive-nuclear-smr-deployment-5-gw-with-x-energy-agreements-with-energy-northwest-dominion/">Amazon</a> has signed a $500 million deal with <a href="https://x-energy.com/">X-energy</a> to deploy 5 gigawatts worth of small modular reactors (SMRs) in Washington state. The company is also investigating new <a href="https://news.dominionenergy.com/2024-10-16-Dominion-Energy-and-Amazon-to-explore-advancement-of-Small-Modular-Reactor-SMR-nuclear-development-in-Virginia,1">nuclear projects in Virginia</a>. <a href="https://www.powermag.com/google-bets-big-on-nuclear-inks-deal-with-kairos-power-for-500-mw-smr-fleet-to-power-data-centers/">Google</a> and nuclear startup <a href="https://kairospower.com/">Kairos Power</a> agreed to develop <a href="https://www.technologyreview.com/2024/10/01/1104387/2024-climate-tech-companies-kairos-power-molten-salt-nuclear-reactors/">molten salt-cooled nuclear reactors</a>, an approach that promises greater efficiency and lower costs. Microsoft has made advanced nuclear energy, including technologies like <a href="https://www.iaea.org/newscenter/news/what-are-small-modular-reactors-smrs">SMRs</a> and <a href="/22801265/fusion-energy-electricity-power-climate-change-research-iter">fusion</a>, a part of its <a href="https://query.prod.cms.rt.microsoft.com/cms/api/am/binary/RW1fApf">energy strategy</a>. These tech firms are looking to meet their climate goals while sating energy appetites that have exploded with the <a href="/climate/2024/3/28/24111721/climate-ai-tech-energy-demand-rising">push for artificial intelligence</a>. Last year, new data center power demand grew 26 percent to more than <a href="https://www.cbre.com/insights/reports/north-america-data-center-trends-h2-2023">5 gigawatts</a> in North America. </p></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixi lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg1">The case to lean into nuclear power at this moment is compelling. It could generate massive quantities of electricity, day or night, rain or shine, without emitting greenhouse gasses into the atmosphere. Nuclear fission is also <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/safest-sources-of-energy">one of the safest energy sources</a>. Coal kills more than 32 people per terawatt-hour of electricity produced while nuclear kills about 0.03. But building a new nuclear power plant from scratch, especially a new design, is an arduous, expensive process that can span decades. </p></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixi lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg1">At the same time, old, carbon dioxide- and soot-spewing <a href="https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=61425">coal power plants are also shutting down</a>. Many states are looking to fill the void while also trying to meet their goals to decarbonize their power grids.</p></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixi lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg1">That’s why tech companies are also looking to revive shuttered nuclear plants. Progress is underway to resurrect reactors at three nuclear power plants that were slated for dismantling and could restart as soon as next year. It’s a stunning and unprecedented development for the nuclear industry. </p></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixi lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg1">“If you told me we would’ve been talking about this 10 years ago, I would’ve laughed at you,” said Patrick O’Brien, head of government affairs and communications at Holtec International, a nuclear services company that until recently specialized in shutting nuclear plants down. </p></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixi lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg1">Three plants are on the resuscitation list. The 800-megawatt reactor at the <a href="https://www.nrc.gov/info-finder/reactors/pali.html">Palisades Nuclear Power Plant</a> in Michigan, which <a href="https://www.powermag.com/palisades-nuclear-power-plant-closes-after-50-years-of-operation-employees-leave-with-pride/">shut down in 2022</a>, is slated to revive <a href="https://holtecinternational.com/2024/08/29/recent-milestone-achievements-keep-palisades-repowering-on-track/">by the end of 2025</a>; Holtec bought the Palisades plant in 2022 and is now leading its restart. Microsoft signed a deal with Constellation to <a href="https://www.constellationenergy.com/newsroom/2024/Constellation-to-Launch-Crane-Clean-Energy-Center-Restoring-Jobs-and-Carbon-Free-Power-to-The-Grid.html">resuscitate the 835-megawatt Unit 1 reactor</a> at Three Mile Island in Pennsylvania, which initially <a href="https://abcnews.go.com/US/mile-island-site-1979-nuclear-reactor-accident-reopening/story?id=113870404">turned off in 2019</a> and could <a href="https://www.npr.org/2024/09/20/nx-s1-5120581/three-mile-island-nuclear-power-plant-microsoft-ai">power up by 2028</a>. NextEra Energy is mulling breathing life back into the 600-megawatt <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2024/10/23/nextera-sees-strong-data-center-interest-in-restarting-iowa-nuclear-plant-ceo-says.html">Duane Arnold nuclear power plant</a> in Iowa. The plant <a href="https://www.thegazette.com/energy/nextera-ceo-says-hed-consider-restarting-duane-arnold-nuclear-power-plant/">closed in 2020</a> after sustaining damage during a <a href="/2018/5/14/17353206/derecho-storm-washington-dc-rain-wind">derecho</a>, a fast, powerful thunderstorm. </p></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixi lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg1">Restarting these plants is a critical test for nuclear power in the US, and how they fare will bolster or erode confidence in broader ambitions for a new generation of nuclear deployment.</p></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixi lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg1">But whether they will help keep global warming in check depends on how much they will displace dirtier energy sources as opposed to merely enabling new demand. </p></div><div class="duet--article--block-placement _80slsf1 _80slsf0 duet--article--article-body-component"><div class="duet--article--related _1agbrixj ocbnk80"><h3 class="ocbnk83 ocbnk81">Related</h3><ul class="ocbnk85"><li class="ocbnk88 ocbnk86"><a href="https://www.vox.com/science/23702686/nuclear-power-small-modular-reactor-energy-climate-change" class="ocbnk89">Smaller, cheaper, safer: The next generation of nuclear power, explained</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="duet--article--block-placement _80slsf1 _80slsf0 duet--article--article-body-component"><div class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup _1hmrka0"> <iframe frameborder="0" height="200" scrolling="no" src="https://playlist.megaphone.fm/?e=VMP4380210852" width="100%"></iframe> </div></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><div id="how-to-restart-a-nuclear-reactor" class="_7ka5u1 _7ka5u0 duet--article--standard-heading xkp0cg1"><h2 class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup">How to restart a nuclear reactor</h2></div></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixi lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg1">Alas, restarting a nuclear power plant doesn’t involve flipping a comically large circuit breaker. The reality is much more tedious. </p></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixi lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg1">For a would-be nuclear resurrectionist, the main tasks are appeasing the regulators and reinvigorating the hardware. </p></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixi lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg1">The Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), the federal agency in charge of commercial nuclear reactors, says the reason these power plants — Palisades, Three Mile Island, Duane Arnold — are eligible to be restarted is that, from the regulator’s perspective, they’re only <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xbE8E1ez97M">mostly dead</a>. </p></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixi lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg1">When a reactor first gains approval from the NRC, its initial operating license runs for 40 years. At the end of the first license, the operator can then seek a 20-year extension. “The key to all of these restart efforts is the fact that the licenses that are involved have not yet hit their expiration date,” said Scott Burnell, a spokesman for the NRC. </p></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixi lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg1">These reactors were shut down ahead of schedule not for technical problems but because the business wasn’t panning out. </p></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixi lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg1">After shutting down a plant, operators remove fuel from the reactors and place it in spent fuel pools. They disassemble pipes and machinery. They drain coolants and lubricants to prevent contamination. A complete decommissioning can <a href="https://www.iaea.org/bulletin/nuclear-decommissioning-addressing-the-past-and-ensuring-the-future">cost up to $2 billion and take 20 years</a>. </p></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixi lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg1">But the three plants under restart consideration haven’t gotten far along in the disassembly process. Until recently, no one has sought to bring back a plant already slated for retirement, so there isn’t an established rulebook for how to go about it. “There’s never been a case up to this point where a company has come back and said, ‘Well, I’ve changed my mind,’” Burnell said. The first thing someone seeking to resuscitate a nuclear reactor must do is seek an exemption from the current rules that make shutting down a one-way street, which requires an enormous amount of paperwork. </p></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixi lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg1">The operator then has to put a safety plan in place and bring the plant back up to the original requirements under its operating license. Therein lies the next undertaking. </p></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixi lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg1">Palisades, Three Mile Island, and Duane Arnold shut down relatively recently, but they’ve still been offline for years. Imagine letting a car sit in your driveway unused for a couple of years and then trying to fire it up. Odds are, it won’t start on the first try. The motor may have seized, the fuel may have separated, the battery may have discharged completely. Even sitting unused, components like rubber hoses, gaskets, and tires can oxidize and turn brittle with time. Metal parts can rust. A shuttered nuclear power plant faces similar concerns, albeit with significantly higher consequences. </p></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixi lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg1">Nuclear operators have to first meticulously investigate all the parts of their offline facilities before they get the thumbs-up to power up again. </p></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixi lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg1">However, this shutdown, inspection, and resuscitation process can also be an opportunity. Holtec’s O’Brien noted that operating nuclear power plants have regularly scheduled downtime lasting a month or so to conduct maintenance and refuel. But a longer outage gives the operator more time to do more extensive upgrades and restoration. </p></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixi lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg1">“We have parts of the turbine that have been sent out to North Carolina for refurbishment that’ll be gone for a year with the work being done,” O’Brien said. “You couldn’t have done that when you’re an [actively] operating plant.”</p></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixi lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg1">The other challenge is the workforce. Running a nuclear power plant requires highly specialized personnel, and since the US has been so slow in building reactors, many veteran staffers have retired or left the industry while <a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/shortfall-in-young-engineers-threatens-nuclear-renaissance-b63c6642">fewer new graduates are rising to replace them</a>. Palisades <a href="https://holtecinternational.com/2023/09/12/holtec-and-wolverine-ink-power-purchase-agreement-for-palisades/">employed 600 workers when operating and brought in 1,000 more</a> during refueling and maintenance periods.</p></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixi lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg1">When a plant is slated for shutdown, many of those workers leave the area or retire. So to restart a nuclear facility, operators need to get their teams back together, sometimes <a href="https://www.ft.com/content/eb89cbc1-2cc3-48d4-9c8c-e2c10f2b2ce0">bringing workers out of retirement</a> while recruiting and training new ones. </p></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><div id="nuclear-revivals-still-have-to-prove-their-economics" class="_7ka5u1 _7ka5u0 duet--article--standard-heading xkp0cg1"><h2 class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup">Nuclear revivals still have to prove their economics</h2></div></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixi lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg1">The biggest challenge for nuclear restarts may not be the hardware or the regulations, but competition. According to a 2021 report from the <a href="https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R46820/3">Congressional Research Service</a>, “The US nuclear power industry in recent years has been facing economic and financial challenges, particularly plants located in competitive power markets where natural gas and renewable power generators influence wholesale electricity prices.”</p></div><div class="duet--article--block-placement _80slsf1 _80slsf0 duet--article--article-body-component"><div class="duet--article--related _1agbrixj ocbnk80"><h3 class="ocbnk83 ocbnk81">Related</h3><ul class="ocbnk85"><li class="ocbnk88 ocbnk86"><a href="https://www.vox.com/videos/2021/10/5/22704083/nuclear-power-plants-indian-point-shutdown" class="ocbnk89">Why nuclear plants are shutting down</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixi lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg1">The reactor revivers say they can overcome what killed these power plants in the first place. With Palisades, Holtec is securing a power purchasing agreement with <a href="https://www.wolverinepowercooperative.com/">Wolverine Power Cooperative</a>, a nonprofit that provides electricity to 280,000 homes and businesses in rural Michigan. Rather than competing head-to-head with other generators, this guarantees the plant can sell a given amount of electricity at a fixed rate. </p></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixi lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg1">O’Brien said Holtec is putting up $500 million of its own money. The company also received <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2024-05-08/holtec-aims-to-lead-a-us-nuclear-power-renaissance">$300 million in grants from the state of Michigan</a> and a <a href="https://www.energy.gov/lpo/articles/lpo-announces-conditional-commitment-holtec-palisades-finance-restoration-and">$1.52 billion loan guarantee</a> from the US Department of Energy for its effort. </p></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixi lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg1">Holtec is also aiming to use the Palisades site to deploy two 300-megawatt <a href="/23771809/nuclear-power-smr-small-modular-reactor-energy-climate-nuscale">small modular reactors</a>, essentially becoming its own first customer for these reactors and demonstrating them for future clients. Since the site is already certified to be a nuclear power plant, it cuts out a lot of the development costs that come with building a plant on fresh soil. Holtec is aiming to <a href="https://holtecinternational.com/2023/12/04/first-two-smr-300-units-slated-to-be-built-at-michigans-palisades-site-for-commissioning-by-mid-2030/">have its first SMR up by 2030</a>. </p></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixi lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg1">While a lot of the recent activity around nuclear power has been fueled by the energy-hungry tech industry, Michigan has set its own ambitious climate goals that make Palisades an even more attractive option. The state is aiming to <a href="https://www.michigan.gov/egle/about/organization/climate-and-energy/mi-healthy-climate-plan">phase out all of its coal-fired power plants</a> by 2030. Coal currently provides more than <a href="https://www.eia.gov/state/print.php?sid=MI">22 percent of the state’s electricity</a>. That’s a big hole to fill in over the next six years. </p></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixi lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg1">Like many states, Michigan is experiencing growing electricity demand, particularly as <a href="https://www.michigan.gov/mpsc/commission/news-releases/2024/06/24/mpsc-summer-energy-outlook-shows-lower-fuel-costs">hotter summers increase cooling needs</a>. The rise of <a href="/climate/24047383/winter-storm-heating-electricity-grid-power-polar-vortex">electric cars and switching from natural gas heating to electric heat pumps</a> is increasing energy appetites as well. The state also sees an opportunity to get a piece of the AI action and is instituting <a href="https://www.axios.com/local/detroit/2024/10/25/michigan-data-centers-expansion">tax breaks for new data centers</a>.</p></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixi lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg1">Revived plants like Palisades can’t keep running forever though. In a car, regular oil changes, tire replacements, and inspections can keep it on the road for a long time. But if the engine block starts to wear down, it’s usually not worth the time or money to replace it. Similarly, with a nuclear power plant, ongoing fueling and maintenance can keep it operational, but if its equivalent of an engine block — the <a href="https://www.nrc.gov/reactors/operating/ops-experience/reactor-vessel-integrity.html">reactor pressure vessel</a> around the reactor core — becomes brittle over time as neutrons from nuclear fission bombard it, that can be expensive and difficult to replace. Its integrity is often the main determinant of the overall lifespan of a nuclear plant. </p></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixi lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg1">Palisades was <a href="https://www.powermag.com/palisades-nuclear-power-plant-closes-after-50-years-of-operation-employees-leave-with-pride/">already 50 years old</a> when it went offline, and the NRC’s current regulations are set up to allow for two 20-year renewals after an initial 40-year license for a nuclear power plant. “We’ve had several plants that have come in for a second renewal, which would allow them to run essentially for 80 years,” Burnell said. A plant could theoretically push that further, but no one has tried yet. </p></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixi lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg1">And all nuclear plants have to <a href="https://www.nei.org/CorporateSite/media/filefolder/resources/reports-and-briefs/2023-Costs-in-Context_r1.pdf">deal with rising costs</a>. Maintaining a <a href="https://www.cell.com/joule/fulltext/S2542-4351(20)30458-X">nuclear workforce is getting more expensive</a>, and safety regulations continue to ratchet up. Inflation is making materials more pricey and higher interest rates are increasing financing expenses. At the same time, <a href="/climate/372852/solar-power-energy-growth-record-us-climate-china">photovoltaic solar panels</a> and <a href="https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3257036/historic-breakthrough-chinas-installed-wind-turbine-cost-drops-one-fifth-us-green-energy-race">wind turbines</a> have experienced extraordinary price drops and explosive growth around the world.</p></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixi lg8ac51 lg8ac50 xkp0cg1">The nuclear industry’s challenges remain immense, but concerns about climate change might end up being the most compelling driver for new nuclear power. When it comes to ample, around-the-clock, zero-emissions power, nuclear is a strong contender in the competition. </p></div><div class="duet--article--article-body-component"><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup duet--article--standard-paragraph _1agbrixi lg8ac51 lg8ac50 lg8ac5a xkp0cg1">But nuclear energy is now facing another curveball. <a href="/2024-elections/382679/trump-foreign-policy-america-first-tariffs-nato-alliance">Donald Trump’s reelection to the White House</a> likely means that addressing climate change will become a lower priority, as it did <a href="/energy-and-environment/2020/8/27/21374894/trump-election-second-term-climate-change-energy-russia-china">during his first term</a>. How much the federal government will continue backing nuclear restarts and new companies is unclear, and the industry might need to figure out a new pitch for more public investment. </p></div><div class="duet--article--block-placement _80slsf1 _80slsf0 duet--article--article-body-component"><div><form class="mr4kua0 _1agbrixy _1agbrixj mr4kua4"><div class="duet--cta--newsletter mr4kua7"><div class="mr4kuaa"><h2 class="mr4kuad">Vox Technology</h2><p class="mr4kuae"><span class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup">Dispatches from senior correspondent Adam Clark Estes about how technology is changing the world — and how it’s changing us.</span></p></div><div class="mr4kual mr4kuam"><fieldset><div class="mr4kuao"><div class="duet--cta--form-field-text bwzmda0 mr4kuar"><label for="email" class="_1vr06930 _142ra0g0">Email (required)</label><div class="bwzmda1"><input id="email" class="_1vr06931" aria-invalid="false" name="email" type="email" required="" placeholder="Enter your email"/></div></div><button class="duet--cta--button bl2rg41 bl2rg40 mr4kuav" type="submit"><span>Sign Up</span></button></div></fieldset><div class="mr4kuaz"><div class="mr4kuaf">By submitting your email, you agree to our <a href="https://www.voxmedia.com/legal/terms-of-use" class="mr4kuay">Terms</a> and <a href="https://www.voxmedia.com/legal/privacy-notice" class="mr4kuay">Privacy Notice</a>. 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https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/GettyImages-2155196964.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=1.4905660377359%2C0%2C97.018867924528%2C100&w=2400 2400w" src="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/GettyImages-2155196964.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=1.4905660377359%2C0%2C97.018867924528%2C100&w=2400"/></div><div class="ap1uvv1"><div class=""><div class=""><div><div class="xkp0cg9 _1neefee9 _1neefee2"><a class="qcd9z1" href="/down-to-earth/399957/fish-wildlife-service-trump-funding-freeze">Leaked emails show the nation’s leading wildlife agency has halted critical funding for conservation</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class=""><div class="ap1uvv0 qcd9z0 _102m78f3"><div class="_1k0rii4 _1k0rii0"></div><div class="ap1uvv2 _102m78f3"><img alt="Why the US is freezing as the planet reaches record warmth" data-chromatic="ignore" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-nimg="fill" class="mvmjsc0" 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https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/GettyImages-2192674267.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0.0046641791044806%2C0%2C99.990671641791%2C100&w=2400 2400w" src="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/GettyImages-2192674267.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0.0046641791044806%2C0%2C99.990671641791%2C100&w=2400"/></div><div class="ap1uvv1"><div class=""><div class=""><div><div class="xkp0cg9 _1neefee9 _1neefee2"><a class="qcd9z1" href="/climate/399920/record-heat-january-2025-la-nina-winter-cold-climate">Why the US is freezing as the planet reaches record warmth</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class=""><div class="ap1uvv0 qcd9z0 _102m78f3"><div class="_1k0rii4 _1k0rii0"></div><div class="ap1uvv2 _102m78f3"><img alt="The LA fires have a shocking price tag — and we’ll all have to pick up the tab" data-chromatic="ignore" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-nimg="fill" class="mvmjsc0" 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https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/01/GettyImages-2194713988.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=2400 2400w" src="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/01/GettyImages-2194713988.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=2400"/></div><div class="ap1uvv1"><div class=""><div class=""><div><div class="xkp0cg9 _1neefee9 _1neefee2"><a class="qcd9z1" href="/climate/397756/la-wildfire-insurance-palisades-california-fair-plan-climate">The LA fires have a shocking price tag — and we’ll all have to pick up the tab</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class=""><div class="ap1uvv0 qcd9z0 _102m78f3"><div class="_1k0rii4 _1k0rii0"></div><div class="ap1uvv2 _102m78f3"><img alt="The tiny lizard that will test Trump’s “drill, baby, drill” agenda" data-chromatic="ignore" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-nimg="fill" class="mvmjsc0" style="position:absolute;height:100%;width:100%;left:0;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;color:transparent;background-size:cover;background-position:50% 50%;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' %3E%3Cfilter id='b' color-interpolation-filters='sRGB'%3E%3CfeGaussianBlur stdDeviation='20'/%3E%3CfeColorMatrix values='1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 100 -1' result='s'/%3E%3CfeFlood x='0' y='0' width='100%25' height='100%25'/%3E%3CfeComposite operator='out' in='s'/%3E%3CfeComposite in2='SourceGraphic'/%3E%3CfeGaussianBlur stdDeviation='20'/%3E%3C/filter%3E%3Cimage width='100%25' height='100%25' x='0' y='0' preserveAspectRatio='none' style='filter: url(%23b);' href='data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAQAAAC1HAwCAAAAC0lEQVR42mN8+R8AAtcB6oaHtZcAAAAASUVORK5CYII='/%3E%3C/svg%3E")" sizes="221px" 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class="xkp0cg9 _1neefee5 _1neefee2"><a class="qcd9z1" href="/down-to-earth/400209/national-parks-trump-government-layoffs-visit-data">The crisis coming for our national parks, explained in two charts</a></div></div><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup _1neefeej _1neefeee _1neefeef">Parks were already facing a staffing problem. Then came the government purge.</p><div class="_1k0riie _1k0rii0"><span class="u2goo40">By </span><span class="u2goo42 xkp0cg5"><span><span>Benji Jones</span></span></span></div></div></div></div></div><div class="duet--content-cards--content-card _1agz5xb3 _1agz5xb0 qcd9z0"><div class="_1agz5xb9 _1agz5xb6 _1agz5xbc _1agz5xbh _102m78f3"><img alt="Leaked emails show the nation’s leading wildlife agency has halted critical funding for conservation" data-chromatic="ignore" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-nimg="fill" class="_1agz5xbf mvmjsc0" style="position:absolute;height:100%;width:100%;left:0;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;color:transparent;background-size:cover;background-position:50% 50%;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' %3E%3Cfilter id='b' color-interpolation-filters='sRGB'%3E%3CfeGaussianBlur stdDeviation='20'/%3E%3CfeColorMatrix values='1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 100 -1' result='s'/%3E%3CfeFlood x='0' y='0' width='100%25' height='100%25'/%3E%3CfeComposite operator='out' in='s'/%3E%3CfeComposite in2='SourceGraphic'/%3E%3CfeGaussianBlur stdDeviation='20'/%3E%3C/filter%3E%3Cimage width='100%25' height='100%25' x='0' y='0' preserveAspectRatio='none' style='filter: url(%23b);' href='data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAQAAAC1HAwCAAAAC0lEQVR42mN8+R8AAtcB6oaHtZcAAAAASUVORK5CYII='/%3E%3C/svg%3E")" sizes="100px" srcSet="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/GettyImages-2155196964.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=17.660377358491%2C0%2C64.679245283019%2C100&w=16 16w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/GettyImages-2155196964.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=17.660377358491%2C0%2C64.679245283019%2C100&w=32 32w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/GettyImages-2155196964.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=17.660377358491%2C0%2C64.679245283019%2C100&w=48 48w, 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https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/GettyImages-2155196964.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=17.660377358491%2C0%2C64.679245283019%2C100&w=1920 1920w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/GettyImages-2155196964.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=17.660377358491%2C0%2C64.679245283019%2C100&w=2048 2048w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/GettyImages-2155196964.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=17.660377358491%2C0%2C64.679245283019%2C100&w=2400 2400w" src="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/GettyImages-2155196964.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=17.660377358491%2C0%2C64.679245283019%2C100&w=2400"/><img alt="Leaked emails show the nation’s leading wildlife agency has halted critical funding for conservation" data-chromatic="ignore" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-nimg="fill" class="_1agz5xbg mvmjsc0" style="position:absolute;height:100%;width:100%;left:0;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;color:transparent;background-size:cover;background-position:50% 50%;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' %3E%3Cfilter id='b' color-interpolation-filters='sRGB'%3E%3CfeGaussianBlur stdDeviation='20'/%3E%3CfeColorMatrix values='1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 100 -1' result='s'/%3E%3CfeFlood x='0' y='0' width='100%25' height='100%25'/%3E%3CfeComposite operator='out' in='s'/%3E%3CfeComposite in2='SourceGraphic'/%3E%3CfeGaussianBlur stdDeviation='20'/%3E%3C/filter%3E%3Cimage width='100%25' height='100%25' x='0' y='0' preserveAspectRatio='none' style='filter: url(%23b);' href='data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAQAAAC1HAwCAAAAC0lEQVR42mN8+R8AAtcB6oaHtZcAAAAASUVORK5CYII='/%3E%3C/svg%3E")" sizes="195px" srcSet="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/GettyImages-2155196964.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=1.4905660377359%2C0%2C97.018867924528%2C100&w=16 16w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/GettyImages-2155196964.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=1.4905660377359%2C0%2C97.018867924528%2C100&w=32 32w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/GettyImages-2155196964.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=1.4905660377359%2C0%2C97.018867924528%2C100&w=48 48w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/GettyImages-2155196964.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=1.4905660377359%2C0%2C97.018867924528%2C100&w=64 64w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/GettyImages-2155196964.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=1.4905660377359%2C0%2C97.018867924528%2C100&w=96 96w, 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https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/GettyImages-2155196964.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=1.4905660377359%2C0%2C97.018867924528%2C100&w=1080 1080w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/GettyImages-2155196964.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=1.4905660377359%2C0%2C97.018867924528%2C100&w=1200 1200w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/GettyImages-2155196964.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=1.4905660377359%2C0%2C97.018867924528%2C100&w=1440 1440w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/GettyImages-2155196964.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=1.4905660377359%2C0%2C97.018867924528%2C100&w=1920 1920w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/GettyImages-2155196964.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=1.4905660377359%2C0%2C97.018867924528%2C100&w=2048 2048w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/GettyImages-2155196964.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=1.4905660377359%2C0%2C97.018867924528%2C100&w=2400 2400w" src="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/GettyImages-2155196964.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=1.4905660377359%2C0%2C97.018867924528%2C100&w=2400"/></div><div class="_1agz5xbi"><div class=""><div class=""><div class="_1k0rii4 _1k0rii0"><span class="_1g6d7eu0 xkp0cg7 xkp0cg5">Down to Earth</span><span class="duet--article--timestamp _1rf9w8o2 _1rf9w8o0 xkp0cg5 _1agbrixr"><time dateTime="2025-02-14T23:00:00+00:00">Feb 14</time></span></div><div><div class="xkp0cg9 _1neefee5 _1neefee2"><a class="qcd9z1" href="/down-to-earth/399957/fish-wildlife-service-trump-funding-freeze">Leaked emails show the nation’s leading wildlife agency has halted critical funding for conservation</a></div></div><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup _1neefeej _1neefeee _1neefeef">Exclusive: The US Fish and Wildlife Service has frozen millions of dollars, imperiling animals abroad.</p><div class="_1k0riie _1k0rii0"><span class="u2goo40">By </span><span class="u2goo42 xkp0cg5"><span><span>Benji Jones</span></span></span></div></div></div></div></div><div class="duet--content-cards--content-card _1agz5xb3 _1agz5xb0 qcd9z0"><div class="_1agz5xb9 _1agz5xb6 _1agz5xbc _1agz5xbh _102m78f3"><img alt="Why the US is freezing as the planet reaches record warmth" data-chromatic="ignore" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-nimg="fill" class="_1agz5xbf mvmjsc0" style="position:absolute;height:100%;width:100%;left:0;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;color:transparent;background-size:cover;background-position:50% 50%;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' %3E%3Cfilter id='b' color-interpolation-filters='sRGB'%3E%3CfeGaussianBlur stdDeviation='20'/%3E%3CfeColorMatrix values='1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 100 -1' 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https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/GettyImages-2192674267.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.669776119403%2C0%2C66.660447761194%2C100&w=750 750w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/GettyImages-2192674267.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.669776119403%2C0%2C66.660447761194%2C100&w=828 828w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/GettyImages-2192674267.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.669776119403%2C0%2C66.660447761194%2C100&w=1080 1080w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/GettyImages-2192674267.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.669776119403%2C0%2C66.660447761194%2C100&w=1200 1200w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/GettyImages-2192674267.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.669776119403%2C0%2C66.660447761194%2C100&w=1440 1440w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/GettyImages-2192674267.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.669776119403%2C0%2C66.660447761194%2C100&w=1920 1920w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/GettyImages-2192674267.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.669776119403%2C0%2C66.660447761194%2C100&w=2048 2048w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/GettyImages-2192674267.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.669776119403%2C0%2C66.660447761194%2C100&w=2400 2400w" src="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/GettyImages-2192674267.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.669776119403%2C0%2C66.660447761194%2C100&w=2400"/><img alt="Why the US is freezing as the planet reaches record warmth" data-chromatic="ignore" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-nimg="fill" class="_1agz5xbg mvmjsc0" style="position:absolute;height:100%;width:100%;left:0;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;color:transparent;background-size:cover;background-position:50% 50%;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' %3E%3Cfilter id='b' color-interpolation-filters='sRGB'%3E%3CfeGaussianBlur stdDeviation='20'/%3E%3CfeColorMatrix values='1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 100 -1' result='s'/%3E%3CfeFlood x='0' y='0' width='100%25' height='100%25'/%3E%3CfeComposite operator='out' in='s'/%3E%3CfeComposite in2='SourceGraphic'/%3E%3CfeGaussianBlur stdDeviation='20'/%3E%3C/filter%3E%3Cimage width='100%25' height='100%25' x='0' y='0' preserveAspectRatio='none' style='filter: url(%23b);' href='data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAQAAAC1HAwCAAAAC0lEQVR42mN8+R8AAtcB6oaHtZcAAAAASUVORK5CYII='/%3E%3C/svg%3E")" sizes="195px" srcSet="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/GettyImages-2192674267.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0.0046641791044806%2C0%2C99.990671641791%2C100&w=16 16w, 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https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/GettyImages-2192674267.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0.0046641791044806%2C0%2C99.990671641791%2C100&w=540 540w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/GettyImages-2192674267.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0.0046641791044806%2C0%2C99.990671641791%2C100&w=640 640w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/GettyImages-2192674267.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0.0046641791044806%2C0%2C99.990671641791%2C100&w=750 750w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/GettyImages-2192674267.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0.0046641791044806%2C0%2C99.990671641791%2C100&w=828 828w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/GettyImages-2192674267.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0.0046641791044806%2C0%2C99.990671641791%2C100&w=1080 1080w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/GettyImages-2192674267.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0.0046641791044806%2C0%2C99.990671641791%2C100&w=1200 1200w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/GettyImages-2192674267.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0.0046641791044806%2C0%2C99.990671641791%2C100&w=1440 1440w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/GettyImages-2192674267.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0.0046641791044806%2C0%2C99.990671641791%2C100&w=1920 1920w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/GettyImages-2192674267.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0.0046641791044806%2C0%2C99.990671641791%2C100&w=2048 2048w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/GettyImages-2192674267.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0.0046641791044806%2C0%2C99.990671641791%2C100&w=2400 2400w" src="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/GettyImages-2192674267.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0.0046641791044806%2C0%2C99.990671641791%2C100&w=2400"/></div><div class="_1agz5xbi"><div class=""><div class=""><div class="_1k0rii4 _1k0rii0"><span class="_1g6d7eu0 xkp0cg7 xkp0cg5">Climate</span><span class="duet--article--timestamp _1rf9w8o2 _1rf9w8o0 xkp0cg5 _1agbrixr"><time dateTime="2025-02-14T20:20:00+00:00">Feb 14</time></span></div><div><div class="xkp0cg9 _1neefee5 _1neefee2"><a class="qcd9z1" href="/climate/399920/record-heat-january-2025-la-nina-winter-cold-climate">Why the US is freezing as the planet reaches record warmth</a></div></div><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup _1neefeej _1neefeee _1neefeef">Don’t let the bitter cold fool you — the world just had the hottest January on record.</p><div class="_1k0riie _1k0rii0"><span class="u2goo40">By </span><span class="u2goo42 xkp0cg5"><span><span>Umair Irfan</span></span></span></div></div></div></div></div><div class="duet--content-cards--content-card _1agz5xb3 _1agz5xb0 qcd9z0"><div class="_1agz5xb9 _1agz5xb6 _1agz5xbc _1agz5xbh _102m78f3"><img alt="The LA fires have a shocking price tag — and we’ll all have to pick up the tab" data-chromatic="ignore" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-nimg="fill" class="_1agz5xbf mvmjsc0" style="position:absolute;height:100%;width:100%;left:0;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;color:transparent;background-size:cover;background-position:50% 50%;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' %3E%3Cfilter id='b' color-interpolation-filters='sRGB'%3E%3CfeGaussianBlur stdDeviation='20'/%3E%3CfeColorMatrix values='1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 100 -1' result='s'/%3E%3CfeFlood x='0' y='0' width='100%25' height='100%25'/%3E%3CfeComposite operator='out' in='s'/%3E%3CfeComposite in2='SourceGraphic'/%3E%3CfeGaussianBlur stdDeviation='20'/%3E%3C/filter%3E%3Cimage width='100%25' height='100%25' x='0' y='0' preserveAspectRatio='none' style='filter: url(%23b);' href='data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAQAAAC1HAwCAAAAC0lEQVR42mN8+R8AAtcB6oaHtZcAAAAASUVORK5CYII='/%3E%3C/svg%3E")" sizes="100px" srcSet="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/01/GettyImages-2194713988.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=16 16w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/01/GettyImages-2194713988.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=32 32w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/01/GettyImages-2194713988.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=48 48w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/01/GettyImages-2194713988.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=64 64w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/01/GettyImages-2194713988.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=96 96w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/01/GettyImages-2194713988.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=128 128w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/01/GettyImages-2194713988.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=256 256w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/01/GettyImages-2194713988.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=376 376w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/01/GettyImages-2194713988.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=384 384w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/01/GettyImages-2194713988.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=415 415w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/01/GettyImages-2194713988.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=480 480w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/01/GettyImages-2194713988.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=540 540w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/01/GettyImages-2194713988.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=640 640w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/01/GettyImages-2194713988.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=750 750w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/01/GettyImages-2194713988.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=828 828w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/01/GettyImages-2194713988.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=1080 1080w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/01/GettyImages-2194713988.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=1200 1200w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/01/GettyImages-2194713988.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=1440 1440w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/01/GettyImages-2194713988.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=1920 1920w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/01/GettyImages-2194713988.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=2048 2048w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/01/GettyImages-2194713988.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=2400 2400w" src="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/01/GettyImages-2194713988.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=16.666666666667%2C0%2C66.666666666667%2C100&w=2400"/><img alt="The LA fires have a shocking price tag — and we’ll all have to pick up the tab" data-chromatic="ignore" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-nimg="fill" class="_1agz5xbg mvmjsc0" style="position:absolute;height:100%;width:100%;left:0;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;color:transparent;background-size:cover;background-position:50% 50%;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' %3E%3Cfilter id='b' 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https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/01/GettyImages-2194713988.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=48 48w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/01/GettyImages-2194713988.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=64 64w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/01/GettyImages-2194713988.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=96 96w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/01/GettyImages-2194713988.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=128 128w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/01/GettyImages-2194713988.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=256 256w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/01/GettyImages-2194713988.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=376 376w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/01/GettyImages-2194713988.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=384 384w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/01/GettyImages-2194713988.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=415 415w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/01/GettyImages-2194713988.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=480 480w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/01/GettyImages-2194713988.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=540 540w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/01/GettyImages-2194713988.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=640 640w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/01/GettyImages-2194713988.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=750 750w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/01/GettyImages-2194713988.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=828 828w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/01/GettyImages-2194713988.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=1080 1080w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/01/GettyImages-2194713988.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=1200 1200w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/01/GettyImages-2194713988.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=1440 1440w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/01/GettyImages-2194713988.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=1920 1920w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/01/GettyImages-2194713988.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=2048 2048w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/01/GettyImages-2194713988.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=2400 2400w" src="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/01/GettyImages-2194713988.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C0%2C100%2C100&w=2400"/></div><div class="_1agz5xbi"><div class=""><div class=""><div class="_1k0rii4 _1k0rii0"><span class="_1g6d7eu0 xkp0cg7 xkp0cg5">Climate</span><span class="duet--article--timestamp _1rf9w8o2 _1rf9w8o0 xkp0cg5 _1agbrixr"><time dateTime="2025-02-12T16:25:00+00:00">Feb 12</time></span></div><div><div class="xkp0cg9 _1neefee5 _1neefee2"><a class="qcd9z1" href="/climate/397756/la-wildfire-insurance-palisades-california-fair-plan-climate">The LA fires have a shocking price tag — and we’ll all have to pick up the tab</a></div></div><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup _1neefeej _1neefeee _1neefeef">California’s last resort for fire insurance may fail. We should all pay attention to what happens next.</p><div class="_1k0riie _1k0rii0"><span class="u2goo40">By </span><span class="u2goo42 xkp0cg5"><span><span>Umair Irfan</span></span></span></div></div></div></div></div><div class="duet--content-cards--content-card _1agz5xb3 _1agz5xb0 qcd9z0"><div class="_1agz5xb9 _1agz5xb6 _1agz5xbc _1agz5xbh _102m78f3"><img alt="The tiny lizard that will test Trump’s “drill, baby, drill” agenda" data-chromatic="ignore" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-nimg="fill" class="_1agz5xbf mvmjsc0" style="position:absolute;height:100%;width:100%;left:0;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;color:transparent;background-size:cover;background-position:50% 50%;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' %3E%3Cfilter id='b' color-interpolation-filters='sRGB'%3E%3CfeGaussianBlur stdDeviation='20'/%3E%3CfeColorMatrix values='1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 100 -1' result='s'/%3E%3CfeFlood x='0' y='0' width='100%25' height='100%25'/%3E%3CfeComposite operator='out' in='s'/%3E%3CfeComposite in2='SourceGraphic'/%3E%3CfeGaussianBlur stdDeviation='20'/%3E%3C/filter%3E%3Cimage width='100%25' height='100%25' x='0' y='0' preserveAspectRatio='none' style='filter: url(%23b);' href='data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAQAAAC1HAwCAAAAC0lEQVR42mN8+R8AAtcB6oaHtZcAAAAASUVORK5CYII='/%3E%3C/svg%3E")" sizes="100px" srcSet="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/Lizard-research-pix-2-2.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=6.81875%2C0%2C75%2C100&w=16 16w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/Lizard-research-pix-2-2.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=6.81875%2C0%2C75%2C100&w=32 32w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/Lizard-research-pix-2-2.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=6.81875%2C0%2C75%2C100&w=48 48w, 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src="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/Lizard-research-pix-2-2.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=6.81875%2C0%2C75%2C100&w=2400"/><img alt="The tiny lizard that will test Trump’s “drill, baby, drill” agenda" data-chromatic="ignore" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-nimg="fill" class="_1agz5xbg mvmjsc0" style="position:absolute;height:100%;width:100%;left:0;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;color:transparent;background-size:cover;background-position:50% 50%;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' %3E%3Cfilter id='b' color-interpolation-filters='sRGB'%3E%3CfeGaussianBlur stdDeviation='20'/%3E%3CfeColorMatrix values='1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 100 -1' result='s'/%3E%3CfeFlood x='0' y='0' width='100%25' height='100%25'/%3E%3CfeComposite operator='out' in='s'/%3E%3CfeComposite in2='SourceGraphic'/%3E%3CfeGaussianBlur stdDeviation='20'/%3E%3C/filter%3E%3Cimage width='100%25' height='100%25' x='0' y='0' preserveAspectRatio='none' style='filter: url(%23b);' href='data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAQAAAC1HAwCAAAAC0lEQVR42mN8+R8AAtcB6oaHtZcAAAAASUVORK5CYII='/%3E%3C/svg%3E")" sizes="195px" srcSet="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/Lizard-research-pix-2-2.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C5.5555555555556%2C100%2C88.888888888889&w=16 16w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/Lizard-research-pix-2-2.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C5.5555555555556%2C100%2C88.888888888889&w=32 32w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/Lizard-research-pix-2-2.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C5.5555555555556%2C100%2C88.888888888889&w=48 48w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/Lizard-research-pix-2-2.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C5.5555555555556%2C100%2C88.888888888889&w=64 64w, 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https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/Lizard-research-pix-2-2.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C5.5555555555556%2C100%2C88.888888888889&w=2048 2048w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/Lizard-research-pix-2-2.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C5.5555555555556%2C100%2C88.888888888889&w=2400 2400w" src="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/Lizard-research-pix-2-2.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C5.5555555555556%2C100%2C88.888888888889&w=2400"/></div><div class="_1agz5xbi"><div class=""><div class=""><div class="_1k0rii4 _1k0rii0"><span class="_1g6d7eu0 xkp0cg7 xkp0cg5">Down to Earth</span><span class="duet--article--timestamp _1rf9w8o2 _1rf9w8o0 xkp0cg5 _1agbrixr"><time dateTime="2025-02-10T15:10:29+00:00">Feb 10</time></span></div><div><div class="xkp0cg9 _1neefee5 _1neefee2"><a class="qcd9z1" href="/down-to-earth/398926/endangered-species-trump-energy-permian-dunes-sagebrush-lizard">The tiny lizard that will test Trump’s “drill, baby, drill” agenda</a></div></div><p class="duet--article--dangerously-set-cms-markup _1neefeej _1neefeee _1neefeef">In the oil-rich Permian Basin, the dunes sagebrush lizard faces extinction. Will Trump do it in?</p><div class="_1k0riie _1k0rii0"><span class="u2goo40">By </span><span class="u2goo42 xkp0cg5"><span><span>Benji Jones</span></span></span></div></div></div></div></div><div class="duet--content-cards--content-card _1agz5xb3 _1agz5xb0 qcd9z0 _1agz5xbk _1agz5xbl"><div class="_1agz5xb9 _1agz5xb6 _1agz5xbc _1agz5xbh _102m78f3"><img alt="5 approaches that experts say are our best shot at surviving future wildfires" data-chromatic="ignore" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-nimg="fill" class="_1agz5xbf mvmjsc0" style="position:absolute;height:100%;width:100%;left:0;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;color:transparent;background-size:cover;background-position:50% 50%;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' %3E%3Cfilter id='b' color-interpolation-filters='sRGB'%3E%3CfeGaussianBlur stdDeviation='20'/%3E%3CfeColorMatrix values='1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 100 -1' result='s'/%3E%3CfeFlood 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style="position:absolute;height:100%;width:100%;left:0;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;color:transparent;background-size:cover;background-position:50% 50%;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' %3E%3Cfilter id='b' color-interpolation-filters='sRGB'%3E%3CfeGaussianBlur stdDeviation='20'/%3E%3CfeColorMatrix values='1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 100 -1' result='s'/%3E%3CfeFlood x='0' y='0' width='100%25' height='100%25'/%3E%3CfeComposite operator='out' in='s'/%3E%3CfeComposite in2='SourceGraphic'/%3E%3CfeGaussianBlur stdDeviation='20'/%3E%3C/filter%3E%3Cimage width='100%25' height='100%25' x='0' y='0' preserveAspectRatio='none' style='filter: url(%23b);' href='data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAQAAAC1HAwCAAAAC0lEQVR42mN8+R8AAtcB6oaHtZcAAAAASUVORK5CYII='/%3E%3C/svg%3E")" sizes="195px" srcSet="https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/GettyImages-2197354032.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C1.6075773375043%2C100%2C96.784845324991&w=16 16w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/GettyImages-2197354032.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C1.6075773375043%2C100%2C96.784845324991&w=32 32w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/GettyImages-2197354032.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C1.6075773375043%2C100%2C96.784845324991&w=48 48w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/GettyImages-2197354032.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C1.6075773375043%2C100%2C96.784845324991&w=64 64w, https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/GettyImages-2197354032.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0%2C1.6075773375043%2C100%2C96.784845324991&w=96 96w, 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It’s not your fault.","publishedAt":"2025-02-06T13:00:00+00:00","authors":[{"name":"Adam Clark Estes","path":"/authors/adam-clark-estes","id":"dngyOmF1dGhvclByb2ZpbGU6NTI4Mg==","permalink":"https://www.vox.com/authors/adam-clark-estes","shortBio":[{"html":"is a senior technology correspondent at Vox. 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He is also a regular contributor to the radio program Science Friday. Prior to Vox, he was a reporter for ClimateWire at E\u0026E News."}],"profileImage":{"thumbnails":{"square":{"url":"https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/author_profile_images/191621/umair.0.png?quality=90\u0026strip=all\u0026crop=0,0,100,100"}},"id":"dngyOmltYWdlOjI4NDA="},"title":"Correspondent"}],"primaryCampaign":null,"articlePackage":null,"categories":[{"title":"Climate","path":"/climate","slug":"climate","id":"dngyOmNhdGVnb3J5OjgwOA==","isHub":true},{"title":"Energy","path":"/energy","slug":"energy","id":"dngyOmNhdGVnb3J5OjEzMjg=","isHub":false},{"title":"Technology","path":"/technology","slug":"technology","id":"dngyOmNhdGVnb3J5OjgzMg==","isHub":true}],"primaryCategory":{"newsletter":null,"id":"dngyOmNhdGVnb3J5OjgwOA==","title":"Climate","path":"/climate","parent":null,"slug":"climate","permalink":"https://www.vox.com/climate","isHub":true},"internalCategories":[{"slug":"approach-dissects-something-complicated","id":"dngyOmludGVybmFsQ2F0ZWdvcnk6ODEy"},{"slug":"members-only-manual-article","id":"dngyOmludGVybmFsQ2F0ZWdvcnk6MzcxNTA="}],"games":{"nodes":[]},"blocks":[{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"The US nuclear industry has been \u003ca href=\"https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/nuclear/us-nuclear-industry.php\"\u003estruggling to hold its ground\u003c/a\u003e for decades as it contends with \u003ca href=\"https://www.energypolicy.columbia.edu/the-uncertain-costs-of-new-nuclear-reactors-what-study-estimates-reveal-about-the-potential-for-nuclear-in-a-decarbonizing-world/\"\u003erising costs\u003c/a\u003e, an aging fleet, a shrinking workforce, and stiff competition from \u003ca href=\"https://www.vox.com/climate/24055711/lng-export-pause-biden-liquefied-natural-gas-climate-change\"\u003enatural gas\u003c/a\u003e and \u003ca href=\"https://www.vox.com/climate/372852/solar-power-energy-growth-record-us-climate-china\"\u003erenewable power\u003c/a\u003e. "},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"The most recent new \u003ca href=\"https://www.vox.com/23771809/nuclear-power-smr-small-modular-reactor-energy-climate-nuscale\"\u003eUS nuclear reactors to come online\u003c/a\u003e, units 3 and 4 at \u003ca href=\"https://www.southerncompany.com/innovation/vogtle-3-and-4.html\"\u003ePlant Vogtle in Georgia\u003c/a\u003e, started up in 2023. They were years behind schedule and billions of dollars over budget. Meanwhile, \u003ca href=\"https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R46820/\"\u003emore than a dozen reactors\u003c/a\u003e have shut down since 2013. Several companies developing \u003ca href=\"https://www.vox.com/science/23702686/nuclear-power-small-modular-reactor-energy-climate-change\"\u003eadvanced reactors\u003c/a\u003e and small modular reactors, promising greater safety and lower costs, have seen their \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/nuclear-power-nuscale-clean-energy-wind-biden-7f3a7fe754b77d8d6cbad8662b87a9c3\"\u003eprojects\u003c/a\u003e and their \u003ca href=\"https://www.powermag.com/major-microreactor-developer-enters-bankruptcy-amid-nuclear-industry-surge/\"\u003ebusinesses\u003c/a\u003e collapse."},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreImageBlockType","__typename":"CoreImageBlockType","alt":"Graph of nuclear electricity generation capacity","hideCredit":false,"placement":"default","credit":{"html":"Energy Information Administration","plaintext":"Energy Information Administration"},"caption":{"html":"Nuclear power has been holding fairly steady for decades.","plaintext":"Nuclear power has been holding fairly steady for decades."},"contentWarning":{"plaintext":""},"thumbnail":{"size":"original","url":"https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/chart.png?quality=90\u0026strip=all\u0026crop=0,0,100,100","normalizedRatio":1.538462,"originalHeight":780,"originalWidth":1200,"cropCoordinates":{"height":100,"width":100}},"image":{"id":"dngyOmltYWdlOjM4MzU0OA==","alt":""}},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"But in the past year, some big tech companies have taken steps toward a revival. "},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"\u003ca href=\"https://www.powermag.com/amazon-backs-massive-nuclear-smr-deployment-5-gw-with-x-energy-agreements-with-energy-northwest-dominion/\"\u003eAmazon\u003c/a\u003e has signed a $500 million deal with \u003ca href=\"https://x-energy.com/\"\u003eX-energy\u003c/a\u003e to deploy 5 gigawatts worth of small modular reactors (SMRs) in Washington state. The company is also investigating new \u003ca href=\"https://news.dominionenergy.com/2024-10-16-Dominion-Energy-and-Amazon-to-explore-advancement-of-Small-Modular-Reactor-SMR-nuclear-development-in-Virginia,1\"\u003enuclear projects in Virginia\u003c/a\u003e. \u003ca href=\"https://www.powermag.com/google-bets-big-on-nuclear-inks-deal-with-kairos-power-for-500-mw-smr-fleet-to-power-data-centers/\"\u003eGoogle\u003c/a\u003e and nuclear startup \u003ca href=\"https://kairospower.com/\"\u003eKairos Power\u003c/a\u003e agreed to develop \u003ca href=\"https://www.technologyreview.com/2024/10/01/1104387/2024-climate-tech-companies-kairos-power-molten-salt-nuclear-reactors/\"\u003emolten salt-cooled nuclear reactors\u003c/a\u003e, an approach that promises greater efficiency and lower costs. Microsoft has made advanced nuclear energy, including technologies like \u003ca href=\"https://www.iaea.org/newscenter/news/what-are-small-modular-reactors-smrs\"\u003eSMRs\u003c/a\u003e and \u003ca href=\"https://www.vox.com/22801265/fusion-energy-electricity-power-climate-change-research-iter\"\u003efusion\u003c/a\u003e, a part of its \u003ca href=\"https://query.prod.cms.rt.microsoft.com/cms/api/am/binary/RW1fApf\"\u003eenergy strategy\u003c/a\u003e. These tech firms are looking to meet their climate goals while sating energy appetites that have exploded with the \u003ca href=\"https://www.vox.com/climate/2024/3/28/24111721/climate-ai-tech-energy-demand-rising\"\u003epush for artificial intelligence\u003c/a\u003e. Last year, new data center power demand grew 26 percent to more than \u003ca href=\"https://www.cbre.com/insights/reports/north-america-data-center-trends-h2-2023\"\u003e5 gigawatts\u003c/a\u003e in North America. "},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"The case to lean into nuclear power at this moment is compelling. It could generate massive quantities of electricity, day or night, rain or shine, without emitting greenhouse gasses into the atmosphere. Nuclear fission is also \u003ca href=\"https://ourworldindata.org/safest-sources-of-energy\"\u003eone of the safest energy sources\u003c/a\u003e. Coal kills more than 32 people per terawatt-hour of electricity produced while nuclear kills about 0.03. But building a new nuclear power plant from scratch, especially a new design, is an arduous, expensive process that can span decades. "},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"At the same time, old, carbon dioxide- and soot-spewing \u003ca href=\"https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=61425\"\u003ecoal power plants are also shutting down\u003c/a\u003e. Many states are looking to fill the void while also trying to meet their goals to decarbonize their power grids."},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"That’s why tech companies are also looking to revive shuttered nuclear plants. Progress is underway to resurrect reactors at three nuclear power plants that were slated for dismantling and could restart as soon as next year. It’s a stunning and unprecedented development for the nuclear industry. "},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"“If you told me we would’ve been talking about this 10 years ago, I would’ve laughed at you,” said Patrick O’Brien, head of government affairs and communications at Holtec International, a nuclear services company that until recently specialized in shutting nuclear plants down. "},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"Three plants are on the resuscitation list. The 800-megawatt reactor at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nrc.gov/info-finder/reactors/pali.html\"\u003ePalisades Nuclear Power Plant\u003c/a\u003e in Michigan, which \u003ca href=\"https://www.powermag.com/palisades-nuclear-power-plant-closes-after-50-years-of-operation-employees-leave-with-pride/\"\u003eshut down in 2022\u003c/a\u003e, is slated to revive \u003ca href=\"https://holtecinternational.com/2024/08/29/recent-milestone-achievements-keep-palisades-repowering-on-track/\"\u003eby the end of 2025\u003c/a\u003e; Holtec bought the Palisades plant in 2022 and is now leading its restart. Microsoft signed a deal with Constellation to \u003ca href=\"https://www.constellationenergy.com/newsroom/2024/Constellation-to-Launch-Crane-Clean-Energy-Center-Restoring-Jobs-and-Carbon-Free-Power-to-The-Grid.html\"\u003eresuscitate the 835-megawatt Unit 1 reactor\u003c/a\u003e at Three Mile Island in Pennsylvania, which initially \u003ca href=\"https://abcnews.go.com/US/mile-island-site-1979-nuclear-reactor-accident-reopening/story?id=113870404\"\u003eturned off in 2019\u003c/a\u003e and could \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2024/09/20/nx-s1-5120581/three-mile-island-nuclear-power-plant-microsoft-ai\"\u003epower up by 2028\u003c/a\u003e. NextEra Energy is mulling breathing life back into the 600-megawatt \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnbc.com/2024/10/23/nextera-sees-strong-data-center-interest-in-restarting-iowa-nuclear-plant-ceo-says.html\"\u003eDuane Arnold nuclear power plant\u003c/a\u003e in Iowa. The plant \u003ca href=\"https://www.thegazette.com/energy/nextera-ceo-says-hed-consider-restarting-duane-arnold-nuclear-power-plant/\"\u003eclosed in 2020\u003c/a\u003e after sustaining damage during a \u003ca href=\"https://www.vox.com/2018/5/14/17353206/derecho-storm-washington-dc-rain-wind\"\u003ederecho\u003c/a\u003e, a fast, powerful thunderstorm. "},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"Restarting these plants is a critical test for nuclear power in the US, and how they fare will bolster or erode confidence in broader ambitions for a new generation of nuclear deployment."},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"But whether they will help keep global warming in check depends on how much they will displace dirtier energy sources as opposed to merely enabling new demand. "},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"RelatedPostsBlockType","__typename":"RelatedPostsBlockType","links":[{"url":"https://www.vox.com/science/23702686/nuclear-power-small-modular-reactor-energy-climate-change","title":"Smaller, cheaper, safer: The next generation of nuclear power, explained"}],"placement":"default"},{"__isBlockType":"CoreHTMLBlockType","__typename":"CoreHTMLBlockType","markup":"\n\u003ciframe frameborder=\"0\" height=\"200\" scrolling=\"no\" src=\"https://playlist.megaphone.fm/?e=VMP4380210852\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\u003c/iframe\u003e\n","placement":"default"},{"__isBlockType":"CoreHeadingBlockType","__typename":"CoreHeadingBlockType","contents":{"html":"How to restart a nuclear reactor"},"headingId":"how-to-restart-a-nuclear-reactor","level":2,"placement":"default"},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"Alas, restarting a nuclear power plant doesn’t involve flipping a comically large circuit breaker. The reality is much more tedious. "},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"For a would-be nuclear resurrectionist, the main tasks are appeasing the regulators and reinvigorating the hardware. "},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"The Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), the federal agency in charge of commercial nuclear reactors, says the reason these power plants — Palisades, Three Mile Island, Duane Arnold — are eligible to be restarted is that, from the regulator’s perspective, they’re only \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xbE8E1ez97M\"\u003emostly dead\u003c/a\u003e. "},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"When a reactor first gains approval from the NRC, its initial operating license runs for 40 years. At the end of the first license, the operator can then seek a 20-year extension. “The key to all of these restart efforts is the fact that the licenses that are involved have not yet hit their expiration date,” said Scott Burnell, a spokesman for the NRC. "},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"These reactors were shut down ahead of schedule not for technical problems but because the business wasn’t panning out. "},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"After shutting down a plant, operators remove fuel from the reactors and place it in spent fuel pools. They disassemble pipes and machinery. They drain coolants and lubricants to prevent contamination. A complete decommissioning can \u003ca href=\"https://www.iaea.org/bulletin/nuclear-decommissioning-addressing-the-past-and-ensuring-the-future\"\u003ecost up to $2 billion and take 20 years\u003c/a\u003e. "},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"But the three plants under restart consideration haven’t gotten far along in the disassembly process. Until recently, no one has sought to bring back a plant already slated for retirement, so there isn’t an established rulebook for how to go about it. “There’s never been a case up to this point where a company has come back and said, ‘Well, I’ve changed my mind,’” Burnell said. The first thing someone seeking to resuscitate a nuclear reactor must do is seek an exemption from the current rules that make shutting down a one-way street, which requires an enormous amount of paperwork. "},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"The operator then has to put a safety plan in place and bring the plant back up to the original requirements under its operating license. Therein lies the next undertaking. "},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"Palisades, Three Mile Island, and Duane Arnold shut down relatively recently, but they’ve still been offline for years. Imagine letting a car sit in your driveway unused for a couple of years and then trying to fire it up. Odds are, it won’t start on the first try. The motor may have seized, the fuel may have separated, the battery may have discharged completely. Even sitting unused, components like rubber hoses, gaskets, and tires can oxidize and turn brittle with time. Metal parts can rust. A shuttered nuclear power plant faces similar concerns, albeit with significantly higher consequences. "},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"Nuclear operators have to first meticulously investigate all the parts of their offline facilities before they get the thumbs-up to power up again. "},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"However, this shutdown, inspection, and resuscitation process can also be an opportunity. Holtec’s O’Brien noted that operating nuclear power plants have regularly scheduled downtime lasting a month or so to conduct maintenance and refuel. But a longer outage gives the operator more time to do more extensive upgrades and restoration. "},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"“We have parts of the turbine that have been sent out to North Carolina for refurbishment that’ll be gone for a year with the work being done,” O’Brien said. “You couldn’t have done that when you’re an [actively] operating plant.”"},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"The other challenge is the workforce. Running a nuclear power plant requires highly specialized personnel, and since the US has been so slow in building reactors, many veteran staffers have retired or left the industry while \u003ca href=\"https://www.wsj.com/articles/shortfall-in-young-engineers-threatens-nuclear-renaissance-b63c6642\"\u003efewer new graduates are rising to replace them\u003c/a\u003e. Palisades \u003ca href=\"https://holtecinternational.com/2023/09/12/holtec-and-wolverine-ink-power-purchase-agreement-for-palisades/\"\u003eemployed 600 workers when operating and brought in 1,000 more\u003c/a\u003e during refueling and maintenance periods."},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"When a plant is slated for shutdown, many of those workers leave the area or retire. So to restart a nuclear facility, operators need to get their teams back together, sometimes \u003ca href=\"https://www.ft.com/content/eb89cbc1-2cc3-48d4-9c8c-e2c10f2b2ce0\"\u003ebringing workers out of retirement\u003c/a\u003e while recruiting and training new ones. "},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreHeadingBlockType","__typename":"CoreHeadingBlockType","contents":{"html":"Nuclear revivals still have to prove their economics"},"headingId":"nuclear-revivals-still-have-to-prove-their-economics","level":2,"placement":"default"},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"The biggest challenge for nuclear restarts may not be the hardware or the regulations, but competition. According to a 2021 report from the \u003ca href=\"https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R46820/3\"\u003eCongressional Research Service\u003c/a\u003e, “The US nuclear power industry in recent years has been facing economic and financial challenges, particularly plants located in competitive power markets where natural gas and renewable power generators influence wholesale electricity prices.”"},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"RelatedPostsBlockType","__typename":"RelatedPostsBlockType","links":[{"url":"https://www.vox.com/videos/2021/10/5/22704083/nuclear-power-plants-indian-point-shutdown","title":"Why nuclear plants are shutting down"}],"placement":"default"},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"The reactor revivers say they can overcome what killed these power plants in the first place. With Palisades, Holtec is securing a power purchasing agreement with \u003ca href=\"https://www.wolverinepowercooperative.com/\"\u003eWolverine Power Cooperative\u003c/a\u003e, a nonprofit that provides electricity to 280,000 homes and businesses in rural Michigan. Rather than competing head-to-head with other generators, this guarantees the plant can sell a given amount of electricity at a fixed rate. "},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"O’Brien said Holtec is putting up $500 million of its own money. The company also received \u003ca href=\"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2024-05-08/holtec-aims-to-lead-a-us-nuclear-power-renaissance\"\u003e$300 million in grants from the state of Michigan\u003c/a\u003e and a \u003ca href=\"https://www.energy.gov/lpo/articles/lpo-announces-conditional-commitment-holtec-palisades-finance-restoration-and\"\u003e$1.52 billion loan guarantee\u003c/a\u003e from the US Department of Energy for its effort. "},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"Holtec is also aiming to use the Palisades site to deploy two 300-megawatt \u003ca href=\"https://www.vox.com/23771809/nuclear-power-smr-small-modular-reactor-energy-climate-nuscale\"\u003esmall modular reactors\u003c/a\u003e, essentially becoming its own first customer for these reactors and demonstrating them for future clients. Since the site is already certified to be a nuclear power plant, it cuts out a lot of the development costs that come with building a plant on fresh soil. Holtec is aiming to \u003ca href=\"https://holtecinternational.com/2023/12/04/first-two-smr-300-units-slated-to-be-built-at-michigans-palisades-site-for-commissioning-by-mid-2030/\"\u003ehave its first SMR up by 2030\u003c/a\u003e. "},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"While a lot of the recent activity around nuclear power has been fueled by the energy-hungry tech industry, Michigan has set its own ambitious climate goals that make Palisades an even more attractive option. The state is aiming to \u003ca href=\"https://www.michigan.gov/egle/about/organization/climate-and-energy/mi-healthy-climate-plan\"\u003ephase out all of its coal-fired power plants\u003c/a\u003e by 2030. Coal currently provides more than \u003ca href=\"https://www.eia.gov/state/print.php?sid=MI\"\u003e22 percent of the state’s electricity\u003c/a\u003e. That’s a big hole to fill in over the next six years. "},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"Like many states, Michigan is experiencing growing electricity demand, particularly as \u003ca href=\"https://www.michigan.gov/mpsc/commission/news-releases/2024/06/24/mpsc-summer-energy-outlook-shows-lower-fuel-costs\"\u003ehotter summers increase cooling needs\u003c/a\u003e. The rise of \u003ca href=\"https://www.vox.com/climate/24047383/winter-storm-heating-electricity-grid-power-polar-vortex\"\u003eelectric cars and switching from natural gas heating to electric heat pumps\u003c/a\u003e is increasing energy appetites as well. The state also sees an opportunity to get a piece of the AI action and is instituting \u003ca href=\"https://www.axios.com/local/detroit/2024/10/25/michigan-data-centers-expansion\"\u003etax breaks for new data centers\u003c/a\u003e."},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"Revived plants like Palisades can’t keep running forever though. In a car, regular oil changes, tire replacements, and inspections can keep it on the road for a long time. But if the engine block starts to wear down, it’s usually not worth the time or money to replace it. Similarly, with a nuclear power plant, ongoing fueling and maintenance can keep it operational, but if its equivalent of an engine block — the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nrc.gov/reactors/operating/ops-experience/reactor-vessel-integrity.html\"\u003ereactor pressure vessel\u003c/a\u003e around the reactor core — becomes brittle over time as neutrons from nuclear fission bombard it, that can be expensive and difficult to replace. Its integrity is often the main determinant of the overall lifespan of a nuclear plant. "},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"Palisades was \u003ca href=\"https://www.powermag.com/palisades-nuclear-power-plant-closes-after-50-years-of-operation-employees-leave-with-pride/\"\u003ealready 50 years old\u003c/a\u003e when it went offline, and the NRC’s current regulations are set up to allow for two 20-year renewals after an initial 40-year license for a nuclear power plant. “We’ve had several plants that have come in for a second renewal, which would allow them to run essentially for 80 years,” Burnell said. A plant could theoretically push that further, but no one has tried yet. "},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"And all nuclear plants have to \u003ca href=\"https://www.nei.org/CorporateSite/media/filefolder/resources/reports-and-briefs/2023-Costs-in-Context_r1.pdf\"\u003edeal with rising costs\u003c/a\u003e. Maintaining a \u003ca href=\"https://www.cell.com/joule/fulltext/S2542-4351(20)30458-X\"\u003enuclear workforce is getting more expensive\u003c/a\u003e, and safety regulations continue to ratchet up. Inflation is making materials more pricey and higher interest rates are increasing financing expenses. At the same time, \u003ca href=\"https://www.vox.com/climate/372852/solar-power-energy-growth-record-us-climate-china\"\u003ephotovoltaic solar panels\u003c/a\u003e and \u003ca href=\"https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3257036/historic-breakthrough-chinas-installed-wind-turbine-cost-drops-one-fifth-us-green-energy-race\"\u003ewind turbines\u003c/a\u003e have experienced extraordinary price drops and explosive growth around the world."},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"The nuclear industry’s challenges remain immense, but concerns about climate change might end up being the most compelling driver for new nuclear power. When it comes to ample, around-the-clock, zero-emissions power, nuclear is a strong contender in the competition. "},"dropcap":false,"endmark":false,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"CoreParagraphBlockType","__typename":"CoreParagraphBlockType","contents":{"html":"But nuclear energy is now facing another curveball. \u003ca href=\"https://www.vox.com/2024-elections/382679/trump-foreign-policy-america-first-tariffs-nato-alliance\"\u003eDonald Trump’s reelection to the White House\u003c/a\u003e likely means that addressing climate change will become a lower priority, as it did \u003ca href=\"https://www.vox.com/energy-and-environment/2020/8/27/21374894/trump-election-second-term-climate-change-energy-russia-china\"\u003eduring his first term\u003c/a\u003e. How much the federal government will continue backing nuclear restarts and new companies is unclear, and the industry might need to figure out a new pitch for more public investment. "},"dropcap":false,"endmark":true,"lead":false},{"__isBlockType":"NewsletterBlockType","__typename":"NewsletterBlockType","newsletter":{"title":"Vox Technology","promoText":{"html":"Dispatches from senior correspondent Adam Clark Estes about how technology is changing the world — and how it’s changing us."},"slug":"recode","listId":"Recode"},"placement":"default"}],"__isResolvedResourceInterface":"PostResourceType","id":"dngyOnBvc3Q6MzgzNTQ3","wpId":383547,"featuredImage":{"image":{"originalUrl":"https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/MicrosoftTeams-image-6.jpg?quality=90\u0026strip=all","wpId":383604,"id":"dngyOmltYWdlOjM4MzYwNA==","title":"","alt":"","originalHeight":1979,"originalWidth":3014,"thumbnails":{"social":{"url":"https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/MicrosoftTeams-image-6.jpg?quality=90\u0026strip=all\u0026crop=0,10.131114926625,100,79.73777014675","mimeType":"imageJpg","normalizedRatio":1.91,"cropCoordinates":{"height":79.7377701467503,"width":100}}}}},"__isContentResourceInterface":"PostResourceType","dek":{"plaintext":"Tech companies need more energy. They’re about to do something unprecedented.","html":"Tech companies need more energy. They’re about to do something unprecedented."},"robots":{"index":true,"follow":true},"canonicalUrlOverride":"","originalPublishedAt":"2024-11-11T12:00:00+00:00","publishedAt":"2024-11-11T12:00:00+00:00","__isFeedContentResourceInterface":"PostResourceType","seo":{"headline":"Nuclear power plants are coming back online because of the rising energy demand of AI","description":"What does it take to get a dead nuclear plant back online? An unprecedented move by the tech industry could actually help the planet."},"social":{"headline":"How to bring a dead nuclear power plant back to life","description":"Tech companies need more energy. They’re about to do something unprecedented.","image":null},"promo":{"headline":"How to bring a dead nuclear power plant back to life"},"ledeMedia":{"__typename":"LedeMediaImageType","image":{"title":"","alt":"","originalHeight":1979,"originalWidth":3014,"thumbnails":{"social":{"url":"https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/MicrosoftTeams-image-6.jpg?quality=90\u0026strip=all\u0026crop=0,10.131114926625,100,79.73777014675","mimeType":"imageJpg","normalizedRatio":1.91,"cropCoordinates":{"height":79.7377701467503,"width":100}},"horizontal":{"url":"https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/MicrosoftTeams-image-6.jpg?quality=90\u0026strip=all\u0026crop=0.75481088254811,0,98.490378234904,100","cropCoordinates":{"height":100,"width":98.49037823490379}},"square":{"url":"https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/MicrosoftTeams-image-6.jpg?quality=90\u0026strip=all\u0026crop=17.169873921699,0,65.660252156603,100","cropCoordinates":{"height":100,"width":65.66025215660252}}},"id":"dngyOmltYWdlOjM4MzYwNA=="}},"updatedAt":"2024-11-12T17:01:33+00:00","createdAt":"2024-11-07T20:32:22+00:00","hasAffiliateLinks":false,"additionalBylines":"","status":"publish","wordCount":1976,"package":null,"streams":{"nodes":[]},"liveStatus":{"startAt":null,"status":false,"endAt":null},"isPaywallEligible":true,"seoArticleBody":"The US nuclear industry has been struggling to hold its ground for decades as it contends with rising costs, an aging fleet, a shrinking workforce, and stiff competition from natural gas and renewable power.\u0026nbsp;\nThe most recent new US nuclear reactors to come online, units 3 and 4 at Plant Vogtle in Georgia, started up in 2023. They were years behind schedule and billions of dollars over budget. Meanwhile, more than a dozen reactors have shut down since 2013. Several companies developing advanced reactors and small modular reactors, promising greater safety and lower costs, have seen their projects and their businesses collapse.\n[Image: Nuclear power has been holding fairly steady for decades. https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/chart.png?quality=90\u0026strip=all]\nBut in the past year, some big tech companies have taken steps toward a revival.\u0026nbsp;\nAmazon has signed a $500 million deal with X-energy to deploy 5 gigawatts worth of small modular reactors (SMRs) in Washington state. The company is also investigating new nuclear projects in Virginia. Google and nuclear startup Kairos Power agreed to develop molten salt-cooled nuclear reactors, an approach that promises greater efficiency and lower costs. Microsoft has made advanced nuclear energy, including technologies like SMRs and fusion, a part of its energy strategy. These tech firms are looking to meet their climate goals while sating energy appetites that have exploded with the push for artificial intelligence. Last year, new data center power demand grew 26 percent to more than 5 gigawatts in North America.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\nThe case to lean into nuclear power at this moment is compelling. It could generate massive quantities of electricity, day or night, rain or shine, without emitting greenhouse gasses into the atmosphere. Nuclear fission is also one of the safest energy sources. Coal kills more than 32 people per terawatt-hour of electricity produced while nuclear kills about 0.03. But building a new nuclear power plant from scratch, especially a new design, is an arduous, expensive process that can span decades.\u0026nbsp;\nAt the same time, old, carbon dioxide- and soot-spewing coal power plants are also shutting down. Many states are looking to fill the void while also trying to meet their goals to decarbonize their power grids.\nThat’s why tech companies are also looking to revive shuttered nuclear plants. Progress is underway to resurrect reactors at three nuclear power plants that were slated for dismantling and could restart as soon as next year. It’s a stunning and unprecedented development for the nuclear industry.\u0026nbsp;\n“If you told me we would’ve been talking about this 10 years ago, I would’ve laughed at you,” said Patrick O’Brien, head of government affairs and communications at Holtec International, a nuclear services company that until recently specialized in shutting nuclear plants down.\u0026nbsp;\nThree plants are on the resuscitation list. The 800-megawatt reactor at the Palisades Nuclear Power Plant in Michigan, which shut down in 2022, is slated to revive by the end of 2025; Holtec bought the Palisades plant in 2022 and is now leading its restart. Microsoft signed a deal with Constellation to resuscitate the 835-megawatt Unit 1 reactor at Three Mile Island in Pennsylvania, which initially turned off in 2019 and could power up by 2028. NextEra Energy is mulling breathing life back into the 600-megawatt Duane Arnold nuclear power plant in Iowa. The plant closed in 2020 after sustaining damage during a derecho, a fast, powerful thunderstorm.\u0026nbsp;\nRestarting these plants is a critical test for nuclear power in the US, and how they fare will bolster or erode confidence in broader ambitions for a new generation of nuclear deployment.\nBut whether they will help keep global warming in check depends on how much they will displace dirtier energy sources as opposed to merely enabling new demand.\u0026nbsp;\nHow to restart a nuclear reactor\nAlas, restarting a nuclear power plant doesn’t involve flipping a comically large circuit breaker. The reality is much more tedious.\u0026nbsp;\nFor a would-be nuclear resurrectionist, the main tasks are appeasing the regulators and reinvigorating the hardware.\u0026nbsp;\nThe Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), the federal agency in charge of commercial nuclear reactors, says the reason these power plants — Palisades, Three Mile Island, Duane Arnold — are eligible to be restarted is that, from the regulator’s perspective, they’re only mostly dead.\u0026nbsp;\nWhen a reactor first gains approval from the NRC, its initial operating license runs for 40 years. At the end of the first license, the operator can then seek a 20-year extension. “The key to all of these restart efforts is the fact that the licenses that are involved have not yet hit their expiration date,” said Scott Burnell, a spokesman for the NRC.\u0026nbsp;\nThese reactors were shut down ahead of schedule not for technical problems but because the business wasn’t panning out.\u0026nbsp;\nAfter shutting down a plant, operators remove fuel from the reactors and place it in spent fuel pools. They disassemble pipes and machinery. They drain coolants and lubricants to prevent contamination. A complete decommissioning can cost up to $2 billion and take 20 years.\u0026nbsp;\nBut the three plants under restart consideration haven’t gotten far along in the disassembly process. Until recently, no one has sought to bring back a plant already slated for retirement, so there isn’t an established rulebook for how to go about it. “There’s never been a case up to this point where a company has come back and said, ‘Well, I’ve changed my mind,’” Burnell said. The first thing someone seeking to resuscitate a nuclear reactor must do is seek an exemption from the current rules that make shutting down a one-way street, which requires an enormous amount of paperwork.\u0026nbsp;\nThe operator then has to put a safety plan in place and bring the plant back up to the original requirements under its operating license. Therein lies the next undertaking.\u0026nbsp;\nPalisades, Three Mile Island, and Duane Arnold shut down relatively recently, but they’ve still been offline for years. Imagine letting a car sit in your driveway unused for a couple of years and then trying to fire it up. Odds are, it won’t start on the first try. The motor may have seized, the fuel may have separated, the battery may have discharged completely. Even sitting unused, components like rubber hoses, gaskets, and tires can oxidize and turn brittle with time. Metal parts can rust. A shuttered nuclear power plant faces similar concerns, albeit with significantly higher consequences.\u0026nbsp;\nNuclear operators have to first meticulously investigate all the parts of their offline facilities before they get the thumbs-up to power up again.\u0026nbsp;\nHowever, this shutdown, inspection, and resuscitation process can also be an opportunity. Holtec’s O’Brien noted that operating nuclear power plants have regularly scheduled downtime lasting a month or so to conduct maintenance and refuel. But a longer outage gives the operator more time to do more extensive upgrades and restoration.\u0026nbsp;\n“We have parts of the turbine that have been sent out to North Carolina for refurbishment that’ll be gone for a year with the work being done,” O’Brien said. “You couldn’t have done that when you’re an [actively] operating plant.”\nThe other challenge is the workforce. Running a nuclear power plant requires highly specialized personnel, and since the US has been so slow in building reactors, many veteran staffers have retired or left the industry while fewer new graduates are rising to replace them. Palisades employed 600 workers when operating and brought in 1,000 more during refueling and maintenance periods.\nWhen a plant is slated for shutdown, many of those workers leave the area or retire. So to restart a nuclear facility, operators need to get their teams back together, sometimes bringing workers out of retirement while recruiting and training new ones.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\nNuclear revivals still have to prove their economics\nThe biggest challenge for nuclear restarts may not be the hardware or the regulations, but competition. According to a 2021 report from the Congressional Research Service, “The US nuclear power industry in recent years has been facing economic and financial challenges, particularly plants located in competitive power markets where natural gas and renewable power generators influence wholesale electricity prices.”\nThe reactor revivers say they can overcome what killed these power plants in the first place. With Palisades, Holtec is securing a power purchasing agreement with Wolverine Power Cooperative, a nonprofit that provides electricity to 280,000 homes and businesses in rural Michigan. Rather than competing head-to-head with other generators, this guarantees the plant can sell a given amount of electricity at a fixed rate.\u0026nbsp;\nO’Brien said Holtec is putting up $500 million of its own money. The company also received $300 million in grants from the state of Michigan and a $1.52 billion loan guarantee from the US Department of Energy for its effort.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\nHoltec is also aiming to use the Palisades site to deploy two 300-megawatt small modular reactors, essentially becoming its own first customer for these reactors and demonstrating them for future clients. Since the site is already certified to be a nuclear power plant, it cuts out a lot of the development costs that come with building a plant on fresh soil. Holtec is aiming to have its first SMR up by 2030.\u0026nbsp;\nWhile a lot of the recent activity around nuclear power has been fueled by the energy-hungry tech industry, Michigan has set its own ambitious climate goals that make Palisades an even more attractive option. The state is aiming to phase out all of its coal-fired power plants by 2030. Coal currently provides more than 22 percent of the state’s electricity. That’s a big hole to fill in over the next six years.\u0026nbsp;\nLike many states, Michigan is experiencing growing electricity demand, particularly as hotter summers increase cooling needs. The rise of electric cars and switching from natural gas heating to electric heat pumps is increasing energy appetites as well. The state also sees an opportunity to get a piece of the AI action and is instituting tax breaks for new data centers.\nRevived plants like Palisades can’t keep running forever though. In a car, regular oil changes, tire replacements, and inspections can keep it on the road for a long time. But if the engine block starts to wear down, it’s usually not worth the time or money to replace it. Similarly, with a nuclear power plant, ongoing fueling and maintenance can keep it operational, but if its equivalent of an engine block — the reactor pressure vessel around the reactor core — becomes brittle over time as neutrons from nuclear fission bombard it, that can be expensive and difficult to replace. Its integrity is often the main determinant of the overall lifespan of a nuclear plant.\u0026nbsp;\nPalisades was already 50 years old when it went offline, and the NRC’s current regulations are set up to allow for two 20-year renewals after an initial 40-year license for a nuclear power plant. “We’ve had several plants that have come in for a second renewal, which would allow them to run essentially for 80 years,” Burnell said. A plant could theoretically push that further, but no one has tried yet.\u0026nbsp;\nAnd all nuclear plants have to deal with rising costs. Maintaining a nuclear workforce is getting more expensive, and safety regulations continue to ratchet up. Inflation is making materials more pricey and higher interest rates are increasing financing expenses. At the same time, photovoltaic solar panels and wind turbines have experienced extraordinary price drops and explosive growth around the world.\nThe nuclear industry’s challenges remain immense, but concerns about climate change might end up being the most compelling driver for new nuclear power. When it comes to ample, around-the-clock, zero-emissions power, nuclear is a strong contender in the competition.\u0026nbsp;\nBut nuclear energy is now facing another curveball. Donald Trump’s reelection to the White House likely means that addressing climate change will become a lower priority, as it did during his first term. How much the federal government will continue backing nuclear restarts and new companies is unclear, and the industry might need to figure out a new pitch for more public\u0026nbsp;investment.\u0026nbsp;","excludedFromHomepage":false,"packages":{"nodes":[]},"ledeMediaData":{"__typename":"LedeMediaImageType","caption":{"html":"","plaintext":""},"credit":{"plaintext":"","html":""},"hideCredit":false,"image":{"thumbnails":{"horizontal":{"url":"https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/MicrosoftTeams-image-6.jpg?quality=90\u0026strip=all\u0026crop=0.75481088254811,0,98.490378234904,100"},"square":{"url":"https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/MicrosoftTeams-image-6.jpg?quality=90\u0026strip=all\u0026crop=17.169873921699,0,65.660252156603,100"},"vertical":{"url":"https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/11/MicrosoftTeams-image-6.jpg?quality=90\u0026strip=all\u0026crop=23.735899137359,0,52.528201725282,100"}},"title":"","credit":{"plaintext":"Holtec International","html":"Holtec International"},"id":"dngyOmltYWdlOjM4MzYwNA=="}}}},"errors":[]}]},"nodeId":"dngyOnBvc3Q6MzgzNTQ3","primaryCategoryNodeId":"dngyOmNhdGVnb3J5OjgwOA==","primaryPackageNodeId":null,"primaryStreamNodeId":null,"navProps":{"stickyNav":{"enable":true,"headline":"How to bring a dead nuclear power plant back to life"},"commentCountProps":null,"variant":"standard","template":"standard"},"mostPopularArticles":[{"author":{"fullName":"Ian Millhiser"},"image_url":"https://platform.vox.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/02/gettyimages-2194369868.jpg?quality=90\u0026strip=all\u0026crop=0%2C10.729096854751%2C100%2C78.541806290497","publishDate":"2025-02-19T20:15:00","tags":["approach-dissects-something-complicated","donald-trump","members-only-manual-article","pagetype:story","parsely_smart:entity:Court","parsely_smart:entity:Donald Trump","parsely_smart:entity:Injunction","parsely_smart:entity:Law of the United 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