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data-dom-id="Pill-react-component-8eaae64d-389d-4307-814f-2f2bf290de6d"></div> <div id="Pill-react-component-8eaae64d-389d-4307-814f-2f2bf290de6d"></div> </a><a data-click-track="profile-user-info-expand-research-interests" data-has-card-for-ri-list="5442949" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry"><div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="Pill" data-props="{"color":"gray","children":["Chemistry"]}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="Pill-react-component-657d1b96-9bbe-422b-822b-0a344eaffe06"></div> <div id="Pill-react-component-657d1b96-9bbe-422b-822b-0a344eaffe06"></div> </a></div></div></div></div><div class="right-panel-container"><div class="user-content-wrapper"><div class="uploads-container" id="social-redesign-work-container"><div class="upload-header"><h2 class="ds2-5-heading-sans-serif-xs">Uploads</h2></div><div class="documents-container backbone-social-profile-documents" style="width: 100%;"><div class="u-taCenter"></div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane active" id="all"><div class="profile--tab_heading_container js-section-heading" data-section="Papers" id="Papers"><h3 class="profile--tab_heading_container">Papers by Mara Braga</h3></div><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="4430159"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/4430159/Effects_of_supercritical_fluid_extraction_on_Curcuma_longa_L_and_Zingiber_officinale_R_starches"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Effects of supercritical fluid extraction on Curcuma longa L. and Zingiber officinale R. starches" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/49866823/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/4430159/Effects_of_supercritical_fluid_extraction_on_Curcuma_longa_L_and_Zingiber_officinale_R_starches">Effects of supercritical fluid extraction on Curcuma longa L. and Zingiber officinale R. starches</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Carbohydrate Polymers</span><span>, 2006</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Ginger and turmeric tubers have approximately 45 and 40% of starch, respectively. These starches ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Ginger and turmeric tubers have approximately 45 and 40% of starch, respectively. These starches were analyzed before and after ginger and turmeric were subjected to supercritical fluid extraction to obtain oleoresin and essential oil. The starches were isolated and analyzed with respect to purity, amylose/amylopectin content, X-ray pattern, viscosity, swelling factor, granule morphology by scanning electron microscopy, gelatinization temperature by differential scanning calorimetry and turbidity. Supercritical fluid extraction process did not alter the starchy matrix showing small physical rearrangement of the starch molecules; this effect was more intense in the ginger starch, as observed by X-ray diffraction. The ginger starch became less resistant, in other words, there was a starchy structure relaxing after supercritical fluid extraction, evidenced by the lower setback value in the gelatinization process and nonetheless, it did not alter the granule morphology as observed by microscopy. This study reveals similar characteristics of these starches with commercial starches, indicating their potential for industrial applications. q</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><div class="carousel-container carousel-container--sm" id="profile-work-4430159-figures"><div class="prev-slide-container js-prev-button-container"><button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-4430159-figures-prev"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_back_ios</span></button></div><div class="slides-container js-slides-container"><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/1647117/table-1-microscopy-studies-revealed-that-the-sfe-process"><img alt="Microscopy studies revealed that the SFE process using CO> and cosolvents (isopropyl alcohol or the mixture 1:1 of ethanol/isopropyl alcohol) just mixed the cellular structures of turmeric and ginger particles after the SFE process, and did not alter the surface and morphology of the granules (Figs. | and 2). Jyothi et al. (2003) got average granules size of 33 um for Curcuma zedoaria and Curcuma malabarica starches. Potato starch granules may be as large as 100 um along the major axis (Whistler & BeMiller, 1999). The ginger starch Table 1 shows the chemical composition of ginger and turmeric isolated starches. Data show similarity between starch contents before and after supercritical process, indicating that the starch was not solubilized by the solvent (CO + cosolvent). Fig. 1. Curcuma longa starches before (C,) and after (C,) SFE process analyzed by SEM. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866823/figure_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/1647139/figure-4-dsc-gelatinization-curves-of-longa-and-officinale"><img alt="Fig. 4. DSC gelatinization curves of C. longa L. and Z. officinale R. starches (before SFE process: C, and Z,; after SFE process: C, and Z,) Fig. 3. Diffractograms of C. longa L. and Z. officinale R. starches (before SFE process: C, and Z,; after SFE process: C, and Z,). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866823/figure_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/1647145/figure-2-zingiber-officinale-starches-before-and-after-sfe"><img alt="Fig. 2. Zingiber officinale starches before (Z,) and after (Z,) SFE process analyzed by SEM. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866823/figure_003.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/1647160/figure-4-effects-of-supercritical-fluid-extraction-on"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866823/figure_004.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/1647170/figure-5-viscosity-of-longa-and-officinale-starches-before"><img alt="Fig. 5. Viscosity of C. longa L. and Z. officinale R. starches (before SFE process: C, and Z,; after SFE process: C, and Z,). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866823/figure_005.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/1647186/table-1-composition-of-curcuma-longa-linneu-and-zingiber"><img alt="Composition of Curcuma longa Linneu (C) and Zingiber officinale Roscoe (Z) tubers starches tr=trace(0.01%; the subscripts b and a means before and after SFE, respectively. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866823/table_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/1647196/table-3-viscosity-parameters-of-curcuma-longa-and-zingiber"><img alt="Viscosity parameters of Curcuma longa L. (C) and Zingiber officinale R. (Z) starches The subscripts b and a means before and after SFE, respectively. Table 3 " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866823/table_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/1647202/table-3-starch-gelatinization-enthalpy-of-curcuma-longa"><img alt="Starch gelatinization enthalpy of Curcuma longa Linneu (C) and Zingiber officinale Roscoe (Z) obtained by DSC The subscripts b and a means before and after SFE, respectively, T,, onset temperature; Tpeak, peak temperature; T,., conclusion temperature; AA get, entalphy of gelatinization. a AA hacic " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866823/table_003.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/1647210/table-4-swelling-factor-amylose-and-amylopectin-contents-of"><img alt="Swelling factor, amylose and amylopectin contents of Curcuma longa L. (C) and Zingiber officinale R. (Z) starches The subscripts b and a means before and after SFE, respectively. 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This study reveals similar characteristics of these starches with commercial starches, indicating their potential for industrial applications. q","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2006,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Carbohydrate Polymers","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":49866823},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/4430159/Effects_of_supercritical_fluid_extraction_on_Curcuma_longa_L_and_Zingiber_officinale_R_starches","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2013-09-07T07:50:55.342-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5442949,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":49866823,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/49866823/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Effect_of_supercritical_flow_extraction_20161025-9057-1se2rka.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49866823/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Effects_of_supercritical_fluid_extractio.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/49866823/Effect_of_supercritical_flow_extraction_20161025-9057-1se2rka-libre.pdf?1477434325=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DEffects_of_supercritical_fluid_extractio.pdf\u0026Expires=1743734141\u0026Signature=AtfEQVxqH3jSqm3TFlwhlEK~WpKSzatW8qnpx7pVhgS9rduZS7l7gAaDbPqtlmH3uyqU0YbOmGN6wIu4RB~hHe0GT-zfUoPq2IdkbU90kT98eDSpebXiBO0FmRZdR8gvDJlwEjzigAZETvRWp~ZHozEpxBZrG~TEVAfaksaDCzxtHJIvM7JRBMz5RKMD3wxfic-Qfuei8yOtITiqXDMcLiWdiVoHB7s4xBCT7K7t9ehiEjvbpy~UCMW1N7tCnngeRR~l3OJcqKXpTAfhihvDcDcwGVuFojTgr6BbRyZlms-k9sqWSmUfV6ABAUgYLGEE-8SBx8QVfHBx1griMenaKw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Effects_of_supercritical_fluid_extraction_on_Curcuma_longa_L_and_Zingiber_officinale_R_starches","translated_slug":"","page_count":7,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Ginger and turmeric tubers have approximately 45 and 40% of starch, respectively. These starches were analyzed before and after ginger and turmeric were subjected to supercritical fluid extraction to obtain oleoresin and essential oil. The starches were isolated and analyzed with respect to purity, amylose/amylopectin content, X-ray pattern, viscosity, swelling factor, granule morphology by scanning electron microscopy, gelatinization temperature by differential scanning calorimetry and turbidity. Supercritical fluid extraction process did not alter the starchy matrix showing small physical rearrangement of the starch molecules; this effect was more intense in the ginger starch, as observed by X-ray diffraction. The ginger starch became less resistant, in other words, there was a starchy structure relaxing after supercritical fluid extraction, evidenced by the lower setback value in the gelatinization process and nonetheless, it did not alter the granule morphology as observed by microscopy. This study reveals similar characteristics of these starches with commercial starches, indicating their potential for industrial applications. q","owner":{"id":5442949,"first_name":"Mara","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Braga","page_name":"MaraBraga","domain_name":"uc-pt","created_at":"2013-09-07T07:47:58.323-07:00","display_name":"Mara Braga","url":"https://uc-pt.academia.edu/MaraBraga"},"attachments":[{"id":49866823,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/49866823/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Effect_of_supercritical_flow_extraction_20161025-9057-1se2rka.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49866823/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Effects_of_supercritical_fluid_extractio.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/49866823/Effect_of_supercritical_flow_extraction_20161025-9057-1se2rka-libre.pdf?1477434325=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DEffects_of_supercritical_fluid_extractio.pdf\u0026Expires=1743734141\u0026Signature=AtfEQVxqH3jSqm3TFlwhlEK~WpKSzatW8qnpx7pVhgS9rduZS7l7gAaDbPqtlmH3uyqU0YbOmGN6wIu4RB~hHe0GT-zfUoPq2IdkbU90kT98eDSpebXiBO0FmRZdR8gvDJlwEjzigAZETvRWp~ZHozEpxBZrG~TEVAfaksaDCzxtHJIvM7JRBMz5RKMD3wxfic-Qfuei8yOtITiqXDMcLiWdiVoHB7s4xBCT7K7t9ehiEjvbpy~UCMW1N7tCnngeRR~l3OJcqKXpTAfhihvDcDcwGVuFojTgr6BbRyZlms-k9sqWSmUfV6ABAUgYLGEE-8SBx8QVfHBx1griMenaKw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":531,"name":"Organic Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Organic_Chemistry"},{"id":10655,"name":"Scanning Electron Microscopy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Scanning_Electron_Microscopy"},{"id":48465,"name":"Essential Oil","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Essential_Oil"},{"id":56001,"name":"X Rays","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/X_Rays"},{"id":78753,"name":"Differential scanning calorimetry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Differential_scanning_calorimetry"},{"id":170060,"name":"Turmeric","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Turmeric"},{"id":245964,"name":"Industrial Application","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Industrial_Application"},{"id":386527,"name":"X ray diffraction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/X_ray_diffraction"},{"id":510153,"name":"Supercritical Fluid Extraction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Supercritical_Fluid_Extraction"},{"id":573653,"name":"Food Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_Sciences"},{"id":1323439,"name":"Carbohydrate Polymers","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Carbohydrate_Polymers"},{"id":2069261,"name":"Gelatinization Temperature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gelatinization_Temperature"}],"urls":[{"id":1559871,"url":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0144861705004078"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (true) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-4430159-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="4430158"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/4430158/Supercritical_fluid_extraction_of_vetiver_roots_A_study_of_SFE_kinetics"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Supercritical fluid extraction of vetiver roots: A study of SFE kinetics" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/49866821/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/4430158/Supercritical_fluid_extraction_of_vetiver_roots_A_study_of_SFE_kinetics">Supercritical fluid extraction of vetiver roots: A study of SFE kinetics</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Supercritical Fluids</span><span>, 2008</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The recovery of volatile oils from vegetal raw materials is an activity of great interest to the ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The recovery of volatile oils from vegetal raw materials is an activity of great interest to the food, perfumes and cosmetic industries. The vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides) oil is particularly appreciated in perfume and cosmetic products but may also be used in food industry as an aroma and as flavor agent in some beverage. The objective of this work, based on preliminary process parameters studies, is to improve the process -meaning both quantity and quality of the compounds -of vetiver extracts recovered by supercritical technology using carbon dioxide as supercritical fluid (SFE). Vetiver roots were purchased from a local producer in Brazil, dried, milled and classified. The extraction assays were carried out using the Spe-ed unit, unit I and II. The optimum extraction pressure was determined for the 40 °C isotherm, for pressures in the range of 100 -300 bar. The determined optimum pressure was used to study the influence of percentage of ethanol as co-solvent (0, 5 and 10% [v/v]). The chemical composition of the extracts was determined by gas and thin layer chromatography (GC and TLC, respectively). Overall extraction curves (OEC) were constructed allowing the determination of the kinetic parameters. The results of the extraction done using 10% of ethanol [v/v] were statistically different from 0 and 5% for global yield and kinetics parameters t CER , M CER and R CER . The TLC showed similar chemical profiles between SFE and hydrodistillation (HD), but there are some compounds that can be observed by TLC just during the t CER period.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><div class="carousel-container carousel-container--sm" id="profile-work-4430158-figures"><div class="prev-slide-container js-prev-button-container"><button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-4430158-figures-prev"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_back_ios</span></button></div><div class="slides-container js-slides-container"><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/20015299/figure-1-global-yield-isotherm-of-the-extract-from-vetiver"><img alt="Figure 1: Global yield isotherm 40°C of the extract from Vetiver roots using pressurized CO ; CO; flow rate 9-12.10” kg/s. yield for pressures up to 200 bar — with a maximum value Xo of 4.6% (dry basis, d.b.) obtained pressure at 200 bar of pressure — and after that, the yield remains practically constant with . Moreover, the yields obtained at 100, 150 and 200 bar are statistically different at 0.05 of confidence, whereas the ones obtained at 200, 250 and 300 are not. Considering that the solu process supercri bility is directly linked to the temperature and to the pressure of the process, for a temperature fixed at 40°C, the maximum solubility of the Vetiver extraction in the ical CO> occurs at a process pressure of 200 bar. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866821/figure_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/20015319/figure-2-overall-extraction-curves-of-vetiver-roots-at"><img alt="Figure 2: Overall Extraction curves of Vetiver roots at various cosolvent percentage at 200 bar and 40°C and comparison of the experimental data with the Sovova model Qco2 =3.74 (0%), 3.56 (5%),3.21 (10%) x10° kg CO2 /s * Average 0% (Experimental data); m Average 5% (Experimental data); + Average 10% (Experimental data);— Sovova model " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866821/figure_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/20015332/figure-3-chemical-composition-of-the-vetiver-extract"><img alt="Figure 3. Chemical composition of the Vetiver extract obtained at 40 °C, 200 bar, 10% (v/v) of EtOH as cosolvent. x khusimol, A Isovalencenol; + Zizanoic Acid; 0 B-vetivone + n.i.V ; - ni. Vi + a- vetivone; mn.i. VIII; ! Volatile oil " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866821/figure_003.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/20015350/figure-3-the-chromatographic-analyses-cg-and-tlc-revealed"><img alt="The chromatographic analyses (CG and TLC) revealed that increasing co-solvent percentage the quantity of each one of the different compounds, which were obtained at the extracted fraction, was increasing (Figure 3). Consequently, this led to the increase of the total yield, as previously noticed. Moreover, they also revealed a specific behavior in the case of he extraction carried out in the pure supercritical CO. Some compounds are removed from he raw material faster than the others. So, during the kinetic, they are going to run out. The proportion of the compounds with a lower solubility is therefore increased with time. Thus, a he end of the extraction, they are proportionally more important than the first ones. The use of co-solvent permits to improve the solubility of the vetiver extract in the supercritica solvent. Moreover, the behavior given by TCL and GC analysis are similar. The single behaviour is a noticeable decreasing of the proportion of compounds along the extraction. A 10% of EtOH, the decrease is more visible, indeed, compounds are more quickly recuperated than for the 5% EtOH kinetic (Figure 3). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866821/table_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/20015371/table-3-parameters-adjusted-for-sfe-of-extracts-from-vetiver"><img alt="Table 3: Parameters adjusted for SFE of extracts from Vetiver roots with several models and mean square deviation of experimental data fitting " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866821/table_002.jpg" /></a></figure></div><div class="next-slide-container js-next-button-container"><button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-4430158-figures-next"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_forward_ios</span></button></div></div></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="0de8f2ab6e9e96abba7ab5f20b00454d" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":49866821,"asset_id":4430158,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49866821/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="4430158"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="4430158"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4430158; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4430158]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4430158]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4430158; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='4430158']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "0de8f2ab6e9e96abba7ab5f20b00454d" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=4430158]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":4430158,"title":"Supercritical fluid extraction of vetiver roots: A study of SFE kinetics","translated_title":"","metadata":{"grobid_abstract":"The recovery of volatile oils from vegetal raw materials is an activity of great interest to the food, perfumes and cosmetic industries. The vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides) oil is particularly appreciated in perfume and cosmetic products but may also be used in food industry as an aroma and as flavor agent in some beverage. The objective of this work, based on preliminary process parameters studies, is to improve the process -meaning both quantity and quality of the compounds -of vetiver extracts recovered by supercritical technology using carbon dioxide as supercritical fluid (SFE). Vetiver roots were purchased from a local producer in Brazil, dried, milled and classified. The extraction assays were carried out using the Spe-ed unit, unit I and II. The optimum extraction pressure was determined for the 40 °C isotherm, for pressures in the range of 100 -300 bar. The determined optimum pressure was used to study the influence of percentage of ethanol as co-solvent (0, 5 and 10% [v/v]). The chemical composition of the extracts was determined by gas and thin layer chromatography (GC and TLC, respectively). Overall extraction curves (OEC) were constructed allowing the determination of the kinetic parameters. The results of the extraction done using 10% of ethanol [v/v] were statistically different from 0 and 5% for global yield and kinetics parameters t CER , M CER and R CER . The TLC showed similar chemical profiles between SFE and hydrodistillation (HD), but there are some compounds that can be observed by TLC just during the t CER period.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2008,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Journal of Supercritical Fluids","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":49866821},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/4430158/Supercritical_fluid_extraction_of_vetiver_roots_A_study_of_SFE_kinetics","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2013-09-07T07:50:55.080-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5442949,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":49866821,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/49866821/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Supercritical_fluid_extraction_of_vetive20161025-2378-1hool5v.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49866821/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Supercritical_fluid_extraction_of_vetive.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/49866821/Supercritical_fluid_extraction_of_vetive20161025-2378-1hool5v-libre.pdf?1477434327=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DSupercritical_fluid_extraction_of_vetive.pdf\u0026Expires=1743734141\u0026Signature=B~SZYUlY7-L~MTN14ok8LPBeJ1K8nXkhgqGmzcQGTTD4xeekAD277nhUKGovObEeC196PqgksPaHV9oVMUE-cGgv7VXcVRkIKUajfcNDaso9bh0NdYTS-Yz7jB9t~xxRsZV5un~YuDIMZzRwvdjApsewA4pdK2rWA~j4bEbXYe5AKA75JRuO-46lsHyIz1ebLHnyz6FRlNv-f9-UAODlcT4HSbBJzcorcZN1IksH8N48fPsFDLH8cREfTcAqjciiVh3CsVDPFyxDYsoSFU2nCljiC2KsnuibPUiD~9DaQl5KKoELATVBMj6iEw9meE2mRpkatJDdTOlOmAVUl-aY9w__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Supercritical_fluid_extraction_of_vetiver_roots_A_study_of_SFE_kinetics","translated_slug":"","page_count":6,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"The recovery of volatile oils from vegetal raw materials is an activity of great interest to the food, perfumes and cosmetic industries. The vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides) oil is particularly appreciated in perfume and cosmetic products but may also be used in food industry as an aroma and as flavor agent in some beverage. The objective of this work, based on preliminary process parameters studies, is to improve the process -meaning both quantity and quality of the compounds -of vetiver extracts recovered by supercritical technology using carbon dioxide as supercritical fluid (SFE). Vetiver roots were purchased from a local producer in Brazil, dried, milled and classified. The extraction assays were carried out using the Spe-ed unit, unit I and II. The optimum extraction pressure was determined for the 40 °C isotherm, for pressures in the range of 100 -300 bar. The determined optimum pressure was used to study the influence of percentage of ethanol as co-solvent (0, 5 and 10% [v/v]). The chemical composition of the extracts was determined by gas and thin layer chromatography (GC and TLC, respectively). Overall extraction curves (OEC) were constructed allowing the determination of the kinetic parameters. The results of the extraction done using 10% of ethanol [v/v] were statistically different from 0 and 5% for global yield and kinetics parameters t CER , M CER and R CER . The TLC showed similar chemical profiles between SFE and hydrodistillation (HD), but there are some compounds that can be observed by TLC just during the t CER period.","owner":{"id":5442949,"first_name":"Mara","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Braga","page_name":"MaraBraga","domain_name":"uc-pt","created_at":"2013-09-07T07:47:58.323-07:00","display_name":"Mara Braga","url":"https://uc-pt.academia.edu/MaraBraga"},"attachments":[{"id":49866821,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/49866821/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Supercritical_fluid_extraction_of_vetive20161025-2378-1hool5v.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49866821/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Supercritical_fluid_extraction_of_vetive.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/49866821/Supercritical_fluid_extraction_of_vetive20161025-2378-1hool5v-libre.pdf?1477434327=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DSupercritical_fluid_extraction_of_vetive.pdf\u0026Expires=1743734141\u0026Signature=B~SZYUlY7-L~MTN14ok8LPBeJ1K8nXkhgqGmzcQGTTD4xeekAD277nhUKGovObEeC196PqgksPaHV9oVMUE-cGgv7VXcVRkIKUajfcNDaso9bh0NdYTS-Yz7jB9t~xxRsZV5un~YuDIMZzRwvdjApsewA4pdK2rWA~j4bEbXYe5AKA75JRuO-46lsHyIz1ebLHnyz6FRlNv-f9-UAODlcT4HSbBJzcorcZN1IksH8N48fPsFDLH8cREfTcAqjciiVh3CsVDPFyxDYsoSFU2nCljiC2KsnuibPUiD~9DaQl5KKoELATVBMj6iEw9meE2mRpkatJDdTOlOmAVUl-aY9w__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering"},{"id":4987,"name":"Kinetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kinetics"},{"id":9359,"name":"Supercritical fluids","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Supercritical_fluids"},{"id":58054,"name":"Environmental Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Sciences"},{"id":161176,"name":"The","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The"},{"id":219495,"name":"Food Industry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_Industry"},{"id":260118,"name":"CHEMICAL SCIENCES","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES"},{"id":291387,"name":"Mathematical Model","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematical_Model"},{"id":510153,"name":"Supercritical Fluid Extraction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Supercritical_Fluid_Extraction"},{"id":814308,"name":"Vetiveria zizanioides","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vetiveria_zizanioides"},{"id":1167882,"name":"Kinetic Parameter","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kinetic_Parameter"},{"id":1231269,"name":"Pressure Effect","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pressure_Effect"}],"urls":[{"id":1559870,"url":"http://www.isasf.net/ISASF/Docs/Colmar/Paper/N19.pdf"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (true) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-4430158-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="4430157"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/4430157/ACCELERATED_SOLVENT_EXTRACTION_AND_FRACTIONED_EXTRACTION_TO_OBTAIN_THE_CURCUMA_LONGA_VOLATILE_OIL_AND_OLEORESIN"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of ACCELERATED SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND FRACTIONED EXTRACTION TO OBTAIN THE CURCUMA LONGA VOLATILE OIL AND OLEORESIN" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/49866820/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/4430157/ACCELERATED_SOLVENT_EXTRACTION_AND_FRACTIONED_EXTRACTION_TO_OBTAIN_THE_CURCUMA_LONGA_VOLATILE_OIL_AND_OLEORESIN">ACCELERATED SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND FRACTIONED EXTRACTION TO OBTAIN THE CURCUMA LONGA VOLATILE OIL AND OLEORESIN</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Food Process Engineering</span><span>, 2007</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Curcuma longa L. is a common species among the aromatic plants in Brazil. The roots are used in d...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Curcuma longa L. is a common species among the aromatic plants in Brazil. The roots are used in dairy food as colorant and flavoring substitute for saffron. Turmeric (C. longa L.) contains curcuminoids that have antimutagenic and antioxidant activities, and is thus used for the formulation of foods for the prevention of cancer. Turmeric extracts rich in curcuminoids were obtained using a mixture of CO2 and EtOH/IsoC3, and the assays were performed in a fixed bed extractor at 300 bar, 303 K. The bed's height effect was studied, maintaining constant the bed diameter and porosity; for the accelerated solvent extraction, the cosolvent percentages used were 10, 50 and 90% (v/v), with or without a static period of 30 min. The curcuminoid content was monitored using a spectrophotometer; the volatile oil was analyzed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detector, and the extract chemical profile was observed by thin-layer chromatography. The overall extraction curves showed that by keeping the relation between solvent and raw material constant, maximum extraction yield was obtained in a shorter time using the lowest bed height (HB/DB = 1.8). The supercritical fluid extraction using 50% of the cosolvent that employed the static period increased the curcuminoid content (0.72% of curcuminoids) and reached ∼10% of extract yield.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="7ed42a7670c915619d2dbf72b9dd723a" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":49866820,"asset_id":4430157,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49866820/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="4430157"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="4430157"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4430157; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4430157]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4430157]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4430157; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='4430157']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "7ed42a7670c915619d2dbf72b9dd723a" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=4430157]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":4430157,"title":"ACCELERATED SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND FRACTIONED EXTRACTION TO OBTAIN THE CURCUMA LONGA VOLATILE OIL AND OLEORESIN","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Curcuma longa L. is a common species among the aromatic plants in Brazil. The roots are used in dairy food as colorant and flavoring substitute for saffron. Turmeric (C. longa L.) contains curcuminoids that have antimutagenic and antioxidant activities, and is thus used for the formulation of foods for the prevention of cancer. Turmeric extracts rich in curcuminoids were obtained using a mixture of CO2 and EtOH/IsoC3, and the assays were performed in a fixed bed extractor at 300 bar, 303 K. The bed's height effect was studied, maintaining constant the bed diameter and porosity; for the accelerated solvent extraction, the cosolvent percentages used were 10, 50 and 90% (v/v), with or without a static period of 30 min. The curcuminoid content was monitored using a spectrophotometer; the volatile oil was analyzed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detector, and the extract chemical profile was observed by thin-layer chromatography. The overall extraction curves showed that by keeping the relation between solvent and raw material constant, maximum extraction yield was obtained in a shorter time using the lowest bed height (HB/DB = 1.8). The supercritical fluid extraction using 50% of the cosolvent that employed the static period increased the curcuminoid content (0.72% of curcuminoids) and reached ∼10% of extract yield.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2007,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Journal of Food Process Engineering"},"translated_abstract":"Curcuma longa L. is a common species among the aromatic plants in Brazil. The roots are used in dairy food as colorant and flavoring substitute for saffron. Turmeric (C. longa L.) contains curcuminoids that have antimutagenic and antioxidant activities, and is thus used for the formulation of foods for the prevention of cancer. Turmeric extracts rich in curcuminoids were obtained using a mixture of CO2 and EtOH/IsoC3, and the assays were performed in a fixed bed extractor at 300 bar, 303 K. The bed's height effect was studied, maintaining constant the bed diameter and porosity; for the accelerated solvent extraction, the cosolvent percentages used were 10, 50 and 90% (v/v), with or without a static period of 30 min. The curcuminoid content was monitored using a spectrophotometer; the volatile oil was analyzed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detector, and the extract chemical profile was observed by thin-layer chromatography. The overall extraction curves showed that by keeping the relation between solvent and raw material constant, maximum extraction yield was obtained in a shorter time using the lowest bed height (HB/DB = 1.8). The supercritical fluid extraction using 50% of the cosolvent that employed the static period increased the curcuminoid content (0.72% of curcuminoids) and reached ∼10% of extract yield.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/4430157/ACCELERATED_SOLVENT_EXTRACTION_AND_FRACTIONED_EXTRACTION_TO_OBTAIN_THE_CURCUMA_LONGA_VOLATILE_OIL_AND_OLEORESIN","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2013-09-07T07:50:54.328-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5442949,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":49866820,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/49866820/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Accelerated_solvent_extraction_and_fract20161025-9061-dl5usm.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49866820/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"ACCELERATED_SOLVENT_EXTRACTION_AND_FRACT.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/49866820/Accelerated_solvent_extraction_and_fract20161025-9061-dl5usm-libre.pdf?1477434327=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DACCELERATED_SOLVENT_EXTRACTION_AND_FRACT.pdf\u0026Expires=1743734141\u0026Signature=MSWIDrNkE1HCGInV7z9DQACZeR~xZHoAG8d2RA0UPbE8Yk38kUDZ2h~QEZpfrKRcI5F6kx-6L2tKj7NxNiHkJgfWYSVXZBuvWhESC4~wV9lFPkRlPIauAqMBzHZDzLYKIbdQ6zoH0YbRnzTvDQTO6cJpZFi9LontHnVZoZL33k7KaVSQMFTn4fnQ52O1LhHPKoSf04uVenOqtVPaJ4YXmHUp2kewA7qTW2ytgcnfM9EQ49zpxYIyHhL1VYj7Bc9u4ad9bhuiUeSoprcf5Auycju2bL~2B-2IhsdSQuYyeEfUypd2QNuxhXzDX6950yaAYF--KZlamOmmlsOOcLSLqA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"ACCELERATED_SOLVENT_EXTRACTION_AND_FRACTIONED_EXTRACTION_TO_OBTAIN_THE_CURCUMA_LONGA_VOLATILE_OIL_AND_OLEORESIN","translated_slug":"","page_count":21,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Curcuma longa L. is a common species among the aromatic plants in Brazil. The roots are used in dairy food as colorant and flavoring substitute for saffron. Turmeric (C. longa L.) contains curcuminoids that have antimutagenic and antioxidant activities, and is thus used for the formulation of foods for the prevention of cancer. Turmeric extracts rich in curcuminoids were obtained using a mixture of CO2 and EtOH/IsoC3, and the assays were performed in a fixed bed extractor at 300 bar, 303 K. The bed's height effect was studied, maintaining constant the bed diameter and porosity; for the accelerated solvent extraction, the cosolvent percentages used were 10, 50 and 90% (v/v), with or without a static period of 30 min. The curcuminoid content was monitored using a spectrophotometer; the volatile oil was analyzed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detector, and the extract chemical profile was observed by thin-layer chromatography. The overall extraction curves showed that by keeping the relation between solvent and raw material constant, maximum extraction yield was obtained in a shorter time using the lowest bed height (HB/DB = 1.8). The supercritical fluid extraction using 50% of the cosolvent that employed the static period increased the curcuminoid content (0.72% of curcuminoids) and reached ∼10% of extract yield.","owner":{"id":5442949,"first_name":"Mara","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Braga","page_name":"MaraBraga","domain_name":"uc-pt","created_at":"2013-09-07T07:47:58.323-07:00","display_name":"Mara Braga","url":"https://uc-pt.academia.edu/MaraBraga"},"attachments":[{"id":49866820,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/49866820/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Accelerated_solvent_extraction_and_fract20161025-9061-dl5usm.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49866820/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"ACCELERATED_SOLVENT_EXTRACTION_AND_FRACT.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/49866820/Accelerated_solvent_extraction_and_fract20161025-9061-dl5usm-libre.pdf?1477434327=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DACCELERATED_SOLVENT_EXTRACTION_AND_FRACT.pdf\u0026Expires=1743734141\u0026Signature=MSWIDrNkE1HCGInV7z9DQACZeR~xZHoAG8d2RA0UPbE8Yk38kUDZ2h~QEZpfrKRcI5F6kx-6L2tKj7NxNiHkJgfWYSVXZBuvWhESC4~wV9lFPkRlPIauAqMBzHZDzLYKIbdQ6zoH0YbRnzTvDQTO6cJpZFi9LontHnVZoZL33k7KaVSQMFTn4fnQ52O1LhHPKoSf04uVenOqtVPaJ4YXmHUp2kewA7qTW2ytgcnfM9EQ49zpxYIyHhL1VYj7Bc9u4ad9bhuiUeSoprcf5Auycju2bL~2B-2IhsdSQuYyeEfUypd2QNuxhXzDX6950yaAYF--KZlamOmmlsOOcLSLqA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":30617,"name":"Food Process Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_Process_Engineering"},{"id":76228,"name":"Oil","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oil"},{"id":573653,"name":"Food Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_Sciences"}],"urls":[{"id":1559869,"url":"http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1745-4530.2007.00133.x"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-4430157-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="4430155"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/4430155/Supercritical_fluid_extraction_from_Lippia_alba_global_yields_kinetic_data_and_extract_chemical_composition"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Supercritical fluid extraction from Lippia alba: global yields, kinetic data, and extract chemical composition" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/49866831/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/4430155/Supercritical_fluid_extraction_from_Lippia_alba_global_yields_kinetic_data_and_extract_chemical_composition">Supercritical fluid extraction from Lippia alba: global yields, kinetic data, and extract chemical composition</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Supercritical Fluids</span><span>, 2005</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">In this work, experimental data for the system Lippia alba + CO 2 is presented. The major constit...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">In this work, experimental data for the system Lippia alba + CO 2 is presented. The major constituents of the L. alba volatile oil are limonene and carvone. Thus, literature data for the systems limonene + CO 2 and carvone + CO 2 , and the Peng-Robinson equation of state (PR-EOS) were used to select the operating temperature and pressure, which maximize the global yield in L. alba extract. Global yields were determined at 80, 100, and 120 bar and 40, 45, and 50 • C. L. alba extracts were also obtained by conventional processes (hydrodistillation, low-pressure ethanol extraction and Soxhlet (ethanol). The chemical compositions of the extracts were determined by gas and thin layer chromatography (TLC). The secretor structures of L. alba were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) before and after supercritical extraction. The largest yield (∼7%, mass of extract/mass of dry solid) of the CO 2 -extract was obtained at 318 K and 100 bar. The chemical compositions of the CO 2 -extracts were different from those of the extracts obtained by Soxhlet and low-pressure solvent extraction (LPSE) because of the co-extraction of heavy substances by ethanol. The operating conditions that maximized the carvone and limonene yields were 80 bar and 323 K (80 mass%) and 120 bar and 323 K (17 mass%), respectively.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="27b815b7daf6893adf6fd3fae01fa565" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":49866831,"asset_id":4430155,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49866831/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="4430155"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="4430155"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4430155; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4430155]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4430155]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4430155; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='4430155']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "27b815b7daf6893adf6fd3fae01fa565" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=4430155]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":4430155,"title":"Supercritical fluid extraction from Lippia alba: global yields, kinetic data, and extract chemical composition","translated_title":"","metadata":{"grobid_abstract":"In this work, experimental data for the system Lippia alba + CO 2 is presented. The major constituents of the L. alba volatile oil are limonene and carvone. Thus, literature data for the systems limonene + CO 2 and carvone + CO 2 , and the Peng-Robinson equation of state (PR-EOS) were used to select the operating temperature and pressure, which maximize the global yield in L. alba extract. Global yields were determined at 80, 100, and 120 bar and 40, 45, and 50 • C. L. alba extracts were also obtained by conventional processes (hydrodistillation, low-pressure ethanol extraction and Soxhlet (ethanol). The chemical compositions of the extracts were determined by gas and thin layer chromatography (TLC). The secretor structures of L. alba were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) before and after supercritical extraction. The largest yield (∼7%, mass of extract/mass of dry solid) of the CO 2 -extract was obtained at 318 K and 100 bar. The chemical compositions of the CO 2 -extracts were different from those of the extracts obtained by Soxhlet and low-pressure solvent extraction (LPSE) because of the co-extraction of heavy substances by ethanol. The operating conditions that maximized the carvone and limonene yields were 80 bar and 323 K (80 mass%) and 120 bar and 323 K (17 mass%), respectively.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2005,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Journal of Supercritical Fluids","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":49866831},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/4430155/Supercritical_fluid_extraction_from_Lippia_alba_global_yields_kinetic_data_and_extract_chemical_composition","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2013-09-07T07:50:27.503-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5442949,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":49866831,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/49866831/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Supercritical_fluid_extraction_from_Lipp20161025-2382-1fftssp.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49866831/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Supercritical_fluid_extraction_from_Lipp.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/49866831/Supercritical_fluid_extraction_from_Lipp20161025-2382-1fftssp-libre.pdf?1477434324=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DSupercritical_fluid_extraction_from_Lipp.pdf\u0026Expires=1743734141\u0026Signature=SX0njMWdP9~soyufot1uaqU567VjrJtwi~yc7sF~dSAvvqkSvxjSXbICfa7H919YWNubY5CGnfgra~ThLwzl1I91b25HKw2raot5dx-1So8prU5EtdBGMRw3c-dX3PRb7Mln4p42K3IYbb5ty4cKUxyyAUhbFkxsmbIDkSSzgDQ6j5z9Ym3KB7obO70EK1T1JW2MASOCrxHYexFrxBJJ-rElefiQrweQs2stsPQNNvkQLV70eOTUkJmwK2el~lGHplSfatD3vkH6yJ5kaqv5C~qwlYdCwBe0l6SzUd-fmLkl4DgvifhHgRcuIg2Hh0Eg9UscL~xcCTmVEnwWB1mx7A__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Supercritical_fluid_extraction_from_Lippia_alba_global_yields_kinetic_data_and_extract_chemical_composition","translated_slug":"","page_count":8,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"In this work, experimental data for the system Lippia alba + CO 2 is presented. The major constituents of the L. alba volatile oil are limonene and carvone. Thus, literature data for the systems limonene + CO 2 and carvone + CO 2 , and the Peng-Robinson equation of state (PR-EOS) were used to select the operating temperature and pressure, which maximize the global yield in L. alba extract. Global yields were determined at 80, 100, and 120 bar and 40, 45, and 50 • C. L. alba extracts were also obtained by conventional processes (hydrodistillation, low-pressure ethanol extraction and Soxhlet (ethanol). The chemical compositions of the extracts were determined by gas and thin layer chromatography (TLC). The secretor structures of L. alba were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) before and after supercritical extraction. The largest yield (∼7%, mass of extract/mass of dry solid) of the CO 2 -extract was obtained at 318 K and 100 bar. The chemical compositions of the CO 2 -extracts were different from those of the extracts obtained by Soxhlet and low-pressure solvent extraction (LPSE) because of the co-extraction of heavy substances by ethanol. The operating conditions that maximized the carvone and limonene yields were 80 bar and 323 K (80 mass%) and 120 bar and 323 K (17 mass%), respectively.","owner":{"id":5442949,"first_name":"Mara","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Braga","page_name":"MaraBraga","domain_name":"uc-pt","created_at":"2013-09-07T07:47:58.323-07:00","display_name":"Mara Braga","url":"https://uc-pt.academia.edu/MaraBraga"},"attachments":[{"id":49866831,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/49866831/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Supercritical_fluid_extraction_from_Lipp20161025-2382-1fftssp.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49866831/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Supercritical_fluid_extraction_from_Lipp.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/49866831/Supercritical_fluid_extraction_from_Lipp20161025-2382-1fftssp-libre.pdf?1477434324=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DSupercritical_fluid_extraction_from_Lipp.pdf\u0026Expires=1743734141\u0026Signature=SX0njMWdP9~soyufot1uaqU567VjrJtwi~yc7sF~dSAvvqkSvxjSXbICfa7H919YWNubY5CGnfgra~ThLwzl1I91b25HKw2raot5dx-1So8prU5EtdBGMRw3c-dX3PRb7Mln4p42K3IYbb5ty4cKUxyyAUhbFkxsmbIDkSSzgDQ6j5z9Ym3KB7obO70EK1T1JW2MASOCrxHYexFrxBJJ-rElefiQrweQs2stsPQNNvkQLV70eOTUkJmwK2el~lGHplSfatD3vkH6yJ5kaqv5C~qwlYdCwBe0l6SzUd-fmLkl4DgvifhHgRcuIg2Hh0Eg9UscL~xcCTmVEnwWB1mx7A__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering"},{"id":4987,"name":"Kinetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kinetics"},{"id":9359,"name":"Supercritical fluids","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Supercritical_fluids"},{"id":10655,"name":"Scanning Electron Microscopy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Scanning_Electron_Microscopy"},{"id":58054,"name":"Environmental Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Sciences"},{"id":80451,"name":"Solvent Extraction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Solvent_Extraction"},{"id":161176,"name":"The","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The"},{"id":260118,"name":"CHEMICAL SCIENCES","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES"},{"id":477865,"name":"Operant Conditioning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Operant_Conditioning"},{"id":510153,"name":"Supercritical Fluid Extraction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Supercritical_Fluid_Extraction"},{"id":772972,"name":"Chemical Composition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Composition"},{"id":1120502,"name":"Experimental Data","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Experimental_Data"},{"id":1174006,"name":"Low Pressure Boiler","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Low_Pressure_Boiler"},{"id":1175860,"name":"Thin Layer Chromatography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thin_Layer_Chromatography"},{"id":1320599,"name":"Equation of State","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Equation_of_State"},{"id":2037336,"name":"Phase Equilibrium","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phase_Equilibrium"}],"urls":[{"id":1559867,"url":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896844604002840"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-4430155-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="4430154"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/4430154/Comparison_of_Yield_Composition_and_Antioxidant_Activity_of_Turmeric_Curcuma_longa_L_Extracts_Obtained_Using_Various_Techniques"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Comparison of Yield, Composition, and Antioxidant Activity of Turmeric ( Curcuma longa L.) Extracts Obtained Using Various Techniques" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/49866819/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/4430154/Comparison_of_Yield_Composition_and_Antioxidant_Activity_of_Turmeric_Curcuma_longa_L_Extracts_Obtained_Using_Various_Techniques">Comparison of Yield, Composition, and Antioxidant Activity of Turmeric ( Curcuma longa L.) Extracts Obtained Using Various Techniques</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry</span><span>, 2003</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><div class="carousel-container carousel-container--sm" id="profile-work-4430154-figures"><div class="prev-slide-container js-prev-button-container"><button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-4430154-figures-prev"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_back_ios</span></button></div><div class="slides-container js-slides-container"><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/1679896/figure-2-oecs-for-several-operating-conditions-sfe-done-at"><img alt="Figure 2. OECs for several operating conditions; SFE done at 300 bar and 30 °C. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866819/figure_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/1679902/figure-1-oecs-for-sfe-performed-at-and-of-cosolvent"><img alt="Figure 1. OECs for SFE performed at 30 °C and 6.4 +0.6% (v/v) of cosolvent. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866819/figure_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/1679908/figure-3-comparison-of-yield-composition-and-antioxidant"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866819/figure_003.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/1679914/table-1-composition-of-dehydrated-turmerics-used-in-the"><img alt="Table 1. Composition of Dehydrated Turmerics? Used in the Present Work: M (Maria da Fé, MG), S (Botucatu, SP); R-S Is the Turmeric Bagasse of Raw Material S 4The moisture contents of turmeric M and S in natura were 85.2 and 66.7% (wt, wet basis), respectively. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866819/table_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/1679921/table-2-operational-conditions-and-kinetic-parameters-for"><img alt="Table 2. Operational Conditions and Kinetic Parameters for SFE Assays Using Turmeric M? @ Raw material = M; mean particle diameter = 0.7 mm; 30 °C; Qco, = (4.2 +0.4) x 10-5 kg/s; 1300 kg/m? (true density); (6.4 +0.6) % (v/v) of cosolvent. ° Carb lioxide density. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866819/table_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/1679926/table-4-yields-and-curcuminoids-content-obtained-by-hd-and"><img alt="Table 4. Yields and Curcuminoids Content Obtained by HD and Soxhlet for Turmeric and Turmeric Bagasse? @R-M and R-S mean turmeric bagasse from raw materials M and S, respectively, which resulted from the SFE performed using CO» and the cosolvent mixture of EtOH/IsoC3; solvent flow rates were 4.4 x 10-5 and 3.5 x 10-5 kg/s for raw materials M and S, respectively. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866819/table_003.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/1679930/table-3-raw-material-bar-cosolvent-etoh-isoc-kg-true-density"><img alt="2 Raw material = S; T = 30 °C; P = 300 bar; cosolvent = 1:1 (v/v) EtOH/IsoC3; 1210 kg/m’ (true density); « = 0.54; average particle diameter of 0.69 mm. Table 3. Kinetics Parameters for the Assays Performed with Raw Material S at Various Solvent Flow Rates and Amounts of Cosolvent " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866819/table_004.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/1679937/table-6-tr-ni-nonidentified-composition-of-the-turmeric"><img alt="4tr = % < 0.64; ni = nonidentified. Table 6. Composition of the Turmeric Extract as a Function of Flow Rate and Cosolvent Percent Obtained by SFE at 30 °C, 300 Bar, and Differen Conditions of Process? " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866819/table_005.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/1679940/table-5-tr-ni-nonidentified-composition-of-the-turmeric"><img alt="4tr = % < 0.34; ni = nonidentified. Table 5. Composition of the Turmeric Extracts (Volatile Fraction) Obtained by SFE, HD, Soxhlet, and LPSE?@ " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866819/table_006.jpg" /></a></figure></div><div class="next-slide-container js-next-button-container"><button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-4430154-figures-next"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_forward_ios</span></button></div></div></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="381e651051825be6d48e546260e7bf04" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":49866819,"asset_id":4430154,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49866819/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="4430154"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="4430154"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4430154; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4430154]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4430154]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4430154; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='4430154']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "381e651051825be6d48e546260e7bf04" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=4430154]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":4430154,"title":"Comparison of Yield, Composition, and Antioxidant Activity of Turmeric ( Curcuma longa L.) 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Additionally, antioxidant activities were measured, showing that some methods yielded extracts with superior antioxidant properties, indicating potential for improved dietary or therapeutic applications.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2003,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Journal of Agricultural and Food 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href="https://www.academia.edu/4430153/Ginger_and_turmeric_starches_hydrolysis_using_subcritical_water_CO2_the_effect_of_the_SFE_pre_treatment"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Ginger and turmeric starches hydrolysis using subcritical water + CO2: the effect of the SFE pre-treatment" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/31849330/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/4430153/Ginger_and_turmeric_starches_hydrolysis_using_subcritical_water_CO2_the_effect_of_the_SFE_pre_treatment">Ginger and turmeric starches hydrolysis using subcritical water + CO2: the effect of the SFE pre-treatment</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering</span><span>, 2006</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">In this work, the hydrolysis of fresh and dried turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) and ginger (Zingiber ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">In this work, the hydrolysis of fresh and dried turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) and ginger (Zingiber officinale R.) in the presence of subcritical water + CO 2 was studied. The hydrolysis of ginger and turmeric bagasses from supercritical fluid extraction was also studied. The reactions were done using subcritical water and CO 2 at 150 bar, 200 °C and reaction time of 11 minutes; the degree of reaction was monitored through the amount of starch hydrolyzed. Process yields were calculated using the amount of reducing and total sugars formed. The effects of supercritical fluid extraction in the starchy structures were observed by scanning electron microscopy. Higher degree of hydrolysis (97-98 %) were obtained for fresh materials and the highest total sugar yield (74%) was established for ginger bagasse. The supercritical fluid extraction did not significantly modify the degree of hydrolysis in the tested conditions.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><div class="carousel-container carousel-container--sm" id="profile-work-4430153-figures"><div class="prev-slide-container js-prev-button-container"><button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-4430153-figures-prev"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_back_ios</span></button></div><div class="slides-container js-slides-container"><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/30662044/figure-1-extraction-degree-obtained-by-sfe-process-of-ginger"><img alt="Figure 1: Extraction degree obtained by SFE process of ginger (¢) at 250 bar and 35 °C, 1.7% (v/v) of isopropyl! alcohol as cosolvent; and turmeric (0) at 300 bar and 30 °C, 10% (v/v) of ethanol/isopropyl alcohol (1:1) as cosolvent. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/31849330/figure_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/30662049/figure-2-starchy-cellulosic-structure-in-milled-dried-ginger"><img alt="Figure 2: Starchy cellulosic structure in milled dried ginger by SEM 450x. defined: ginger and turmeric starch granules have a spherical to ellipsoidal shapes (ginger: 10-28 mm for the larger axis; turmeric: 10-33 mm for the larger axis). Thus, the larger quantities of starch in turmeric (Table 1) and the stronger effects of pressure over its cellulosic-starchy have contributed to the obstructions structure could of the SFE unit tubing lines as well as the formation of caramelized sugars. And, also, the turmeric starc h granules were apparently deformed to a larger extended than the ginger starch granules during the SFE process. Among the ginger substrates, the degrees of hydrolysis were smaller for the dried and SFE bagasse, indicating the difficulties the water to be re-incorporated encountered by o the starchy- cellulosic matrix. In spite of this, he total sugars yield was larger for SFE bagasse as compared to the fresh and dried substrates. Scanning electronic microscopy _ permitted bserving the ginger and turmeric substrate (dried) s well as the SFE bagasses. Figures 2-5 show the ellulosic walls and starch granules. Figures 3 and 5 how the disarrangement suffered by the cellulosic ructure as the result of the pressure applied uring the SFE process, and, at the same time, that he starch granules remained intact. Because, the arch granules are enclosed by the cellulosic ructure, they did not suffer or suffered to a lesser extend the action of pressure. For the turmeric substrates, it is clearly seen, Figures 4-5, the smaller proportion of cellulosic walls; or, starch in the surface of the analyzed fragments of ginger was present in a larger quantity when compared to the amount of starch present in an equal amount of turmeric fragment analyzed. The dimensions and the morphology of both starch granules are well oo 0 cecAann nn " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/31849330/figure_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/30662053/figure-3-starchy-cellulosic-structure-in-milled-dried-sfe"><img alt="Figure 3: Starchy cellulosic structure in milled dried SFE ginger by SEM 550x. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/31849330/figure_003.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/30662058/figure-4-starchy-cellulosic-structure-in-milled-dried"><img alt="Figure 4: Starchy cellulosic structure in milled dried turmeric by SEM 450x " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/31849330/figure_004.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/30662063/figure-5-starchy-cellulosic-structure-in-milled-dried-sfe"><img alt="Figure 5: Starchy cellulosic structure in milled dried SFE turmeric bagasse by SEM 550x " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/31849330/figure_005.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/30662067/table-2-kinetic-parameters-of-ginger-and-turmeric-oecs"><img alt="Table 2: Kinetic Parameters of ginger and turmeric OECs obtained by SFE process Table 1: Composition of the dried milled ginger and turmeric rhizomes and ginger and turmeric SFE bagasses " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/31849330/table_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/30662070/table-3-shows-the-values-of-the-degree-of-hydrolysis-total"><img alt="Table 3 shows the values of the degree of hydrolysis, total and reducing sugars yields. The pH measured in the reacting medium for the ginger substrates varied from 3.5 to 4.0. For ginger substrates, the fresh ginger showed the highest degree of hydrolysis. This behavior is probably a result of the interaction between the water and the starchy-cellulosic structure in the fresh material, which contributed for the improvement of hydrolysis. On the other hand, the differences in the degree of hydrolysis between the dried ginger and SFE ginger bagasse were not statistically significant Pvaue = 0.486). As the degree of hydrolysis increased the reducing sugar yield decreased; this can be explained by the fact that the increase in the hydrolysis rate increased the reducing sugar yield and consequently its degradation rate. The difference in total sugar yields between fresh and dried ginger substrates was not statistically significant (Pyatue = 0.349). In Table 3, fewer results were shown for turmeric substrates, due to the impossibility of performing the assays in triplicates keeping the losses bellow 10%; therefore, these results were not reported. The explanations found for the turmeric substrates behavior were connected to the larger degree of hydrolysis as compared to the ginger substrates. Larger degree of hydrolysis would result in larger amounts of gaseous products, which were not quantified in the present work. The pH of the reacting medium was near to 3.0 for the turmeric substrates, and, at 200 °C it was impossible to collect products at the SFE system outlet: the reaction products obstructed the tubing lines with products resembling caramelized sucrose. Considering that the temperature of 200 °C could be very high for hydrolyzing turmeric bagasse, hydrolysis reactions were done at lower temperatures of 180, 150, and 130 °C. At 180 °C, the behavior of the system was " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/31849330/table_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/30662074/table-3-nq-not-quantified-degree-of-hydrolysis-total-sugar"><img alt="nq - not quantified Table 3: Degree of hydrolysis (X % ), total sugar yield (yrs % ) and reducing sugar yield (Yrs % ) at 200 °C, 150 bar and 11 min reaction time " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/31849330/table_003.jpg" /></a></figure></div><div class="next-slide-container js-next-button-container"><button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-4430153-figures-next"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_forward_ios</span></button></div></div></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="2f196f7ae5d43079163da140281a1f54" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":31849330,"asset_id":4430153,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31849330/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="4430153"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="4430153"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4430153; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4430153]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4430153]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4430153; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='4430153']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "2f196f7ae5d43079163da140281a1f54" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=4430153]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":4430153,"title":"Ginger and turmeric starches hydrolysis using subcritical water + CO2: the effect of the SFE pre-treatment","translated_title":"","metadata":{"grobid_abstract":"In this work, the hydrolysis of fresh and dried turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) and ginger (Zingiber officinale R.) in the presence of subcritical water + CO 2 was studied. The hydrolysis of ginger and turmeric bagasses from supercritical fluid extraction was also studied. The reactions were done using subcritical water and CO 2 at 150 bar, 200 °C and reaction time of 11 minutes; the degree of reaction was monitored through the amount of starch hydrolyzed. Process yields were calculated using the amount of reducing and total sugars formed. The effects of supercritical fluid extraction in the starchy structures were observed by scanning electron microscopy. Higher degree of hydrolysis (97-98 %) were obtained for fresh materials and the highest total sugar yield (74%) was established for ginger bagasse. 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The hydrolysis of ginger and turmeric bagasses from supercritical fluid extraction was also studied. The reactions were done using subcritical water and CO 2 at 150 bar, 200 °C and reaction time of 11 minutes; the degree of reaction was monitored through the amount of starch hydrolyzed. Process yields were calculated using the amount of reducing and total sugars formed. The effects of supercritical fluid extraction in the starchy structures were observed by scanning electron microscopy. Higher degree of hydrolysis (97-98 %) were obtained for fresh materials and the highest total sugar yield (74%) was established for ginger bagasse. 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Several commercial soft contact lenses were tested and, among these, four lenses were selected for more complete studies: Nelfilcon A (FocusDailies ® , CIBA Vision), Omafilcon A (Proclear ® Compatibles, CooperVision), Methafilcon A (Frequency ® 55, CooperVision) and Hilafilcon B (SofLens ® 59 Comfort, Bausch & Lomb). Supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO 2 ) was the chosen supercritical fluid and two ophthalmic drugs were tested: flurbiprofen (a NSAID, hydrophobic) and timolol maleate (an anti-glaucoma drug, hydrophilic). The effects of operational pressure, of impregnation duration and of the addition of a cosolvent (ethanol) were studied on the overall drug loading yields. Depending on the experiment, we employed pressures from 9 up to 16 MPa and impregnation times from 30 up to 180 min. Temperature was kept constant and equal to 313 K. The employed depressurization rates were kept low and between 0.1 and 0.2 MPa/min.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><div class="carousel-container carousel-container--sm" id="profile-work-4430152-figures"><div class="prev-slide-container js-prev-button-container"><button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-4430152-figures-prev"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_back_ios</span></button></div><div class="slides-container js-slides-container"><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/54271151/figure-1-schematic-diagram-of-the-experimental-supercritical"><img alt="Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the experimental supercritical solvent impregnation apparatus. C, CO2 liquid pump; TC, temperature controller; PT, high pressure transducer; V, valves; IC, high pressure impregnation cell; MS, magnetic stirrer; GT, glass trap. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866822/figure_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/54271174/figure-2-constituting-monomers-co-monomers-and-cross-linkers"><img alt="Fig. 2. Constituting monomers, co-monomers and cross-linkers for Nelfilcon A, Methafilcon A, Omafilcon A and Hilafilcon B contact lenses. HEMA: 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate; MAA: methacrylic acid; EGDMA: ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate; PC: 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine; NVP: N-vinylpyrrolidone; PVA: poly(vinyl alcohol). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866822/figure_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/54271204/figure-4-impregnated-flurbiprofen-amounts-in-methafilcon"><img alt="Fig.4. Impregnated flurbiprofen amounts in Methafilcon A contact lenses (A) and flurbiprofen partition coefficients between contact lenses and the scCO2 phase as a function of scCO2 density (B). Experiments carried out at 313K, from 9.0 up to 16 MPa, and for 60 min of impregnation duration. Without cosolvent addition (@), with 5% (molar) of EtOH as cosolvent ((Q), and flurbiprofen solubility in scCO2 (—). The process is clearly more efficient at lower pressures (<11 MPa), in which the drug-scCO, interactions (and thus drug solubility in scCOz) seem to have the predominant effect. However, it is also feasible at higher pressures because the scCO3 plasticiza- tion and swelling degree of the water-swollen polymeric material may start to play an important positive role on the impregnation As referred, the presented experimental solubility of flurbipro- fen in pure scCO; (right yy axis) and its correlation were reported earlier [61-63]. Like for most organic drug-scCOz systems, the flurbiprofen solubility in scCOz is higher for higher pressures, at constant temperature. Moreover, and for most polymers, higher pressures are also expected to promote polymer plasticization and swelling and thus the diffusion of the scCO2+drug phase " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866822/figure_003.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/54271218/figure-3-chemical-structures-of-flurbiprofen-and-timolol"><img alt="Fig. 3. Chemical structures of flurbiprofen (A) and timolol maleate (B). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866822/figure_004.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/54271233/figure-5-impregnated-flurbiprofen-amounts-in-nelfilcon"><img alt="Fig. 5. Impregnated flurbiprofen amounts in Nelfilcon A contact lenses as a func- tion of impregnation pressure and of cosolvent (EtOH) composition. Impregnation experiments were carried out at 313 K, for 90 min. 0% EtOH (™); 2% EtOH (___ ); and 5% EtOH (MM). In Fig. 5 it is represented the impregnated flurbiprofen amounts in Nelfilcon A contact lenses as a function of impregnation pres- sure (from 8.0 up to 15.0 MPa) and of cosolvent (EtOH) composition " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866822/figure_005.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/54271247/figure-6-impregnated-flurbiprofen-amounts-in-methafilcon"><img alt="Fig. 6. Impregnated flurbiprofen amounts in Methafilcon A contact lenses (©) and Nelfilcon A contact lenses (@) as a function of impregnation time. Impregnation experiments were carried out without cosolvent addition, at 313 K and at 9.0 MPa. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866822/figure_006.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/54271263/figure-7-impregnated-flurbiprofen-amounts-in-omafilcon"><img alt="Fig. 7. Impregnated flurbiprofen amounts in Omafilcon A, Methafilcon A, Hilafilcon B and Nelfilcon A contact lenses, impregnated at 9 MPa and 313K, for 90 min of impregnation time and without cosolvent addition. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866822/figure_007.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/54271327/figure-8-impregnated-drug-amounts-in-methafilcon-contact"><img alt="Fig. 8. Impregnated drug amounts in Methafilcon A contact lenses (impregnated at 9 MPa, 313 K, for 60 min and with 5% molar of EtOH) and in Nelfilcon A contact lenses (impregnated at 9 MPa, 313K, for 90 min and with 5% molar of EtOH): flurbiprofen (™) and timolol maleate (_ ). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866822/figure_008.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/54271349/figure-9-flurbiprofen-release-profiles-for-methafilcon"><img alt="Fig. 9. Flurbiprofen release profiles for Methafilcon A contact lenses. Lenses were impregnated by SSI (at 9 MPa and 313K, for 120 min, without cosolvent) (@); and by conventional “soaking” from an aqueous flurbiprofen concentrated solution for 48h (C) and for 168h (v). Drug release experiments were performed for all employed con- tact lenses and for all the performed impregnation experiments. However, we will not present all the obtained drug release data in this work. Fig. 9 just shows the obtained flurbiprofen release " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866822/figure_009.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/54271366/figure-10-sem-images-of-nelfilcon-contact-lenses-after"><img alt="Fig. 10. SEM images of Nelfilcon A contact lenses after flurbiprofen impregnated by SSI (at 15 MPa and 313K, for 90 min, without cosolvent addition If we consider the maximum accumulated released drug that was obtained during the 8h release experiments (when the rep- resented release curve becomes constant and no drug is stil being released), Mo, we obtained the following results: 105.87 wg (for SSI drug-loaded lenses), 15.43 wg (for 48h lens soaking) and 16.21 wg (for 1 week lens soaking). An alternative drug release rep- resentation (not presented) is a normalized plot (M/M. vs. time, 0-100%) in which we divide the discrete accumulated released drug (M) by the maximum accumulated released drug (Mo). This type of plot is quite helpful when a comparison between the drug release profiles/mechanisms is intended. However, if we plot M/Mq versus time for these loaded lenses we wil Finally, Fig. 10 shows four SEM images of the surface and of the cross-section of Nelfilcon A contact lenses after flurbiprofen SSI. It is possible to observe the presence of solid flurbiprofen particles on lens surface, lens cross-section and even partially inside the contact " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866822/figure_010.jpg" /></a></figure></div><div class="next-slide-container js-next-button-container"><button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-4430152-figures-next"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_forward_ios</span></button></div></div></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="c5b1d12c8e12b18128b31763670f193b" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":49866822,"asset_id":4430152,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49866822/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="4430152"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="4430152"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4430152; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4430152]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4430152]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4430152; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='4430152']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "c5b1d12c8e12b18128b31763670f193b" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=4430152]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":4430152,"title":"Development of therapeutic contact lenses using a supercritical solvent impregnation method","translated_title":"","metadata":{"grobid_abstract":"We present some selected results indicating the feasibility of preparing therapeutic finished ophthalmic articles, namely commercially available soft contact lenses, using a supercritical solvent impregnation (SSI) technique. Several commercial soft contact lenses were tested and, among these, four lenses were selected for more complete studies: Nelfilcon A (FocusDailies ® , CIBA Vision), Omafilcon A (Proclear ® Compatibles, CooperVision), Methafilcon A (Frequency ® 55, CooperVision) and Hilafilcon B (SofLens ® 59 Comfort, Bausch \u0026 Lomb). Supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO 2 ) was the chosen supercritical fluid and two ophthalmic drugs were tested: flurbiprofen (a NSAID, hydrophobic) and timolol maleate (an anti-glaucoma drug, hydrophilic). The effects of operational pressure, of impregnation duration and of the addition of a cosolvent (ethanol) were studied on the overall drug loading yields. Depending on the experiment, we employed pressures from 9 up to 16 MPa and impregnation times from 30 up to 180 min. Temperature was kept constant and equal to 313 K. The employed depressurization rates were kept low and between 0.1 and 0.2 MPa/min.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2010,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Journal of Supercritical Fluids","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":49866822},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/4430152/Development_of_therapeutic_contact_lenses_using_a_supercritical_solvent_impregnation_method","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2013-09-07T07:50:26.660-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5442949,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":49866822,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/49866822/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"j.supflu.2010.02.00120161025-9061-1t5e522.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49866822/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Development_of_therapeutic_contact_lense.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/49866822/j.supflu.2010.02.00120161025-9061-1t5e522-libre.pdf?1477434326=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DDevelopment_of_therapeutic_contact_lense.pdf\u0026Expires=1743734142\u0026Signature=aK8k6Nb5JGaNFQXCSOXZpQS~OaXVOAKjZBBhVQToL4IDiJxKb6GOh~KS517JbM6h3nJT1iybX87MpAuR~NlaQmv40WW49-y8a2Bn7t5PkCCcVSAghUmUQFJZAFqSZMTOp3Q2O-5-vDhR43tKpNtLq7u-~y5eWWjYRk1VuvuqkxPbRVDy8zaeXfKAyipjEuQam62mdh7Qlaak11HTZynhdZ-jQDTS6hAyY8AAH~PUWZKbfIaITEtFGr1MCIcwkhEEVdlDg--1Z5KkW1G9pAn80t3CcvZ0YWKjrfT-VWdtiX8vNWC2eB3IM73pBwDiabEtVpcukH~PdE5Mqmsov54Q5w__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Development_of_therapeutic_contact_lenses_using_a_supercritical_solvent_impregnation_method","translated_slug":"","page_count":11,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"We present some selected results indicating the feasibility of preparing therapeutic finished ophthalmic articles, namely commercially available soft contact lenses, using a supercritical solvent impregnation (SSI) technique. 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The employed depressurization rates were kept low and between 0.1 and 0.2 MPa/min.","owner":{"id":5442949,"first_name":"Mara","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Braga","page_name":"MaraBraga","domain_name":"uc-pt","created_at":"2013-09-07T07:47:58.323-07:00","display_name":"Mara Braga","url":"https://uc-pt.academia.edu/MaraBraga"},"attachments":[{"id":49866822,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/49866822/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"j.supflu.2010.02.00120161025-9061-1t5e522.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49866822/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Development_of_therapeutic_contact_lense.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/49866822/j.supflu.2010.02.00120161025-9061-1t5e522-libre.pdf?1477434326=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DDevelopment_of_therapeutic_contact_lense.pdf\u0026Expires=1743734142\u0026Signature=aK8k6Nb5JGaNFQXCSOXZpQS~OaXVOAKjZBBhVQToL4IDiJxKb6GOh~KS517JbM6h3nJT1iybX87MpAuR~NlaQmv40WW49-y8a2Bn7t5PkCCcVSAghUmUQFJZAFqSZMTOp3Q2O-5-vDhR43tKpNtLq7u-~y5eWWjYRk1VuvuqkxPbRVDy8zaeXfKAyipjEuQam62mdh7Qlaak11HTZynhdZ-jQDTS6hAyY8AAH~PUWZKbfIaITEtFGr1MCIcwkhEEVdlDg--1Z5KkW1G9pAn80t3CcvZ0YWKjrfT-VWdtiX8vNWC2eB3IM73pBwDiabEtVpcukH~PdE5Mqmsov54Q5w__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering"},{"id":9359,"name":"Supercritical fluids","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Supercritical_fluids"},{"id":20799,"name":"Drug Delivery System","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Drug_Delivery_System"},{"id":51809,"name":"Contact Lenses","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contact_Lenses"},{"id":58054,"name":"Environmental Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Sciences"},{"id":161176,"name":"The","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The"},{"id":260118,"name":"CHEMICAL SCIENCES","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES"},{"id":318936,"name":"Supercritical carbon dioxide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Supercritical_carbon_dioxide"},{"id":477865,"name":"Operant Conditioning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Operant_Conditioning"},{"id":989646,"name":"Aqueous Solution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aqueous_Solution"},{"id":1139957,"name":"Drug Release","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Drug_Release"},{"id":1181274,"name":"Supercritical Fluid","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Supercritical_Fluid"}],"urls":[{"id":1559864,"url":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896844610000483"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (true) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-4430152-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="4430151"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/4430151/Supercritical_solvent_impregnation_of_natural_bioactive_compounds_in_N_carboxybutyl_chitosan_membranes_for_the_development_of_topical_wound_healing_applications"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Supercritical solvent impregnation of natural bioactive compounds in N-carboxybutyl chitosan membranes for the development of topical wound healing applications" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/49866868/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/4430151/Supercritical_solvent_impregnation_of_natural_bioactive_compounds_in_N_carboxybutyl_chitosan_membranes_for_the_development_of_topical_wound_healing_applications">Supercritical solvent impregnation of natural bioactive compounds in N-carboxybutyl chitosan membranes for the development of topical wound healing applications</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Controlled Release</span><span>, 2010</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">to the outer shell of liposomes are recognized by macrophages of the reticuloendothelial system (...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">to the outer shell of liposomes are recognized by macrophages of the reticuloendothelial system (RES) triggering their clearance from the circulation. Incorporation of polyethylene glycol (PEG) conjugated lipids into the lipid bilayer decreases the blood clearance of liposomes considerably [2]. It has been hypothesized that the PEG chains create a 'steric barrier' which prevents protein adsorption to the liposomal surface [3].</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="2746c39486ddfec1e2c05627f68c131e" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":49866868,"asset_id":4430151,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49866868/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="4430151"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="4430151"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4430151; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4430151]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4430151]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4430151; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='4430151']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "2746c39486ddfec1e2c05627f68c131e" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=4430151]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":4430151,"title":"Supercritical solvent impregnation of natural bioactive compounds in N-carboxybutyl chitosan membranes for the development of topical wound healing applications","translated_title":"","metadata":{"grobid_abstract":"to the outer shell of liposomes are recognized by macrophages of the reticuloendothelial system (RES) triggering their clearance from the circulation. Incorporation of polyethylene glycol (PEG) conjugated lipids into the lipid bilayer decreases the blood clearance of liposomes considerably [2]. 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Therapeutic ophthalmic articles, such as drug-loaded contact lenses, are already known to improve ocular bioavailability in the treatment of several eye diseases, namely glaucoma, as well as to minimize undesired systemic side-effects. In this work, commercial silicone-based hydrogel contact lenses (Balafilcon A) were impregnated with two anti-glaucoma drugs (acetazolamide and timolol maleate) using a discontinuous supercritical solvent impregnation (SSI) methodology. Pressure and temperature, as well as impregnation time and depressurization rate, were kept constant (17 MPa, 40 • C, 90 min, 0.06 MPa/min, respectively) in order to evaluate the effects of nature and concentration of cosolvents (ethanol and water at 5, 10 and 15% molar) on the impregnation efficiencies and the properties of the contact lenses. Glass-transition temperature (DSC), oxygen permeability, contact angle, apparent morphological changes (SEM) and in vitro drug release kinetics were studied in detail. Results demonstrated the feasibility of preparing acetazolamide and timolol maleate impregnated therapeutic Balafilcon A contact lenses using CO 2 + EtOH and CO 2 + H 2 O solvent mixtures. Valuable information about how the nature and the composition of the employed solvent mixtures influence drug loading, drug release profiles and contact lenses physical and thermomechanical properties was obtained.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><div class="carousel-container carousel-container--sm" id="profile-work-4430150-figures"><div class="prev-slide-container js-prev-button-container"><button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-4430150-figures-prev"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_back_ios</span></button></div><div class="slides-container js-slides-container"><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/18582321/figure-1-chemical-structures-of-acetazolamide-sulfamoyl"><img alt="Fig. 1. Chemical structures of (A) acetazolamide (N-5-(sulfamoyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol- 2-yl) acetamide, CAS [59-66-5]) and (B) timolol maleate (S-(—)-1-(t-butylamino)- 3-[(4-morpholino-1,2,5-thiadiazol-3-yl)oxy]-2-propanol maleate salt, CAS [26921- 17-5]). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866826/figure_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/18582361/figure-2-accumulated-drug-released-mass-from-balafilcon"><img alt="Fig. 2. Accumulated drug released mass from Balafilcon A contact lenses, using 5% (molar) of cosolvent. Acetazolamide: (™) EtOH and (0) H20 and timolol maleate: (a) EtOH and (A) H20. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866826/figure_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/18582372/figure-2-ig-accumulated-timolol-maleate-released-mass-from"><img alt="‘ig. 3. Accumulated timolol maleate released mass from Balafilcon A contact lens, processed at 17 MPa, 40°C, and using as cosolvents H20 (A) and EtOH (B): (4) 5%; (x) 10 a) 15% (molar). Acetazolamide and timolol release profiles exhibited quite sim- ilar burst-type pattern (Fig. 2). The initial burst release period, characterized by a constant release rate period, was due to the dis- solution of drug located at/or near the surface of the lens. Then, a falling release rate period was observed until the released drug reached equilibrium between the polymer and the release medium. After this period the release rate decreased, since the drug retained inside the polymer took more time to diffuse to the medium. This release profile may suggest that the employed SSI technique did not However, when EtOH was used as the cosolvent (Fig. 3(B)), the amount of released (or impregnated) timolol raised as the content in EtOH was increased from 5 up to 15%. An increase of 5% (molar) in the ethanol content (from 5 to 10%) promoted an increment of 47.5% in the amount of impregnated drug, and from 10 to 15%, an increment of 17.4% was reached. Thus, the observed impregnation yield enhancements were not proportional to the EtOH concentra- tion increase. In other words, the increase in the solvent polarity favored timolol maleate impregnation only until the partition coef- " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866826/figure_003.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/18582391/figure-4-accumulated-acetazolamide-released-mass-from"><img alt="Fig. 4. Accumulated acetazolamide released mass from Balafilcon A contact lens processed at 17 MPa, 40°C and using EtOH as cosolvent: (QO) 5%; (x) 10%; (a) 15% (molar). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866826/figure_004.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/18582403/figure-5-oxygen-permeability-of-timolol-maleate-impregnated"><img alt="Fig. 5. Oxygen permeability of timolol maleate impregnated contact lenses using cosolvents: impregnated contact lenses: (™) EtOH and (LJ ) H20; released contact lenses: (Hl) EtOH; (C1) H20; and (0) control. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866826/figure_005.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/18582412/figure-6-surface-and-cross-section-sem-micrographs-of"><img alt="Fig. 6. Surface and cross-section SEM micrographs of impregnated Balafilcon A contact lenses. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866826/figure_006.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/18582425/figure-7-cross-section-sem-micrographs-of-balafilcon-contact"><img alt="Fig. 7. Cross-section SEM micrographs of Balafilcon A contact lenses impregnated with timolol maleate at 17 MPa and 40°C. On the other hand, the observed variations and the obtained standard deviations (shown in Table 3) were always higher for intralens measurements than for interlens measurements. In the present study, each lens was divided into four parts and measure- ments were made for each one of them, in opposition to other works that measured the contact angle using the entire device 55]. These results may indicate that the employed lens cutting process introduced some surface modifications/heterogeneities or even that contact lens surface is not homogeneous and thus Bal- afilcon A lenses (from Bausch & Lomb®) underwent an incomplete plasma oxidation surface treatment [57,58]. Besides, Read et al. 55] evaluated some potential measurement errors in contact angle SEM images of the surface and of the cross-section of drug- impregnated contact lenses are shown in Fig. 6. Drug particles can be observed on the surface (at the left side) and in the polymer cross-section (middle figure). Timolol maleate and acetazolamide are particularly well defined under microscopic observation. Timo- " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866826/figure_007.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/18582436/table-1-values-average-standard-deviation-are-lc-yobs"><img alt="4 Values: average + standard deviation. are lc_yobs \ 2 > Fitting error = 4 > (=) : Correlated drug release kinetic parameters for contact lenses impregnated by SSI and using CO2 +H20/EtOH mixtures Table 1 " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866826/table_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/18582450/table-2-values-average-standard-deviation-contact-angle-ca"><img alt="4 Values: average + standard deviation. Contact angle (CA) of released Balafilcon A contact lenses, impregnated by SSI using EtOH and H20 as cosolvents at different concentrations. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866826/table_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/18582462/table-3-glass-transition-temperature-of-balafilcon-contact"><img alt="Glass-transition temperature of Balafilcon A contact lenses after impregnation with timolol maleate (using EtOH and H20 as cosolvents) and after drug release experiments. 4 Values: average + standard deviation. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866826/table_003.jpg" /></a></figure></div><div class="next-slide-container js-next-button-container"><button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-4430150-figures-next"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_forward_ios</span></button></div></div></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="4c41b72b937b865628e269e4615d3847" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":49866826,"asset_id":4430150,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49866826/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="4430150"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="4430150"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4430150; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4430150]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4430150]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4430150; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='4430150']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "4c41b72b937b865628e269e4615d3847" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=4430150]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":4430150,"title":"Anti-glaucoma drug-loaded contact lenses prepared using supercritical solvent impregnation","translated_title":"","metadata":{"ai_title_tag":"Drug-Loaded Contact Lenses via Supercritical Impregnation","grobid_abstract":"Post-processing drug impregnation of commercially available polymer-based devices is a recent and attractive approach for the development of multifunctional biomedical devices and implants, drug release systems and tissue scaffolds. Therapeutic ophthalmic articles, such as drug-loaded contact lenses, are already known to improve ocular bioavailability in the treatment of several eye diseases, namely glaucoma, as well as to minimize undesired systemic side-effects. In this work, commercial silicone-based hydrogel contact lenses (Balafilcon A) were impregnated with two anti-glaucoma drugs (acetazolamide and timolol maleate) using a discontinuous supercritical solvent impregnation (SSI) methodology. Pressure and temperature, as well as impregnation time and depressurization rate, were kept constant (17 MPa, 40 • C, 90 min, 0.06 MPa/min, respectively) in order to evaluate the effects of nature and concentration of cosolvents (ethanol and water at 5, 10 and 15% molar) on the impregnation efficiencies and the properties of the contact lenses. Glass-transition temperature (DSC), oxygen permeability, contact angle, apparent morphological changes (SEM) and in vitro drug release kinetics were studied in detail. Results demonstrated the feasibility of preparing acetazolamide and timolol maleate impregnated therapeutic Balafilcon A contact lenses using CO 2 + EtOH and CO 2 + H 2 O solvent mixtures. Valuable information about how the nature and the composition of the employed solvent mixtures influence drug loading, drug release profiles and contact lenses physical and thermomechanical properties was obtained.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2010,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Journal of Supercritical Fluids","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":49866826},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/4430150/Anti_glaucoma_drug_loaded_contact_lenses_prepared_using_supercritical_solvent_impregnation","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2013-09-07T07:50:26.063-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5442949,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":49866826,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/49866826/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"j.supflu.2010.02.00720161025-9061-10krl77.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49866826/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Anti_glaucoma_drug_loaded_contact_lenses.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/49866826/j.supflu.2010.02.00720161025-9061-10krl77-libre.pdf?1477434324=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DAnti_glaucoma_drug_loaded_contact_lenses.pdf\u0026Expires=1743734142\u0026Signature=eh66~tKX2H3N~QBZ-rSbfgMt9AbaJFAbFYAl-zXPOAX7zK4x53f17bvRC9VLexW1W06Rx0ub2Iu6orwFYKoNR3x8ko~9FZbpZ2fDXyPRs4npw~xmlKXz~a~dT~AavFW0S~XK-V8Et4VRR7MTCppkNm-DBYEeD-tI~Dy0ydBlmSyMMfYifFGuhXHWdagaOcgADemgkjRK9e6oMPelvZ4YgbP~3V8ccMFatiuVopMDFeY1aWOYmda9QxC36j8f2pjLZIks2mXA8bT2OUyEOIQvrR1QHemTMhHQWmfF9kTGwO7a~jDJbgrYQhmFwN2WO3SXNb7-ho5TZYdhoNZlzJfaVg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Anti_glaucoma_drug_loaded_contact_lenses_prepared_using_supercritical_solvent_impregnation","translated_slug":"","page_count":9,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Post-processing drug impregnation of commercially available polymer-based devices is a recent and attractive approach for the development of multifunctional biomedical devices and implants, drug release systems and tissue scaffolds. Therapeutic ophthalmic articles, such as drug-loaded contact lenses, are already known to improve ocular bioavailability in the treatment of several eye diseases, namely glaucoma, as well as to minimize undesired systemic side-effects. In this work, commercial silicone-based hydrogel contact lenses (Balafilcon A) were impregnated with two anti-glaucoma drugs (acetazolamide and timolol maleate) using a discontinuous supercritical solvent impregnation (SSI) methodology. Pressure and temperature, as well as impregnation time and depressurization rate, were kept constant (17 MPa, 40 • C, 90 min, 0.06 MPa/min, respectively) in order to evaluate the effects of nature and concentration of cosolvents (ethanol and water at 5, 10 and 15% molar) on the impregnation efficiencies and the properties of the contact lenses. Glass-transition temperature (DSC), oxygen permeability, contact angle, apparent morphological changes (SEM) and in vitro drug release kinetics were studied in detail. Results demonstrated the feasibility of preparing acetazolamide and timolol maleate impregnated therapeutic Balafilcon A contact lenses using CO 2 + EtOH and CO 2 + H 2 O solvent mixtures. Valuable information about how the nature and the composition of the employed solvent mixtures influence drug loading, drug release profiles and contact lenses physical and thermomechanical properties was obtained.","owner":{"id":5442949,"first_name":"Mara","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Braga","page_name":"MaraBraga","domain_name":"uc-pt","created_at":"2013-09-07T07:47:58.323-07:00","display_name":"Mara Braga","url":"https://uc-pt.academia.edu/MaraBraga"},"attachments":[{"id":49866826,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/49866826/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"j.supflu.2010.02.00720161025-9061-10krl77.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49866826/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Anti_glaucoma_drug_loaded_contact_lenses.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/49866826/j.supflu.2010.02.00720161025-9061-10krl77-libre.pdf?1477434324=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DAnti_glaucoma_drug_loaded_contact_lenses.pdf\u0026Expires=1743734142\u0026Signature=eh66~tKX2H3N~QBZ-rSbfgMt9AbaJFAbFYAl-zXPOAX7zK4x53f17bvRC9VLexW1W06Rx0ub2Iu6orwFYKoNR3x8ko~9FZbpZ2fDXyPRs4npw~xmlKXz~a~dT~AavFW0S~XK-V8Et4VRR7MTCppkNm-DBYEeD-tI~Dy0ydBlmSyMMfYifFGuhXHWdagaOcgADemgkjRK9e6oMPelvZ4YgbP~3V8ccMFatiuVopMDFeY1aWOYmda9QxC36j8f2pjLZIks2mXA8bT2OUyEOIQvrR1QHemTMhHQWmfF9kTGwO7a~jDJbgrYQhmFwN2WO3SXNb7-ho5TZYdhoNZlzJfaVg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering"},{"id":4987,"name":"Kinetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kinetics"},{"id":9359,"name":"Supercritical fluids","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Supercritical_fluids"},{"id":51809,"name":"Contact Lenses","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contact_Lenses"},{"id":58054,"name":"Environmental Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Sciences"},{"id":135773,"name":"Eye Disease","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Eye_Disease"},{"id":161126,"name":"Contact angle","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contact_angle"},{"id":161176,"name":"The","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The"},{"id":260118,"name":"CHEMICAL SCIENCES","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES"},{"id":335228,"name":"Glass Transition Temperature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Glass_Transition_Temperature"},{"id":698785,"name":"Side Effect","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Side_Effect"},{"id":1139957,"name":"Drug Release","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Drug_Release"}],"urls":[{"id":1559862,"url":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S089684461000077X"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (true) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-4430150-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="4430149"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/4430149/Processing_cherries_Prunus_avium_using_supercritical_fluid_technology_Part_1_Recovery_of_extract_fractions_rich_in_bioactive_compounds"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Processing cherries ( Prunus avium) using supercritical fluid technology. Part 1: Recovery of extract fractions rich in bioactive compounds" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/49866827/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/4430149/Processing_cherries_Prunus_avium_using_supercritical_fluid_technology_Part_1_Recovery_of_extract_fractions_rich_in_bioactive_compounds">Processing cherries ( Prunus avium) using supercritical fluid technology. Part 1: Recovery of extract fractions rich in bioactive compounds</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Supercritical Fluids</span><span>, 2010</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">In the last years, there has been a growing interest in the recovery of bioactive compounds from ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">In the last years, there has been a growing interest in the recovery of bioactive compounds from natural sources for the development of novel functional foods.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="b6bd7e2383862b9f797d05d73e5a31a1" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":49866827,"asset_id":4430149,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49866827/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="4430149"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="4430149"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4430149; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4430149]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4430149]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4430149; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='4430149']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "b6bd7e2383862b9f797d05d73e5a31a1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=4430149]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":4430149,"title":"Processing cherries ( Prunus avium) using supercritical fluid technology. 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Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-4430149-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="4430148"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/4430148/Functional_Properties_of_Spice_Extracts_Obtained_via_Supercritical_Fluid_Extraction"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Functional Properties of Spice Extracts Obtained via Supercritical Fluid Extraction" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/49866834/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/4430148/Functional_Properties_of_Spice_Extracts_Obtained_via_Supercritical_Fluid_Extraction">Functional Properties of Spice Extracts Obtained via Supercritical Fluid Extraction</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry</span><span>, 2003</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">In the present study the antioxidant, anticancer, and antimycobacterial activities of extracts fr...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">In the present study the antioxidant, anticancer, and antimycobacterial activities of extracts from ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.), and turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) were evaluated. The extracts were obtained using supercritical CO 2 with and without ethanol and/or isopropyl alcohol as cosolvent. The extracts' antioxidant power was assessed using the reaction between -carotene and linolenic acid, the antimycobacterial activity against M. tuberculosis was measured by the MABA test, and their anticancer action was tested against nine human cancer ancestries: lung, breast, breast resistant, melanoma, colon, prostate, leukemia, and kidney. The rosemary extracts exhibited the strongest antioxidant and the lowest antimycobacterial activities. Turmeric extracts showed the greatest antimycobacterial activity. Ginger and turmeric extracts showed selective anticancer activities. . P.F.L. (00/08006-8) and M.E.M.B. (99/11798-4) thank FAPESP for the undergraduate and MS assistantships, respectively. We are grateful to FAPESP (1999/ 01962-1) for financial support.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="91309c04f8ab63e3210251d4abac71c2" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":49866834,"asset_id":4430148,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49866834/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="4430148"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="4430148"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4430148; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4430148]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4430148]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4430148; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='4430148']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "91309c04f8ab63e3210251d4abac71c2" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=4430148]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":4430148,"title":"Functional Properties of Spice Extracts Obtained via Supercritical Fluid Extraction","translated_title":"","metadata":{"grobid_abstract":"In the present study the antioxidant, anticancer, and antimycobacterial activities of extracts from ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.), and turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) were evaluated. 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We are grateful to FAPESP (1999/ 01962-1) for financial support.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2003,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":49866834},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/4430148/Functional_Properties_of_Spice_Extracts_Obtained_via_Supercritical_Fluid_Extraction","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2013-09-07T07:50:25.175-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5442949,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":49866834,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/49866834/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Functional_Properties_of_Spice_Extracts_20161025-9054-1nv41q4.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49866834/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Functional_Properties_of_Spice_Extracts.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/49866834/Functional_Properties_of_Spice_Extracts_20161025-9054-1nv41q4-libre.pdf?1477434324=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DFunctional_Properties_of_Spice_Extracts.pdf\u0026Expires=1743734142\u0026Signature=Npt9Tn8OnRcM~5T-di5iUXM-XgNIsXjiVSk~R4S3w8GBu5UNyi1-BlIJ8Z63XlIJ8ypUw736b~qH6MKwydVtug2hG3RutvTcIByk-kyFKhJxapBO9OXLVolrE2GbR-PBe1KlntZ22KOgmU2E0B~DQOXZu04AY2GP5fRctih42JApJ-5oA~-rSoUxsRkg3KPmtoOYeBvtJMzYuRAUhb5Y2yWdHQ5y1q5cDwH06q0QM1txAkYMlsiyiq0Mhsq0NAEJXunaeB6eBZy3HZyUWKFwlXl2YWPVRe7SWtZq1GEjb2fCj5bvL6u7nV7hhDaqHI2ilA8oizMcp-bCrC-Srq8NSw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Functional_Properties_of_Spice_Extracts_Obtained_via_Supercritical_Fluid_Extraction","translated_slug":"","page_count":6,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"In the present study the antioxidant, anticancer, and antimycobacterial activities of extracts from ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.), and turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) were evaluated. The extracts were obtained using supercritical CO 2 with and without ethanol and/or isopropyl alcohol as cosolvent. The extracts' antioxidant power was assessed using the reaction between -carotene and linolenic acid, the antimycobacterial activity against M. tuberculosis was measured by the MABA test, and their anticancer action was tested against nine human cancer ancestries: lung, breast, breast resistant, melanoma, colon, prostate, leukemia, and kidney. The rosemary extracts exhibited the strongest antioxidant and the lowest antimycobacterial activities. Turmeric extracts showed the greatest antimycobacterial activity. Ginger and turmeric extracts showed selective anticancer activities. . P.F.L. (00/08006-8) and M.E.M.B. (99/11798-4) thank FAPESP for the undergraduate and MS assistantships, respectively. We are grateful to FAPESP (1999/ 01962-1) for financial support.","owner":{"id":5442949,"first_name":"Mara","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Braga","page_name":"MaraBraga","domain_name":"uc-pt","created_at":"2013-09-07T07:47:58.323-07:00","display_name":"Mara Braga","url":"https://uc-pt.academia.edu/MaraBraga"},"attachments":[{"id":49866834,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/49866834/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Functional_Properties_of_Spice_Extracts_20161025-9054-1nv41q4.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49866834/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Functional_Properties_of_Spice_Extracts.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/49866834/Functional_Properties_of_Spice_Extracts_20161025-9054-1nv41q4-libre.pdf?1477434324=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DFunctional_Properties_of_Spice_Extracts.pdf\u0026Expires=1743734142\u0026Signature=Npt9Tn8OnRcM~5T-di5iUXM-XgNIsXjiVSk~R4S3w8GBu5UNyi1-BlIJ8Z63XlIJ8ypUw736b~qH6MKwydVtug2hG3RutvTcIByk-kyFKhJxapBO9OXLVolrE2GbR-PBe1KlntZ22KOgmU2E0B~DQOXZu04AY2GP5fRctih42JApJ-5oA~-rSoUxsRkg3KPmtoOYeBvtJMzYuRAUhb5Y2yWdHQ5y1q5cDwH06q0QM1txAkYMlsiyiq0Mhsq0NAEJXunaeB6eBZy3HZyUWKFwlXl2YWPVRe7SWtZq1GEjb2fCj5bvL6u7nV7hhDaqHI2ilA8oizMcp-bCrC-Srq8NSw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering"},{"id":4594,"name":"Carbon Dioxide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Carbon_Dioxide"},{"id":14080,"name":"Pharmacognosy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacognosy"},{"id":51711,"name":"Antioxidants","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Antioxidants"},{"id":52052,"name":"Extracts","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Extracts"},{"id":59370,"name":"In Vitro","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/In_Vitro"},{"id":83836,"name":"Mycobacterium","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mycobacterium"},{"id":231318,"name":"Agricultural","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Agricultural"},{"id":260118,"name":"CHEMICAL SCIENCES","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES"},{"id":335984,"name":"Anti-Bacterial Agents","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anti-Bacterial_Agents"},{"id":354056,"name":"Plant extracts","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_extracts"},{"id":510153,"name":"Supercritical Fluid Extraction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Supercritical_Fluid_Extraction"},{"id":529560,"name":"Gas Chromatography/mass Spectrometry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gas_Chromatography_mass_Spectrometry"},{"id":544320,"name":"Rosmarinus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rosmarinus"},{"id":596974,"name":"Agricultural and Food Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Agricultural_and_Food_Chemistry"},{"id":598971,"name":"Ginger","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ginger"},{"id":731133,"name":"Curcuma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Curcuma"},{"id":783432,"name":"Biological activity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_activity"},{"id":2045377,"name":"Functional Properties","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_Properties"}],"urls":[{"id":1559860,"url":"http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jf0260693"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-4430148-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="4430147"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/4430147/Spilanthol_from_Spilanthes_acmella_flowers_leaves_and_stems_obtained_by_selective_supercritical_carbon_dioxide_extraction"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Spilanthol from Spilanthes acmella flowers, leaves and stems obtained by selective supercritical carbon dioxide extraction" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/49866830/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/4430147/Spilanthol_from_Spilanthes_acmella_flowers_leaves_and_stems_obtained_by_selective_supercritical_carbon_dioxide_extraction">Spilanthol from Spilanthes acmella flowers, leaves and stems obtained by selective supercritical carbon dioxide extraction</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Supercritical Fluids</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Spilanthes acmella var oleracea, commonly known as jambú, is a natural source of secondary metabo...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Spilanthes acmella var oleracea, commonly known as jambú, is a natural source of secondary metabolites such as alkylamides which are responsible for the anti-inflammatory, antiseptic and anesthetic bioactivities of the plant. The purpose of this work was to characterize the extracts obtained from jambú flowers, leaves and stems by a fractionated extraction procedure that included a supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) step, using supercritical carbon dioxide as solvent, followed by an enhanced solvent extraction (ESE) step using pressurized CO 2 with ethanol, water and their mixtures as solvent enhancers. Results show that the flowers are richer in spilanthol, which justifies the highest antioxidant/total phenolic ratio as well as the highest anti-inflammatory activity. SFE proved to be particularly selective for spilanthol, mainly in the case of the flowers, yielding solvent free extracts with a yellow color, adequate to be used without further time consuming and solvent dependent purification processes.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="69fddd4d8a1d56628fe2bf1c99b4fecf" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":49866830,"asset_id":4430147,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49866830/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="4430147"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="4430147"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4430147; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4430147]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4430147]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4430147; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='4430147']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "69fddd4d8a1d56628fe2bf1c99b4fecf" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=4430147]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":4430147,"title":"Spilanthol from Spilanthes acmella flowers, leaves and stems obtained by selective supercritical carbon dioxide extraction","translated_title":"","metadata":{"ai_title_tag":"Selective SFE of Spilanthes acmella Compounds","grobid_abstract":"Spilanthes acmella var oleracea, commonly known as jambú, is a natural source of secondary metabolites such as alkylamides which are responsible for the anti-inflammatory, antiseptic and anesthetic bioactivities of the plant. The purpose of this work was to characterize the extracts obtained from jambú flowers, leaves and stems by a fractionated extraction procedure that included a supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) step, using supercritical carbon dioxide as solvent, followed by an enhanced solvent extraction (ESE) step using pressurized CO 2 with ethanol, water and their mixtures as solvent enhancers. Results show that the flowers are richer in spilanthol, which justifies the highest antioxidant/total phenolic ratio as well as the highest anti-inflammatory activity. SFE proved to be particularly selective for spilanthol, mainly in the case of the flowers, yielding solvent free extracts with a yellow color, adequate to be used without further time consuming and solvent dependent purification processes.","publication_name":"Journal of Supercritical Fluids","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":49866830},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/4430147/Spilanthol_from_Spilanthes_acmella_flowers_leaves_and_stems_obtained_by_selective_supercritical_carbon_dioxide_extraction","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2013-09-07T07:50:24.821-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5442949,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":49866830,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/49866830/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Spilanthol_from_Spilanthes_acmella_flowe20161025-2385-1185rmc.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49866830/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Spilanthol_from_Spilanthes_acmella_flowe.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/49866830/Spilanthol_from_Spilanthes_acmella_flowe20161025-2385-1185rmc-libre.pdf?1477434329=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DSpilanthol_from_Spilanthes_acmella_flowe.pdf\u0026Expires=1743734142\u0026Signature=bXqFz053~tZBHq8Hkrsafd0w4wXpBc2GopmO8bF6YRILGPI-6ik6ltn0i6dd5vOOsODsYKqXQ05W6ZGIcT8R4DwFiw7QrgG9NZMAuvNz5xzSNlQ5nHOflwdVEvT2j2KxlcdjdXFCGzmIWOPxPh2LpJsjnY3OM5Oe6udIdBaE-W2Ch~604y95fLhYv7H11d9S1kK-7WjJT9ntqcl705Vt2GRe3OeKSgde30atmXAHCkA4sDREohH9DJBAidlNoL115UCRACRCyWfG3qmJjU4FWUYjWCLhqR3wW~f7nqRu7WOjXpsLJDmaFCF2y7brzSxTQFv~gq~eeIIa3Z6FhrTZiQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Spilanthol_from_Spilanthes_acmella_flowers_leaves_and_stems_obtained_by_selective_supercritical_carbon_dioxide_extraction","translated_slug":"","page_count":9,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Spilanthes acmella var oleracea, commonly known as jambú, is a natural source of secondary metabolites such as alkylamides which are responsible for the anti-inflammatory, antiseptic and anesthetic bioactivities of the plant. The purpose of this work was to characterize the extracts obtained from jambú flowers, leaves and stems by a fractionated extraction procedure that included a supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) step, using supercritical carbon dioxide as solvent, followed by an enhanced solvent extraction (ESE) step using pressurized CO 2 with ethanol, water and their mixtures as solvent enhancers. Results show that the flowers are richer in spilanthol, which justifies the highest antioxidant/total phenolic ratio as well as the highest anti-inflammatory activity. SFE proved to be particularly selective for spilanthol, mainly in the case of the flowers, yielding solvent free extracts with a yellow color, adequate to be used without further time consuming and solvent dependent purification processes.","owner":{"id":5442949,"first_name":"Mara","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Braga","page_name":"MaraBraga","domain_name":"uc-pt","created_at":"2013-09-07T07:47:58.323-07:00","display_name":"Mara Braga","url":"https://uc-pt.academia.edu/MaraBraga"},"attachments":[{"id":49866830,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/49866830/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Spilanthol_from_Spilanthes_acmella_flowe20161025-2385-1185rmc.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49866830/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Spilanthol_from_Spilanthes_acmella_flowe.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/49866830/Spilanthol_from_Spilanthes_acmella_flowe20161025-2385-1185rmc-libre.pdf?1477434329=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DSpilanthol_from_Spilanthes_acmella_flowe.pdf\u0026Expires=1743734142\u0026Signature=bXqFz053~tZBHq8Hkrsafd0w4wXpBc2GopmO8bF6YRILGPI-6ik6ltn0i6dd5vOOsODsYKqXQ05W6ZGIcT8R4DwFiw7QrgG9NZMAuvNz5xzSNlQ5nHOflwdVEvT2j2KxlcdjdXFCGzmIWOPxPh2LpJsjnY3OM5Oe6udIdBaE-W2Ch~604y95fLhYv7H11d9S1kK-7WjJT9ntqcl705Vt2GRe3OeKSgde30atmXAHCkA4sDREohH9DJBAidlNoL115UCRACRCyWfG3qmJjU4FWUYjWCLhqR3wW~f7nqRu7WOjXpsLJDmaFCF2y7brzSxTQFv~gq~eeIIa3Z6FhrTZiQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering"},{"id":9359,"name":"Supercritical fluids","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Supercritical_fluids"},{"id":58054,"name":"Environmental Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Sciences"},{"id":80451,"name":"Solvent Extraction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Solvent_Extraction"},{"id":215544,"name":"Secondary Metabolites","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Secondary_Metabolites"},{"id":260118,"name":"CHEMICAL SCIENCES","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES"},{"id":318936,"name":"Supercritical carbon dioxide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Supercritical_carbon_dioxide"},{"id":510153,"name":"Supercritical Fluid Extraction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Supercritical_Fluid_Extraction"},{"id":707585,"name":"Anti Inflammatory Activity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anti_Inflammatory_Activity"},{"id":783432,"name":"Biological activity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_activity"},{"id":1126694,"name":"Total Phenolics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Total_Phenolics"}],"urls":[{"id":1559859,"url":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896844611004219"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-4430147-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="4430146"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/4430146/Supercritical_solvent_impregnation_of_ophthalmic_drugs_on_chitosan_derivatives"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Supercritical solvent impregnation of ophthalmic drugs on chitosan derivatives" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/49866852/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/4430146/Supercritical_solvent_impregnation_of_ophthalmic_drugs_on_chitosan_derivatives">Supercritical solvent impregnation of ophthalmic drugs on chitosan derivatives</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Supercritical Fluids</span><span>, 2008</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">In this work, three chitosan derivatives (N-carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC), N-carboxybutyl chitosan...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">In this work, three chitosan derivatives (N-carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC), N-carboxybutyl chitosan (CBC) and N-succinyl chitosan (SCC)) were impregnated with flurbiprofen (an anti-inflammatory drug) and timolol maleate (an anti-glaucoma drug), using a supercritical solvent impregnation (SSI) technique (and employing high pressure CO 2 and CO 2 + EtOH mixtures) in order to develop hydrogel-type ophthalmic drug delivery applications. Impregnation experiments were carried out from 9.0 up to 14.0 MPa, and at 303.0, 313.0 and 323.0 K. The resulting polymeric drug delivery systems, as well as other polymeric samples processed in CO 2 , were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Drug release kinetics studies were performed for all prepared systems. The effects of impregnation pressure and temperature on the release kinetics results were studied and compared to the traditional soaking impregnation method. For the same operational conditions, results confirmed that the three different (chemically and physically) polymeric structures conditioned the impregnation and the drug release processes. Despite the final released drug mass is always the result of the employed operational impregnation conditions and of the very complex relative specific interactions that may occur between all species present in the system (drugs, polymers, CO 2 and ethanol), results showed that, for N-carboxymethyl chitosan, the predominant effects in the impregnation process seemed to be the solubility of drugs in CO 2 and in CO 2 + EtOH mixtures, as well as the swelling and plasticizing effect of CO 2 and ethanol on the polymer. Finally, the SSI method proved to be a more efficient and "tunable" impregnation process than the traditional impregnation of drugs by a soaking method. Therefore, and using this "tunable" SSI method, these N-chitosan derivatives-based ophthalmic drug delivery systems can be easily and efficiently prepared taking in consideration the desired drug levels according to patients needs.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="c4d4e171b8fbb8a27d311963a74f34a7" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":49866852,"asset_id":4430146,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49866852/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="4430146"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="4430146"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4430146; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4430146]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4430146]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4430146; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='4430146']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "c4d4e171b8fbb8a27d311963a74f34a7" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=4430146]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":4430146,"title":"Supercritical solvent impregnation of ophthalmic drugs on chitosan derivatives","translated_title":"","metadata":{"grobid_abstract":"In this work, three chitosan derivatives (N-carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC), N-carboxybutyl chitosan (CBC) and N-succinyl chitosan (SCC)) were impregnated with flurbiprofen (an anti-inflammatory drug) and timolol maleate (an anti-glaucoma drug), using a supercritical solvent impregnation (SSI) technique (and employing high pressure CO 2 and CO 2 + EtOH mixtures) in order to develop hydrogel-type ophthalmic drug delivery applications. Impregnation experiments were carried out from 9.0 up to 14.0 MPa, and at 303.0, 313.0 and 323.0 K. The resulting polymeric drug delivery systems, as well as other polymeric samples processed in CO 2 , were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Drug release kinetics studies were performed for all prepared systems. The effects of impregnation pressure and temperature on the release kinetics results were studied and compared to the traditional soaking impregnation method. For the same operational conditions, results confirmed that the three different (chemically and physically) polymeric structures conditioned the impregnation and the drug release processes. Despite the final released drug mass is always the result of the employed operational impregnation conditions and of the very complex relative specific interactions that may occur between all species present in the system (drugs, polymers, CO 2 and ethanol), results showed that, for N-carboxymethyl chitosan, the predominant effects in the impregnation process seemed to be the solubility of drugs in CO 2 and in CO 2 + EtOH mixtures, as well as the swelling and plasticizing effect of CO 2 and ethanol on the polymer. Finally, the SSI method proved to be a more efficient and \"tunable\" impregnation process than the traditional impregnation of drugs by a soaking method. Therefore, and using this \"tunable\" SSI method, these N-chitosan derivatives-based ophthalmic drug delivery systems can be easily and efficiently prepared taking in consideration the desired drug levels according to patients needs.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2008,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Journal of Supercritical Fluids","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":49866852},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/4430146/Supercritical_solvent_impregnation_of_ophthalmic_drugs_on_chitosan_derivatives","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2013-09-07T07:50:24.548-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5442949,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":49866852,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/49866852/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Supercritical_solvent_impregnation_of_op20161025-2382-zwrms6.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49866852/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Supercritical_solvent_impregnation_of_op.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/49866852/Supercritical_solvent_impregnation_of_op20161025-2382-zwrms6-libre.pdf?1477434321=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DSupercritical_solvent_impregnation_of_op.pdf\u0026Expires=1743734142\u0026Signature=VEOL~589EpAcEFmSALIFnLHzE5TQFIxWCkUDbLWTpDRTPXl-s4PdRQ6K~xmj82~g5OYXJLUWH~d7Epj7VzNtzuWEPLKadvQqKnjWWbMgoF1tflwjotVBlgtW8JPLiQy~d-cPl64T2Pc6paICQQx81tgIbDpEirDM36WJ-LdyU2hu-XMK2w-L5i3NJh8ycGrAZJ-Dv~P35E8LXMLIf1iTHkvsr87geYbQJSAm-odhK~ns2atMkqyW8NKklvfmbEurH76VLN06iqPe6kTc2nvsN0QRA1NMAk3pgafYa84GqNeSy4Z1r31JcmBlSI1YDjjEUlUamyExvXIiyB-Bi4H9AQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Supercritical_solvent_impregnation_of_ophthalmic_drugs_on_chitosan_derivatives","translated_slug":"","page_count":13,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"In this work, three chitosan derivatives (N-carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC), N-carboxybutyl chitosan (CBC) and N-succinyl chitosan (SCC)) were impregnated with flurbiprofen (an anti-inflammatory drug) and timolol maleate (an anti-glaucoma drug), using a supercritical solvent impregnation (SSI) technique (and employing high pressure CO 2 and CO 2 + EtOH mixtures) in order to develop hydrogel-type ophthalmic drug delivery applications. Impregnation experiments were carried out from 9.0 up to 14.0 MPa, and at 303.0, 313.0 and 323.0 K. The resulting polymeric drug delivery systems, as well as other polymeric samples processed in CO 2 , were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Drug release kinetics studies were performed for all prepared systems. The effects of impregnation pressure and temperature on the release kinetics results were studied and compared to the traditional soaking impregnation method. For the same operational conditions, results confirmed that the three different (chemically and physically) polymeric structures conditioned the impregnation and the drug release processes. Despite the final released drug mass is always the result of the employed operational impregnation conditions and of the very complex relative specific interactions that may occur between all species present in the system (drugs, polymers, CO 2 and ethanol), results showed that, for N-carboxymethyl chitosan, the predominant effects in the impregnation process seemed to be the solubility of drugs in CO 2 and in CO 2 + EtOH mixtures, as well as the swelling and plasticizing effect of CO 2 and ethanol on the polymer. Finally, the SSI method proved to be a more efficient and \"tunable\" impregnation process than the traditional impregnation of drugs by a soaking method. Therefore, and using this \"tunable\" SSI method, these N-chitosan derivatives-based ophthalmic drug delivery systems can be easily and efficiently prepared taking in consideration the desired drug levels according to patients needs.","owner":{"id":5442949,"first_name":"Mara","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Braga","page_name":"MaraBraga","domain_name":"uc-pt","created_at":"2013-09-07T07:47:58.323-07:00","display_name":"Mara Braga","url":"https://uc-pt.academia.edu/MaraBraga"},"attachments":[{"id":49866852,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/49866852/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Supercritical_solvent_impregnation_of_op20161025-2382-zwrms6.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49866852/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Supercritical_solvent_impregnation_of_op.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/49866852/Supercritical_solvent_impregnation_of_op20161025-2382-zwrms6-libre.pdf?1477434321=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DSupercritical_solvent_impregnation_of_op.pdf\u0026Expires=1743734142\u0026Signature=VEOL~589EpAcEFmSALIFnLHzE5TQFIxWCkUDbLWTpDRTPXl-s4PdRQ6K~xmj82~g5OYXJLUWH~d7Epj7VzNtzuWEPLKadvQqKnjWWbMgoF1tflwjotVBlgtW8JPLiQy~d-cPl64T2Pc6paICQQx81tgIbDpEirDM36WJ-LdyU2hu-XMK2w-L5i3NJh8ycGrAZJ-Dv~P35E8LXMLIf1iTHkvsr87geYbQJSAm-odhK~ns2atMkqyW8NKklvfmbEurH76VLN06iqPe6kTc2nvsN0QRA1NMAk3pgafYa84GqNeSy4Z1r31JcmBlSI1YDjjEUlUamyExvXIiyB-Bi4H9AQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering"},{"id":4107,"name":"High Pressure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/High_Pressure"},{"id":4987,"name":"Kinetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kinetics"},{"id":7871,"name":"FTIR spectroscopy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/FTIR_spectroscopy"},{"id":9359,"name":"Supercritical fluids","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Supercritical_fluids"},{"id":10655,"name":"Scanning Electron Microscopy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Scanning_Electron_Microscopy"},{"id":11257,"name":"Drug delivery","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Drug_delivery"},{"id":20799,"name":"Drug Delivery System","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Drug_Delivery_System"},{"id":47665,"name":"Drug Use","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Drug_Use"},{"id":58054,"name":"Environmental Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Sciences"},{"id":161176,"name":"The","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The"},{"id":260118,"name":"CHEMICAL SCIENCES","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES"},{"id":477865,"name":"Operant Conditioning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Operant_Conditioning"},{"id":1139957,"name":"Drug Release","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Drug_Release"}],"urls":[{"id":1559858,"url":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896844607004238"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-4430146-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="4430145"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/4430145/Supercritical_fluid_assisted_preparation_of_imprinted_contact_lenses_for_drug_delivery"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Supercritical fluid-assisted preparation of imprinted contact lenses for drug delivery" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/49866840/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/4430145/Supercritical_fluid_assisted_preparation_of_imprinted_contact_lenses_for_drug_delivery">Supercritical fluid-assisted preparation of imprinted contact lenses for drug delivery</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Acta Biomaterialia</span><span>, 2011</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The aim of this work was to develop an innovative supercritical fluid (SCF)-assisted molecular im...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The aim of this work was to develop an innovative supercritical fluid (SCF)-assisted molecular imprinting method to endow commercial soft contact lenses (SCLs) with the ability to load specific drugs and to control their release. This approach seeks to overcome the limitation of the common loading of preformed SCLs by immersion in concentrated drug solutions (only valid for highly water soluble drugs) and of the molecular imprinting methods that require choice of the drug before polymerization and thus to create drug-tailored networks. In particular, we focused on improving the flurbiprofen load/release capacity of daily wear Hilafilcon B commercial SCLs by the use of sequential SCF flurbiprofen impregnation and extraction steps. Supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO 2 ) impregnation assays were performed at 12.0 MPa and 40°C, while scCO 2 extractions were performed at 20.0 MPa and 40°C. Conventional flurbiprofen sorption and drug removal experiments in aqueous solutions were carried out for comparison purposes. SCF-processed SCLs showed a recognition ability and a higher affinity for flurbiprofen in aqueous solution than for the structurally related ibuprofen and dexamethasone, which suggests the creation of molecularly imprinted cavities driven by both physical (swelling/plasticization) and chemical (carbonyl groups in the network with the C-F group in the drug) interactions. Processing with scCO 2 did not alter some of the critical functional properties of SCLs (glass transition temperature, transmittance, oxygen permeability, contact angle), enabled the control of drug loaded/released amounts (by the application of several consecutive processing cycles) and permitted the preparation of hydrophobic drug-based therapeutic SCLs in much shorter process times than those using conventional aqueous-based molecular imprinting methods.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="ebfce4bee1e5ac94dde1165fc0e76818" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":49866840,"asset_id":4430145,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49866840/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="4430145"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="4430145"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4430145; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4430145]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4430145]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4430145; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='4430145']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "ebfce4bee1e5ac94dde1165fc0e76818" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=4430145]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":4430145,"title":"Supercritical fluid-assisted preparation of imprinted contact lenses for drug delivery","translated_title":"","metadata":{"grobid_abstract":"The aim of this work was to develop an innovative supercritical fluid (SCF)-assisted molecular imprinting method to endow commercial soft contact lenses (SCLs) with the ability to load specific drugs and to control their release. This approach seeks to overcome the limitation of the common loading of preformed SCLs by immersion in concentrated drug solutions (only valid for highly water soluble drugs) and of the molecular imprinting methods that require choice of the drug before polymerization and thus to create drug-tailored networks. In particular, we focused on improving the flurbiprofen load/release capacity of daily wear Hilafilcon B commercial SCLs by the use of sequential SCF flurbiprofen impregnation and extraction steps. Supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO 2 ) impregnation assays were performed at 12.0 MPa and 40°C, while scCO 2 extractions were performed at 20.0 MPa and 40°C. Conventional flurbiprofen sorption and drug removal experiments in aqueous solutions were carried out for comparison purposes. SCF-processed SCLs showed a recognition ability and a higher affinity for flurbiprofen in aqueous solution than for the structurally related ibuprofen and dexamethasone, which suggests the creation of molecularly imprinted cavities driven by both physical (swelling/plasticization) and chemical (carbonyl groups in the network with the C-F group in the drug) interactions. Processing with scCO 2 did not alter some of the critical functional properties of SCLs (glass transition temperature, transmittance, oxygen permeability, contact angle), enabled the control of drug loaded/released amounts (by the application of several consecutive processing cycles) and permitted the preparation of hydrophobic drug-based therapeutic SCLs in much shorter process times than those using conventional aqueous-based molecular imprinting methods.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2011,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Acta Biomaterialia","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":49866840},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/4430145/Supercritical_fluid_assisted_preparation_of_imprinted_contact_lenses_for_drug_delivery","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2013-09-07T07:50:24.270-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5442949,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":49866840,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/49866840/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Supercritical_fluid-assisted_preparation20161025-2385-154sqtv.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49866840/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Supercritical_fluid_assisted_preparation.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/49866840/Supercritical_fluid-assisted_preparation20161025-2385-154sqtv-libre.pdf?1477434325=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DSupercritical_fluid_assisted_preparation.pdf\u0026Expires=1743734142\u0026Signature=ZIGIztM2hd4Um6XRVlDRt1XUjkXwo0YuSjqOHkQBVIKbDT-MiV5G2-l~AT02SVEKydQhxk0pGaZ~KgBkVgYZHRFpl9OQDn3gk3UAQ~OIE3VRJnDziSgpWYckL6ehsXq4kS78yDFk0jHpLksmvq1YJo0Ix32Mew2dO7T8ltfXU0rzUXUh8jWorYGWI8dFtQgjhF51o-bvhMAgDIApmJc2k3~tX65dL4PNRy0IOS~YKs2QeFTvxCWFS0oi4ULwbBBzzahI0qY2Fhjdb~qfqyYpH3nylUl5S8X-rO7r8K7HgvsY8DrnAZh4rEW58XqnebVzmsLRkbSmZMm2SiQYLq4LfQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Supercritical_fluid_assisted_preparation_of_imprinted_contact_lenses_for_drug_delivery","translated_slug":"","page_count":12,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"The aim of this work was to develop an innovative supercritical fluid (SCF)-assisted molecular imprinting method to endow commercial soft contact lenses (SCLs) with the ability to load specific drugs and to control their release. This approach seeks to overcome the limitation of the common loading of preformed SCLs by immersion in concentrated drug solutions (only valid for highly water soluble drugs) and of the molecular imprinting methods that require choice of the drug before polymerization and thus to create drug-tailored networks. In particular, we focused on improving the flurbiprofen load/release capacity of daily wear Hilafilcon B commercial SCLs by the use of sequential SCF flurbiprofen impregnation and extraction steps. Supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO 2 ) impregnation assays were performed at 12.0 MPa and 40°C, while scCO 2 extractions were performed at 20.0 MPa and 40°C. Conventional flurbiprofen sorption and drug removal experiments in aqueous solutions were carried out for comparison purposes. SCF-processed SCLs showed a recognition ability and a higher affinity for flurbiprofen in aqueous solution than for the structurally related ibuprofen and dexamethasone, which suggests the creation of molecularly imprinted cavities driven by both physical (swelling/plasticization) and chemical (carbonyl groups in the network with the C-F group in the drug) interactions. Processing with scCO 2 did not alter some of the critical functional properties of SCLs (glass transition temperature, transmittance, oxygen permeability, contact angle), enabled the control of drug loaded/released amounts (by the application of several consecutive processing cycles) and permitted the preparation of hydrophobic drug-based therapeutic SCLs in much shorter process times than those using conventional aqueous-based molecular imprinting methods.","owner":{"id":5442949,"first_name":"Mara","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Braga","page_name":"MaraBraga","domain_name":"uc-pt","created_at":"2013-09-07T07:47:58.323-07:00","display_name":"Mara Braga","url":"https://uc-pt.academia.edu/MaraBraga"},"attachments":[{"id":49866840,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/49866840/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Supercritical_fluid-assisted_preparation20161025-2385-154sqtv.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49866840/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Supercritical_fluid_assisted_preparation.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/49866840/Supercritical_fluid-assisted_preparation20161025-2385-154sqtv-libre.pdf?1477434325=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DSupercritical_fluid_assisted_preparation.pdf\u0026Expires=1743734142\u0026Signature=ZIGIztM2hd4Um6XRVlDRt1XUjkXwo0YuSjqOHkQBVIKbDT-MiV5G2-l~AT02SVEKydQhxk0pGaZ~KgBkVgYZHRFpl9OQDn3gk3UAQ~OIE3VRJnDziSgpWYckL6ehsXq4kS78yDFk0jHpLksmvq1YJo0Ix32Mew2dO7T8ltfXU0rzUXUh8jWorYGWI8dFtQgjhF51o-bvhMAgDIApmJc2k3~tX65dL4PNRy0IOS~YKs2QeFTvxCWFS0oi4ULwbBBzzahI0qY2Fhjdb~qfqyYpH3nylUl5S8X-rO7r8K7HgvsY8DrnAZh4rEW58XqnebVzmsLRkbSmZMm2SiQYLq4LfQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2215,"name":"Water","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Water"},{"id":11257,"name":"Drug delivery","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Drug_delivery"},{"id":15625,"name":"Molecular Imprinting","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Imprinting"},{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary"},{"id":51809,"name":"Contact Lenses","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contact_Lenses"},{"id":57801,"name":"Dexamethasone","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dexamethasone"},{"id":161126,"name":"Contact angle","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contact_angle"},{"id":318936,"name":"Supercritical carbon dioxide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Supercritical_carbon_dioxide"},{"id":335228,"name":"Glass Transition Temperature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Glass_Transition_Temperature"},{"id":380825,"name":"Oxygen","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oxygen"},{"id":398650,"name":"Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fourier_transform_infrared_spectroscopy"},{"id":598869,"name":"Water soluble polymers","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Water_soluble_polymers"},{"id":979632,"name":"Drug Interaction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Drug_Interaction"},{"id":989646,"name":"Aqueous Solution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aqueous_Solution"},{"id":1031068,"name":"Drug Carriers","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Drug_Carriers"},{"id":1139957,"name":"Drug Release","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Drug_Release"},{"id":1181274,"name":"Supercritical Fluid","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Supercritical_Fluid"},{"id":1451722,"name":"Removal Experiment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Removal_Experiment"},{"id":1485846,"name":"Flurbiprofen","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Flurbiprofen"},{"id":2045377,"name":"Functional Properties","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_Properties"}],"urls":[{"id":1559857,"url":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S174270611000454X"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-4430145-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="4430144"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/4430144/Measurement_and_correlation_of_the_solubility_of_juglone_in_supercritical_carbon_dioxide"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Measurement and correlation of the solubility of juglone in supercritical carbon dioxide" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/49866828/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/4430144/Measurement_and_correlation_of_the_solubility_of_juglone_in_supercritical_carbon_dioxide">Measurement and correlation of the solubility of juglone in supercritical carbon dioxide</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Fuel and Energy Abstracts</span><span>, 2011</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Juglone (5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone) is an allelopathic compound predominantly abundant in the ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Juglone (5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone) is an allelopathic compound predominantly abundant in the roots, leaves, bark and wood of Juglans sp. (walnut). Juglone presents cytotoxic properties as well as antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal activities. The selective extraction of this compound using supercritical fluids (SCF) may present clear advantages over conventional extraction methods, particularly if cosmetic, pharmaceutical or food applications are envisaged. However, the optimization of any high pressure extraction process requires the knowledge of the solubility of the target compounds to be extracted. In this work we report the experimental measurement and correlation of the equilibrium solubility of juglone in scCO 2 . Results were obtained using a static analytical method at 308.2 K, 318.2 K and 328.2 K, and in a pressure range from 9.2 up to 24.4 MPa. Experimental equilibrium solubility was found to be between 2.0 × 10 −5 and 1.6 × 10 −3 (in terms of juglone mole fraction). Experimental data were correlated with three density-based models (Chrastil, Bartle and Méndez-Santiago-Teja models) and with the Peng-Robinson cubic equation of state (PR-EOS), using the conventional van der Waals mixing and combining rules. Juglone critical and thermophysical properties were estimated by different methods available in the literature and the influence of these estimation methods on its properties (namely on sublimation pressure) was discussed in terms of the final PR-EOS correlation results accuracy. The best obtained average absolute relative deviations (AARD) were 5.5% and 4.1%, for semi-empirical models and for the PR-EOS, respectively.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><div class="carousel-container carousel-container--sm" id="profile-work-4430144-figures"><div class="prev-slide-container js-prev-button-container"><button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-4430144-figures-prev"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_back_ios</span></button></div><div class="slides-container js-slides-container"><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/4321391/figure-1-the-peng-robinson-cubic-equation-of-state-pr-eos"><img alt="The Peng-Robinson cubic equation of state (PR-EOS) [56], described by Eq. (6), can be employed to calculate ee, with the classical van der Waals (vdW) mixing/combining rules, and with one or two adjustable binary interaction parameters, kj and lj, Eqs. (10) and (11): The optimal binary interaction parameters, kj and 1;, are fitted for each isotherm by the experimental data correlation through the minimization of the average absolute-relative-deviation (AARD) objective function: This equation considers that: (i) the solubility of the solvent in the solid solute is negligible; (ii) the solid is incompressible; and (iii) the pure solid saturated vapor (at sublimation) behaves like an ideal gas. In Eq. (5), ee, is the sublimation pressure of the solid solute, v2, is the molar volume of the solid and, ge, is the fugacity coefficient of the solid in the fluid phase, which encompasses the non-ideality of the high pressure fluid phase and that can be evaluated by an adequate EOS. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866828/figure_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/4321396/figure-2-juglone-solubility-as-function-of-pure-scco-density"><img alt="Fig. 2. Juglone solubility (y) as a function of pure scCO2 density (p, kg m~3). Exper- imental: (@) 308.2 K; (C1) 318.2 K; (a) 328.2 K; (©) 313.2K, obtained by Ref. [27]; (---) Correlated by Eq. (2) and Eq. (3), Bartle model. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866828/figure_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/4321402/figure-3-relationship-between-the-solubility-of-juglone-and"><img alt="Fig. 3. Relationship between the solubility of juglone and the density of pure CO2. Experimental: (@) 308.2 K; (M) 318.2K; (a) 328.2K; (---) correlated by Eq. (4), Méndez-Santiago-Teja model. obtained (between 5.5% and 6.7%), even at lower pressure/density which usually present the larger deviations from the fitted curves. Juglone experimental solubility PR-EOS correlation requires information on the critical properties, on boiling temperature and on Pitzer’s acentric factor of juglone and of CO2. Addition- ally, the solid molar volume and the sublimation pressure (at employed isotherms) of juglone will also be necessary. However, and for many pure organic solids, these required properties are usually unknown or even difficult/impossible to be experimentally determined. Therefore, these properties are usually predicted by several estimation methods available in literature (mostly group- contribution methods). Nevertheless, these methods are not always reliable and thus their incorrect choice and/or application may lead to inaccurate EOS correlation results or may originate distinct adjusted parameters sets of results. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866828/figure_003.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/4321406/figure-1-logarithmic-relationship-between-the-solubility-of"><img alt="Fig. 1. Logarithmic relationship between the solubility of juglone in scCOz (S, kgm~?) and the density of the pure scCO2 (p, kg m~3). Experimental: (@) 308.2 K; ) 318.2 K; (a) 328.2 K; (OC) 313.2 K, obtained by Ref. [27]; (---) Correlated by Eq. (1), Chrastil model. => 4.2. Correlation results The correlation of experimental solubility data was per- formed using three density-based correlations (Chrastil, Bartle and Méndez-Santiago-Teja) and a cubic EOS model (Peng-Robinson EOS) with classical van der Waals mixing and combining rules. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866828/figure_004.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/4321412/figure-4-solubility-of-juglone-in-scco-experimental"><img alt="Fig. 4. Solubility of juglone in scCO2. Experimental: (a) 308.2 K; (©) 318.2 K; (™) 328.2 K; (---—) correlated with the PR-EOS model with vdW2 for Set 3 of estimated properties (see Tables 3 and 4 for more details). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866828/figure_005.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/4321416/table-1-data-from-nist-webbook-experimental-solubility-of"><img alt="* Data from NIST webbook (http://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry). Experimental solubility of juglone in supercritical carbon dioxide. Table 1 molecule. In the Coutsikos approach, the original parameters 5; and €9;/R for hydrocarbon molecule groups are re-evaluated using the sublimation pressure data, while the hard-core van der Waals volume (Vw) is obtained using Bondi’s group contribution incre- ments [61,62]. Finally, the required molar volume of juglone was estimated using the Fedors group contribution method [63]. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866828/table_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/4321421/table-2-marrero-gani-method-ambrose-walton-corresponding"><img alt="M-G, Marrero-Gani method [58]; A-W, Ambrose-Walton corresponding states method [57]; W-J, Wilson-Jasperson method [57]; Job, Joback method [57]; Cout, Coutsikos method [59]; Pred., Predicted by ACD/Labs [64]. Estimated critical and other required thermophysical properties of juglone.<. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866828/table_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/4321425/table-3-pr-eos-correlation-results-for-the-solubility-of"><img alt="PR-EOS correlation results for the solubility of juglone in scCOz2, at 308.2 K, 318.2 K and 328.2 K, obtained for different sets of critical and thermophysical propertie Note: Sets 1*-5* use the same critical and thermophysical properties as Sets 1-5 with the exception of sublimation pressure which was estimated by the Coutsikos methoc [59] (as described in Table 3). Table 4 " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866828/table_003.jpg" /></a></figure></div><div class="next-slide-container js-next-button-container"><button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-4430144-figures-next"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_forward_ios</span></button></div></div></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="d654f0de60a02e92ef8280eae11cf702" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":49866828,"asset_id":4430144,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49866828/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="4430144"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="4430144"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4430144; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4430144]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4430144]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4430144; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='4430144']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "d654f0de60a02e92ef8280eae11cf702" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=4430144]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":4430144,"title":"Measurement and correlation of the solubility of juglone in supercritical carbon dioxide","translated_title":"","metadata":{"ai_title_tag":"Juglone Solubility Measurement in Supercritical CO2","grobid_abstract":"Juglone (5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone) is an allelopathic compound predominantly abundant in the roots, leaves, bark and wood of Juglans sp. (walnut). Juglone presents cytotoxic properties as well as antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal activities. The selective extraction of this compound using supercritical fluids (SCF) may present clear advantages over conventional extraction methods, particularly if cosmetic, pharmaceutical or food applications are envisaged. However, the optimization of any high pressure extraction process requires the knowledge of the solubility of the target compounds to be extracted. In this work we report the experimental measurement and correlation of the equilibrium solubility of juglone in scCO 2 . Results were obtained using a static analytical method at 308.2 K, 318.2 K and 328.2 K, and in a pressure range from 9.2 up to 24.4 MPa. Experimental equilibrium solubility was found to be between 2.0 × 10 −5 and 1.6 × 10 −3 (in terms of juglone mole fraction). Experimental data were correlated with three density-based models (Chrastil, Bartle and Méndez-Santiago-Teja models) and with the Peng-Robinson cubic equation of state (PR-EOS), using the conventional van der Waals mixing and combining rules. Juglone critical and thermophysical properties were estimated by different methods available in the literature and the influence of these estimation methods on its properties (namely on sublimation pressure) was discussed in terms of the final PR-EOS correlation results accuracy. The best obtained average absolute relative deviations (AARD) were 5.5% and 4.1%, for semi-empirical models and for the PR-EOS, respectively.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2011,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Fuel and Energy Abstracts","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":49866828},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/4430144/Measurement_and_correlation_of_the_solubility_of_juglone_in_supercritical_carbon_dioxide","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2013-09-07T07:50:23.977-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5442949,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":49866828,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/49866828/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Measurement_and_correlation_of_the_solub20161025-2378-1ogqeqo.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49866828/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Measurement_and_correlation_of_the_solub.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/49866828/Measurement_and_correlation_of_the_solub20161025-2378-1ogqeqo-libre.pdf?1477434323=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DMeasurement_and_correlation_of_the_solub.pdf\u0026Expires=1743734142\u0026Signature=HY1FeJiwJ3HvuTf8atGN2jNPe3h63qR0odnFNMfLbyINopNpYmtbimXDg~b3k3rIX1lPccd6l13xj3w1jjm02Tz-qRnq8Fz44feFaBw3umRHOAgCNrYbKbS2tQaRJxbDVAbi9el3GwMuFEsCjkGMrOa5io4yhl8eWGC2WTpVJS3umbspoQOTYhjOKNpmpYov8G0pbuTSsz0Fa~nR-FBBQUhasA6QeKpAd82no954~Uxnx05WNBGVriWHXkM74QLVQnxE5lpR2ScaNS4aj0oKMwIxwOKMtgguyo1fQlF~SHSHoHonnNgRfR0XUFrHAy7pMN0-WfpMb1YBFWtLWslxmg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Measurement_and_correlation_of_the_solubility_of_juglone_in_supercritical_carbon_dioxide","translated_slug":"","page_count":8,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Juglone (5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone) is an allelopathic compound predominantly abundant in the roots, leaves, bark and wood of Juglans sp. (walnut). Juglone presents cytotoxic properties as well as antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal activities. The selective extraction of this compound using supercritical fluids (SCF) may present clear advantages over conventional extraction methods, particularly if cosmetic, pharmaceutical or food applications are envisaged. However, the optimization of any high pressure extraction process requires the knowledge of the solubility of the target compounds to be extracted. In this work we report the experimental measurement and correlation of the equilibrium solubility of juglone in scCO 2 . Results were obtained using a static analytical method at 308.2 K, 318.2 K and 328.2 K, and in a pressure range from 9.2 up to 24.4 MPa. Experimental equilibrium solubility was found to be between 2.0 × 10 −5 and 1.6 × 10 −3 (in terms of juglone mole fraction). Experimental data were correlated with three density-based models (Chrastil, Bartle and Méndez-Santiago-Teja models) and with the Peng-Robinson cubic equation of state (PR-EOS), using the conventional van der Waals mixing and combining rules. Juglone critical and thermophysical properties were estimated by different methods available in the literature and the influence of these estimation methods on its properties (namely on sublimation pressure) was discussed in terms of the final PR-EOS correlation results accuracy. The best obtained average absolute relative deviations (AARD) were 5.5% and 4.1%, for semi-empirical models and for the PR-EOS, respectively.","owner":{"id":5442949,"first_name":"Mara","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Braga","page_name":"MaraBraga","domain_name":"uc-pt","created_at":"2013-09-07T07:47:58.323-07:00","display_name":"Mara Braga","url":"https://uc-pt.academia.edu/MaraBraga"},"attachments":[{"id":49866828,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/49866828/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Measurement_and_correlation_of_the_solub20161025-2378-1ogqeqo.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49866828/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Measurement_and_correlation_of_the_solub.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/49866828/Measurement_and_correlation_of_the_solub20161025-2378-1ogqeqo-libre.pdf?1477434323=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DMeasurement_and_correlation_of_the_solub.pdf\u0026Expires=1743734142\u0026Signature=HY1FeJiwJ3HvuTf8atGN2jNPe3h63qR0odnFNMfLbyINopNpYmtbimXDg~b3k3rIX1lPccd6l13xj3w1jjm02Tz-qRnq8Fz44feFaBw3umRHOAgCNrYbKbS2tQaRJxbDVAbi9el3GwMuFEsCjkGMrOa5io4yhl8eWGC2WTpVJS3umbspoQOTYhjOKNpmpYov8G0pbuTSsz0Fa~nR-FBBQUhasA6QeKpAd82no954~Uxnx05WNBGVriWHXkM74QLVQnxE5lpR2ScaNS4aj0oKMwIxwOKMtgguyo1fQlF~SHSHoHonnNgRfR0XUFrHAy7pMN0-WfpMb1YBFWtLWslxmg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":72,"name":"Chemical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Engineering"},{"id":4107,"name":"High Pressure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/High_Pressure"},{"id":80799,"name":"Classical Physics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Classical_Physics"},{"id":212517,"name":"Van Der Waals","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Van_Der_Waals"},{"id":215543,"name":"Antifungal Activity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Antifungal_Activity"},{"id":318936,"name":"Supercritical carbon dioxide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Supercritical_carbon_dioxide"},{"id":330839,"name":"Analytical Method","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Analytical_Method"},{"id":352693,"name":"Thermophysical Properties","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thermophysical_Properties"},{"id":629119,"name":"Fluid phase equilibria","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fluid_phase_equilibria"},{"id":683707,"name":"Extraction Method","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Extraction_Method"},{"id":898070,"name":"Experimental Measurement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Experimental_Measurement"},{"id":1120502,"name":"Experimental Data","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Experimental_Data"},{"id":1180343,"name":"Estimation Method","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Estimation_Method"},{"id":1181274,"name":"Supercritical Fluid","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Supercritical_Fluid"},{"id":1297237,"name":"Empirical Model","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Empirical_Model"},{"id":1320599,"name":"Equation of State","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Equation_of_State"}],"urls":[{"id":1559856,"url":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378381211004031"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (true) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-4430144-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="4430143"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/4430143/Fractioned_SFE_of_antioxidants_from_maritime_pine_bark"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Fractioned SFE of antioxidants from maritime pine bark" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/49866837/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/4430143/Fractioned_SFE_of_antioxidants_from_maritime_pine_bark">Fractioned SFE of antioxidants from maritime pine bark</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Supercritical Fluids</span><span>, 2008</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Maritime pine (Pinus pinaster) is an important portuguese forest species and its bark is an abund...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Maritime pine (Pinus pinaster) is an important portuguese forest species and its bark is an abundant furniture industry residue. In this work, fractioned supercritical fluid extraction (FSFE) experiments were carried out using CO 2 and CO 2 + EtOH (10%) mixtures in two consecutive steps. Different pressures (from 10 up to 30 MPa) and temperatures (30, 40 and 50 • C) were assayed. FSFE extracts were compared with hydrodistillation (HD) and Soxhlet (SoE) extracts. Gas chromatography (GC) was used to characterize the obtained volatile oils while catechin and epicatechin were quantified in ethanolic extracts by HPLC. Antioxidant activities were determined spectrophotometrically. Around 84% of the total extract was obtained in the 1st CO 2 extraction step and this volatile oil rich extract presented lower oxidation inhibitions (∼29-62%) than those obtained at the 2nd CO 2 + EtOH extraction step (60-84%). The catechin + epicatechin yields of these 2nd step ethanolic extracts were higher (0.051-0.346 g/mg d.b.) than the ones obtained for SoE (0.039 g/mg d.b.). The increment in catechin + epicatechin extract content influenced the corresponding extract antioxidant activity, although not directly. Pressure and temperature affected the extraction kinetic parameters for both extraction steps and the obtained catechin + epicatechin contents for the 2nd CO 2 + EtOH extraction step.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><div class="carousel-container carousel-container--sm" id="profile-work-4430143-figures"><div class="prev-slide-container js-prev-button-container"><button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-4430143-figures-prev"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_back_ios</span></button></div><div class="slides-container js-slides-container"><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/2092514/figure-1-schematic-diagram-of-the-employed-sfe-apparatus-co"><img alt="Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the employed SFE apparatus. (1) CO2 cylinder; (2) EtOH reservoir; (3) high pressure CO2 compressor; (4) co-solvent high pressure pump; (5) valves; (6) back-pressure regulator; (7) micrometering valve; (8) thermostatic water bath; (9) immersion heater/controller; (10) extraction cell; (11) manometer; (12) glass flasks; (13) adsorbent column; (14) wet gas meter. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866837/figure_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/2092520/figure-2-pine-bark-fsfe-kinetics-results-experiments-at-and"><img alt="Fig. 2. Pine bark FSFE kinetics results. Experiments at 40°C and at ~20 MPa: (L) 1st step CO» extraction and (M) 2nd step CO2 + EtOH (10%) extraction. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866837/figure_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/2092524/figure-3-mass-ratio-of-solute-in-the-solvent-phase-yoomin"><img alt="Fig. 3. Mass ratio of solute in the solvent phase (Yoomin and Ycer) for 1st step (A) and 2nd step (B) FSFE: (@) 30°C; (™ ) 40°C; (a) 50°C " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866837/figure_003.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/2092528/figure-4-tlc-analysis-of-pine-bark-fsfe-extracts-obtained-at"><img alt="Fig. 4. TLC analysis of pine bark FSFE extracts obtained at 30°C. Results were drawn using ACD/TLC Plate Tool for ChemSketch, Freeware version 10.02: (a) anisaldehyd sprayed TLC plate for analysis of volatile compounds in 1st step CO2 FSFE extracts; (b) NP sprayed TLC plate, observed at 365 nm, for analysis of phenolic compounds in 2n step CO2 + EtOH FSFE extracts: (1) 10 MPa; (2) 15 MPa; (3) 20 MPa; (4) 25 MPa; (5) 30 MPa; standards: R, Rutin and Q, Quercetin. Fig. 4a shows the anisaldehyde sprayed TLC plate performed for the analysis of the volatile fraction in the COz FSFE extracts (1st step), obtained at 30°C. The same zones appeared and with approximately similar intensities in the extracts obtained at dif- ferent pressures, showing that pressure did not have a significant a a a I RR BN ERNEST Rn ee BP em es Mae ee For the three tested temperatures, total yields were higher for the CO2 extraction step (~7-14%) when compared to the CO2 + EtOH extraction step (~1-3%). The existence of few compounds solu- ble in CO2+EtOH in a vegetable matrix exhaustively depleted of CO2 soluble compounds as well as mass transfer phenomena may explain the lower yields obtained for the 2nd extraction step. The operational pressure effect on total yields was different for each isotherm and for both extraction steps. For the CO 1st step, highest yields were obtained at 30°C and 15 MPa, and at 50°C and 10 MPa. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866837/figure_004.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/2092531/figure-5-gc-chromatograms-obtained-for-pine-bark-extract"><img alt="Fig. 5. GC chromatograms obtained for pine bark extract samples: hydrodistillation (A); 1st step CO2-FSFE, 30°C/10 MPa (B) and Soxhlet (C). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866837/figure_005.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/2092535/figure-6-zoomed-gc-chromatogram-obtained-for-pine-bark"><img alt="Fig. 6. Zoomed GC chromatogram obtained for pine bark extract sample obtained by 1st step CO2-FSFE, at 30°C and 10 MPa. In general terms, for the 1st step FSFE extracts obtained at 30 and 40°C, it can be observed a pronounced effect of extraction pressure onthe composition profile of the identified compounds (with reten- tion times lower than ~32 min) as well as on the non-identified separated compounds after ~40 min (Table 2). At 50°C, the pres- sure effect was not so pronounced and so, the differences in extracts compositions were not so marked, which is in accordance with the mass ratio of solute in the solvent phase data reported in the kinetic " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866837/figure_006.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/2092537/figure-8-catechin-epicatechin-concentration-mg-as-function"><img alt="Fig. 8. Catechin + epicatechin concentration (\g/mg, d.b.) as a function of CO2 den- sity for pine bark 2nd step FSFE CO2 + EtOH (10%, v/v) extracts. (@) 30°C; (Ml) 40°C; (a) 50°C. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866837/figure_007.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/2092539/figure-7-characterization-of-pine-bark-nd-step-fsfe-co-etoh"><img alt="Fig. 7. Characterization of pine bark 2nd step FSFE CO2 + EtOH (10%, v/v) extracts by HPLC: catechin contents (jg/mg, d.b.) (@) 30°C; (Ml) 40°C; (a) 50°C, and epicatechin contents (jg/mg, d.b.) (©) 30°C; (G1) 40°C; (A) 50°C. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866837/figure_008.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/2092542/figure-9-isobaric-oxidation-inhibition-profiles-obtained"><img alt="Fig. 9. Isobaric oxidation inhibition profiles (obtained after 3 h inhibition assays) for pine bark extracts. 1st step FSFE CO2 (A) and 2nd step FSFE CO2 + EtOH (10%, v/v) (B) (@ 10 MPa; (i) 15 MPa; (a) 20 MPa; (@) 25 MPa; (x) 30 MPa. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866837/figure_009.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/2092545/figure-10-isobaric-oxidation-inhibition-for-pine-bark-nd"><img alt="Fig. 10. Isobaric oxidation inhibition (%) for pine bark 2nd step FSFE CO2 + EtOH (10%, v/v) extracts, as a function of catechin+ epicatechin contents: (1) 30°C; (a) 40°C; °K) 50°C. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866837/figure_010.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/2092548/table-1-pine-bark-extraction-total-yields-obtained-by"><img alt="Pine bark extraction total yields (obtained by different methodologies) and the corresponding correlated kinetic parameters of extraction curves for 1st and 2nd FSFE steps ‘at + Epi: catechin + epicatechin; Mgg min: Mass transfer rate until 90 min of extraction; Yo9 yin: Mass ratio of solute in the solvent phase until 90 min of extraction; Rog;pjn: accumulated extract yield after 90 min of e» * Solid/solvent ratio: 1st step FSFE (1:137); 2nd step FSFE (1:126); HD (1:33); SoE (1:50). b Average solvent flow rate: 1st step - CO; 2nd step - CO2 + ethanol. 2 ycalc_yobs > yobs d values are presented as mean value + standard deviations. ¢ Fitting error = 4 " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866837/table_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/2092550/table-2-composition-profiles-of-pine-bark-extracts-obtained"><img alt="Composition profiles of pine bark extracts obtained by HD, SoE and CO2-FSFE at 30, 40 and 50°C tr: traces < 0.18; n.i.: non identified substance. Table 2 " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866837/table_002.jpg" /></a></figure></div><div class="next-slide-container js-next-button-container"><button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-4430143-figures-next"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_forward_ios</span></button></div></div></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="644180be48a0837436969b271bcdca6c" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":49866837,"asset_id":4430143,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49866837/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="4430143"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="4430143"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4430143; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4430143]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4430143]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4430143; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='4430143']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "644180be48a0837436969b271bcdca6c" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=4430143]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":4430143,"title":"Fractioned SFE of antioxidants from maritime pine bark","translated_title":"","metadata":{"grobid_abstract":"Maritime pine (Pinus pinaster) is an important portuguese forest species and its bark is an abundant furniture industry residue. In this work, fractioned supercritical fluid extraction (FSFE) experiments were carried out using CO 2 and CO 2 + EtOH (10%) mixtures in two consecutive steps. Different pressures (from 10 up to 30 MPa) and temperatures (30, 40 and 50 • C) were assayed. FSFE extracts were compared with hydrodistillation (HD) and Soxhlet (SoE) extracts. Gas chromatography (GC) was used to characterize the obtained volatile oils while catechin and epicatechin were quantified in ethanolic extracts by HPLC. Antioxidant activities were determined spectrophotometrically. Around 84% of the total extract was obtained in the 1st CO 2 extraction step and this volatile oil rich extract presented lower oxidation inhibitions (∼29-62%) than those obtained at the 2nd CO 2 + EtOH extraction step (60-84%). The catechin + epicatechin yields of these 2nd step ethanolic extracts were higher (0.051-0.346 g/mg d.b.) than the ones obtained for SoE (0.039 g/mg d.b.). The increment in catechin + epicatechin extract content influenced the corresponding extract antioxidant activity, although not directly. Pressure and temperature affected the extraction kinetic parameters for both extraction steps and the obtained catechin + epicatechin contents for the 2nd CO 2 + EtOH extraction step.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2008,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Journal of Supercritical Fluids","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":49866837},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/4430143/Fractioned_SFE_of_antioxidants_from_maritime_pine_bark","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2013-09-07T07:50:23.655-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5442949,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":49866837,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/49866837/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Fractioned_SFE_of_antioxidants_from_mari20161025-9061-nc94bm.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49866837/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Fractioned_SFE_of_antioxidants_from_mari.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/49866837/Fractioned_SFE_of_antioxidants_from_mari20161025-9061-nc94bm-libre.pdf?1477434327=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DFractioned_SFE_of_antioxidants_from_mari.pdf\u0026Expires=1743734143\u0026Signature=OzOJUbepsoKckCUPJtSiDl~cMs4eIXDAr4JAhg4mUvJHmF2d9yopZMYgjJYh8gxIaAhfl7QGE1Sjyp-L3W8cKzB9tLPvCJOpIBRi-hJtQEA3iovkzUHmKLcxlWo4lUwdfbnob-HLPJfIF9vk241EWt6LJBUd3ss2OWd-R9wL04aA6avR0HjSpJNEjfS9Qz0HjsfViUo7Trte5ScQNDatPc3XDt26QfjZgxV0gUuDG3Qo7tiuHcqqEoFVIyMSZq7nPsWoikSHcS3Mwf8nsv1PNUjA29QJHeyAmNh~Dig3KgHTVKCBt-vACL8zcak~5q8-2Nq0JsU6LE~gkby~hLh4bg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Fractioned_SFE_of_antioxidants_from_maritime_pine_bark","translated_slug":"","page_count":12,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Maritime pine (Pinus pinaster) is an important portuguese forest species and its bark is an abundant furniture industry residue. In this work, fractioned supercritical fluid extraction (FSFE) experiments were carried out using CO 2 and CO 2 + EtOH (10%) mixtures in two consecutive steps. Different pressures (from 10 up to 30 MPa) and temperatures (30, 40 and 50 • C) were assayed. FSFE extracts were compared with hydrodistillation (HD) and Soxhlet (SoE) extracts. Gas chromatography (GC) was used to characterize the obtained volatile oils while catechin and epicatechin were quantified in ethanolic extracts by HPLC. Antioxidant activities were determined spectrophotometrically. Around 84% of the total extract was obtained in the 1st CO 2 extraction step and this volatile oil rich extract presented lower oxidation inhibitions (∼29-62%) than those obtained at the 2nd CO 2 + EtOH extraction step (60-84%). The catechin + epicatechin yields of these 2nd step ethanolic extracts were higher (0.051-0.346 g/mg d.b.) than the ones obtained for SoE (0.039 g/mg d.b.). The increment in catechin + epicatechin extract content influenced the corresponding extract antioxidant activity, although not directly. Pressure and temperature affected the extraction kinetic parameters for both extraction steps and the obtained catechin + epicatechin contents for the 2nd CO 2 + EtOH extraction step.","owner":{"id":5442949,"first_name":"Mara","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Braga","page_name":"MaraBraga","domain_name":"uc-pt","created_at":"2013-09-07T07:47:58.323-07:00","display_name":"Mara Braga","url":"https://uc-pt.academia.edu/MaraBraga"},"attachments":[{"id":49866837,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/49866837/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Fractioned_SFE_of_antioxidants_from_mari20161025-9061-nc94bm.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49866837/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Fractioned_SFE_of_antioxidants_from_mari.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/49866837/Fractioned_SFE_of_antioxidants_from_mari20161025-9061-nc94bm-libre.pdf?1477434327=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DFractioned_SFE_of_antioxidants_from_mari.pdf\u0026Expires=1743734143\u0026Signature=OzOJUbepsoKckCUPJtSiDl~cMs4eIXDAr4JAhg4mUvJHmF2d9yopZMYgjJYh8gxIaAhfl7QGE1Sjyp-L3W8cKzB9tLPvCJOpIBRi-hJtQEA3iovkzUHmKLcxlWo4lUwdfbnob-HLPJfIF9vk241EWt6LJBUd3ss2OWd-R9wL04aA6avR0HjSpJNEjfS9Qz0HjsfViUo7Trte5ScQNDatPc3XDt26QfjZgxV0gUuDG3Qo7tiuHcqqEoFVIyMSZq7nPsWoikSHcS3Mwf8nsv1PNUjA29QJHeyAmNh~Dig3KgHTVKCBt-vACL8zcak~5q8-2Nq0JsU6LE~gkby~hLh4bg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering"},{"id":4107,"name":"High Pressure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/High_Pressure"},{"id":9359,"name":"Supercritical fluids","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Supercritical_fluids"},{"id":46182,"name":"Pharmaceutical industry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmaceutical_industry"},{"id":58054,"name":"Environmental Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Sciences"},{"id":121705,"name":"Ethanol","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethanol"},{"id":161176,"name":"The","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The"},{"id":166448,"name":"Gas Chromatography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gas_Chromatography"},{"id":260118,"name":"CHEMICAL SCIENCES","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES"},{"id":290433,"name":"Antioxidant Activity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Antioxidant_Activity"},{"id":510153,"name":"Supercritical Fluid Extraction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Supercritical_Fluid_Extraction"},{"id":1167882,"name":"Kinetic Parameter","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kinetic_Parameter"},{"id":1241489,"name":"Pine Bark","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pine_Bark"},{"id":1322481,"name":"Antioxidant Capacity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Antioxidant_Capacity"},{"id":1418724,"name":"Pinus Pinaster","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pinus_Pinaster"}],"urls":[{"id":1559855,"url":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S089684460800185X"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (true) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-4430143-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="4430142"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/4430142/Phosphonium_based_ionic_liquids_as_modifiers_for_biomedical_grade_poly_vinyl_chloride"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Phosphonium-based ionic liquids as modifiers for biomedical grade poly(vinyl chloride" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/49866896/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/4430142/Phosphonium_based_ionic_liquids_as_modifiers_for_biomedical_grade_poly_vinyl_chloride">Phosphonium-based ionic liquids as modifiers for biomedical grade poly(vinyl chloride</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Acta Biomaterialia</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This work reports and discusses the influence of four phosphonium-based ionic liquids (PhILs), na...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This work reports and discusses the influence of four phosphonium-based ionic liquids (PhILs), namely trihexyl(tetradecyl) phosphonium dicyanamide, [P 6,6,6,14 ][dca]; trihexyl(tetradecyl) phosphonium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, [P 6,6,6,14 ][Tf 2 N]; tetrabutyl phosphonium bromide, [P 4,4,4,4 ][Br]; and tetrabutyl phosphonium chloride, [P 4,4,4,4 ][Cl], on some of the chemical, physical and biological properties of a biomedical-grade suspension of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC). The main goal of this work was to evaluate the capacity of these PhILs to modify some of the properties of neat PVC, in particular those that may allow their use as potential alternatives to traditional phthalate-based plasticizers in PVC biomedical applications. PVC films having different PhIL compositions (0, 5, 10 and 20 wt.%) were prepared (by solvent film casting) and characterised by Fourier transform infrared, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, dynamical mechanical thermal analysis, scanning electron microscopy/ energy-dispersive X-ray/electron probe microanalysis, X-ray diffraction, transmittance, permeability towards oxygen and carbon dioxide, thermal degradation, contact angle measurement, water and vapour uptake, leachability and biocompatibility (haemolytic potential, thrombogenicity and cytotoxicity). A conventional organic plasticizer (di-isononyl phthalate) was used for comparison purposes. The results obtained showed that it was possible to change the neat PVC hydrophobicity, and consequently its water uptake capacity and plasticizer leachability, just by changing the PhIL employed and its composition. It was also possible to significantly change the thermal and mechanical properties of PVC films by choosing appropriate PhIL cation/anion combinations. However, a specific PhIL may not always be capable of simultaneously keeping and/or improving both physical properties. In addition, ionic halide salts were found to promote PVC dehydrochlorination. Finally, none of the prepared materials presented toxicity against Caco-2 cells, though pure [P 6,6,6,14 ][dca] decreased HepG2 cells viability. Moreover, PVC films with [P 6,6,6,14 ][dca] and [P 4,4,4,4 ][Cl] were found to be haemolytic and thus these PhILs must be avoided as PVC modifiers if biomedical applications are envisaged. In conclusion, from all the PhILs tested, [P 6,6,6,14 ][Tf 2 N] showed the most promising results regarding blood compatibility, leaching and permeability to gases of PVC films. The results presented are a strong indicator that adequate PhILs may be successfully employed as PVC multi-functional plasticizers for a wide range of potential applications, including those in the biomedical field.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="1cee19d06e92e01bb5c689efff1ebdd4" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":49866896,"asset_id":4430142,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49866896/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="4430142"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="4430142"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4430142; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4430142]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4430142]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4430142; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='4430142']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "1cee19d06e92e01bb5c689efff1ebdd4" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=4430142]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":4430142,"title":"Phosphonium-based ionic liquids as modifiers for biomedical grade poly(vinyl chloride","translated_title":"","metadata":{"ai_title_tag":"Phosphonium Ionic Liquids as PVC Modifiers","grobid_abstract":"This work reports and discusses the influence of four phosphonium-based ionic liquids (PhILs), namely trihexyl(tetradecyl) phosphonium dicyanamide, [P 6,6,6,14 ][dca]; trihexyl(tetradecyl) phosphonium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, [P 6,6,6,14 ][Tf 2 N]; tetrabutyl phosphonium bromide, [P 4,4,4,4 ][Br]; and tetrabutyl phosphonium chloride, [P 4,4,4,4 ][Cl], on some of the chemical, physical and biological properties of a biomedical-grade suspension of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC). The main goal of this work was to evaluate the capacity of these PhILs to modify some of the properties of neat PVC, in particular those that may allow their use as potential alternatives to traditional phthalate-based plasticizers in PVC biomedical applications. PVC films having different PhIL compositions (0, 5, 10 and 20 wt.%) were prepared (by solvent film casting) and characterised by Fourier transform infrared, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, dynamical mechanical thermal analysis, scanning electron microscopy/ energy-dispersive X-ray/electron probe microanalysis, X-ray diffraction, transmittance, permeability towards oxygen and carbon dioxide, thermal degradation, contact angle measurement, water and vapour uptake, leachability and biocompatibility (haemolytic potential, thrombogenicity and cytotoxicity). A conventional organic plasticizer (di-isononyl phthalate) was used for comparison purposes. The results obtained showed that it was possible to change the neat PVC hydrophobicity, and consequently its water uptake capacity and plasticizer leachability, just by changing the PhIL employed and its composition. It was also possible to significantly change the thermal and mechanical properties of PVC films by choosing appropriate PhIL cation/anion combinations. However, a specific PhIL may not always be capable of simultaneously keeping and/or improving both physical properties. In addition, ionic halide salts were found to promote PVC dehydrochlorination. Finally, none of the prepared materials presented toxicity against Caco-2 cells, though pure [P 6,6,6,14 ][dca] decreased HepG2 cells viability. Moreover, PVC films with [P 6,6,6,14 ][dca] and [P 4,4,4,4 ][Cl] were found to be haemolytic and thus these PhILs must be avoided as PVC modifiers if biomedical applications are envisaged. In conclusion, from all the PhILs tested, [P 6,6,6,14 ][Tf 2 N] showed the most promising results regarding blood compatibility, leaching and permeability to gases of PVC films. The results presented are a strong indicator that adequate PhILs may be successfully employed as PVC multi-functional plasticizers for a wide range of potential applications, including those in the biomedical field.","publication_name":"Acta Biomaterialia","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":49866896},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/4430142/Phosphonium_based_ionic_liquids_as_modifiers_for_biomedical_grade_poly_vinyl_chloride","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2013-09-07T07:50:23.367-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5442949,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":49866896,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/49866896/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Phosphonium-based_ionic_liquids_as_modif20161025-2378-12s5vdt.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49866896/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Phosphonium_based_ionic_liquids_as_modif.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/49866896/Phosphonium-based_ionic_liquids_as_modif20161025-2378-12s5vdt-libre.pdf?1477434316=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DPhosphonium_based_ionic_liquids_as_modif.pdf\u0026Expires=1743734143\u0026Signature=SqZTmx3DF6YXzAKQJBo66xB4jF1BepoBXN2OJge8ViqKGdSRFK1M~MxOJF43NZVvwaixd4wEv8OC8mwI-xlRlyxzecCoJQd65YxglAR~EBjaA7vvy0QwEm10a4pWEK6~cC9t3v2LI5wWLwReayxBICZAO8ChILpbA0ZnLAe41ZgIagRVmeNsmhCn5Lhq~H246-ADNbdOLFuEpLrP917WlRjXMsIv3EsIVm6Va25rfQNnV7Om86LCOtVrUWV1dqFNo82JzYmDNcdd-dKGZH-Nd29gCEErbpwI-U5GXaVuOa1Bn88InM1auqWa2TLgKVOdssa1~eeXkEajY6xdOSpu7A__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Phosphonium_based_ionic_liquids_as_modifiers_for_biomedical_grade_poly_vinyl_chloride","translated_slug":"","page_count":14,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"This work reports and discusses the influence of four phosphonium-based ionic liquids (PhILs), namely trihexyl(tetradecyl) phosphonium dicyanamide, [P 6,6,6,14 ][dca]; trihexyl(tetradecyl) phosphonium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, [P 6,6,6,14 ][Tf 2 N]; tetrabutyl phosphonium bromide, [P 4,4,4,4 ][Br]; and tetrabutyl phosphonium chloride, [P 4,4,4,4 ][Cl], on some of the chemical, physical and biological properties of a biomedical-grade suspension of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC). The main goal of this work was to evaluate the capacity of these PhILs to modify some of the properties of neat PVC, in particular those that may allow their use as potential alternatives to traditional phthalate-based plasticizers in PVC biomedical applications. PVC films having different PhIL compositions (0, 5, 10 and 20 wt.%) were prepared (by solvent film casting) and characterised by Fourier transform infrared, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, dynamical mechanical thermal analysis, scanning electron microscopy/ energy-dispersive X-ray/electron probe microanalysis, X-ray diffraction, transmittance, permeability towards oxygen and carbon dioxide, thermal degradation, contact angle measurement, water and vapour uptake, leachability and biocompatibility (haemolytic potential, thrombogenicity and cytotoxicity). A conventional organic plasticizer (di-isononyl phthalate) was used for comparison purposes. The results obtained showed that it was possible to change the neat PVC hydrophobicity, and consequently its water uptake capacity and plasticizer leachability, just by changing the PhIL employed and its composition. It was also possible to significantly change the thermal and mechanical properties of PVC films by choosing appropriate PhIL cation/anion combinations. However, a specific PhIL may not always be capable of simultaneously keeping and/or improving both physical properties. In addition, ionic halide salts were found to promote PVC dehydrochlorination. Finally, none of the prepared materials presented toxicity against Caco-2 cells, though pure [P 6,6,6,14 ][dca] decreased HepG2 cells viability. Moreover, PVC films with [P 6,6,6,14 ][dca] and [P 4,4,4,4 ][Cl] were found to be haemolytic and thus these PhILs must be avoided as PVC modifiers if biomedical applications are envisaged. In conclusion, from all the PhILs tested, [P 6,6,6,14 ][Tf 2 N] showed the most promising results regarding blood compatibility, leaching and permeability to gases of PVC films. The results presented are a strong indicator that adequate PhILs may be successfully employed as PVC multi-functional plasticizers for a wide range of potential applications, including those in the biomedical field.","owner":{"id":5442949,"first_name":"Mara","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Braga","page_name":"MaraBraga","domain_name":"uc-pt","created_at":"2013-09-07T07:47:58.323-07:00","display_name":"Mara Braga","url":"https://uc-pt.academia.edu/MaraBraga"},"attachments":[{"id":49866896,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/49866896/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Phosphonium-based_ionic_liquids_as_modif20161025-2378-12s5vdt.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49866896/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Phosphonium_based_ionic_liquids_as_modif.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/49866896/Phosphonium-based_ionic_liquids_as_modif20161025-2378-12s5vdt-libre.pdf?1477434316=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DPhosphonium_based_ionic_liquids_as_modif.pdf\u0026Expires=1743734143\u0026Signature=SqZTmx3DF6YXzAKQJBo66xB4jF1BepoBXN2OJge8ViqKGdSRFK1M~MxOJF43NZVvwaixd4wEv8OC8mwI-xlRlyxzecCoJQd65YxglAR~EBjaA7vvy0QwEm10a4pWEK6~cC9t3v2LI5wWLwReayxBICZAO8ChILpbA0ZnLAe41ZgIagRVmeNsmhCn5Lhq~H246-ADNbdOLFuEpLrP917WlRjXMsIv3EsIVm6Va25rfQNnV7Om86LCOtVrUWV1dqFNo82JzYmDNcdd-dKGZH-Nd29gCEErbpwI-U5GXaVuOa1Bn88InM1auqWa2TLgKVOdssa1~eeXkEajY6xdOSpu7A__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":4594,"name":"Carbon Dioxide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Carbon_Dioxide"},{"id":16215,"name":"Ionic Liquid","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ionic_Liquid"},{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary"},{"id":161126,"name":"Contact angle","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contact_angle"},{"id":198061,"name":"Organophosphorus Compounds","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Organophosphorus_Compounds"},{"id":314125,"name":"Caco-2 cells","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Caco-2_cells"},{"id":389180,"name":"Thermal Stability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thermal_Stability"},{"id":892969,"name":"Materials Testing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Materials_Testing"},{"id":989723,"name":"Caco 2 Cell","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Caco_2_Cell"},{"id":1034424,"name":"Polyvinyl Chloride","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Polyvinyl_Chloride"},{"id":1157148,"name":"Cell Survival","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Survival"},{"id":1228946,"name":"Physical Properties","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physical_Properties"},{"id":1267724,"name":"Biomedical Application","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biomedical_Application"}],"urls":[{"id":1559854,"url":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1742706111004855"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-4430142-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="4430141"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/4430141/Fractioned_High_Pressure_Extraction_of_Anthocyanins_from_Elderberry_Sambucus_nigra_L_Pomace"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Fractioned High Pressure Extraction of Anthocyanins from Elderberry ( Sambucus nigra L.) Pomace" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/49866832/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/4430141/Fractioned_High_Pressure_Extraction_of_Anthocyanins_from_Elderberry_Sambucus_nigra_L_Pomace">Fractioned High Pressure Extraction of Anthocyanins from Elderberry ( Sambucus nigra L.) Pomace</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Food and Bioprocess Technology</span><span>, 2010</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Fractionated high pressure extractions from dry and in natura elderberry pomace were performed in...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Fractionated high pressure extractions from dry and in natura elderberry pomace were performed in order to obtain anthocyanin rich extracts. Experiments were carried out using CO2 supercritical fluid extraction followed by enhanced solvent extraction (ESE) with CO2/EtOH–H2O mixtures (1–100%, v/v), to obtain anthocyanin rich fractions in the second step, at 313 K and ~20 MPa. Higher extract yields, anthocyanin contents and antioxidant activities occurred by the presence of water, both in the raw material and in the solvent mixture. The CO2 dissolved in the ESE solvent mixture favored either anthocyanin contents or antioxidant activities, which were not directly related. Comparing to the literature data for elderberries and grapes, these fractions had higher anthocyanins contents. From these results, an added economical value to this agroindustrial residue is proposed, using solvents and techniques “generally regarded as safe” in the food and pharmaceutical industries.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="25b347cf6786ffdcc078a14b841022b7" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":49866832,"asset_id":4430141,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49866832/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="4430141"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="4430141"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4430141; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4430141]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4430141]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4430141; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='4430141']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "25b347cf6786ffdcc078a14b841022b7" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=4430141]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":4430141,"title":"Fractioned High Pressure Extraction of Anthocyanins from Elderberry ( Sambucus nigra L.) Pomace","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Fractionated high pressure extractions from dry and in natura elderberry pomace were performed in order to obtain anthocyanin rich extracts. Experiments were carried out using CO2 supercritical fluid extraction followed by enhanced solvent extraction (ESE) with CO2/EtOH–H2O mixtures (1–100%, v/v), to obtain anthocyanin rich fractions in the second step, at 313 K and ~20 MPa. Higher extract yields, anthocyanin contents and antioxidant activities occurred by the presence of water, both in the raw material and in the solvent mixture. The CO2 dissolved in the ESE solvent mixture favored either anthocyanin contents or antioxidant activities, which were not directly related. Comparing to the literature data for elderberries and grapes, these fractions had higher anthocyanins contents. 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The CO2 dissolved in the ESE solvent mixture favored either anthocyanin contents or antioxidant activities, which were not directly related. Comparing to the literature data for elderberries and grapes, these fractions had higher anthocyanins contents. From these results, an added economical value to this agroindustrial residue is proposed, using solvents and techniques “generally regarded as safe” in the food and pharmaceutical industries.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/4430141/Fractioned_High_Pressure_Extraction_of_Anthocyanins_from_Elderberry_Sambucus_nigra_L_Pomace","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2013-09-07T07:50:22.493-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5442949,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":49866832,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/49866832/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Fractioned_High_Pressure_Extraction_of_A20161025-9061-161ar9k.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49866832/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Fractioned_High_Pressure_Extraction_of_A.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/49866832/Fractioned_High_Pressure_Extraction_of_A20161025-9061-161ar9k-libre.pdf?1477434325=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DFractioned_High_Pressure_Extraction_of_A.pdf\u0026Expires=1743734143\u0026Signature=S8O7trWRH5Lr2KqzdOrwpjSU3QmT3kf97fefMABx~PcRsAqv02s2xwt2kI7OFR0zdu4aytLTREV0PMF1EgLkOK5Y6zEeZo4xi7xF5q9rO2KemzDHByymkDaaCGfgceQ-pjA1p~Q7l01dlrfAb9RNTjouUfApp2HT3-2vbrInl30onkD2OPdgcveYuqUob0UwetaEi4CMbLyq5L5mb-Pf-wZScGWegbymra3cnxzX7MOhkyVVq4BONb2uZwNxEN7PXrE7Rzm6CgDnIeUS90MBOqmpLvBjfRodzAcKdfb0q~Tqc1gam7omvF00Y~9~nWw6ZWLKsLoxE~U6R39sSl4f-Q__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Fractioned_High_Pressure_Extraction_of_Anthocyanins_from_Elderberry_Sambucus_nigra_L_Pomace","translated_slug":"","page_count":10,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Fractionated high pressure extractions from dry and in natura elderberry pomace were performed in order to obtain anthocyanin rich extracts. Experiments were carried out using CO2 supercritical fluid extraction followed by enhanced solvent extraction (ESE) with CO2/EtOH–H2O mixtures (1–100%, v/v), to obtain anthocyanin rich fractions in the second step, at 313 K and ~20 MPa. Higher extract yields, anthocyanin contents and antioxidant activities occurred by the presence of water, both in the raw material and in the solvent mixture. The CO2 dissolved in the ESE solvent mixture favored either anthocyanin contents or antioxidant activities, which were not directly related. Comparing to the literature data for elderberries and grapes, these fractions had higher anthocyanins contents. 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Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-4430141-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="4430140"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/4430140/Effect_of_solvent_CO_2_ethanol_H_2O_on_the_fractionated_enhanced_solvent_extraction_of_anthocyanins_from_elderberry_pomace"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Effect of solvent (CO 2/ethanol/H 2O) on the fractionated enhanced solvent extraction of anthocyanins from elderberry pomace" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/49866839/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/4430140/Effect_of_solvent_CO_2_ethanol_H_2O_on_the_fractionated_enhanced_solvent_extraction_of_anthocyanins_from_elderberry_pomace">Effect of solvent (CO 2/ethanol/H 2O) on the fractionated enhanced solvent extraction of anthocyanins from elderberry pomace</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Supercritical Fluids</span><span>, 2010</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Supercritical and enhanced solvent extraction CO2/ethanol/H2O solvent mixtures a b s t r a c t</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="68f2cf5d148672cc6e813b68afb06410" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":49866839,"asset_id":4430140,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" 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Pressure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/High_Pressure"},{"id":9359,"name":"Supercritical fluids","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Supercritical_fluids"},{"id":46182,"name":"Pharmaceutical industry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmaceutical_industry"},{"id":58054,"name":"Environmental Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Sciences"},{"id":80451,"name":"Solvent Extraction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Solvent_Extraction"},{"id":237339,"name":"EXTRACTION","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/EXTRACTION"},{"id":260118,"name":"CHEMICAL SCIENCES","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES"},{"id":290433,"name":"Antioxidant Activity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Antioxidant_Activity"},{"id":1126694,"name":"Total Phenolics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Total_Phenolics"}],"urls":[{"id":1559852,"url":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896844610001592"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-4430140-figures'); } }); </script> </div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane" data-section-id="722540" id="papers"><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="4430159"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/4430159/Effects_of_supercritical_fluid_extraction_on_Curcuma_longa_L_and_Zingiber_officinale_R_starches"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Effects of supercritical fluid extraction on Curcuma longa L. and Zingiber officinale R. starches" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/49866823/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/4430159/Effects_of_supercritical_fluid_extraction_on_Curcuma_longa_L_and_Zingiber_officinale_R_starches">Effects of supercritical fluid extraction on Curcuma longa L. and Zingiber officinale R. starches</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Carbohydrate Polymers</span><span>, 2006</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Ginger and turmeric tubers have approximately 45 and 40% of starch, respectively. These starches ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Ginger and turmeric tubers have approximately 45 and 40% of starch, respectively. These starches were analyzed before and after ginger and turmeric were subjected to supercritical fluid extraction to obtain oleoresin and essential oil. The starches were isolated and analyzed with respect to purity, amylose/amylopectin content, X-ray pattern, viscosity, swelling factor, granule morphology by scanning electron microscopy, gelatinization temperature by differential scanning calorimetry and turbidity. Supercritical fluid extraction process did not alter the starchy matrix showing small physical rearrangement of the starch molecules; this effect was more intense in the ginger starch, as observed by X-ray diffraction. The ginger starch became less resistant, in other words, there was a starchy structure relaxing after supercritical fluid extraction, evidenced by the lower setback value in the gelatinization process and nonetheless, it did not alter the granule morphology as observed by microscopy. This study reveals similar characteristics of these starches with commercial starches, indicating their potential for industrial applications. q</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><div class="carousel-container carousel-container--sm" id="profile-work-4430159-figures"><div class="prev-slide-container js-prev-button-container"><button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-4430159-figures-prev"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_back_ios</span></button></div><div class="slides-container js-slides-container"><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/1647117/table-1-microscopy-studies-revealed-that-the-sfe-process"><img alt="Microscopy studies revealed that the SFE process using CO> and cosolvents (isopropyl alcohol or the mixture 1:1 of ethanol/isopropyl alcohol) just mixed the cellular structures of turmeric and ginger particles after the SFE process, and did not alter the surface and morphology of the granules (Figs. | and 2). Jyothi et al. (2003) got average granules size of 33 um for Curcuma zedoaria and Curcuma malabarica starches. Potato starch granules may be as large as 100 um along the major axis (Whistler & BeMiller, 1999). The ginger starch Table 1 shows the chemical composition of ginger and turmeric isolated starches. Data show similarity between starch contents before and after supercritical process, indicating that the starch was not solubilized by the solvent (CO + cosolvent). Fig. 1. Curcuma longa starches before (C,) and after (C,) SFE process analyzed by SEM. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866823/figure_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/1647139/figure-4-dsc-gelatinization-curves-of-longa-and-officinale"><img alt="Fig. 4. DSC gelatinization curves of C. longa L. and Z. officinale R. starches (before SFE process: C, and Z,; after SFE process: C, and Z,) Fig. 3. Diffractograms of C. longa L. and Z. officinale R. starches (before SFE process: C, and Z,; after SFE process: C, and Z,). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866823/figure_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/1647145/figure-2-zingiber-officinale-starches-before-and-after-sfe"><img alt="Fig. 2. Zingiber officinale starches before (Z,) and after (Z,) SFE process analyzed by SEM. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866823/figure_003.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/1647160/figure-4-effects-of-supercritical-fluid-extraction-on"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866823/figure_004.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/1647170/figure-5-viscosity-of-longa-and-officinale-starches-before"><img alt="Fig. 5. Viscosity of C. longa L. and Z. officinale R. starches (before SFE process: C, and Z,; after SFE process: C, and Z,). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866823/figure_005.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/1647186/table-1-composition-of-curcuma-longa-linneu-and-zingiber"><img alt="Composition of Curcuma longa Linneu (C) and Zingiber officinale Roscoe (Z) tubers starches tr=trace(0.01%; the subscripts b and a means before and after SFE, respectively. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866823/table_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/1647196/table-3-viscosity-parameters-of-curcuma-longa-and-zingiber"><img alt="Viscosity parameters of Curcuma longa L. (C) and Zingiber officinale R. (Z) starches The subscripts b and a means before and after SFE, respectively. Table 3 " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866823/table_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/1647202/table-3-starch-gelatinization-enthalpy-of-curcuma-longa"><img alt="Starch gelatinization enthalpy of Curcuma longa Linneu (C) and Zingiber officinale Roscoe (Z) obtained by DSC The subscripts b and a means before and after SFE, respectively, T,, onset temperature; Tpeak, peak temperature; T,., conclusion temperature; AA get, entalphy of gelatinization. a AA hacic " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866823/table_003.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/1647210/table-4-swelling-factor-amylose-and-amylopectin-contents-of"><img alt="Swelling factor, amylose and amylopectin contents of Curcuma longa L. (C) and Zingiber officinale R. (Z) starches The subscripts b and a means before and after SFE, respectively. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866823/table_004.jpg" /></a></figure></div><div class="next-slide-container js-next-button-container"><button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-4430159-figures-next"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_forward_ios</span></button></div></div></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="ec7e26e549b35eee0288acbb5955194f" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":49866823,"asset_id":4430159,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49866823/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="4430159"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="4430159"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4430159; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4430159]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4430159]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4430159; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='4430159']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "ec7e26e549b35eee0288acbb5955194f" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=4430159]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":4430159,"title":"Effects of supercritical fluid extraction on Curcuma longa L. and Zingiber officinale R. starches","translated_title":"","metadata":{"ai_title_tag":"Impact of Supercritical Extraction on Starch Properties","grobid_abstract":"Ginger and turmeric tubers have approximately 45 and 40% of starch, respectively. These starches were analyzed before and after ginger and turmeric were subjected to supercritical fluid extraction to obtain oleoresin and essential oil. The starches were isolated and analyzed with respect to purity, amylose/amylopectin content, X-ray pattern, viscosity, swelling factor, granule morphology by scanning electron microscopy, gelatinization temperature by differential scanning calorimetry and turbidity. Supercritical fluid extraction process did not alter the starchy matrix showing small physical rearrangement of the starch molecules; this effect was more intense in the ginger starch, as observed by X-ray diffraction. The ginger starch became less resistant, in other words, there was a starchy structure relaxing after supercritical fluid extraction, evidenced by the lower setback value in the gelatinization process and nonetheless, it did not alter the granule morphology as observed by microscopy. This study reveals similar characteristics of these starches with commercial starches, indicating their potential for industrial applications. q","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2006,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Carbohydrate Polymers","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":49866823},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/4430159/Effects_of_supercritical_fluid_extraction_on_Curcuma_longa_L_and_Zingiber_officinale_R_starches","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2013-09-07T07:50:55.342-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5442949,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":49866823,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/49866823/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Effect_of_supercritical_flow_extraction_20161025-9057-1se2rka.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49866823/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Effects_of_supercritical_fluid_extractio.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/49866823/Effect_of_supercritical_flow_extraction_20161025-9057-1se2rka-libre.pdf?1477434325=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DEffects_of_supercritical_fluid_extractio.pdf\u0026Expires=1743734141\u0026Signature=AtfEQVxqH3jSqm3TFlwhlEK~WpKSzatW8qnpx7pVhgS9rduZS7l7gAaDbPqtlmH3uyqU0YbOmGN6wIu4RB~hHe0GT-zfUoPq2IdkbU90kT98eDSpebXiBO0FmRZdR8gvDJlwEjzigAZETvRWp~ZHozEpxBZrG~TEVAfaksaDCzxtHJIvM7JRBMz5RKMD3wxfic-Qfuei8yOtITiqXDMcLiWdiVoHB7s4xBCT7K7t9ehiEjvbpy~UCMW1N7tCnngeRR~l3OJcqKXpTAfhihvDcDcwGVuFojTgr6BbRyZlms-k9sqWSmUfV6ABAUgYLGEE-8SBx8QVfHBx1griMenaKw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Effects_of_supercritical_fluid_extraction_on_Curcuma_longa_L_and_Zingiber_officinale_R_starches","translated_slug":"","page_count":7,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Ginger and turmeric tubers have approximately 45 and 40% of starch, respectively. These starches were analyzed before and after ginger and turmeric were subjected to supercritical fluid extraction to obtain oleoresin and essential oil. The starches were isolated and analyzed with respect to purity, amylose/amylopectin content, X-ray pattern, viscosity, swelling factor, granule morphology by scanning electron microscopy, gelatinization temperature by differential scanning calorimetry and turbidity. Supercritical fluid extraction process did not alter the starchy matrix showing small physical rearrangement of the starch molecules; this effect was more intense in the ginger starch, as observed by X-ray diffraction. The ginger starch became less resistant, in other words, there was a starchy structure relaxing after supercritical fluid extraction, evidenced by the lower setback value in the gelatinization process and nonetheless, it did not alter the granule morphology as observed by microscopy. This study reveals similar characteristics of these starches with commercial starches, indicating their potential for industrial applications. q","owner":{"id":5442949,"first_name":"Mara","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Braga","page_name":"MaraBraga","domain_name":"uc-pt","created_at":"2013-09-07T07:47:58.323-07:00","display_name":"Mara Braga","url":"https://uc-pt.academia.edu/MaraBraga"},"attachments":[{"id":49866823,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/49866823/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Effect_of_supercritical_flow_extraction_20161025-9057-1se2rka.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49866823/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Effects_of_supercritical_fluid_extractio.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/49866823/Effect_of_supercritical_flow_extraction_20161025-9057-1se2rka-libre.pdf?1477434325=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DEffects_of_supercritical_fluid_extractio.pdf\u0026Expires=1743734141\u0026Signature=AtfEQVxqH3jSqm3TFlwhlEK~WpKSzatW8qnpx7pVhgS9rduZS7l7gAaDbPqtlmH3uyqU0YbOmGN6wIu4RB~hHe0GT-zfUoPq2IdkbU90kT98eDSpebXiBO0FmRZdR8gvDJlwEjzigAZETvRWp~ZHozEpxBZrG~TEVAfaksaDCzxtHJIvM7JRBMz5RKMD3wxfic-Qfuei8yOtITiqXDMcLiWdiVoHB7s4xBCT7K7t9ehiEjvbpy~UCMW1N7tCnngeRR~l3OJcqKXpTAfhihvDcDcwGVuFojTgr6BbRyZlms-k9sqWSmUfV6ABAUgYLGEE-8SBx8QVfHBx1griMenaKw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":531,"name":"Organic Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Organic_Chemistry"},{"id":10655,"name":"Scanning Electron Microscopy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Scanning_Electron_Microscopy"},{"id":48465,"name":"Essential Oil","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Essential_Oil"},{"id":56001,"name":"X Rays","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/X_Rays"},{"id":78753,"name":"Differential scanning calorimetry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Differential_scanning_calorimetry"},{"id":170060,"name":"Turmeric","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Turmeric"},{"id":245964,"name":"Industrial Application","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Industrial_Application"},{"id":386527,"name":"X ray diffraction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/X_ray_diffraction"},{"id":510153,"name":"Supercritical Fluid Extraction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Supercritical_Fluid_Extraction"},{"id":573653,"name":"Food Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_Sciences"},{"id":1323439,"name":"Carbohydrate Polymers","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Carbohydrate_Polymers"},{"id":2069261,"name":"Gelatinization Temperature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gelatinization_Temperature"}],"urls":[{"id":1559871,"url":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0144861705004078"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (true) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-4430159-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="4430158"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/4430158/Supercritical_fluid_extraction_of_vetiver_roots_A_study_of_SFE_kinetics"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Supercritical fluid extraction of vetiver roots: A study of SFE kinetics" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/49866821/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/4430158/Supercritical_fluid_extraction_of_vetiver_roots_A_study_of_SFE_kinetics">Supercritical fluid extraction of vetiver roots: A study of SFE kinetics</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Supercritical Fluids</span><span>, 2008</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The recovery of volatile oils from vegetal raw materials is an activity of great interest to the ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The recovery of volatile oils from vegetal raw materials is an activity of great interest to the food, perfumes and cosmetic industries. The vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides) oil is particularly appreciated in perfume and cosmetic products but may also be used in food industry as an aroma and as flavor agent in some beverage. The objective of this work, based on preliminary process parameters studies, is to improve the process -meaning both quantity and quality of the compounds -of vetiver extracts recovered by supercritical technology using carbon dioxide as supercritical fluid (SFE). Vetiver roots were purchased from a local producer in Brazil, dried, milled and classified. The extraction assays were carried out using the Spe-ed unit, unit I and II. The optimum extraction pressure was determined for the 40 °C isotherm, for pressures in the range of 100 -300 bar. The determined optimum pressure was used to study the influence of percentage of ethanol as co-solvent (0, 5 and 10% [v/v]). The chemical composition of the extracts was determined by gas and thin layer chromatography (GC and TLC, respectively). Overall extraction curves (OEC) were constructed allowing the determination of the kinetic parameters. The results of the extraction done using 10% of ethanol [v/v] were statistically different from 0 and 5% for global yield and kinetics parameters t CER , M CER and R CER . The TLC showed similar chemical profiles between SFE and hydrodistillation (HD), but there are some compounds that can be observed by TLC just during the t CER period.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><div class="carousel-container carousel-container--sm" id="profile-work-4430158-figures"><div class="prev-slide-container js-prev-button-container"><button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-4430158-figures-prev"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_back_ios</span></button></div><div class="slides-container js-slides-container"><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/20015299/figure-1-global-yield-isotherm-of-the-extract-from-vetiver"><img alt="Figure 1: Global yield isotherm 40°C of the extract from Vetiver roots using pressurized CO ; CO; flow rate 9-12.10” kg/s. yield for pressures up to 200 bar — with a maximum value Xo of 4.6% (dry basis, d.b.) obtained pressure at 200 bar of pressure — and after that, the yield remains practically constant with . Moreover, the yields obtained at 100, 150 and 200 bar are statistically different at 0.05 of confidence, whereas the ones obtained at 200, 250 and 300 are not. Considering that the solu process supercri bility is directly linked to the temperature and to the pressure of the process, for a temperature fixed at 40°C, the maximum solubility of the Vetiver extraction in the ical CO> occurs at a process pressure of 200 bar. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866821/figure_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/20015319/figure-2-overall-extraction-curves-of-vetiver-roots-at"><img alt="Figure 2: Overall Extraction curves of Vetiver roots at various cosolvent percentage at 200 bar and 40°C and comparison of the experimental data with the Sovova model Qco2 =3.74 (0%), 3.56 (5%),3.21 (10%) x10° kg CO2 /s * Average 0% (Experimental data); m Average 5% (Experimental data); + Average 10% (Experimental data);— Sovova model " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866821/figure_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/20015332/figure-3-chemical-composition-of-the-vetiver-extract"><img alt="Figure 3. Chemical composition of the Vetiver extract obtained at 40 °C, 200 bar, 10% (v/v) of EtOH as cosolvent. x khusimol, A Isovalencenol; + Zizanoic Acid; 0 B-vetivone + n.i.V ; - ni. Vi + a- vetivone; mn.i. VIII; ! Volatile oil " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866821/figure_003.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/20015350/figure-3-the-chromatographic-analyses-cg-and-tlc-revealed"><img alt="The chromatographic analyses (CG and TLC) revealed that increasing co-solvent percentage the quantity of each one of the different compounds, which were obtained at the extracted fraction, was increasing (Figure 3). Consequently, this led to the increase of the total yield, as previously noticed. Moreover, they also revealed a specific behavior in the case of he extraction carried out in the pure supercritical CO. Some compounds are removed from he raw material faster than the others. So, during the kinetic, they are going to run out. The proportion of the compounds with a lower solubility is therefore increased with time. Thus, a he end of the extraction, they are proportionally more important than the first ones. The use of co-solvent permits to improve the solubility of the vetiver extract in the supercritica solvent. Moreover, the behavior given by TCL and GC analysis are similar. The single behaviour is a noticeable decreasing of the proportion of compounds along the extraction. A 10% of EtOH, the decrease is more visible, indeed, compounds are more quickly recuperated than for the 5% EtOH kinetic (Figure 3). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866821/table_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/20015371/table-3-parameters-adjusted-for-sfe-of-extracts-from-vetiver"><img alt="Table 3: Parameters adjusted for SFE of extracts from Vetiver roots with several models and mean square deviation of experimental data fitting " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866821/table_002.jpg" /></a></figure></div><div class="next-slide-container js-next-button-container"><button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-4430158-figures-next"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_forward_ios</span></button></div></div></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="0de8f2ab6e9e96abba7ab5f20b00454d" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":49866821,"asset_id":4430158,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49866821/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="4430158"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="4430158"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4430158; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4430158]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4430158]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4430158; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='4430158']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "0de8f2ab6e9e96abba7ab5f20b00454d" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=4430158]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":4430158,"title":"Supercritical fluid extraction of vetiver roots: A study of SFE kinetics","translated_title":"","metadata":{"grobid_abstract":"The recovery of volatile oils from vegetal raw materials is an activity of great interest to the food, perfumes and cosmetic industries. The vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides) oil is particularly appreciated in perfume and cosmetic products but may also be used in food industry as an aroma and as flavor agent in some beverage. The objective of this work, based on preliminary process parameters studies, is to improve the process -meaning both quantity and quality of the compounds -of vetiver extracts recovered by supercritical technology using carbon dioxide as supercritical fluid (SFE). Vetiver roots were purchased from a local producer in Brazil, dried, milled and classified. The extraction assays were carried out using the Spe-ed unit, unit I and II. The optimum extraction pressure was determined for the 40 °C isotherm, for pressures in the range of 100 -300 bar. The determined optimum pressure was used to study the influence of percentage of ethanol as co-solvent (0, 5 and 10% [v/v]). The chemical composition of the extracts was determined by gas and thin layer chromatography (GC and TLC, respectively). Overall extraction curves (OEC) were constructed allowing the determination of the kinetic parameters. The results of the extraction done using 10% of ethanol [v/v] were statistically different from 0 and 5% for global yield and kinetics parameters t CER , M CER and R CER . The TLC showed similar chemical profiles between SFE and hydrodistillation (HD), but there are some compounds that can be observed by TLC just during the t CER period.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2008,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Journal of Supercritical Fluids","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":49866821},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/4430158/Supercritical_fluid_extraction_of_vetiver_roots_A_study_of_SFE_kinetics","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2013-09-07T07:50:55.080-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5442949,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":49866821,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/49866821/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Supercritical_fluid_extraction_of_vetive20161025-2378-1hool5v.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49866821/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Supercritical_fluid_extraction_of_vetive.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/49866821/Supercritical_fluid_extraction_of_vetive20161025-2378-1hool5v-libre.pdf?1477434327=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DSupercritical_fluid_extraction_of_vetive.pdf\u0026Expires=1743734141\u0026Signature=B~SZYUlY7-L~MTN14ok8LPBeJ1K8nXkhgqGmzcQGTTD4xeekAD277nhUKGovObEeC196PqgksPaHV9oVMUE-cGgv7VXcVRkIKUajfcNDaso9bh0NdYTS-Yz7jB9t~xxRsZV5un~YuDIMZzRwvdjApsewA4pdK2rWA~j4bEbXYe5AKA75JRuO-46lsHyIz1ebLHnyz6FRlNv-f9-UAODlcT4HSbBJzcorcZN1IksH8N48fPsFDLH8cREfTcAqjciiVh3CsVDPFyxDYsoSFU2nCljiC2KsnuibPUiD~9DaQl5KKoELATVBMj6iEw9meE2mRpkatJDdTOlOmAVUl-aY9w__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Supercritical_fluid_extraction_of_vetiver_roots_A_study_of_SFE_kinetics","translated_slug":"","page_count":6,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"The recovery of volatile oils from vegetal raw materials is an activity of great interest to the food, perfumes and cosmetic industries. The vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides) oil is particularly appreciated in perfume and cosmetic products but may also be used in food industry as an aroma and as flavor agent in some beverage. The objective of this work, based on preliminary process parameters studies, is to improve the process -meaning both quantity and quality of the compounds -of vetiver extracts recovered by supercritical technology using carbon dioxide as supercritical fluid (SFE). Vetiver roots were purchased from a local producer in Brazil, dried, milled and classified. The extraction assays were carried out using the Spe-ed unit, unit I and II. The optimum extraction pressure was determined for the 40 °C isotherm, for pressures in the range of 100 -300 bar. The determined optimum pressure was used to study the influence of percentage of ethanol as co-solvent (0, 5 and 10% [v/v]). The chemical composition of the extracts was determined by gas and thin layer chromatography (GC and TLC, respectively). Overall extraction curves (OEC) were constructed allowing the determination of the kinetic parameters. The results of the extraction done using 10% of ethanol [v/v] were statistically different from 0 and 5% for global yield and kinetics parameters t CER , M CER and R CER . The TLC showed similar chemical profiles between SFE and hydrodistillation (HD), but there are some compounds that can be observed by TLC just during the t CER period.","owner":{"id":5442949,"first_name":"Mara","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Braga","page_name":"MaraBraga","domain_name":"uc-pt","created_at":"2013-09-07T07:47:58.323-07:00","display_name":"Mara Braga","url":"https://uc-pt.academia.edu/MaraBraga"},"attachments":[{"id":49866821,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/49866821/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Supercritical_fluid_extraction_of_vetive20161025-2378-1hool5v.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49866821/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Supercritical_fluid_extraction_of_vetive.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/49866821/Supercritical_fluid_extraction_of_vetive20161025-2378-1hool5v-libre.pdf?1477434327=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DSupercritical_fluid_extraction_of_vetive.pdf\u0026Expires=1743734141\u0026Signature=B~SZYUlY7-L~MTN14ok8LPBeJ1K8nXkhgqGmzcQGTTD4xeekAD277nhUKGovObEeC196PqgksPaHV9oVMUE-cGgv7VXcVRkIKUajfcNDaso9bh0NdYTS-Yz7jB9t~xxRsZV5un~YuDIMZzRwvdjApsewA4pdK2rWA~j4bEbXYe5AKA75JRuO-46lsHyIz1ebLHnyz6FRlNv-f9-UAODlcT4HSbBJzcorcZN1IksH8N48fPsFDLH8cREfTcAqjciiVh3CsVDPFyxDYsoSFU2nCljiC2KsnuibPUiD~9DaQl5KKoELATVBMj6iEw9meE2mRpkatJDdTOlOmAVUl-aY9w__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering"},{"id":4987,"name":"Kinetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kinetics"},{"id":9359,"name":"Supercritical fluids","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Supercritical_fluids"},{"id":58054,"name":"Environmental Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Sciences"},{"id":161176,"name":"The","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The"},{"id":219495,"name":"Food Industry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_Industry"},{"id":260118,"name":"CHEMICAL SCIENCES","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES"},{"id":291387,"name":"Mathematical Model","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematical_Model"},{"id":510153,"name":"Supercritical Fluid Extraction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Supercritical_Fluid_Extraction"},{"id":814308,"name":"Vetiveria zizanioides","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vetiveria_zizanioides"},{"id":1167882,"name":"Kinetic Parameter","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kinetic_Parameter"},{"id":1231269,"name":"Pressure Effect","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pressure_Effect"}],"urls":[{"id":1559870,"url":"http://www.isasf.net/ISASF/Docs/Colmar/Paper/N19.pdf"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (true) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-4430158-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="4430157"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/4430157/ACCELERATED_SOLVENT_EXTRACTION_AND_FRACTIONED_EXTRACTION_TO_OBTAIN_THE_CURCUMA_LONGA_VOLATILE_OIL_AND_OLEORESIN"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of ACCELERATED SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND FRACTIONED EXTRACTION TO OBTAIN THE CURCUMA LONGA VOLATILE OIL AND OLEORESIN" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/49866820/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/4430157/ACCELERATED_SOLVENT_EXTRACTION_AND_FRACTIONED_EXTRACTION_TO_OBTAIN_THE_CURCUMA_LONGA_VOLATILE_OIL_AND_OLEORESIN">ACCELERATED SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND FRACTIONED EXTRACTION TO OBTAIN THE CURCUMA LONGA VOLATILE OIL AND OLEORESIN</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Food Process Engineering</span><span>, 2007</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Curcuma longa L. is a common species among the aromatic plants in Brazil. The roots are used in d...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Curcuma longa L. is a common species among the aromatic plants in Brazil. The roots are used in dairy food as colorant and flavoring substitute for saffron. Turmeric (C. longa L.) contains curcuminoids that have antimutagenic and antioxidant activities, and is thus used for the formulation of foods for the prevention of cancer. Turmeric extracts rich in curcuminoids were obtained using a mixture of CO2 and EtOH/IsoC3, and the assays were performed in a fixed bed extractor at 300 bar, 303 K. The bed's height effect was studied, maintaining constant the bed diameter and porosity; for the accelerated solvent extraction, the cosolvent percentages used were 10, 50 and 90% (v/v), with or without a static period of 30 min. The curcuminoid content was monitored using a spectrophotometer; the volatile oil was analyzed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detector, and the extract chemical profile was observed by thin-layer chromatography. The overall extraction curves showed that by keeping the relation between solvent and raw material constant, maximum extraction yield was obtained in a shorter time using the lowest bed height (HB/DB = 1.8). The supercritical fluid extraction using 50% of the cosolvent that employed the static period increased the curcuminoid content (0.72% of curcuminoids) and reached ∼10% of extract yield.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="7ed42a7670c915619d2dbf72b9dd723a" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":49866820,"asset_id":4430157,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49866820/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="4430157"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="4430157"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4430157; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4430157]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4430157]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4430157; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='4430157']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "7ed42a7670c915619d2dbf72b9dd723a" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=4430157]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":4430157,"title":"ACCELERATED SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND FRACTIONED EXTRACTION TO OBTAIN THE CURCUMA LONGA VOLATILE OIL AND OLEORESIN","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Curcuma longa L. is a common species among the aromatic plants in Brazil. The roots are used in dairy food as colorant and flavoring substitute for saffron. Turmeric (C. longa L.) contains curcuminoids that have antimutagenic and antioxidant activities, and is thus used for the formulation of foods for the prevention of cancer. Turmeric extracts rich in curcuminoids were obtained using a mixture of CO2 and EtOH/IsoC3, and the assays were performed in a fixed bed extractor at 300 bar, 303 K. The bed's height effect was studied, maintaining constant the bed diameter and porosity; for the accelerated solvent extraction, the cosolvent percentages used were 10, 50 and 90% (v/v), with or without a static period of 30 min. The curcuminoid content was monitored using a spectrophotometer; the volatile oil was analyzed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detector, and the extract chemical profile was observed by thin-layer chromatography. The overall extraction curves showed that by keeping the relation between solvent and raw material constant, maximum extraction yield was obtained in a shorter time using the lowest bed height (HB/DB = 1.8). The supercritical fluid extraction using 50% of the cosolvent that employed the static period increased the curcuminoid content (0.72% of curcuminoids) and reached ∼10% of extract yield.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2007,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Journal of Food Process Engineering"},"translated_abstract":"Curcuma longa L. is a common species among the aromatic plants in Brazil. The roots are used in dairy food as colorant and flavoring substitute for saffron. Turmeric (C. longa L.) contains curcuminoids that have antimutagenic and antioxidant activities, and is thus used for the formulation of foods for the prevention of cancer. Turmeric extracts rich in curcuminoids were obtained using a mixture of CO2 and EtOH/IsoC3, and the assays were performed in a fixed bed extractor at 300 bar, 303 K. The bed's height effect was studied, maintaining constant the bed diameter and porosity; for the accelerated solvent extraction, the cosolvent percentages used were 10, 50 and 90% (v/v), with or without a static period of 30 min. The curcuminoid content was monitored using a spectrophotometer; the volatile oil was analyzed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detector, and the extract chemical profile was observed by thin-layer chromatography. The overall extraction curves showed that by keeping the relation between solvent and raw material constant, maximum extraction yield was obtained in a shorter time using the lowest bed height (HB/DB = 1.8). The supercritical fluid extraction using 50% of the cosolvent that employed the static period increased the curcuminoid content (0.72% of curcuminoids) and reached ∼10% of extract yield.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/4430157/ACCELERATED_SOLVENT_EXTRACTION_AND_FRACTIONED_EXTRACTION_TO_OBTAIN_THE_CURCUMA_LONGA_VOLATILE_OIL_AND_OLEORESIN","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2013-09-07T07:50:54.328-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5442949,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":49866820,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/49866820/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Accelerated_solvent_extraction_and_fract20161025-9061-dl5usm.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49866820/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"ACCELERATED_SOLVENT_EXTRACTION_AND_FRACT.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/49866820/Accelerated_solvent_extraction_and_fract20161025-9061-dl5usm-libre.pdf?1477434327=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DACCELERATED_SOLVENT_EXTRACTION_AND_FRACT.pdf\u0026Expires=1743734141\u0026Signature=MSWIDrNkE1HCGInV7z9DQACZeR~xZHoAG8d2RA0UPbE8Yk38kUDZ2h~QEZpfrKRcI5F6kx-6L2tKj7NxNiHkJgfWYSVXZBuvWhESC4~wV9lFPkRlPIauAqMBzHZDzLYKIbdQ6zoH0YbRnzTvDQTO6cJpZFi9LontHnVZoZL33k7KaVSQMFTn4fnQ52O1LhHPKoSf04uVenOqtVPaJ4YXmHUp2kewA7qTW2ytgcnfM9EQ49zpxYIyHhL1VYj7Bc9u4ad9bhuiUeSoprcf5Auycju2bL~2B-2IhsdSQuYyeEfUypd2QNuxhXzDX6950yaAYF--KZlamOmmlsOOcLSLqA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"ACCELERATED_SOLVENT_EXTRACTION_AND_FRACTIONED_EXTRACTION_TO_OBTAIN_THE_CURCUMA_LONGA_VOLATILE_OIL_AND_OLEORESIN","translated_slug":"","page_count":21,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Curcuma longa L. is a common species among the aromatic plants in Brazil. The roots are used in dairy food as colorant and flavoring substitute for saffron. Turmeric (C. longa L.) contains curcuminoids that have antimutagenic and antioxidant activities, and is thus used for the formulation of foods for the prevention of cancer. Turmeric extracts rich in curcuminoids were obtained using a mixture of CO2 and EtOH/IsoC3, and the assays were performed in a fixed bed extractor at 300 bar, 303 K. The bed's height effect was studied, maintaining constant the bed diameter and porosity; for the accelerated solvent extraction, the cosolvent percentages used were 10, 50 and 90% (v/v), with or without a static period of 30 min. The curcuminoid content was monitored using a spectrophotometer; the volatile oil was analyzed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detector, and the extract chemical profile was observed by thin-layer chromatography. The overall extraction curves showed that by keeping the relation between solvent and raw material constant, maximum extraction yield was obtained in a shorter time using the lowest bed height (HB/DB = 1.8). The supercritical fluid extraction using 50% of the cosolvent that employed the static period increased the curcuminoid content (0.72% of curcuminoids) and reached ∼10% of extract yield.","owner":{"id":5442949,"first_name":"Mara","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Braga","page_name":"MaraBraga","domain_name":"uc-pt","created_at":"2013-09-07T07:47:58.323-07:00","display_name":"Mara Braga","url":"https://uc-pt.academia.edu/MaraBraga"},"attachments":[{"id":49866820,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/49866820/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Accelerated_solvent_extraction_and_fract20161025-9061-dl5usm.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49866820/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"ACCELERATED_SOLVENT_EXTRACTION_AND_FRACT.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/49866820/Accelerated_solvent_extraction_and_fract20161025-9061-dl5usm-libre.pdf?1477434327=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DACCELERATED_SOLVENT_EXTRACTION_AND_FRACT.pdf\u0026Expires=1743734141\u0026Signature=MSWIDrNkE1HCGInV7z9DQACZeR~xZHoAG8d2RA0UPbE8Yk38kUDZ2h~QEZpfrKRcI5F6kx-6L2tKj7NxNiHkJgfWYSVXZBuvWhESC4~wV9lFPkRlPIauAqMBzHZDzLYKIbdQ6zoH0YbRnzTvDQTO6cJpZFi9LontHnVZoZL33k7KaVSQMFTn4fnQ52O1LhHPKoSf04uVenOqtVPaJ4YXmHUp2kewA7qTW2ytgcnfM9EQ49zpxYIyHhL1VYj7Bc9u4ad9bhuiUeSoprcf5Auycju2bL~2B-2IhsdSQuYyeEfUypd2QNuxhXzDX6950yaAYF--KZlamOmmlsOOcLSLqA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":30617,"name":"Food Process Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_Process_Engineering"},{"id":76228,"name":"Oil","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oil"},{"id":573653,"name":"Food Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_Sciences"}],"urls":[{"id":1559869,"url":"http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1745-4530.2007.00133.x"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-4430157-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="4430155"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/4430155/Supercritical_fluid_extraction_from_Lippia_alba_global_yields_kinetic_data_and_extract_chemical_composition"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Supercritical fluid extraction from Lippia alba: global yields, kinetic data, and extract chemical composition" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/49866831/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/4430155/Supercritical_fluid_extraction_from_Lippia_alba_global_yields_kinetic_data_and_extract_chemical_composition">Supercritical fluid extraction from Lippia alba: global yields, kinetic data, and extract chemical composition</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Supercritical Fluids</span><span>, 2005</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">In this work, experimental data for the system Lippia alba + CO 2 is presented. The major constit...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">In this work, experimental data for the system Lippia alba + CO 2 is presented. The major constituents of the L. alba volatile oil are limonene and carvone. Thus, literature data for the systems limonene + CO 2 and carvone + CO 2 , and the Peng-Robinson equation of state (PR-EOS) were used to select the operating temperature and pressure, which maximize the global yield in L. alba extract. Global yields were determined at 80, 100, and 120 bar and 40, 45, and 50 • C. L. alba extracts were also obtained by conventional processes (hydrodistillation, low-pressure ethanol extraction and Soxhlet (ethanol). The chemical compositions of the extracts were determined by gas and thin layer chromatography (TLC). The secretor structures of L. alba were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) before and after supercritical extraction. The largest yield (∼7%, mass of extract/mass of dry solid) of the CO 2 -extract was obtained at 318 K and 100 bar. The chemical compositions of the CO 2 -extracts were different from those of the extracts obtained by Soxhlet and low-pressure solvent extraction (LPSE) because of the co-extraction of heavy substances by ethanol. The operating conditions that maximized the carvone and limonene yields were 80 bar and 323 K (80 mass%) and 120 bar and 323 K (17 mass%), respectively.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="27b815b7daf6893adf6fd3fae01fa565" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":49866831,"asset_id":4430155,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49866831/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="4430155"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="4430155"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4430155; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4430155]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4430155]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4430155; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='4430155']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "27b815b7daf6893adf6fd3fae01fa565" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=4430155]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":4430155,"title":"Supercritical fluid extraction from Lippia alba: global yields, kinetic data, and extract chemical composition","translated_title":"","metadata":{"grobid_abstract":"In this work, experimental data for the system Lippia alba + CO 2 is presented. The major constituents of the L. alba volatile oil are limonene and carvone. Thus, literature data for the systems limonene + CO 2 and carvone + CO 2 , and the Peng-Robinson equation of state (PR-EOS) were used to select the operating temperature and pressure, which maximize the global yield in L. alba extract. Global yields were determined at 80, 100, and 120 bar and 40, 45, and 50 • C. L. alba extracts were also obtained by conventional processes (hydrodistillation, low-pressure ethanol extraction and Soxhlet (ethanol). The chemical compositions of the extracts were determined by gas and thin layer chromatography (TLC). The secretor structures of L. alba were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) before and after supercritical extraction. The largest yield (∼7%, mass of extract/mass of dry solid) of the CO 2 -extract was obtained at 318 K and 100 bar. The chemical compositions of the CO 2 -extracts were different from those of the extracts obtained by Soxhlet and low-pressure solvent extraction (LPSE) because of the co-extraction of heavy substances by ethanol. The operating conditions that maximized the carvone and limonene yields were 80 bar and 323 K (80 mass%) and 120 bar and 323 K (17 mass%), respectively.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2005,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Journal of Supercritical Fluids","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":49866831},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/4430155/Supercritical_fluid_extraction_from_Lippia_alba_global_yields_kinetic_data_and_extract_chemical_composition","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2013-09-07T07:50:27.503-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5442949,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":49866831,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/49866831/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Supercritical_fluid_extraction_from_Lipp20161025-2382-1fftssp.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49866831/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Supercritical_fluid_extraction_from_Lipp.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/49866831/Supercritical_fluid_extraction_from_Lipp20161025-2382-1fftssp-libre.pdf?1477434324=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DSupercritical_fluid_extraction_from_Lipp.pdf\u0026Expires=1743734141\u0026Signature=SX0njMWdP9~soyufot1uaqU567VjrJtwi~yc7sF~dSAvvqkSvxjSXbICfa7H919YWNubY5CGnfgra~ThLwzl1I91b25HKw2raot5dx-1So8prU5EtdBGMRw3c-dX3PRb7Mln4p42K3IYbb5ty4cKUxyyAUhbFkxsmbIDkSSzgDQ6j5z9Ym3KB7obO70EK1T1JW2MASOCrxHYexFrxBJJ-rElefiQrweQs2stsPQNNvkQLV70eOTUkJmwK2el~lGHplSfatD3vkH6yJ5kaqv5C~qwlYdCwBe0l6SzUd-fmLkl4DgvifhHgRcuIg2Hh0Eg9UscL~xcCTmVEnwWB1mx7A__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Supercritical_fluid_extraction_from_Lippia_alba_global_yields_kinetic_data_and_extract_chemical_composition","translated_slug":"","page_count":8,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"In this work, experimental data for the system Lippia alba + CO 2 is presented. The major constituents of the L. alba volatile oil are limonene and carvone. Thus, literature data for the systems limonene + CO 2 and carvone + CO 2 , and the Peng-Robinson equation of state (PR-EOS) were used to select the operating temperature and pressure, which maximize the global yield in L. alba extract. Global yields were determined at 80, 100, and 120 bar and 40, 45, and 50 • C. L. alba extracts were also obtained by conventional processes (hydrodistillation, low-pressure ethanol extraction and Soxhlet (ethanol). The chemical compositions of the extracts were determined by gas and thin layer chromatography (TLC). The secretor structures of L. alba were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) before and after supercritical extraction. The largest yield (∼7%, mass of extract/mass of dry solid) of the CO 2 -extract was obtained at 318 K and 100 bar. The chemical compositions of the CO 2 -extracts were different from those of the extracts obtained by Soxhlet and low-pressure solvent extraction (LPSE) because of the co-extraction of heavy substances by ethanol. The operating conditions that maximized the carvone and limonene yields were 80 bar and 323 K (80 mass%) and 120 bar and 323 K (17 mass%), respectively.","owner":{"id":5442949,"first_name":"Mara","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Braga","page_name":"MaraBraga","domain_name":"uc-pt","created_at":"2013-09-07T07:47:58.323-07:00","display_name":"Mara Braga","url":"https://uc-pt.academia.edu/MaraBraga"},"attachments":[{"id":49866831,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/49866831/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Supercritical_fluid_extraction_from_Lipp20161025-2382-1fftssp.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49866831/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Supercritical_fluid_extraction_from_Lipp.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/49866831/Supercritical_fluid_extraction_from_Lipp20161025-2382-1fftssp-libre.pdf?1477434324=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DSupercritical_fluid_extraction_from_Lipp.pdf\u0026Expires=1743734141\u0026Signature=SX0njMWdP9~soyufot1uaqU567VjrJtwi~yc7sF~dSAvvqkSvxjSXbICfa7H919YWNubY5CGnfgra~ThLwzl1I91b25HKw2raot5dx-1So8prU5EtdBGMRw3c-dX3PRb7Mln4p42K3IYbb5ty4cKUxyyAUhbFkxsmbIDkSSzgDQ6j5z9Ym3KB7obO70EK1T1JW2MASOCrxHYexFrxBJJ-rElefiQrweQs2stsPQNNvkQLV70eOTUkJmwK2el~lGHplSfatD3vkH6yJ5kaqv5C~qwlYdCwBe0l6SzUd-fmLkl4DgvifhHgRcuIg2Hh0Eg9UscL~xcCTmVEnwWB1mx7A__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering"},{"id":4987,"name":"Kinetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kinetics"},{"id":9359,"name":"Supercritical fluids","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Supercritical_fluids"},{"id":10655,"name":"Scanning Electron Microscopy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Scanning_Electron_Microscopy"},{"id":58054,"name":"Environmental Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Sciences"},{"id":80451,"name":"Solvent Extraction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Solvent_Extraction"},{"id":161176,"name":"The","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The"},{"id":260118,"name":"CHEMICAL SCIENCES","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES"},{"id":477865,"name":"Operant Conditioning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Operant_Conditioning"},{"id":510153,"name":"Supercritical Fluid Extraction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Supercritical_Fluid_Extraction"},{"id":772972,"name":"Chemical Composition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Composition"},{"id":1120502,"name":"Experimental Data","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Experimental_Data"},{"id":1174006,"name":"Low Pressure Boiler","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Low_Pressure_Boiler"},{"id":1175860,"name":"Thin Layer Chromatography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thin_Layer_Chromatography"},{"id":1320599,"name":"Equation of State","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Equation_of_State"},{"id":2037336,"name":"Phase Equilibrium","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phase_Equilibrium"}],"urls":[{"id":1559867,"url":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896844604002840"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-4430155-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="4430154"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/4430154/Comparison_of_Yield_Composition_and_Antioxidant_Activity_of_Turmeric_Curcuma_longa_L_Extracts_Obtained_Using_Various_Techniques"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Comparison of Yield, Composition, and Antioxidant Activity of Turmeric ( Curcuma longa L.) Extracts Obtained Using Various Techniques" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/49866819/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/4430154/Comparison_of_Yield_Composition_and_Antioxidant_Activity_of_Turmeric_Curcuma_longa_L_Extracts_Obtained_Using_Various_Techniques">Comparison of Yield, Composition, and Antioxidant Activity of Turmeric ( Curcuma longa L.) Extracts Obtained Using Various Techniques</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry</span><span>, 2003</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><div class="carousel-container carousel-container--sm" id="profile-work-4430154-figures"><div class="prev-slide-container js-prev-button-container"><button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-4430154-figures-prev"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_back_ios</span></button></div><div class="slides-container js-slides-container"><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/1679896/figure-2-oecs-for-several-operating-conditions-sfe-done-at"><img alt="Figure 2. OECs for several operating conditions; SFE done at 300 bar and 30 °C. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866819/figure_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/1679902/figure-1-oecs-for-sfe-performed-at-and-of-cosolvent"><img alt="Figure 1. OECs for SFE performed at 30 °C and 6.4 +0.6% (v/v) of cosolvent. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866819/figure_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/1679908/figure-3-comparison-of-yield-composition-and-antioxidant"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866819/figure_003.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/1679914/table-1-composition-of-dehydrated-turmerics-used-in-the"><img alt="Table 1. Composition of Dehydrated Turmerics? Used in the Present Work: M (Maria da Fé, MG), S (Botucatu, SP); R-S Is the Turmeric Bagasse of Raw Material S 4The moisture contents of turmeric M and S in natura were 85.2 and 66.7% (wt, wet basis), respectively. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866819/table_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/1679921/table-2-operational-conditions-and-kinetic-parameters-for"><img alt="Table 2. Operational Conditions and Kinetic Parameters for SFE Assays Using Turmeric M? @ Raw material = M; mean particle diameter = 0.7 mm; 30 °C; Qco, = (4.2 +0.4) x 10-5 kg/s; 1300 kg/m? (true density); (6.4 +0.6) % (v/v) of cosolvent. ° Carb lioxide density. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866819/table_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/1679926/table-4-yields-and-curcuminoids-content-obtained-by-hd-and"><img alt="Table 4. Yields and Curcuminoids Content Obtained by HD and Soxhlet for Turmeric and Turmeric Bagasse? @R-M and R-S mean turmeric bagasse from raw materials M and S, respectively, which resulted from the SFE performed using CO» and the cosolvent mixture of EtOH/IsoC3; solvent flow rates were 4.4 x 10-5 and 3.5 x 10-5 kg/s for raw materials M and S, respectively. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866819/table_003.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/1679930/table-3-raw-material-bar-cosolvent-etoh-isoc-kg-true-density"><img alt="2 Raw material = S; T = 30 °C; P = 300 bar; cosolvent = 1:1 (v/v) EtOH/IsoC3; 1210 kg/m’ (true density); « = 0.54; average particle diameter of 0.69 mm. Table 3. Kinetics Parameters for the Assays Performed with Raw Material S at Various Solvent Flow Rates and Amounts of Cosolvent " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866819/table_004.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/1679937/table-6-tr-ni-nonidentified-composition-of-the-turmeric"><img alt="4tr = % < 0.64; ni = nonidentified. Table 6. Composition of the Turmeric Extract as a Function of Flow Rate and Cosolvent Percent Obtained by SFE at 30 °C, 300 Bar, and Differen Conditions of Process? " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866819/table_005.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/1679940/table-5-tr-ni-nonidentified-composition-of-the-turmeric"><img alt="4tr = % < 0.34; ni = nonidentified. Table 5. Composition of the Turmeric Extracts (Volatile Fraction) Obtained by SFE, HD, Soxhlet, and LPSE?@ " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866819/table_006.jpg" /></a></figure></div><div class="next-slide-container js-next-button-container"><button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-4430154-figures-next"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_forward_ios</span></button></div></div></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="381e651051825be6d48e546260e7bf04" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":49866819,"asset_id":4430154,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49866819/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="4430154"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="4430154"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4430154; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4430154]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4430154]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4430154; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='4430154']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "381e651051825be6d48e546260e7bf04" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=4430154]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":4430154,"title":"Comparison of Yield, Composition, and Antioxidant Activity of Turmeric ( Curcuma longa L.) Extracts Obtained Using Various Techniques","translated_title":"","metadata":{"ai_abstract":"This study evaluates the yield, composition, and antioxidant activity of turmeric extracts obtained through various extraction techniques, including subcritical water extraction, soxhlet extraction, and others. Results indicate significant variations in the yield and composition of curcumin and related compounds dependent on the extraction method applied. Additionally, antioxidant activities were measured, showing that some methods yielded extracts with superior antioxidant properties, indicating potential for improved dietary or therapeutic applications.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2003,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Journal of Agricultural and Food 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Chromatography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Supercritical_Fluid_Chromatography"},{"id":844702,"name":"Food Handling \u0026 Hygiene","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_Handling_and_Hygiene"},{"id":963891,"name":"Toluene","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Toluene"},{"id":1745595,"name":"Solvents","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Solvents"}],"urls":[{"id":1559866,"url":"http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jf0345550"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (true) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-4430154-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="4430153"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/4430153/Ginger_and_turmeric_starches_hydrolysis_using_subcritical_water_CO2_the_effect_of_the_SFE_pre_treatment"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Ginger and turmeric starches hydrolysis using subcritical water + CO2: the effect of the SFE pre-treatment" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/31849330/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/4430153/Ginger_and_turmeric_starches_hydrolysis_using_subcritical_water_CO2_the_effect_of_the_SFE_pre_treatment">Ginger and turmeric starches hydrolysis using subcritical water + CO2: the effect of the SFE pre-treatment</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering</span><span>, 2006</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">In this work, the hydrolysis of fresh and dried turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) and ginger (Zingiber ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">In this work, the hydrolysis of fresh and dried turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) and ginger (Zingiber officinale R.) in the presence of subcritical water + CO 2 was studied. The hydrolysis of ginger and turmeric bagasses from supercritical fluid extraction was also studied. The reactions were done using subcritical water and CO 2 at 150 bar, 200 °C and reaction time of 11 minutes; the degree of reaction was monitored through the amount of starch hydrolyzed. Process yields were calculated using the amount of reducing and total sugars formed. The effects of supercritical fluid extraction in the starchy structures were observed by scanning electron microscopy. Higher degree of hydrolysis (97-98 %) were obtained for fresh materials and the highest total sugar yield (74%) was established for ginger bagasse. The supercritical fluid extraction did not significantly modify the degree of hydrolysis in the tested conditions.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><div class="carousel-container carousel-container--sm" id="profile-work-4430153-figures"><div class="prev-slide-container js-prev-button-container"><button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-4430153-figures-prev"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_back_ios</span></button></div><div class="slides-container js-slides-container"><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/30662044/figure-1-extraction-degree-obtained-by-sfe-process-of-ginger"><img alt="Figure 1: Extraction degree obtained by SFE process of ginger (¢) at 250 bar and 35 °C, 1.7% (v/v) of isopropyl! alcohol as cosolvent; and turmeric (0) at 300 bar and 30 °C, 10% (v/v) of ethanol/isopropyl alcohol (1:1) as cosolvent. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/31849330/figure_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/30662049/figure-2-starchy-cellulosic-structure-in-milled-dried-ginger"><img alt="Figure 2: Starchy cellulosic structure in milled dried ginger by SEM 450x. defined: ginger and turmeric starch granules have a spherical to ellipsoidal shapes (ginger: 10-28 mm for the larger axis; turmeric: 10-33 mm for the larger axis). Thus, the larger quantities of starch in turmeric (Table 1) and the stronger effects of pressure over its cellulosic-starchy have contributed to the obstructions structure could of the SFE unit tubing lines as well as the formation of caramelized sugars. And, also, the turmeric starc h granules were apparently deformed to a larger extended than the ginger starch granules during the SFE process. Among the ginger substrates, the degrees of hydrolysis were smaller for the dried and SFE bagasse, indicating the difficulties the water to be re-incorporated encountered by o the starchy- cellulosic matrix. In spite of this, he total sugars yield was larger for SFE bagasse as compared to the fresh and dried substrates. Scanning electronic microscopy _ permitted bserving the ginger and turmeric substrate (dried) s well as the SFE bagasses. Figures 2-5 show the ellulosic walls and starch granules. Figures 3 and 5 how the disarrangement suffered by the cellulosic ructure as the result of the pressure applied uring the SFE process, and, at the same time, that he starch granules remained intact. Because, the arch granules are enclosed by the cellulosic ructure, they did not suffer or suffered to a lesser extend the action of pressure. For the turmeric substrates, it is clearly seen, Figures 4-5, the smaller proportion of cellulosic walls; or, starch in the surface of the analyzed fragments of ginger was present in a larger quantity when compared to the amount of starch present in an equal amount of turmeric fragment analyzed. The dimensions and the morphology of both starch granules are well oo 0 cecAann nn " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/31849330/figure_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/30662053/figure-3-starchy-cellulosic-structure-in-milled-dried-sfe"><img alt="Figure 3: Starchy cellulosic structure in milled dried SFE ginger by SEM 550x. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/31849330/figure_003.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/30662058/figure-4-starchy-cellulosic-structure-in-milled-dried"><img alt="Figure 4: Starchy cellulosic structure in milled dried turmeric by SEM 450x " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/31849330/figure_004.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/30662063/figure-5-starchy-cellulosic-structure-in-milled-dried-sfe"><img alt="Figure 5: Starchy cellulosic structure in milled dried SFE turmeric bagasse by SEM 550x " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/31849330/figure_005.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/30662067/table-2-kinetic-parameters-of-ginger-and-turmeric-oecs"><img alt="Table 2: Kinetic Parameters of ginger and turmeric OECs obtained by SFE process Table 1: Composition of the dried milled ginger and turmeric rhizomes and ginger and turmeric SFE bagasses " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/31849330/table_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/30662070/table-3-shows-the-values-of-the-degree-of-hydrolysis-total"><img alt="Table 3 shows the values of the degree of hydrolysis, total and reducing sugars yields. The pH measured in the reacting medium for the ginger substrates varied from 3.5 to 4.0. For ginger substrates, the fresh ginger showed the highest degree of hydrolysis. This behavior is probably a result of the interaction between the water and the starchy-cellulosic structure in the fresh material, which contributed for the improvement of hydrolysis. On the other hand, the differences in the degree of hydrolysis between the dried ginger and SFE ginger bagasse were not statistically significant Pvaue = 0.486). As the degree of hydrolysis increased the reducing sugar yield decreased; this can be explained by the fact that the increase in the hydrolysis rate increased the reducing sugar yield and consequently its degradation rate. The difference in total sugar yields between fresh and dried ginger substrates was not statistically significant (Pyatue = 0.349). In Table 3, fewer results were shown for turmeric substrates, due to the impossibility of performing the assays in triplicates keeping the losses bellow 10%; therefore, these results were not reported. The explanations found for the turmeric substrates behavior were connected to the larger degree of hydrolysis as compared to the ginger substrates. Larger degree of hydrolysis would result in larger amounts of gaseous products, which were not quantified in the present work. The pH of the reacting medium was near to 3.0 for the turmeric substrates, and, at 200 °C it was impossible to collect products at the SFE system outlet: the reaction products obstructed the tubing lines with products resembling caramelized sucrose. Considering that the temperature of 200 °C could be very high for hydrolyzing turmeric bagasse, hydrolysis reactions were done at lower temperatures of 180, 150, and 130 °C. At 180 °C, the behavior of the system was " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/31849330/table_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/30662074/table-3-nq-not-quantified-degree-of-hydrolysis-total-sugar"><img alt="nq - not quantified Table 3: Degree of hydrolysis (X % ), total sugar yield (yrs % ) and reducing sugar yield (Yrs % ) at 200 °C, 150 bar and 11 min reaction time " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/31849330/table_003.jpg" /></a></figure></div><div class="next-slide-container js-next-button-container"><button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-4430153-figures-next"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_forward_ios</span></button></div></div></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="2f196f7ae5d43079163da140281a1f54" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":31849330,"asset_id":4430153,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31849330/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="4430153"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="4430153"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4430153; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4430153]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4430153]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4430153; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='4430153']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "2f196f7ae5d43079163da140281a1f54" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=4430153]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":4430153,"title":"Ginger and turmeric starches hydrolysis using subcritical water + CO2: the effect of the SFE pre-treatment","translated_title":"","metadata":{"grobid_abstract":"In this work, the hydrolysis of fresh and dried turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) and ginger (Zingiber officinale R.) in the presence of subcritical water + CO 2 was studied. The hydrolysis of ginger and turmeric bagasses from supercritical fluid extraction was also studied. The reactions were done using subcritical water and CO 2 at 150 bar, 200 °C and reaction time of 11 minutes; the degree of reaction was monitored through the amount of starch hydrolyzed. Process yields were calculated using the amount of reducing and total sugars formed. The effects of supercritical fluid extraction in the starchy structures were observed by scanning electron microscopy. Higher degree of hydrolysis (97-98 %) were obtained for fresh materials and the highest total sugar yield (74%) was established for ginger bagasse. The supercritical fluid extraction did not significantly modify the degree of hydrolysis in the tested conditions.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2006,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":31849330},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/4430153/Ginger_and_turmeric_starches_hydrolysis_using_subcritical_water_CO2_the_effect_of_the_SFE_pre_treatment","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2013-09-07T07:50:26.932-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5442949,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":31849330,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/31849330/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"29929.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31849330/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Ginger_and_turmeric_starches_hydrolysis.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/31849330/29929-libre.pdf?1392436352=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DGinger_and_turmeric_starches_hydrolysis.pdf\u0026Expires=1743734141\u0026Signature=XxjKf0hF-A9F6JD844IOYlibNiVcBfYVPosODRz-tt80BUZ8AQfMTR0fEr0Ftq00vQ6Pk-1NG2rtnqAVcpCxHCn35Spve0m8P8ws6lBbHQp8FJpwHaqAAZDHNUdznyFdthmoNhp7oRTtagk-IEG4n-hDbz~yjH6bD1zt2Oil-jUWOKDxqhjh8MzfbECYehJJKZkhxoW3SU-wlDUKXDDygoJreOX6YY0uo3pC9WSn5tHe~oezwlFWYD09ljN8jb-B11JzAN8Be-v1y8CxChHaf3M5HDWqJ6pv42MFO6-n4cpw2rJsH1tmO3HIp56QYIHnQYOY6IMAa1uKEHj0H8pihQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Ginger_and_turmeric_starches_hydrolysis_using_subcritical_water_CO2_the_effect_of_the_SFE_pre_treatment","translated_slug":"","page_count":8,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"In this work, the hydrolysis of fresh and dried turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) and ginger (Zingiber officinale R.) in the presence of subcritical water + CO 2 was studied. The hydrolysis of ginger and turmeric bagasses from supercritical fluid extraction was also studied. The reactions were done using subcritical water and CO 2 at 150 bar, 200 °C and reaction time of 11 minutes; the degree of reaction was monitored through the amount of starch hydrolyzed. Process yields were calculated using the amount of reducing and total sugars formed. The effects of supercritical fluid extraction in the starchy structures were observed by scanning electron microscopy. Higher degree of hydrolysis (97-98 %) were obtained for fresh materials and the highest total sugar yield (74%) was established for ginger bagasse. The supercritical fluid extraction did not significantly modify the degree of hydrolysis in the tested conditions.","owner":{"id":5442949,"first_name":"Mara","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Braga","page_name":"MaraBraga","domain_name":"uc-pt","created_at":"2013-09-07T07:47:58.323-07:00","display_name":"Mara Braga","url":"https://uc-pt.academia.edu/MaraBraga"},"attachments":[{"id":31849330,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/31849330/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"29929.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31849330/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Ginger_and_turmeric_starches_hydrolysis.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/31849330/29929-libre.pdf?1392436352=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DGinger_and_turmeric_starches_hydrolysis.pdf\u0026Expires=1743734142\u0026Signature=E4ozpfoum34d1H5k~JTFEyB357KqZpl0i3Fy~UN5T4Q44MaXCgOpKtVODUi-SgYm7H42iAzKCk~Zqgl6yA7wPJTrAY2DaCEfkLreznTtZyVwu9SU9AJqMomBP8fikoDmfFdB-dlMZBzz3vQrY-YBSO5G2BgE7fsVTy13kDj-Z8f79zPLT0zVyOepnQ8EDK0W9BiySK3NA8CKwxkeLx3Nt8xWV-D2H0MAcme3gE0LhbtAO-LX9uKj8h-651ek4fPu~aYLp4ASiXU2U~opfcvF~6VIaygRPKuPLjMwFwUPkjaezbN8AtW~MabPj7ixv3e-011awQxiI65zTlX-sg6Unw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":72,"name":"Chemical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Engineering"},{"id":10655,"name":"Scanning Electron Microscopy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Scanning_Electron_Microscopy"},{"id":119665,"name":"Reaction Time","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reaction_Time"},{"id":170060,"name":"Turmeric","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Turmeric"},{"id":510153,"name":"Supercritical Fluid Extraction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Supercritical_Fluid_Extraction"}],"urls":[{"id":1559865,"url":"http://www.scielo.br/pdf/bjce/v23n2/29929.pdf"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (true) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-4430153-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="4430152"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/4430152/Development_of_therapeutic_contact_lenses_using_a_supercritical_solvent_impregnation_method"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Development of therapeutic contact lenses using a supercritical solvent impregnation method" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/49866822/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/4430152/Development_of_therapeutic_contact_lenses_using_a_supercritical_solvent_impregnation_method">Development of therapeutic contact lenses using a supercritical solvent impregnation method</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Supercritical Fluids</span><span>, 2010</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">We present some selected results indicating the feasibility of preparing therapeutic finished oph...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">We present some selected results indicating the feasibility of preparing therapeutic finished ophthalmic articles, namely commercially available soft contact lenses, using a supercritical solvent impregnation (SSI) technique. Several commercial soft contact lenses were tested and, among these, four lenses were selected for more complete studies: Nelfilcon A (FocusDailies ® , CIBA Vision), Omafilcon A (Proclear ® Compatibles, CooperVision), Methafilcon A (Frequency ® 55, CooperVision) and Hilafilcon B (SofLens ® 59 Comfort, Bausch & Lomb). Supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO 2 ) was the chosen supercritical fluid and two ophthalmic drugs were tested: flurbiprofen (a NSAID, hydrophobic) and timolol maleate (an anti-glaucoma drug, hydrophilic). The effects of operational pressure, of impregnation duration and of the addition of a cosolvent (ethanol) were studied on the overall drug loading yields. Depending on the experiment, we employed pressures from 9 up to 16 MPa and impregnation times from 30 up to 180 min. Temperature was kept constant and equal to 313 K. The employed depressurization rates were kept low and between 0.1 and 0.2 MPa/min.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><div class="carousel-container carousel-container--sm" id="profile-work-4430152-figures"><div class="prev-slide-container js-prev-button-container"><button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-4430152-figures-prev"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_back_ios</span></button></div><div class="slides-container js-slides-container"><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/54271151/figure-1-schematic-diagram-of-the-experimental-supercritical"><img alt="Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the experimental supercritical solvent impregnation apparatus. C, CO2 liquid pump; TC, temperature controller; PT, high pressure transducer; V, valves; IC, high pressure impregnation cell; MS, magnetic stirrer; GT, glass trap. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866822/figure_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/54271174/figure-2-constituting-monomers-co-monomers-and-cross-linkers"><img alt="Fig. 2. Constituting monomers, co-monomers and cross-linkers for Nelfilcon A, Methafilcon A, Omafilcon A and Hilafilcon B contact lenses. HEMA: 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate; MAA: methacrylic acid; EGDMA: ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate; PC: 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine; NVP: N-vinylpyrrolidone; PVA: poly(vinyl alcohol). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866822/figure_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/54271204/figure-4-impregnated-flurbiprofen-amounts-in-methafilcon"><img alt="Fig.4. Impregnated flurbiprofen amounts in Methafilcon A contact lenses (A) and flurbiprofen partition coefficients between contact lenses and the scCO2 phase as a function of scCO2 density (B). Experiments carried out at 313K, from 9.0 up to 16 MPa, and for 60 min of impregnation duration. Without cosolvent addition (@), with 5% (molar) of EtOH as cosolvent ((Q), and flurbiprofen solubility in scCO2 (—). The process is clearly more efficient at lower pressures (<11 MPa), in which the drug-scCO, interactions (and thus drug solubility in scCOz) seem to have the predominant effect. However, it is also feasible at higher pressures because the scCO3 plasticiza- tion and swelling degree of the water-swollen polymeric material may start to play an important positive role on the impregnation As referred, the presented experimental solubility of flurbipro- fen in pure scCO; (right yy axis) and its correlation were reported earlier [61-63]. Like for most organic drug-scCOz systems, the flurbiprofen solubility in scCOz is higher for higher pressures, at constant temperature. Moreover, and for most polymers, higher pressures are also expected to promote polymer plasticization and swelling and thus the diffusion of the scCO2+drug phase " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866822/figure_003.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/54271218/figure-3-chemical-structures-of-flurbiprofen-and-timolol"><img alt="Fig. 3. Chemical structures of flurbiprofen (A) and timolol maleate (B). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866822/figure_004.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/54271233/figure-5-impregnated-flurbiprofen-amounts-in-nelfilcon"><img alt="Fig. 5. Impregnated flurbiprofen amounts in Nelfilcon A contact lenses as a func- tion of impregnation pressure and of cosolvent (EtOH) composition. Impregnation experiments were carried out at 313 K, for 90 min. 0% EtOH (™); 2% EtOH (___ ); and 5% EtOH (MM). In Fig. 5 it is represented the impregnated flurbiprofen amounts in Nelfilcon A contact lenses as a function of impregnation pres- sure (from 8.0 up to 15.0 MPa) and of cosolvent (EtOH) composition " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866822/figure_005.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/54271247/figure-6-impregnated-flurbiprofen-amounts-in-methafilcon"><img alt="Fig. 6. Impregnated flurbiprofen amounts in Methafilcon A contact lenses (©) and Nelfilcon A contact lenses (@) as a function of impregnation time. Impregnation experiments were carried out without cosolvent addition, at 313 K and at 9.0 MPa. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866822/figure_006.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/54271263/figure-7-impregnated-flurbiprofen-amounts-in-omafilcon"><img alt="Fig. 7. Impregnated flurbiprofen amounts in Omafilcon A, Methafilcon A, Hilafilcon B and Nelfilcon A contact lenses, impregnated at 9 MPa and 313K, for 90 min of impregnation time and without cosolvent addition. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866822/figure_007.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/54271327/figure-8-impregnated-drug-amounts-in-methafilcon-contact"><img alt="Fig. 8. Impregnated drug amounts in Methafilcon A contact lenses (impregnated at 9 MPa, 313 K, for 60 min and with 5% molar of EtOH) and in Nelfilcon A contact lenses (impregnated at 9 MPa, 313K, for 90 min and with 5% molar of EtOH): flurbiprofen (™) and timolol maleate (_ ). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866822/figure_008.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/54271349/figure-9-flurbiprofen-release-profiles-for-methafilcon"><img alt="Fig. 9. Flurbiprofen release profiles for Methafilcon A contact lenses. Lenses were impregnated by SSI (at 9 MPa and 313K, for 120 min, without cosolvent) (@); and by conventional “soaking” from an aqueous flurbiprofen concentrated solution for 48h (C) and for 168h (v). Drug release experiments were performed for all employed con- tact lenses and for all the performed impregnation experiments. However, we will not present all the obtained drug release data in this work. Fig. 9 just shows the obtained flurbiprofen release " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866822/figure_009.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/54271366/figure-10-sem-images-of-nelfilcon-contact-lenses-after"><img alt="Fig. 10. SEM images of Nelfilcon A contact lenses after flurbiprofen impregnated by SSI (at 15 MPa and 313K, for 90 min, without cosolvent addition If we consider the maximum accumulated released drug that was obtained during the 8h release experiments (when the rep- resented release curve becomes constant and no drug is stil being released), Mo, we obtained the following results: 105.87 wg (for SSI drug-loaded lenses), 15.43 wg (for 48h lens soaking) and 16.21 wg (for 1 week lens soaking). An alternative drug release rep- resentation (not presented) is a normalized plot (M/M. vs. time, 0-100%) in which we divide the discrete accumulated released drug (M) by the maximum accumulated released drug (Mo). This type of plot is quite helpful when a comparison between the drug release profiles/mechanisms is intended. However, if we plot M/Mq versus time for these loaded lenses we wil Finally, Fig. 10 shows four SEM images of the surface and of the cross-section of Nelfilcon A contact lenses after flurbiprofen SSI. It is possible to observe the presence of solid flurbiprofen particles on lens surface, lens cross-section and even partially inside the contact " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866822/figure_010.jpg" /></a></figure></div><div class="next-slide-container js-next-button-container"><button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-4430152-figures-next"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_forward_ios</span></button></div></div></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="c5b1d12c8e12b18128b31763670f193b" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":49866822,"asset_id":4430152,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49866822/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="4430152"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="4430152"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4430152; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4430152]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4430152]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4430152; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='4430152']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "c5b1d12c8e12b18128b31763670f193b" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=4430152]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":4430152,"title":"Development of therapeutic contact lenses using a supercritical solvent impregnation method","translated_title":"","metadata":{"grobid_abstract":"We present some selected results indicating the feasibility of preparing therapeutic finished ophthalmic articles, namely commercially available soft contact lenses, using a supercritical solvent impregnation (SSI) technique. Several commercial soft contact lenses were tested and, among these, four lenses were selected for more complete studies: Nelfilcon A (FocusDailies ® , CIBA Vision), Omafilcon A (Proclear ® Compatibles, CooperVision), Methafilcon A (Frequency ® 55, CooperVision) and Hilafilcon B (SofLens ® 59 Comfort, Bausch \u0026 Lomb). Supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO 2 ) was the chosen supercritical fluid and two ophthalmic drugs were tested: flurbiprofen (a NSAID, hydrophobic) and timolol maleate (an anti-glaucoma drug, hydrophilic). The effects of operational pressure, of impregnation duration and of the addition of a cosolvent (ethanol) were studied on the overall drug loading yields. Depending on the experiment, we employed pressures from 9 up to 16 MPa and impregnation times from 30 up to 180 min. Temperature was kept constant and equal to 313 K. The employed depressurization rates were kept low and between 0.1 and 0.2 MPa/min.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2010,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Journal of Supercritical Fluids","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":49866822},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/4430152/Development_of_therapeutic_contact_lenses_using_a_supercritical_solvent_impregnation_method","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2013-09-07T07:50:26.660-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5442949,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":49866822,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/49866822/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"j.supflu.2010.02.00120161025-9061-1t5e522.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49866822/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Development_of_therapeutic_contact_lense.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/49866822/j.supflu.2010.02.00120161025-9061-1t5e522-libre.pdf?1477434326=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DDevelopment_of_therapeutic_contact_lense.pdf\u0026Expires=1743734142\u0026Signature=aK8k6Nb5JGaNFQXCSOXZpQS~OaXVOAKjZBBhVQToL4IDiJxKb6GOh~KS517JbM6h3nJT1iybX87MpAuR~NlaQmv40WW49-y8a2Bn7t5PkCCcVSAghUmUQFJZAFqSZMTOp3Q2O-5-vDhR43tKpNtLq7u-~y5eWWjYRk1VuvuqkxPbRVDy8zaeXfKAyipjEuQam62mdh7Qlaak11HTZynhdZ-jQDTS6hAyY8AAH~PUWZKbfIaITEtFGr1MCIcwkhEEVdlDg--1Z5KkW1G9pAn80t3CcvZ0YWKjrfT-VWdtiX8vNWC2eB3IM73pBwDiabEtVpcukH~PdE5Mqmsov54Q5w__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Development_of_therapeutic_contact_lenses_using_a_supercritical_solvent_impregnation_method","translated_slug":"","page_count":11,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"We present some selected results indicating the feasibility of preparing therapeutic finished ophthalmic articles, namely commercially available soft contact lenses, using a supercritical solvent impregnation (SSI) technique. Several commercial soft contact lenses were tested and, among these, four lenses were selected for more complete studies: Nelfilcon A (FocusDailies ® , CIBA Vision), Omafilcon A (Proclear ® Compatibles, CooperVision), Methafilcon A (Frequency ® 55, CooperVision) and Hilafilcon B (SofLens ® 59 Comfort, Bausch \u0026 Lomb). Supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO 2 ) was the chosen supercritical fluid and two ophthalmic drugs were tested: flurbiprofen (a NSAID, hydrophobic) and timolol maleate (an anti-glaucoma drug, hydrophilic). The effects of operational pressure, of impregnation duration and of the addition of a cosolvent (ethanol) were studied on the overall drug loading yields. Depending on the experiment, we employed pressures from 9 up to 16 MPa and impregnation times from 30 up to 180 min. Temperature was kept constant and equal to 313 K. The employed depressurization rates were kept low and between 0.1 and 0.2 MPa/min.","owner":{"id":5442949,"first_name":"Mara","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Braga","page_name":"MaraBraga","domain_name":"uc-pt","created_at":"2013-09-07T07:47:58.323-07:00","display_name":"Mara Braga","url":"https://uc-pt.academia.edu/MaraBraga"},"attachments":[{"id":49866822,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/49866822/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"j.supflu.2010.02.00120161025-9061-1t5e522.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49866822/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Development_of_therapeutic_contact_lense.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/49866822/j.supflu.2010.02.00120161025-9061-1t5e522-libre.pdf?1477434326=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DDevelopment_of_therapeutic_contact_lense.pdf\u0026Expires=1743734142\u0026Signature=aK8k6Nb5JGaNFQXCSOXZpQS~OaXVOAKjZBBhVQToL4IDiJxKb6GOh~KS517JbM6h3nJT1iybX87MpAuR~NlaQmv40WW49-y8a2Bn7t5PkCCcVSAghUmUQFJZAFqSZMTOp3Q2O-5-vDhR43tKpNtLq7u-~y5eWWjYRk1VuvuqkxPbRVDy8zaeXfKAyipjEuQam62mdh7Qlaak11HTZynhdZ-jQDTS6hAyY8AAH~PUWZKbfIaITEtFGr1MCIcwkhEEVdlDg--1Z5KkW1G9pAn80t3CcvZ0YWKjrfT-VWdtiX8vNWC2eB3IM73pBwDiabEtVpcukH~PdE5Mqmsov54Q5w__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering"},{"id":9359,"name":"Supercritical fluids","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Supercritical_fluids"},{"id":20799,"name":"Drug Delivery System","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Drug_Delivery_System"},{"id":51809,"name":"Contact Lenses","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contact_Lenses"},{"id":58054,"name":"Environmental Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Sciences"},{"id":161176,"name":"The","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The"},{"id":260118,"name":"CHEMICAL SCIENCES","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES"},{"id":318936,"name":"Supercritical carbon dioxide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Supercritical_carbon_dioxide"},{"id":477865,"name":"Operant Conditioning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Operant_Conditioning"},{"id":989646,"name":"Aqueous Solution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aqueous_Solution"},{"id":1139957,"name":"Drug Release","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Drug_Release"},{"id":1181274,"name":"Supercritical Fluid","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Supercritical_Fluid"}],"urls":[{"id":1559864,"url":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896844610000483"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (true) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-4430152-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="4430151"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/4430151/Supercritical_solvent_impregnation_of_natural_bioactive_compounds_in_N_carboxybutyl_chitosan_membranes_for_the_development_of_topical_wound_healing_applications"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Supercritical solvent impregnation of natural bioactive compounds in N-carboxybutyl chitosan membranes for the development of topical wound healing applications" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/49866868/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/4430151/Supercritical_solvent_impregnation_of_natural_bioactive_compounds_in_N_carboxybutyl_chitosan_membranes_for_the_development_of_topical_wound_healing_applications">Supercritical solvent impregnation of natural bioactive compounds in N-carboxybutyl chitosan membranes for the development of topical wound healing applications</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Controlled Release</span><span>, 2010</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">to the outer shell of liposomes are recognized by macrophages of the reticuloendothelial system (...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">to the outer shell of liposomes are recognized by macrophages of the reticuloendothelial system (RES) triggering their clearance from the circulation. Incorporation of polyethylene glycol (PEG) conjugated lipids into the lipid bilayer decreases the blood clearance of liposomes considerably [2]. It has been hypothesized that the PEG chains create a 'steric barrier' which prevents protein adsorption to the liposomal surface [3].</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="2746c39486ddfec1e2c05627f68c131e" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":49866868,"asset_id":4430151,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49866868/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="4430151"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="4430151"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4430151; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4430151]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4430151]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4430151; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='4430151']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "2746c39486ddfec1e2c05627f68c131e" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=4430151]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":4430151,"title":"Supercritical solvent impregnation of natural bioactive compounds in N-carboxybutyl chitosan membranes for the development of topical wound healing applications","translated_title":"","metadata":{"grobid_abstract":"to the outer shell of liposomes are recognized by macrophages of the reticuloendothelial system (RES) triggering their clearance from the circulation. Incorporation of polyethylene glycol (PEG) conjugated lipids into the lipid bilayer decreases the blood clearance of liposomes considerably [2]. 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Incorporation of polyethylene glycol (PEG) conjugated lipids into the lipid bilayer decreases the blood clearance of liposomes considerably [2]. It has been hypothesized that the PEG chains create a 'steric barrier' which prevents protein adsorption to the liposomal surface [3].","owner":{"id":5442949,"first_name":"Mara","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Braga","page_name":"MaraBraga","domain_name":"uc-pt","created_at":"2013-09-07T07:47:58.323-07:00","display_name":"Mara Braga","url":"https://uc-pt.academia.edu/MaraBraga"},"attachments":[{"id":49866868,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/49866868/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Supercritical_solvent_impregnation_of_na20161025-2385-ldck4g.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49866868/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Supercritical_solvent_impregnation_of_na.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/49866868/Supercritical_solvent_impregnation_of_na20161025-2385-ldck4g-libre.pdf?1477434315=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DSupercritical_solvent_impregnation_of_na.pdf\u0026Expires=1743734142\u0026Signature=NAxB1y-WZEc2hIOuhgyVUdXO1pUNnwtEz2VKghYkduOuwF9RPf4DCJOMOj8K8TH7VxQCXk5PxSNvyJIc1kT6IvSS9aXZ4fhFVZS31N-ZyRP5lMgrE2v2wH1B5UkYwPlcDlAq6Q~3GkEfFias9br2GpY5uXmvNtb1m-yRLFkXmfrkNl0BZSqlHSJ-NRxBLjiIw7GzdpxHAuwRxSWPFzuCa8o7lZpPpNIPecq0RLZBRR-LzB7w38P0Pg-UNIccrR4nOrAswRYb0fV44MN~On9590tJX16JJn2xYOGT9yJCxbQfgacwsaN192nao-5UyxTDf8icokzb~yF9rosej-V1jg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1131,"name":"Biomedical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biomedical_Engineering"},{"id":8991,"name":"Wound Healing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wound_Healing"},{"id":9130,"name":"Chitosan","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chitosan"},{"id":64660,"name":"Controlled release","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Controlled_release"},{"id":375078,"name":"Topical Drug Administration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Topical_Drug_Administration"},{"id":398650,"name":"Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fourier_transform_infrared_spectroscopy"},{"id":520338,"name":"Quercetin","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quercetin"},{"id":1005523,"name":"Bioactive Compound","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioactive_Compound"},{"id":1675944,"name":"Thymol","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thymol"},{"id":1745595,"name":"Solvents","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Solvents"}],"urls":[{"id":1559863,"url":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168365910005249"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-4430151-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="4430150"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/4430150/Anti_glaucoma_drug_loaded_contact_lenses_prepared_using_supercritical_solvent_impregnation"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Anti-glaucoma drug-loaded contact lenses prepared using supercritical solvent impregnation" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/49866826/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/4430150/Anti_glaucoma_drug_loaded_contact_lenses_prepared_using_supercritical_solvent_impregnation">Anti-glaucoma drug-loaded contact lenses prepared using supercritical solvent impregnation</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Supercritical Fluids</span><span>, 2010</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Post-processing drug impregnation of commercially available polymer-based devices is a recent and...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Post-processing drug impregnation of commercially available polymer-based devices is a recent and attractive approach for the development of multifunctional biomedical devices and implants, drug release systems and tissue scaffolds. Therapeutic ophthalmic articles, such as drug-loaded contact lenses, are already known to improve ocular bioavailability in the treatment of several eye diseases, namely glaucoma, as well as to minimize undesired systemic side-effects. In this work, commercial silicone-based hydrogel contact lenses (Balafilcon A) were impregnated with two anti-glaucoma drugs (acetazolamide and timolol maleate) using a discontinuous supercritical solvent impregnation (SSI) methodology. Pressure and temperature, as well as impregnation time and depressurization rate, were kept constant (17 MPa, 40 • C, 90 min, 0.06 MPa/min, respectively) in order to evaluate the effects of nature and concentration of cosolvents (ethanol and water at 5, 10 and 15% molar) on the impregnation efficiencies and the properties of the contact lenses. Glass-transition temperature (DSC), oxygen permeability, contact angle, apparent morphological changes (SEM) and in vitro drug release kinetics were studied in detail. Results demonstrated the feasibility of preparing acetazolamide and timolol maleate impregnated therapeutic Balafilcon A contact lenses using CO 2 + EtOH and CO 2 + H 2 O solvent mixtures. Valuable information about how the nature and the composition of the employed solvent mixtures influence drug loading, drug release profiles and contact lenses physical and thermomechanical properties was obtained.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><div class="carousel-container carousel-container--sm" id="profile-work-4430150-figures"><div class="prev-slide-container js-prev-button-container"><button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-4430150-figures-prev"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_back_ios</span></button></div><div class="slides-container js-slides-container"><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/18582321/figure-1-chemical-structures-of-acetazolamide-sulfamoyl"><img alt="Fig. 1. Chemical structures of (A) acetazolamide (N-5-(sulfamoyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol- 2-yl) acetamide, CAS [59-66-5]) and (B) timolol maleate (S-(—)-1-(t-butylamino)- 3-[(4-morpholino-1,2,5-thiadiazol-3-yl)oxy]-2-propanol maleate salt, CAS [26921- 17-5]). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866826/figure_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/18582361/figure-2-accumulated-drug-released-mass-from-balafilcon"><img alt="Fig. 2. Accumulated drug released mass from Balafilcon A contact lenses, using 5% (molar) of cosolvent. Acetazolamide: (™) EtOH and (0) H20 and timolol maleate: (a) EtOH and (A) H20. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866826/figure_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/18582372/figure-2-ig-accumulated-timolol-maleate-released-mass-from"><img alt="‘ig. 3. Accumulated timolol maleate released mass from Balafilcon A contact lens, processed at 17 MPa, 40°C, and using as cosolvents H20 (A) and EtOH (B): (4) 5%; (x) 10 a) 15% (molar). Acetazolamide and timolol release profiles exhibited quite sim- ilar burst-type pattern (Fig. 2). The initial burst release period, characterized by a constant release rate period, was due to the dis- solution of drug located at/or near the surface of the lens. Then, a falling release rate period was observed until the released drug reached equilibrium between the polymer and the release medium. After this period the release rate decreased, since the drug retained inside the polymer took more time to diffuse to the medium. This release profile may suggest that the employed SSI technique did not However, when EtOH was used as the cosolvent (Fig. 3(B)), the amount of released (or impregnated) timolol raised as the content in EtOH was increased from 5 up to 15%. An increase of 5% (molar) in the ethanol content (from 5 to 10%) promoted an increment of 47.5% in the amount of impregnated drug, and from 10 to 15%, an increment of 17.4% was reached. Thus, the observed impregnation yield enhancements were not proportional to the EtOH concentra- tion increase. In other words, the increase in the solvent polarity favored timolol maleate impregnation only until the partition coef- " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866826/figure_003.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/18582391/figure-4-accumulated-acetazolamide-released-mass-from"><img alt="Fig. 4. Accumulated acetazolamide released mass from Balafilcon A contact lens processed at 17 MPa, 40°C and using EtOH as cosolvent: (QO) 5%; (x) 10%; (a) 15% (molar). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866826/figure_004.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/18582403/figure-5-oxygen-permeability-of-timolol-maleate-impregnated"><img alt="Fig. 5. Oxygen permeability of timolol maleate impregnated contact lenses using cosolvents: impregnated contact lenses: (™) EtOH and (LJ ) H20; released contact lenses: (Hl) EtOH; (C1) H20; and (0) control. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866826/figure_005.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/18582412/figure-6-surface-and-cross-section-sem-micrographs-of"><img alt="Fig. 6. Surface and cross-section SEM micrographs of impregnated Balafilcon A contact lenses. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866826/figure_006.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/18582425/figure-7-cross-section-sem-micrographs-of-balafilcon-contact"><img alt="Fig. 7. Cross-section SEM micrographs of Balafilcon A contact lenses impregnated with timolol maleate at 17 MPa and 40°C. On the other hand, the observed variations and the obtained standard deviations (shown in Table 3) were always higher for intralens measurements than for interlens measurements. In the present study, each lens was divided into four parts and measure- ments were made for each one of them, in opposition to other works that measured the contact angle using the entire device 55]. These results may indicate that the employed lens cutting process introduced some surface modifications/heterogeneities or even that contact lens surface is not homogeneous and thus Bal- afilcon A lenses (from Bausch & Lomb®) underwent an incomplete plasma oxidation surface treatment [57,58]. Besides, Read et al. 55] evaluated some potential measurement errors in contact angle SEM images of the surface and of the cross-section of drug- impregnated contact lenses are shown in Fig. 6. Drug particles can be observed on the surface (at the left side) and in the polymer cross-section (middle figure). Timolol maleate and acetazolamide are particularly well defined under microscopic observation. Timo- " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866826/figure_007.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/18582436/table-1-values-average-standard-deviation-are-lc-yobs"><img alt="4 Values: average + standard deviation. are lc_yobs \ 2 > Fitting error = 4 > (=) : Correlated drug release kinetic parameters for contact lenses impregnated by SSI and using CO2 +H20/EtOH mixtures Table 1 " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866826/table_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/18582450/table-2-values-average-standard-deviation-contact-angle-ca"><img alt="4 Values: average + standard deviation. Contact angle (CA) of released Balafilcon A contact lenses, impregnated by SSI using EtOH and H20 as cosolvents at different concentrations. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866826/table_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/18582462/table-3-glass-transition-temperature-of-balafilcon-contact"><img alt="Glass-transition temperature of Balafilcon A contact lenses after impregnation with timolol maleate (using EtOH and H20 as cosolvents) and after drug release experiments. 4 Values: average + standard deviation. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866826/table_003.jpg" /></a></figure></div><div class="next-slide-container js-next-button-container"><button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-4430150-figures-next"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_forward_ios</span></button></div></div></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="4c41b72b937b865628e269e4615d3847" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":49866826,"asset_id":4430150,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49866826/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="4430150"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="4430150"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4430150; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4430150]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4430150]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4430150; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='4430150']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "4c41b72b937b865628e269e4615d3847" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=4430150]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":4430150,"title":"Anti-glaucoma drug-loaded contact lenses prepared using supercritical solvent impregnation","translated_title":"","metadata":{"ai_title_tag":"Drug-Loaded Contact Lenses via Supercritical Impregnation","grobid_abstract":"Post-processing drug impregnation of commercially available polymer-based devices is a recent and attractive approach for the development of multifunctional biomedical devices and implants, drug release systems and tissue scaffolds. Therapeutic ophthalmic articles, such as drug-loaded contact lenses, are already known to improve ocular bioavailability in the treatment of several eye diseases, namely glaucoma, as well as to minimize undesired systemic side-effects. In this work, commercial silicone-based hydrogel contact lenses (Balafilcon A) were impregnated with two anti-glaucoma drugs (acetazolamide and timolol maleate) using a discontinuous supercritical solvent impregnation (SSI) methodology. Pressure and temperature, as well as impregnation time and depressurization rate, were kept constant (17 MPa, 40 • C, 90 min, 0.06 MPa/min, respectively) in order to evaluate the effects of nature and concentration of cosolvents (ethanol and water at 5, 10 and 15% molar) on the impregnation efficiencies and the properties of the contact lenses. Glass-transition temperature (DSC), oxygen permeability, contact angle, apparent morphological changes (SEM) and in vitro drug release kinetics were studied in detail. Results demonstrated the feasibility of preparing acetazolamide and timolol maleate impregnated therapeutic Balafilcon A contact lenses using CO 2 + EtOH and CO 2 + H 2 O solvent mixtures. Valuable information about how the nature and the composition of the employed solvent mixtures influence drug loading, drug release profiles and contact lenses physical and thermomechanical properties was obtained.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2010,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Journal of Supercritical Fluids","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":49866826},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/4430150/Anti_glaucoma_drug_loaded_contact_lenses_prepared_using_supercritical_solvent_impregnation","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2013-09-07T07:50:26.063-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5442949,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":49866826,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/49866826/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"j.supflu.2010.02.00720161025-9061-10krl77.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49866826/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Anti_glaucoma_drug_loaded_contact_lenses.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/49866826/j.supflu.2010.02.00720161025-9061-10krl77-libre.pdf?1477434324=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DAnti_glaucoma_drug_loaded_contact_lenses.pdf\u0026Expires=1743734142\u0026Signature=eh66~tKX2H3N~QBZ-rSbfgMt9AbaJFAbFYAl-zXPOAX7zK4x53f17bvRC9VLexW1W06Rx0ub2Iu6orwFYKoNR3x8ko~9FZbpZ2fDXyPRs4npw~xmlKXz~a~dT~AavFW0S~XK-V8Et4VRR7MTCppkNm-DBYEeD-tI~Dy0ydBlmSyMMfYifFGuhXHWdagaOcgADemgkjRK9e6oMPelvZ4YgbP~3V8ccMFatiuVopMDFeY1aWOYmda9QxC36j8f2pjLZIks2mXA8bT2OUyEOIQvrR1QHemTMhHQWmfF9kTGwO7a~jDJbgrYQhmFwN2WO3SXNb7-ho5TZYdhoNZlzJfaVg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Anti_glaucoma_drug_loaded_contact_lenses_prepared_using_supercritical_solvent_impregnation","translated_slug":"","page_count":9,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Post-processing drug impregnation of commercially available polymer-based devices is a recent and attractive approach for the development of multifunctional biomedical devices and implants, drug release systems and tissue scaffolds. Therapeutic ophthalmic articles, such as drug-loaded contact lenses, are already known to improve ocular bioavailability in the treatment of several eye diseases, namely glaucoma, as well as to minimize undesired systemic side-effects. In this work, commercial silicone-based hydrogel contact lenses (Balafilcon A) were impregnated with two anti-glaucoma drugs (acetazolamide and timolol maleate) using a discontinuous supercritical solvent impregnation (SSI) methodology. Pressure and temperature, as well as impregnation time and depressurization rate, were kept constant (17 MPa, 40 • C, 90 min, 0.06 MPa/min, respectively) in order to evaluate the effects of nature and concentration of cosolvents (ethanol and water at 5, 10 and 15% molar) on the impregnation efficiencies and the properties of the contact lenses. Glass-transition temperature (DSC), oxygen permeability, contact angle, apparent morphological changes (SEM) and in vitro drug release kinetics were studied in detail. Results demonstrated the feasibility of preparing acetazolamide and timolol maleate impregnated therapeutic Balafilcon A contact lenses using CO 2 + EtOH and CO 2 + H 2 O solvent mixtures. Valuable information about how the nature and the composition of the employed solvent mixtures influence drug loading, drug release profiles and contact lenses physical and thermomechanical properties was obtained.","owner":{"id":5442949,"first_name":"Mara","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Braga","page_name":"MaraBraga","domain_name":"uc-pt","created_at":"2013-09-07T07:47:58.323-07:00","display_name":"Mara Braga","url":"https://uc-pt.academia.edu/MaraBraga"},"attachments":[{"id":49866826,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/49866826/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"j.supflu.2010.02.00720161025-9061-10krl77.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49866826/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Anti_glaucoma_drug_loaded_contact_lenses.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/49866826/j.supflu.2010.02.00720161025-9061-10krl77-libre.pdf?1477434324=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DAnti_glaucoma_drug_loaded_contact_lenses.pdf\u0026Expires=1743734142\u0026Signature=eh66~tKX2H3N~QBZ-rSbfgMt9AbaJFAbFYAl-zXPOAX7zK4x53f17bvRC9VLexW1W06Rx0ub2Iu6orwFYKoNR3x8ko~9FZbpZ2fDXyPRs4npw~xmlKXz~a~dT~AavFW0S~XK-V8Et4VRR7MTCppkNm-DBYEeD-tI~Dy0ydBlmSyMMfYifFGuhXHWdagaOcgADemgkjRK9e6oMPelvZ4YgbP~3V8ccMFatiuVopMDFeY1aWOYmda9QxC36j8f2pjLZIks2mXA8bT2OUyEOIQvrR1QHemTMhHQWmfF9kTGwO7a~jDJbgrYQhmFwN2WO3SXNb7-ho5TZYdhoNZlzJfaVg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering"},{"id":4987,"name":"Kinetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kinetics"},{"id":9359,"name":"Supercritical fluids","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Supercritical_fluids"},{"id":51809,"name":"Contact Lenses","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contact_Lenses"},{"id":58054,"name":"Environmental Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Sciences"},{"id":135773,"name":"Eye Disease","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Eye_Disease"},{"id":161126,"name":"Contact angle","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contact_angle"},{"id":161176,"name":"The","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The"},{"id":260118,"name":"CHEMICAL SCIENCES","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES"},{"id":335228,"name":"Glass Transition Temperature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Glass_Transition_Temperature"},{"id":698785,"name":"Side Effect","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Side_Effect"},{"id":1139957,"name":"Drug Release","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Drug_Release"}],"urls":[{"id":1559862,"url":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S089684461000077X"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (true) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-4430150-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="4430149"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/4430149/Processing_cherries_Prunus_avium_using_supercritical_fluid_technology_Part_1_Recovery_of_extract_fractions_rich_in_bioactive_compounds"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Processing cherries ( Prunus avium) using supercritical fluid technology. Part 1: Recovery of extract fractions rich in bioactive compounds" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/49866827/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/4430149/Processing_cherries_Prunus_avium_using_supercritical_fluid_technology_Part_1_Recovery_of_extract_fractions_rich_in_bioactive_compounds">Processing cherries ( Prunus avium) using supercritical fluid technology. Part 1: Recovery of extract fractions rich in bioactive compounds</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Supercritical Fluids</span><span>, 2010</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">In the last years, there has been a growing interest in the recovery of bioactive compounds from ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">In the last years, there has been a growing interest in the recovery of bioactive compounds from natural sources for the development of novel functional foods.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="b6bd7e2383862b9f797d05d73e5a31a1" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":49866827,"asset_id":4430149,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49866827/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="4430149"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="4430149"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4430149; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4430149]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4430149]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4430149; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='4430149']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "b6bd7e2383862b9f797d05d73e5a31a1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=4430149]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":4430149,"title":"Processing cherries ( Prunus avium) using supercritical fluid technology. 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Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-4430149-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="4430148"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/4430148/Functional_Properties_of_Spice_Extracts_Obtained_via_Supercritical_Fluid_Extraction"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Functional Properties of Spice Extracts Obtained via Supercritical Fluid Extraction" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/49866834/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/4430148/Functional_Properties_of_Spice_Extracts_Obtained_via_Supercritical_Fluid_Extraction">Functional Properties of Spice Extracts Obtained via Supercritical Fluid Extraction</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry</span><span>, 2003</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">In the present study the antioxidant, anticancer, and antimycobacterial activities of extracts fr...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">In the present study the antioxidant, anticancer, and antimycobacterial activities of extracts from ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.), and turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) were evaluated. The extracts were obtained using supercritical CO 2 with and without ethanol and/or isopropyl alcohol as cosolvent. The extracts' antioxidant power was assessed using the reaction between -carotene and linolenic acid, the antimycobacterial activity against M. tuberculosis was measured by the MABA test, and their anticancer action was tested against nine human cancer ancestries: lung, breast, breast resistant, melanoma, colon, prostate, leukemia, and kidney. The rosemary extracts exhibited the strongest antioxidant and the lowest antimycobacterial activities. Turmeric extracts showed the greatest antimycobacterial activity. Ginger and turmeric extracts showed selective anticancer activities. . P.F.L. (00/08006-8) and M.E.M.B. (99/11798-4) thank FAPESP for the undergraduate and MS assistantships, respectively. We are grateful to FAPESP (1999/ 01962-1) for financial support.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="91309c04f8ab63e3210251d4abac71c2" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":49866834,"asset_id":4430148,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49866834/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="4430148"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="4430148"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4430148; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4430148]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4430148]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4430148; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='4430148']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "91309c04f8ab63e3210251d4abac71c2" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=4430148]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":4430148,"title":"Functional Properties of Spice Extracts Obtained via Supercritical Fluid Extraction","translated_title":"","metadata":{"grobid_abstract":"In the present study the antioxidant, anticancer, and antimycobacterial activities of extracts from ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.), and turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) were evaluated. 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The extracts were obtained using supercritical CO 2 with and without ethanol and/or isopropyl alcohol as cosolvent. The extracts' antioxidant power was assessed using the reaction between -carotene and linolenic acid, the antimycobacterial activity against M. tuberculosis was measured by the MABA test, and their anticancer action was tested against nine human cancer ancestries: lung, breast, breast resistant, melanoma, colon, prostate, leukemia, and kidney. The rosemary extracts exhibited the strongest antioxidant and the lowest antimycobacterial activities. Turmeric extracts showed the greatest antimycobacterial activity. Ginger and turmeric extracts showed selective anticancer activities. . P.F.L. (00/08006-8) and M.E.M.B. (99/11798-4) thank FAPESP for the undergraduate and MS assistantships, respectively. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-4430148-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="4430147"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/4430147/Spilanthol_from_Spilanthes_acmella_flowers_leaves_and_stems_obtained_by_selective_supercritical_carbon_dioxide_extraction"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Spilanthol from Spilanthes acmella flowers, leaves and stems obtained by selective supercritical carbon dioxide extraction" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/49866830/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/4430147/Spilanthol_from_Spilanthes_acmella_flowers_leaves_and_stems_obtained_by_selective_supercritical_carbon_dioxide_extraction">Spilanthol from Spilanthes acmella flowers, leaves and stems obtained by selective supercritical carbon dioxide extraction</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Supercritical Fluids</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Spilanthes acmella var oleracea, commonly known as jambú, is a natural source of secondary metabo...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Spilanthes acmella var oleracea, commonly known as jambú, is a natural source of secondary metabolites such as alkylamides which are responsible for the anti-inflammatory, antiseptic and anesthetic bioactivities of the plant. The purpose of this work was to characterize the extracts obtained from jambú flowers, leaves and stems by a fractionated extraction procedure that included a supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) step, using supercritical carbon dioxide as solvent, followed by an enhanced solvent extraction (ESE) step using pressurized CO 2 with ethanol, water and their mixtures as solvent enhancers. Results show that the flowers are richer in spilanthol, which justifies the highest antioxidant/total phenolic ratio as well as the highest anti-inflammatory activity. SFE proved to be particularly selective for spilanthol, mainly in the case of the flowers, yielding solvent free extracts with a yellow color, adequate to be used without further time consuming and solvent dependent purification processes.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="69fddd4d8a1d56628fe2bf1c99b4fecf" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":49866830,"asset_id":4430147,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49866830/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="4430147"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="4430147"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4430147; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4430147]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4430147]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4430147; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='4430147']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "69fddd4d8a1d56628fe2bf1c99b4fecf" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=4430147]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":4430147,"title":"Spilanthol from Spilanthes acmella flowers, leaves and stems obtained by selective supercritical carbon dioxide extraction","translated_title":"","metadata":{"ai_title_tag":"Selective SFE of Spilanthes acmella Compounds","grobid_abstract":"Spilanthes acmella var oleracea, commonly known as jambú, is a natural source of secondary metabolites such as alkylamides which are responsible for the anti-inflammatory, antiseptic and anesthetic bioactivities of the plant. The purpose of this work was to characterize the extracts obtained from jambú flowers, leaves and stems by a fractionated extraction procedure that included a supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) step, using supercritical carbon dioxide as solvent, followed by an enhanced solvent extraction (ESE) step using pressurized CO 2 with ethanol, water and their mixtures as solvent enhancers. Results show that the flowers are richer in spilanthol, which justifies the highest antioxidant/total phenolic ratio as well as the highest anti-inflammatory activity. SFE proved to be particularly selective for spilanthol, mainly in the case of the flowers, yielding solvent free extracts with a yellow color, adequate to be used without further time consuming and solvent dependent purification processes.","publication_name":"Journal of Supercritical Fluids","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":49866830},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/4430147/Spilanthol_from_Spilanthes_acmella_flowers_leaves_and_stems_obtained_by_selective_supercritical_carbon_dioxide_extraction","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2013-09-07T07:50:24.821-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5442949,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":49866830,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/49866830/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Spilanthol_from_Spilanthes_acmella_flowe20161025-2385-1185rmc.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49866830/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Spilanthol_from_Spilanthes_acmella_flowe.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/49866830/Spilanthol_from_Spilanthes_acmella_flowe20161025-2385-1185rmc-libre.pdf?1477434329=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DSpilanthol_from_Spilanthes_acmella_flowe.pdf\u0026Expires=1743734142\u0026Signature=bXqFz053~tZBHq8Hkrsafd0w4wXpBc2GopmO8bF6YRILGPI-6ik6ltn0i6dd5vOOsODsYKqXQ05W6ZGIcT8R4DwFiw7QrgG9NZMAuvNz5xzSNlQ5nHOflwdVEvT2j2KxlcdjdXFCGzmIWOPxPh2LpJsjnY3OM5Oe6udIdBaE-W2Ch~604y95fLhYv7H11d9S1kK-7WjJT9ntqcl705Vt2GRe3OeKSgde30atmXAHCkA4sDREohH9DJBAidlNoL115UCRACRCyWfG3qmJjU4FWUYjWCLhqR3wW~f7nqRu7WOjXpsLJDmaFCF2y7brzSxTQFv~gq~eeIIa3Z6FhrTZiQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Spilanthol_from_Spilanthes_acmella_flowers_leaves_and_stems_obtained_by_selective_supercritical_carbon_dioxide_extraction","translated_slug":"","page_count":9,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Spilanthes acmella var oleracea, commonly known as jambú, is a natural source of secondary metabolites such as alkylamides which are responsible for the anti-inflammatory, antiseptic and anesthetic bioactivities of the plant. The purpose of this work was to characterize the extracts obtained from jambú flowers, leaves and stems by a fractionated extraction procedure that included a supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) step, using supercritical carbon dioxide as solvent, followed by an enhanced solvent extraction (ESE) step using pressurized CO 2 with ethanol, water and their mixtures as solvent enhancers. Results show that the flowers are richer in spilanthol, which justifies the highest antioxidant/total phenolic ratio as well as the highest anti-inflammatory activity. SFE proved to be particularly selective for spilanthol, mainly in the case of the flowers, yielding solvent free extracts with a yellow color, adequate to be used without further time consuming and solvent dependent purification processes.","owner":{"id":5442949,"first_name":"Mara","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Braga","page_name":"MaraBraga","domain_name":"uc-pt","created_at":"2013-09-07T07:47:58.323-07:00","display_name":"Mara Braga","url":"https://uc-pt.academia.edu/MaraBraga"},"attachments":[{"id":49866830,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/49866830/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Spilanthol_from_Spilanthes_acmella_flowe20161025-2385-1185rmc.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49866830/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Spilanthol_from_Spilanthes_acmella_flowe.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/49866830/Spilanthol_from_Spilanthes_acmella_flowe20161025-2385-1185rmc-libre.pdf?1477434329=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DSpilanthol_from_Spilanthes_acmella_flowe.pdf\u0026Expires=1743734142\u0026Signature=bXqFz053~tZBHq8Hkrsafd0w4wXpBc2GopmO8bF6YRILGPI-6ik6ltn0i6dd5vOOsODsYKqXQ05W6ZGIcT8R4DwFiw7QrgG9NZMAuvNz5xzSNlQ5nHOflwdVEvT2j2KxlcdjdXFCGzmIWOPxPh2LpJsjnY3OM5Oe6udIdBaE-W2Ch~604y95fLhYv7H11d9S1kK-7WjJT9ntqcl705Vt2GRe3OeKSgde30atmXAHCkA4sDREohH9DJBAidlNoL115UCRACRCyWfG3qmJjU4FWUYjWCLhqR3wW~f7nqRu7WOjXpsLJDmaFCF2y7brzSxTQFv~gq~eeIIa3Z6FhrTZiQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering"},{"id":9359,"name":"Supercritical fluids","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Supercritical_fluids"},{"id":58054,"name":"Environmental Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Sciences"},{"id":80451,"name":"Solvent Extraction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Solvent_Extraction"},{"id":215544,"name":"Secondary Metabolites","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Secondary_Metabolites"},{"id":260118,"name":"CHEMICAL SCIENCES","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES"},{"id":318936,"name":"Supercritical carbon dioxide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Supercritical_carbon_dioxide"},{"id":510153,"name":"Supercritical Fluid Extraction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Supercritical_Fluid_Extraction"},{"id":707585,"name":"Anti Inflammatory Activity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anti_Inflammatory_Activity"},{"id":783432,"name":"Biological activity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_activity"},{"id":1126694,"name":"Total Phenolics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Total_Phenolics"}],"urls":[{"id":1559859,"url":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896844611004219"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-4430147-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="4430146"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/4430146/Supercritical_solvent_impregnation_of_ophthalmic_drugs_on_chitosan_derivatives"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Supercritical solvent impregnation of ophthalmic drugs on chitosan derivatives" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/49866852/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/4430146/Supercritical_solvent_impregnation_of_ophthalmic_drugs_on_chitosan_derivatives">Supercritical solvent impregnation of ophthalmic drugs on chitosan derivatives</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Supercritical Fluids</span><span>, 2008</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">In this work, three chitosan derivatives (N-carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC), N-carboxybutyl chitosan...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">In this work, three chitosan derivatives (N-carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC), N-carboxybutyl chitosan (CBC) and N-succinyl chitosan (SCC)) were impregnated with flurbiprofen (an anti-inflammatory drug) and timolol maleate (an anti-glaucoma drug), using a supercritical solvent impregnation (SSI) technique (and employing high pressure CO 2 and CO 2 + EtOH mixtures) in order to develop hydrogel-type ophthalmic drug delivery applications. Impregnation experiments were carried out from 9.0 up to 14.0 MPa, and at 303.0, 313.0 and 323.0 K. The resulting polymeric drug delivery systems, as well as other polymeric samples processed in CO 2 , were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Drug release kinetics studies were performed for all prepared systems. The effects of impregnation pressure and temperature on the release kinetics results were studied and compared to the traditional soaking impregnation method. For the same operational conditions, results confirmed that the three different (chemically and physically) polymeric structures conditioned the impregnation and the drug release processes. Despite the final released drug mass is always the result of the employed operational impregnation conditions and of the very complex relative specific interactions that may occur between all species present in the system (drugs, polymers, CO 2 and ethanol), results showed that, for N-carboxymethyl chitosan, the predominant effects in the impregnation process seemed to be the solubility of drugs in CO 2 and in CO 2 + EtOH mixtures, as well as the swelling and plasticizing effect of CO 2 and ethanol on the polymer. Finally, the SSI method proved to be a more efficient and "tunable" impregnation process than the traditional impregnation of drugs by a soaking method. Therefore, and using this "tunable" SSI method, these N-chitosan derivatives-based ophthalmic drug delivery systems can be easily and efficiently prepared taking in consideration the desired drug levels according to patients needs.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="c4d4e171b8fbb8a27d311963a74f34a7" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":49866852,"asset_id":4430146,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49866852/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="4430146"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="4430146"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4430146; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4430146]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4430146]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4430146; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='4430146']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "c4d4e171b8fbb8a27d311963a74f34a7" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=4430146]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":4430146,"title":"Supercritical solvent impregnation of ophthalmic drugs on chitosan derivatives","translated_title":"","metadata":{"grobid_abstract":"In this work, three chitosan derivatives (N-carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC), N-carboxybutyl chitosan (CBC) and N-succinyl chitosan (SCC)) were impregnated with flurbiprofen (an anti-inflammatory drug) and timolol maleate (an anti-glaucoma drug), using a supercritical solvent impregnation (SSI) technique (and employing high pressure CO 2 and CO 2 + EtOH mixtures) in order to develop hydrogel-type ophthalmic drug delivery applications. Impregnation experiments were carried out from 9.0 up to 14.0 MPa, and at 303.0, 313.0 and 323.0 K. The resulting polymeric drug delivery systems, as well as other polymeric samples processed in CO 2 , were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Drug release kinetics studies were performed for all prepared systems. The effects of impregnation pressure and temperature on the release kinetics results were studied and compared to the traditional soaking impregnation method. For the same operational conditions, results confirmed that the three different (chemically and physically) polymeric structures conditioned the impregnation and the drug release processes. Despite the final released drug mass is always the result of the employed operational impregnation conditions and of the very complex relative specific interactions that may occur between all species present in the system (drugs, polymers, CO 2 and ethanol), results showed that, for N-carboxymethyl chitosan, the predominant effects in the impregnation process seemed to be the solubility of drugs in CO 2 and in CO 2 + EtOH mixtures, as well as the swelling and plasticizing effect of CO 2 and ethanol on the polymer. Finally, the SSI method proved to be a more efficient and \"tunable\" impregnation process than the traditional impregnation of drugs by a soaking method. Therefore, and using this \"tunable\" SSI method, these N-chitosan derivatives-based ophthalmic drug delivery systems can be easily and efficiently prepared taking in consideration the desired drug levels according to patients needs.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2008,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Journal of Supercritical Fluids","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":49866852},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/4430146/Supercritical_solvent_impregnation_of_ophthalmic_drugs_on_chitosan_derivatives","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2013-09-07T07:50:24.548-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5442949,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":49866852,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/49866852/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Supercritical_solvent_impregnation_of_op20161025-2382-zwrms6.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49866852/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Supercritical_solvent_impregnation_of_op.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/49866852/Supercritical_solvent_impregnation_of_op20161025-2382-zwrms6-libre.pdf?1477434321=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DSupercritical_solvent_impregnation_of_op.pdf\u0026Expires=1743734142\u0026Signature=VEOL~589EpAcEFmSALIFnLHzE5TQFIxWCkUDbLWTpDRTPXl-s4PdRQ6K~xmj82~g5OYXJLUWH~d7Epj7VzNtzuWEPLKadvQqKnjWWbMgoF1tflwjotVBlgtW8JPLiQy~d-cPl64T2Pc6paICQQx81tgIbDpEirDM36WJ-LdyU2hu-XMK2w-L5i3NJh8ycGrAZJ-Dv~P35E8LXMLIf1iTHkvsr87geYbQJSAm-odhK~ns2atMkqyW8NKklvfmbEurH76VLN06iqPe6kTc2nvsN0QRA1NMAk3pgafYa84GqNeSy4Z1r31JcmBlSI1YDjjEUlUamyExvXIiyB-Bi4H9AQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Supercritical_solvent_impregnation_of_ophthalmic_drugs_on_chitosan_derivatives","translated_slug":"","page_count":13,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"In this work, three chitosan derivatives (N-carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC), N-carboxybutyl chitosan (CBC) and N-succinyl chitosan (SCC)) were impregnated with flurbiprofen (an anti-inflammatory drug) and timolol maleate (an anti-glaucoma drug), using a supercritical solvent impregnation (SSI) technique (and employing high pressure CO 2 and CO 2 + EtOH mixtures) in order to develop hydrogel-type ophthalmic drug delivery applications. Impregnation experiments were carried out from 9.0 up to 14.0 MPa, and at 303.0, 313.0 and 323.0 K. The resulting polymeric drug delivery systems, as well as other polymeric samples processed in CO 2 , were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Drug release kinetics studies were performed for all prepared systems. The effects of impregnation pressure and temperature on the release kinetics results were studied and compared to the traditional soaking impregnation method. For the same operational conditions, results confirmed that the three different (chemically and physically) polymeric structures conditioned the impregnation and the drug release processes. Despite the final released drug mass is always the result of the employed operational impregnation conditions and of the very complex relative specific interactions that may occur between all species present in the system (drugs, polymers, CO 2 and ethanol), results showed that, for N-carboxymethyl chitosan, the predominant effects in the impregnation process seemed to be the solubility of drugs in CO 2 and in CO 2 + EtOH mixtures, as well as the swelling and plasticizing effect of CO 2 and ethanol on the polymer. Finally, the SSI method proved to be a more efficient and \"tunable\" impregnation process than the traditional impregnation of drugs by a soaking method. Therefore, and using this \"tunable\" SSI method, these N-chitosan derivatives-based ophthalmic drug delivery systems can be easily and efficiently prepared taking in consideration the desired drug levels according to patients needs.","owner":{"id":5442949,"first_name":"Mara","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Braga","page_name":"MaraBraga","domain_name":"uc-pt","created_at":"2013-09-07T07:47:58.323-07:00","display_name":"Mara Braga","url":"https://uc-pt.academia.edu/MaraBraga"},"attachments":[{"id":49866852,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/49866852/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Supercritical_solvent_impregnation_of_op20161025-2382-zwrms6.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49866852/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Supercritical_solvent_impregnation_of_op.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/49866852/Supercritical_solvent_impregnation_of_op20161025-2382-zwrms6-libre.pdf?1477434321=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DSupercritical_solvent_impregnation_of_op.pdf\u0026Expires=1743734142\u0026Signature=VEOL~589EpAcEFmSALIFnLHzE5TQFIxWCkUDbLWTpDRTPXl-s4PdRQ6K~xmj82~g5OYXJLUWH~d7Epj7VzNtzuWEPLKadvQqKnjWWbMgoF1tflwjotVBlgtW8JPLiQy~d-cPl64T2Pc6paICQQx81tgIbDpEirDM36WJ-LdyU2hu-XMK2w-L5i3NJh8ycGrAZJ-Dv~P35E8LXMLIf1iTHkvsr87geYbQJSAm-odhK~ns2atMkqyW8NKklvfmbEurH76VLN06iqPe6kTc2nvsN0QRA1NMAk3pgafYa84GqNeSy4Z1r31JcmBlSI1YDjjEUlUamyExvXIiyB-Bi4H9AQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering"},{"id":4107,"name":"High Pressure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/High_Pressure"},{"id":4987,"name":"Kinetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kinetics"},{"id":7871,"name":"FTIR spectroscopy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/FTIR_spectroscopy"},{"id":9359,"name":"Supercritical fluids","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Supercritical_fluids"},{"id":10655,"name":"Scanning Electron Microscopy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Scanning_Electron_Microscopy"},{"id":11257,"name":"Drug delivery","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Drug_delivery"},{"id":20799,"name":"Drug Delivery System","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Drug_Delivery_System"},{"id":47665,"name":"Drug Use","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Drug_Use"},{"id":58054,"name":"Environmental Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Sciences"},{"id":161176,"name":"The","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The"},{"id":260118,"name":"CHEMICAL SCIENCES","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES"},{"id":477865,"name":"Operant Conditioning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Operant_Conditioning"},{"id":1139957,"name":"Drug Release","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Drug_Release"}],"urls":[{"id":1559858,"url":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896844607004238"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-4430146-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="4430145"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/4430145/Supercritical_fluid_assisted_preparation_of_imprinted_contact_lenses_for_drug_delivery"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Supercritical fluid-assisted preparation of imprinted contact lenses for drug delivery" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/49866840/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/4430145/Supercritical_fluid_assisted_preparation_of_imprinted_contact_lenses_for_drug_delivery">Supercritical fluid-assisted preparation of imprinted contact lenses for drug delivery</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Acta Biomaterialia</span><span>, 2011</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The aim of this work was to develop an innovative supercritical fluid (SCF)-assisted molecular im...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The aim of this work was to develop an innovative supercritical fluid (SCF)-assisted molecular imprinting method to endow commercial soft contact lenses (SCLs) with the ability to load specific drugs and to control their release. This approach seeks to overcome the limitation of the common loading of preformed SCLs by immersion in concentrated drug solutions (only valid for highly water soluble drugs) and of the molecular imprinting methods that require choice of the drug before polymerization and thus to create drug-tailored networks. In particular, we focused on improving the flurbiprofen load/release capacity of daily wear Hilafilcon B commercial SCLs by the use of sequential SCF flurbiprofen impregnation and extraction steps. Supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO 2 ) impregnation assays were performed at 12.0 MPa and 40°C, while scCO 2 extractions were performed at 20.0 MPa and 40°C. Conventional flurbiprofen sorption and drug removal experiments in aqueous solutions were carried out for comparison purposes. SCF-processed SCLs showed a recognition ability and a higher affinity for flurbiprofen in aqueous solution than for the structurally related ibuprofen and dexamethasone, which suggests the creation of molecularly imprinted cavities driven by both physical (swelling/plasticization) and chemical (carbonyl groups in the network with the C-F group in the drug) interactions. Processing with scCO 2 did not alter some of the critical functional properties of SCLs (glass transition temperature, transmittance, oxygen permeability, contact angle), enabled the control of drug loaded/released amounts (by the application of several consecutive processing cycles) and permitted the preparation of hydrophobic drug-based therapeutic SCLs in much shorter process times than those using conventional aqueous-based molecular imprinting methods.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="ebfce4bee1e5ac94dde1165fc0e76818" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":49866840,"asset_id":4430145,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49866840/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="4430145"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="4430145"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4430145; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4430145]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4430145]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4430145; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='4430145']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "ebfce4bee1e5ac94dde1165fc0e76818" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=4430145]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":4430145,"title":"Supercritical fluid-assisted preparation of imprinted contact lenses for drug delivery","translated_title":"","metadata":{"grobid_abstract":"The aim of this work was to develop an innovative supercritical fluid (SCF)-assisted molecular imprinting method to endow commercial soft contact lenses (SCLs) with the ability to load specific drugs and to control their release. This approach seeks to overcome the limitation of the common loading of preformed SCLs by immersion in concentrated drug solutions (only valid for highly water soluble drugs) and of the molecular imprinting methods that require choice of the drug before polymerization and thus to create drug-tailored networks. In particular, we focused on improving the flurbiprofen load/release capacity of daily wear Hilafilcon B commercial SCLs by the use of sequential SCF flurbiprofen impregnation and extraction steps. Supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO 2 ) impregnation assays were performed at 12.0 MPa and 40°C, while scCO 2 extractions were performed at 20.0 MPa and 40°C. Conventional flurbiprofen sorption and drug removal experiments in aqueous solutions were carried out for comparison purposes. SCF-processed SCLs showed a recognition ability and a higher affinity for flurbiprofen in aqueous solution than for the structurally related ibuprofen and dexamethasone, which suggests the creation of molecularly imprinted cavities driven by both physical (swelling/plasticization) and chemical (carbonyl groups in the network with the C-F group in the drug) interactions. Processing with scCO 2 did not alter some of the critical functional properties of SCLs (glass transition temperature, transmittance, oxygen permeability, contact angle), enabled the control of drug loaded/released amounts (by the application of several consecutive processing cycles) and permitted the preparation of hydrophobic drug-based therapeutic SCLs in much shorter process times than those using conventional aqueous-based molecular imprinting methods.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2011,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Acta Biomaterialia","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":49866840},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/4430145/Supercritical_fluid_assisted_preparation_of_imprinted_contact_lenses_for_drug_delivery","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2013-09-07T07:50:24.270-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5442949,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":49866840,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/49866840/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Supercritical_fluid-assisted_preparation20161025-2385-154sqtv.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49866840/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Supercritical_fluid_assisted_preparation.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/49866840/Supercritical_fluid-assisted_preparation20161025-2385-154sqtv-libre.pdf?1477434325=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DSupercritical_fluid_assisted_preparation.pdf\u0026Expires=1743734142\u0026Signature=ZIGIztM2hd4Um6XRVlDRt1XUjkXwo0YuSjqOHkQBVIKbDT-MiV5G2-l~AT02SVEKydQhxk0pGaZ~KgBkVgYZHRFpl9OQDn3gk3UAQ~OIE3VRJnDziSgpWYckL6ehsXq4kS78yDFk0jHpLksmvq1YJo0Ix32Mew2dO7T8ltfXU0rzUXUh8jWorYGWI8dFtQgjhF51o-bvhMAgDIApmJc2k3~tX65dL4PNRy0IOS~YKs2QeFTvxCWFS0oi4ULwbBBzzahI0qY2Fhjdb~qfqyYpH3nylUl5S8X-rO7r8K7HgvsY8DrnAZh4rEW58XqnebVzmsLRkbSmZMm2SiQYLq4LfQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Supercritical_fluid_assisted_preparation_of_imprinted_contact_lenses_for_drug_delivery","translated_slug":"","page_count":12,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"The aim of this work was to develop an innovative supercritical fluid (SCF)-assisted molecular imprinting method to endow commercial soft contact lenses (SCLs) with the ability to load specific drugs and to control their release. This approach seeks to overcome the limitation of the common loading of preformed SCLs by immersion in concentrated drug solutions (only valid for highly water soluble drugs) and of the molecular imprinting methods that require choice of the drug before polymerization and thus to create drug-tailored networks. In particular, we focused on improving the flurbiprofen load/release capacity of daily wear Hilafilcon B commercial SCLs by the use of sequential SCF flurbiprofen impregnation and extraction steps. Supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO 2 ) impregnation assays were performed at 12.0 MPa and 40°C, while scCO 2 extractions were performed at 20.0 MPa and 40°C. Conventional flurbiprofen sorption and drug removal experiments in aqueous solutions were carried out for comparison purposes. SCF-processed SCLs showed a recognition ability and a higher affinity for flurbiprofen in aqueous solution than for the structurally related ibuprofen and dexamethasone, which suggests the creation of molecularly imprinted cavities driven by both physical (swelling/plasticization) and chemical (carbonyl groups in the network with the C-F group in the drug) interactions. Processing with scCO 2 did not alter some of the critical functional properties of SCLs (glass transition temperature, transmittance, oxygen permeability, contact angle), enabled the control of drug loaded/released amounts (by the application of several consecutive processing cycles) and permitted the preparation of hydrophobic drug-based therapeutic SCLs in much shorter process times than those using conventional aqueous-based molecular imprinting methods.","owner":{"id":5442949,"first_name":"Mara","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Braga","page_name":"MaraBraga","domain_name":"uc-pt","created_at":"2013-09-07T07:47:58.323-07:00","display_name":"Mara Braga","url":"https://uc-pt.academia.edu/MaraBraga"},"attachments":[{"id":49866840,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/49866840/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Supercritical_fluid-assisted_preparation20161025-2385-154sqtv.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49866840/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Supercritical_fluid_assisted_preparation.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/49866840/Supercritical_fluid-assisted_preparation20161025-2385-154sqtv-libre.pdf?1477434325=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DSupercritical_fluid_assisted_preparation.pdf\u0026Expires=1743734142\u0026Signature=ZIGIztM2hd4Um6XRVlDRt1XUjkXwo0YuSjqOHkQBVIKbDT-MiV5G2-l~AT02SVEKydQhxk0pGaZ~KgBkVgYZHRFpl9OQDn3gk3UAQ~OIE3VRJnDziSgpWYckL6ehsXq4kS78yDFk0jHpLksmvq1YJo0Ix32Mew2dO7T8ltfXU0rzUXUh8jWorYGWI8dFtQgjhF51o-bvhMAgDIApmJc2k3~tX65dL4PNRy0IOS~YKs2QeFTvxCWFS0oi4ULwbBBzzahI0qY2Fhjdb~qfqyYpH3nylUl5S8X-rO7r8K7HgvsY8DrnAZh4rEW58XqnebVzmsLRkbSmZMm2SiQYLq4LfQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2215,"name":"Water","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Water"},{"id":11257,"name":"Drug delivery","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Drug_delivery"},{"id":15625,"name":"Molecular Imprinting","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Imprinting"},{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary"},{"id":51809,"name":"Contact Lenses","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contact_Lenses"},{"id":57801,"name":"Dexamethasone","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dexamethasone"},{"id":161126,"name":"Contact angle","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contact_angle"},{"id":318936,"name":"Supercritical carbon dioxide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Supercritical_carbon_dioxide"},{"id":335228,"name":"Glass Transition Temperature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Glass_Transition_Temperature"},{"id":380825,"name":"Oxygen","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oxygen"},{"id":398650,"name":"Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fourier_transform_infrared_spectroscopy"},{"id":598869,"name":"Water soluble polymers","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Water_soluble_polymers"},{"id":979632,"name":"Drug Interaction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Drug_Interaction"},{"id":989646,"name":"Aqueous Solution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aqueous_Solution"},{"id":1031068,"name":"Drug Carriers","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Drug_Carriers"},{"id":1139957,"name":"Drug Release","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Drug_Release"},{"id":1181274,"name":"Supercritical Fluid","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Supercritical_Fluid"},{"id":1451722,"name":"Removal Experiment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Removal_Experiment"},{"id":1485846,"name":"Flurbiprofen","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Flurbiprofen"},{"id":2045377,"name":"Functional Properties","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_Properties"}],"urls":[{"id":1559857,"url":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S174270611000454X"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-4430145-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="4430144"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/4430144/Measurement_and_correlation_of_the_solubility_of_juglone_in_supercritical_carbon_dioxide"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Measurement and correlation of the solubility of juglone in supercritical carbon dioxide" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/49866828/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/4430144/Measurement_and_correlation_of_the_solubility_of_juglone_in_supercritical_carbon_dioxide">Measurement and correlation of the solubility of juglone in supercritical carbon dioxide</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Fuel and Energy Abstracts</span><span>, 2011</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Juglone (5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone) is an allelopathic compound predominantly abundant in the ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Juglone (5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone) is an allelopathic compound predominantly abundant in the roots, leaves, bark and wood of Juglans sp. (walnut). Juglone presents cytotoxic properties as well as antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal activities. The selective extraction of this compound using supercritical fluids (SCF) may present clear advantages over conventional extraction methods, particularly if cosmetic, pharmaceutical or food applications are envisaged. However, the optimization of any high pressure extraction process requires the knowledge of the solubility of the target compounds to be extracted. In this work we report the experimental measurement and correlation of the equilibrium solubility of juglone in scCO 2 . Results were obtained using a static analytical method at 308.2 K, 318.2 K and 328.2 K, and in a pressure range from 9.2 up to 24.4 MPa. Experimental equilibrium solubility was found to be between 2.0 × 10 −5 and 1.6 × 10 −3 (in terms of juglone mole fraction). Experimental data were correlated with three density-based models (Chrastil, Bartle and Méndez-Santiago-Teja models) and with the Peng-Robinson cubic equation of state (PR-EOS), using the conventional van der Waals mixing and combining rules. Juglone critical and thermophysical properties were estimated by different methods available in the literature and the influence of these estimation methods on its properties (namely on sublimation pressure) was discussed in terms of the final PR-EOS correlation results accuracy. The best obtained average absolute relative deviations (AARD) were 5.5% and 4.1%, for semi-empirical models and for the PR-EOS, respectively.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><div class="carousel-container carousel-container--sm" id="profile-work-4430144-figures"><div class="prev-slide-container js-prev-button-container"><button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-4430144-figures-prev"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_back_ios</span></button></div><div class="slides-container js-slides-container"><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/4321391/figure-1-the-peng-robinson-cubic-equation-of-state-pr-eos"><img alt="The Peng-Robinson cubic equation of state (PR-EOS) [56], described by Eq. (6), can be employed to calculate ee, with the classical van der Waals (vdW) mixing/combining rules, and with one or two adjustable binary interaction parameters, kj and lj, Eqs. (10) and (11): The optimal binary interaction parameters, kj and 1;, are fitted for each isotherm by the experimental data correlation through the minimization of the average absolute-relative-deviation (AARD) objective function: This equation considers that: (i) the solubility of the solvent in the solid solute is negligible; (ii) the solid is incompressible; and (iii) the pure solid saturated vapor (at sublimation) behaves like an ideal gas. In Eq. (5), ee, is the sublimation pressure of the solid solute, v2, is the molar volume of the solid and, ge, is the fugacity coefficient of the solid in the fluid phase, which encompasses the non-ideality of the high pressure fluid phase and that can be evaluated by an adequate EOS. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866828/figure_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/4321396/figure-2-juglone-solubility-as-function-of-pure-scco-density"><img alt="Fig. 2. Juglone solubility (y) as a function of pure scCO2 density (p, kg m~3). Exper- imental: (@) 308.2 K; (C1) 318.2 K; (a) 328.2 K; (©) 313.2K, obtained by Ref. [27]; (---) Correlated by Eq. (2) and Eq. (3), Bartle model. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866828/figure_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/4321402/figure-3-relationship-between-the-solubility-of-juglone-and"><img alt="Fig. 3. Relationship between the solubility of juglone and the density of pure CO2. Experimental: (@) 308.2 K; (M) 318.2K; (a) 328.2K; (---) correlated by Eq. (4), Méndez-Santiago-Teja model. obtained (between 5.5% and 6.7%), even at lower pressure/density which usually present the larger deviations from the fitted curves. Juglone experimental solubility PR-EOS correlation requires information on the critical properties, on boiling temperature and on Pitzer’s acentric factor of juglone and of CO2. Addition- ally, the solid molar volume and the sublimation pressure (at employed isotherms) of juglone will also be necessary. However, and for many pure organic solids, these required properties are usually unknown or even difficult/impossible to be experimentally determined. Therefore, these properties are usually predicted by several estimation methods available in literature (mostly group- contribution methods). Nevertheless, these methods are not always reliable and thus their incorrect choice and/or application may lead to inaccurate EOS correlation results or may originate distinct adjusted parameters sets of results. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866828/figure_003.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/4321406/figure-1-logarithmic-relationship-between-the-solubility-of"><img alt="Fig. 1. Logarithmic relationship between the solubility of juglone in scCOz (S, kgm~?) and the density of the pure scCO2 (p, kg m~3). Experimental: (@) 308.2 K; ) 318.2 K; (a) 328.2 K; (OC) 313.2 K, obtained by Ref. [27]; (---) Correlated by Eq. (1), Chrastil model. => 4.2. Correlation results The correlation of experimental solubility data was per- formed using three density-based correlations (Chrastil, Bartle and Méndez-Santiago-Teja) and a cubic EOS model (Peng-Robinson EOS) with classical van der Waals mixing and combining rules. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866828/figure_004.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/4321412/figure-4-solubility-of-juglone-in-scco-experimental"><img alt="Fig. 4. Solubility of juglone in scCO2. Experimental: (a) 308.2 K; (©) 318.2 K; (™) 328.2 K; (---—) correlated with the PR-EOS model with vdW2 for Set 3 of estimated properties (see Tables 3 and 4 for more details). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866828/figure_005.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/4321416/table-1-data-from-nist-webbook-experimental-solubility-of"><img alt="* Data from NIST webbook (http://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry). Experimental solubility of juglone in supercritical carbon dioxide. Table 1 molecule. In the Coutsikos approach, the original parameters 5; and €9;/R for hydrocarbon molecule groups are re-evaluated using the sublimation pressure data, while the hard-core van der Waals volume (Vw) is obtained using Bondi’s group contribution incre- ments [61,62]. Finally, the required molar volume of juglone was estimated using the Fedors group contribution method [63]. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866828/table_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/4321421/table-2-marrero-gani-method-ambrose-walton-corresponding"><img alt="M-G, Marrero-Gani method [58]; A-W, Ambrose-Walton corresponding states method [57]; W-J, Wilson-Jasperson method [57]; Job, Joback method [57]; Cout, Coutsikos method [59]; Pred., Predicted by ACD/Labs [64]. Estimated critical and other required thermophysical properties of juglone.<. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866828/table_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/4321425/table-3-pr-eos-correlation-results-for-the-solubility-of"><img alt="PR-EOS correlation results for the solubility of juglone in scCOz2, at 308.2 K, 318.2 K and 328.2 K, obtained for different sets of critical and thermophysical propertie Note: Sets 1*-5* use the same critical and thermophysical properties as Sets 1-5 with the exception of sublimation pressure which was estimated by the Coutsikos methoc [59] (as described in Table 3). Table 4 " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866828/table_003.jpg" /></a></figure></div><div class="next-slide-container js-next-button-container"><button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-4430144-figures-next"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_forward_ios</span></button></div></div></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="d654f0de60a02e92ef8280eae11cf702" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":49866828,"asset_id":4430144,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49866828/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="4430144"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="4430144"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4430144; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4430144]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4430144]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4430144; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='4430144']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "d654f0de60a02e92ef8280eae11cf702" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=4430144]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":4430144,"title":"Measurement and correlation of the solubility of juglone in supercritical carbon dioxide","translated_title":"","metadata":{"ai_title_tag":"Juglone Solubility Measurement in Supercritical CO2","grobid_abstract":"Juglone (5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone) is an allelopathic compound predominantly abundant in the roots, leaves, bark and wood of Juglans sp. (walnut). Juglone presents cytotoxic properties as well as antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal activities. The selective extraction of this compound using supercritical fluids (SCF) may present clear advantages over conventional extraction methods, particularly if cosmetic, pharmaceutical or food applications are envisaged. However, the optimization of any high pressure extraction process requires the knowledge of the solubility of the target compounds to be extracted. In this work we report the experimental measurement and correlation of the equilibrium solubility of juglone in scCO 2 . Results were obtained using a static analytical method at 308.2 K, 318.2 K and 328.2 K, and in a pressure range from 9.2 up to 24.4 MPa. Experimental equilibrium solubility was found to be between 2.0 × 10 −5 and 1.6 × 10 −3 (in terms of juglone mole fraction). Experimental data were correlated with three density-based models (Chrastil, Bartle and Méndez-Santiago-Teja models) and with the Peng-Robinson cubic equation of state (PR-EOS), using the conventional van der Waals mixing and combining rules. Juglone critical and thermophysical properties were estimated by different methods available in the literature and the influence of these estimation methods on its properties (namely on sublimation pressure) was discussed in terms of the final PR-EOS correlation results accuracy. The best obtained average absolute relative deviations (AARD) were 5.5% and 4.1%, for semi-empirical models and for the PR-EOS, respectively.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2011,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Fuel and Energy Abstracts","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":49866828},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/4430144/Measurement_and_correlation_of_the_solubility_of_juglone_in_supercritical_carbon_dioxide","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2013-09-07T07:50:23.977-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5442949,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":49866828,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/49866828/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Measurement_and_correlation_of_the_solub20161025-2378-1ogqeqo.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49866828/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Measurement_and_correlation_of_the_solub.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/49866828/Measurement_and_correlation_of_the_solub20161025-2378-1ogqeqo-libre.pdf?1477434323=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DMeasurement_and_correlation_of_the_solub.pdf\u0026Expires=1743734142\u0026Signature=HY1FeJiwJ3HvuTf8atGN2jNPe3h63qR0odnFNMfLbyINopNpYmtbimXDg~b3k3rIX1lPccd6l13xj3w1jjm02Tz-qRnq8Fz44feFaBw3umRHOAgCNrYbKbS2tQaRJxbDVAbi9el3GwMuFEsCjkGMrOa5io4yhl8eWGC2WTpVJS3umbspoQOTYhjOKNpmpYov8G0pbuTSsz0Fa~nR-FBBQUhasA6QeKpAd82no954~Uxnx05WNBGVriWHXkM74QLVQnxE5lpR2ScaNS4aj0oKMwIxwOKMtgguyo1fQlF~SHSHoHonnNgRfR0XUFrHAy7pMN0-WfpMb1YBFWtLWslxmg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Measurement_and_correlation_of_the_solubility_of_juglone_in_supercritical_carbon_dioxide","translated_slug":"","page_count":8,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Juglone (5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone) is an allelopathic compound predominantly abundant in the roots, leaves, bark and wood of Juglans sp. (walnut). Juglone presents cytotoxic properties as well as antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal activities. The selective extraction of this compound using supercritical fluids (SCF) may present clear advantages over conventional extraction methods, particularly if cosmetic, pharmaceutical or food applications are envisaged. However, the optimization of any high pressure extraction process requires the knowledge of the solubility of the target compounds to be extracted. In this work we report the experimental measurement and correlation of the equilibrium solubility of juglone in scCO 2 . Results were obtained using a static analytical method at 308.2 K, 318.2 K and 328.2 K, and in a pressure range from 9.2 up to 24.4 MPa. Experimental equilibrium solubility was found to be between 2.0 × 10 −5 and 1.6 × 10 −3 (in terms of juglone mole fraction). Experimental data were correlated with three density-based models (Chrastil, Bartle and Méndez-Santiago-Teja models) and with the Peng-Robinson cubic equation of state (PR-EOS), using the conventional van der Waals mixing and combining rules. Juglone critical and thermophysical properties were estimated by different methods available in the literature and the influence of these estimation methods on its properties (namely on sublimation pressure) was discussed in terms of the final PR-EOS correlation results accuracy. The best obtained average absolute relative deviations (AARD) were 5.5% and 4.1%, for semi-empirical models and for the PR-EOS, respectively.","owner":{"id":5442949,"first_name":"Mara","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Braga","page_name":"MaraBraga","domain_name":"uc-pt","created_at":"2013-09-07T07:47:58.323-07:00","display_name":"Mara Braga","url":"https://uc-pt.academia.edu/MaraBraga"},"attachments":[{"id":49866828,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/49866828/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Measurement_and_correlation_of_the_solub20161025-2378-1ogqeqo.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49866828/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Measurement_and_correlation_of_the_solub.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/49866828/Measurement_and_correlation_of_the_solub20161025-2378-1ogqeqo-libre.pdf?1477434323=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DMeasurement_and_correlation_of_the_solub.pdf\u0026Expires=1743734142\u0026Signature=HY1FeJiwJ3HvuTf8atGN2jNPe3h63qR0odnFNMfLbyINopNpYmtbimXDg~b3k3rIX1lPccd6l13xj3w1jjm02Tz-qRnq8Fz44feFaBw3umRHOAgCNrYbKbS2tQaRJxbDVAbi9el3GwMuFEsCjkGMrOa5io4yhl8eWGC2WTpVJS3umbspoQOTYhjOKNpmpYov8G0pbuTSsz0Fa~nR-FBBQUhasA6QeKpAd82no954~Uxnx05WNBGVriWHXkM74QLVQnxE5lpR2ScaNS4aj0oKMwIxwOKMtgguyo1fQlF~SHSHoHonnNgRfR0XUFrHAy7pMN0-WfpMb1YBFWtLWslxmg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":72,"name":"Chemical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Engineering"},{"id":4107,"name":"High Pressure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/High_Pressure"},{"id":80799,"name":"Classical Physics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Classical_Physics"},{"id":212517,"name":"Van Der Waals","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Van_Der_Waals"},{"id":215543,"name":"Antifungal Activity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Antifungal_Activity"},{"id":318936,"name":"Supercritical carbon dioxide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Supercritical_carbon_dioxide"},{"id":330839,"name":"Analytical Method","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Analytical_Method"},{"id":352693,"name":"Thermophysical Properties","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thermophysical_Properties"},{"id":629119,"name":"Fluid phase equilibria","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fluid_phase_equilibria"},{"id":683707,"name":"Extraction Method","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Extraction_Method"},{"id":898070,"name":"Experimental Measurement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Experimental_Measurement"},{"id":1120502,"name":"Experimental Data","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Experimental_Data"},{"id":1180343,"name":"Estimation Method","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Estimation_Method"},{"id":1181274,"name":"Supercritical Fluid","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Supercritical_Fluid"},{"id":1297237,"name":"Empirical Model","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Empirical_Model"},{"id":1320599,"name":"Equation of State","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Equation_of_State"}],"urls":[{"id":1559856,"url":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378381211004031"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (true) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-4430144-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="4430143"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/4430143/Fractioned_SFE_of_antioxidants_from_maritime_pine_bark"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Fractioned SFE of antioxidants from maritime pine bark" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/49866837/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/4430143/Fractioned_SFE_of_antioxidants_from_maritime_pine_bark">Fractioned SFE of antioxidants from maritime pine bark</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Supercritical Fluids</span><span>, 2008</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Maritime pine (Pinus pinaster) is an important portuguese forest species and its bark is an abund...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Maritime pine (Pinus pinaster) is an important portuguese forest species and its bark is an abundant furniture industry residue. In this work, fractioned supercritical fluid extraction (FSFE) experiments were carried out using CO 2 and CO 2 + EtOH (10%) mixtures in two consecutive steps. Different pressures (from 10 up to 30 MPa) and temperatures (30, 40 and 50 • C) were assayed. FSFE extracts were compared with hydrodistillation (HD) and Soxhlet (SoE) extracts. Gas chromatography (GC) was used to characterize the obtained volatile oils while catechin and epicatechin were quantified in ethanolic extracts by HPLC. Antioxidant activities were determined spectrophotometrically. Around 84% of the total extract was obtained in the 1st CO 2 extraction step and this volatile oil rich extract presented lower oxidation inhibitions (∼29-62%) than those obtained at the 2nd CO 2 + EtOH extraction step (60-84%). The catechin + epicatechin yields of these 2nd step ethanolic extracts were higher (0.051-0.346 g/mg d.b.) than the ones obtained for SoE (0.039 g/mg d.b.). The increment in catechin + epicatechin extract content influenced the corresponding extract antioxidant activity, although not directly. Pressure and temperature affected the extraction kinetic parameters for both extraction steps and the obtained catechin + epicatechin contents for the 2nd CO 2 + EtOH extraction step.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><div class="carousel-container carousel-container--sm" id="profile-work-4430143-figures"><div class="prev-slide-container js-prev-button-container"><button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-4430143-figures-prev"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_back_ios</span></button></div><div class="slides-container js-slides-container"><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/2092514/figure-1-schematic-diagram-of-the-employed-sfe-apparatus-co"><img alt="Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the employed SFE apparatus. (1) CO2 cylinder; (2) EtOH reservoir; (3) high pressure CO2 compressor; (4) co-solvent high pressure pump; (5) valves; (6) back-pressure regulator; (7) micrometering valve; (8) thermostatic water bath; (9) immersion heater/controller; (10) extraction cell; (11) manometer; (12) glass flasks; (13) adsorbent column; (14) wet gas meter. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866837/figure_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/2092520/figure-2-pine-bark-fsfe-kinetics-results-experiments-at-and"><img alt="Fig. 2. Pine bark FSFE kinetics results. Experiments at 40°C and at ~20 MPa: (L) 1st step CO» extraction and (M) 2nd step CO2 + EtOH (10%) extraction. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866837/figure_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/2092524/figure-3-mass-ratio-of-solute-in-the-solvent-phase-yoomin"><img alt="Fig. 3. Mass ratio of solute in the solvent phase (Yoomin and Ycer) for 1st step (A) and 2nd step (B) FSFE: (@) 30°C; (™ ) 40°C; (a) 50°C " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866837/figure_003.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/2092528/figure-4-tlc-analysis-of-pine-bark-fsfe-extracts-obtained-at"><img alt="Fig. 4. TLC analysis of pine bark FSFE extracts obtained at 30°C. Results were drawn using ACD/TLC Plate Tool for ChemSketch, Freeware version 10.02: (a) anisaldehyd sprayed TLC plate for analysis of volatile compounds in 1st step CO2 FSFE extracts; (b) NP sprayed TLC plate, observed at 365 nm, for analysis of phenolic compounds in 2n step CO2 + EtOH FSFE extracts: (1) 10 MPa; (2) 15 MPa; (3) 20 MPa; (4) 25 MPa; (5) 30 MPa; standards: R, Rutin and Q, Quercetin. Fig. 4a shows the anisaldehyde sprayed TLC plate performed for the analysis of the volatile fraction in the COz FSFE extracts (1st step), obtained at 30°C. The same zones appeared and with approximately similar intensities in the extracts obtained at dif- ferent pressures, showing that pressure did not have a significant a a a I RR BN ERNEST Rn ee BP em es Mae ee For the three tested temperatures, total yields were higher for the CO2 extraction step (~7-14%) when compared to the CO2 + EtOH extraction step (~1-3%). The existence of few compounds solu- ble in CO2+EtOH in a vegetable matrix exhaustively depleted of CO2 soluble compounds as well as mass transfer phenomena may explain the lower yields obtained for the 2nd extraction step. The operational pressure effect on total yields was different for each isotherm and for both extraction steps. For the CO 1st step, highest yields were obtained at 30°C and 15 MPa, and at 50°C and 10 MPa. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866837/figure_004.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/2092531/figure-5-gc-chromatograms-obtained-for-pine-bark-extract"><img alt="Fig. 5. GC chromatograms obtained for pine bark extract samples: hydrodistillation (A); 1st step CO2-FSFE, 30°C/10 MPa (B) and Soxhlet (C). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866837/figure_005.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/2092535/figure-6-zoomed-gc-chromatogram-obtained-for-pine-bark"><img alt="Fig. 6. Zoomed GC chromatogram obtained for pine bark extract sample obtained by 1st step CO2-FSFE, at 30°C and 10 MPa. In general terms, for the 1st step FSFE extracts obtained at 30 and 40°C, it can be observed a pronounced effect of extraction pressure onthe composition profile of the identified compounds (with reten- tion times lower than ~32 min) as well as on the non-identified separated compounds after ~40 min (Table 2). At 50°C, the pres- sure effect was not so pronounced and so, the differences in extracts compositions were not so marked, which is in accordance with the mass ratio of solute in the solvent phase data reported in the kinetic " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866837/figure_006.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/2092537/figure-8-catechin-epicatechin-concentration-mg-as-function"><img alt="Fig. 8. Catechin + epicatechin concentration (\g/mg, d.b.) as a function of CO2 den- sity for pine bark 2nd step FSFE CO2 + EtOH (10%, v/v) extracts. (@) 30°C; (Ml) 40°C; (a) 50°C. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866837/figure_007.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/2092539/figure-7-characterization-of-pine-bark-nd-step-fsfe-co-etoh"><img alt="Fig. 7. Characterization of pine bark 2nd step FSFE CO2 + EtOH (10%, v/v) extracts by HPLC: catechin contents (jg/mg, d.b.) (@) 30°C; (Ml) 40°C; (a) 50°C, and epicatechin contents (jg/mg, d.b.) (©) 30°C; (G1) 40°C; (A) 50°C. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866837/figure_008.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/2092542/figure-9-isobaric-oxidation-inhibition-profiles-obtained"><img alt="Fig. 9. Isobaric oxidation inhibition profiles (obtained after 3 h inhibition assays) for pine bark extracts. 1st step FSFE CO2 (A) and 2nd step FSFE CO2 + EtOH (10%, v/v) (B) (@ 10 MPa; (i) 15 MPa; (a) 20 MPa; (@) 25 MPa; (x) 30 MPa. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866837/figure_009.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/2092545/figure-10-isobaric-oxidation-inhibition-for-pine-bark-nd"><img alt="Fig. 10. Isobaric oxidation inhibition (%) for pine bark 2nd step FSFE CO2 + EtOH (10%, v/v) extracts, as a function of catechin+ epicatechin contents: (1) 30°C; (a) 40°C; °K) 50°C. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866837/figure_010.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/2092548/table-1-pine-bark-extraction-total-yields-obtained-by"><img alt="Pine bark extraction total yields (obtained by different methodologies) and the corresponding correlated kinetic parameters of extraction curves for 1st and 2nd FSFE steps ‘at + Epi: catechin + epicatechin; Mgg min: Mass transfer rate until 90 min of extraction; Yo9 yin: Mass ratio of solute in the solvent phase until 90 min of extraction; Rog;pjn: accumulated extract yield after 90 min of e» * Solid/solvent ratio: 1st step FSFE (1:137); 2nd step FSFE (1:126); HD (1:33); SoE (1:50). b Average solvent flow rate: 1st step - CO; 2nd step - CO2 + ethanol. 2 ycalc_yobs > yobs d values are presented as mean value + standard deviations. ¢ Fitting error = 4 " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866837/table_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/2092550/table-2-composition-profiles-of-pine-bark-extracts-obtained"><img alt="Composition profiles of pine bark extracts obtained by HD, SoE and CO2-FSFE at 30, 40 and 50°C tr: traces < 0.18; n.i.: non identified substance. Table 2 " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49866837/table_002.jpg" /></a></figure></div><div class="next-slide-container js-next-button-container"><button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-4430143-figures-next"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_forward_ios</span></button></div></div></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="644180be48a0837436969b271bcdca6c" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":49866837,"asset_id":4430143,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49866837/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="4430143"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="4430143"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4430143; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4430143]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4430143]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4430143; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='4430143']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "644180be48a0837436969b271bcdca6c" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=4430143]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":4430143,"title":"Fractioned SFE of antioxidants from maritime pine bark","translated_title":"","metadata":{"grobid_abstract":"Maritime pine (Pinus pinaster) is an important portuguese forest species and its bark is an abundant furniture industry residue. In this work, fractioned supercritical fluid extraction (FSFE) experiments were carried out using CO 2 and CO 2 + EtOH (10%) mixtures in two consecutive steps. Different pressures (from 10 up to 30 MPa) and temperatures (30, 40 and 50 • C) were assayed. FSFE extracts were compared with hydrodistillation (HD) and Soxhlet (SoE) extracts. Gas chromatography (GC) was used to characterize the obtained volatile oils while catechin and epicatechin were quantified in ethanolic extracts by HPLC. Antioxidant activities were determined spectrophotometrically. Around 84% of the total extract was obtained in the 1st CO 2 extraction step and this volatile oil rich extract presented lower oxidation inhibitions (∼29-62%) than those obtained at the 2nd CO 2 + EtOH extraction step (60-84%). The catechin + epicatechin yields of these 2nd step ethanolic extracts were higher (0.051-0.346 g/mg d.b.) than the ones obtained for SoE (0.039 g/mg d.b.). The increment in catechin + epicatechin extract content influenced the corresponding extract antioxidant activity, although not directly. Pressure and temperature affected the extraction kinetic parameters for both extraction steps and the obtained catechin + epicatechin contents for the 2nd CO 2 + EtOH extraction step.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2008,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Journal of Supercritical Fluids","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":49866837},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/4430143/Fractioned_SFE_of_antioxidants_from_maritime_pine_bark","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2013-09-07T07:50:23.655-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5442949,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":49866837,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/49866837/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Fractioned_SFE_of_antioxidants_from_mari20161025-9061-nc94bm.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49866837/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Fractioned_SFE_of_antioxidants_from_mari.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/49866837/Fractioned_SFE_of_antioxidants_from_mari20161025-9061-nc94bm-libre.pdf?1477434327=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DFractioned_SFE_of_antioxidants_from_mari.pdf\u0026Expires=1743734143\u0026Signature=OzOJUbepsoKckCUPJtSiDl~cMs4eIXDAr4JAhg4mUvJHmF2d9yopZMYgjJYh8gxIaAhfl7QGE1Sjyp-L3W8cKzB9tLPvCJOpIBRi-hJtQEA3iovkzUHmKLcxlWo4lUwdfbnob-HLPJfIF9vk241EWt6LJBUd3ss2OWd-R9wL04aA6avR0HjSpJNEjfS9Qz0HjsfViUo7Trte5ScQNDatPc3XDt26QfjZgxV0gUuDG3Qo7tiuHcqqEoFVIyMSZq7nPsWoikSHcS3Mwf8nsv1PNUjA29QJHeyAmNh~Dig3KgHTVKCBt-vACL8zcak~5q8-2Nq0JsU6LE~gkby~hLh4bg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Fractioned_SFE_of_antioxidants_from_maritime_pine_bark","translated_slug":"","page_count":12,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Maritime pine (Pinus pinaster) is an important portuguese forest species and its bark is an abundant furniture industry residue. In this work, fractioned supercritical fluid extraction (FSFE) experiments were carried out using CO 2 and CO 2 + EtOH (10%) mixtures in two consecutive steps. Different pressures (from 10 up to 30 MPa) and temperatures (30, 40 and 50 • C) were assayed. FSFE extracts were compared with hydrodistillation (HD) and Soxhlet (SoE) extracts. Gas chromatography (GC) was used to characterize the obtained volatile oils while catechin and epicatechin were quantified in ethanolic extracts by HPLC. Antioxidant activities were determined spectrophotometrically. Around 84% of the total extract was obtained in the 1st CO 2 extraction step and this volatile oil rich extract presented lower oxidation inhibitions (∼29-62%) than those obtained at the 2nd CO 2 + EtOH extraction step (60-84%). The catechin + epicatechin yields of these 2nd step ethanolic extracts were higher (0.051-0.346 g/mg d.b.) than the ones obtained for SoE (0.039 g/mg d.b.). The increment in catechin + epicatechin extract content influenced the corresponding extract antioxidant activity, although not directly. Pressure and temperature affected the extraction kinetic parameters for both extraction steps and the obtained catechin + epicatechin contents for the 2nd CO 2 + EtOH extraction step.","owner":{"id":5442949,"first_name":"Mara","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Braga","page_name":"MaraBraga","domain_name":"uc-pt","created_at":"2013-09-07T07:47:58.323-07:00","display_name":"Mara Braga","url":"https://uc-pt.academia.edu/MaraBraga"},"attachments":[{"id":49866837,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/49866837/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Fractioned_SFE_of_antioxidants_from_mari20161025-9061-nc94bm.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49866837/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Fractioned_SFE_of_antioxidants_from_mari.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/49866837/Fractioned_SFE_of_antioxidants_from_mari20161025-9061-nc94bm-libre.pdf?1477434327=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DFractioned_SFE_of_antioxidants_from_mari.pdf\u0026Expires=1743734143\u0026Signature=OzOJUbepsoKckCUPJtSiDl~cMs4eIXDAr4JAhg4mUvJHmF2d9yopZMYgjJYh8gxIaAhfl7QGE1Sjyp-L3W8cKzB9tLPvCJOpIBRi-hJtQEA3iovkzUHmKLcxlWo4lUwdfbnob-HLPJfIF9vk241EWt6LJBUd3ss2OWd-R9wL04aA6avR0HjSpJNEjfS9Qz0HjsfViUo7Trte5ScQNDatPc3XDt26QfjZgxV0gUuDG3Qo7tiuHcqqEoFVIyMSZq7nPsWoikSHcS3Mwf8nsv1PNUjA29QJHeyAmNh~Dig3KgHTVKCBt-vACL8zcak~5q8-2Nq0JsU6LE~gkby~hLh4bg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering"},{"id":4107,"name":"High Pressure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/High_Pressure"},{"id":9359,"name":"Supercritical fluids","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Supercritical_fluids"},{"id":46182,"name":"Pharmaceutical industry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmaceutical_industry"},{"id":58054,"name":"Environmental Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Sciences"},{"id":121705,"name":"Ethanol","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethanol"},{"id":161176,"name":"The","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The"},{"id":166448,"name":"Gas Chromatography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gas_Chromatography"},{"id":260118,"name":"CHEMICAL SCIENCES","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES"},{"id":290433,"name":"Antioxidant Activity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Antioxidant_Activity"},{"id":510153,"name":"Supercritical Fluid Extraction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Supercritical_Fluid_Extraction"},{"id":1167882,"name":"Kinetic Parameter","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kinetic_Parameter"},{"id":1241489,"name":"Pine Bark","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pine_Bark"},{"id":1322481,"name":"Antioxidant Capacity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Antioxidant_Capacity"},{"id":1418724,"name":"Pinus Pinaster","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pinus_Pinaster"}],"urls":[{"id":1559855,"url":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S089684460800185X"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (true) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-4430143-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="4430142"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/4430142/Phosphonium_based_ionic_liquids_as_modifiers_for_biomedical_grade_poly_vinyl_chloride"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Phosphonium-based ionic liquids as modifiers for biomedical grade poly(vinyl chloride" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/49866896/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/4430142/Phosphonium_based_ionic_liquids_as_modifiers_for_biomedical_grade_poly_vinyl_chloride">Phosphonium-based ionic liquids as modifiers for biomedical grade poly(vinyl chloride</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Acta Biomaterialia</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This work reports and discusses the influence of four phosphonium-based ionic liquids (PhILs), na...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This work reports and discusses the influence of four phosphonium-based ionic liquids (PhILs), namely trihexyl(tetradecyl) phosphonium dicyanamide, [P 6,6,6,14 ][dca]; trihexyl(tetradecyl) phosphonium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, [P 6,6,6,14 ][Tf 2 N]; tetrabutyl phosphonium bromide, [P 4,4,4,4 ][Br]; and tetrabutyl phosphonium chloride, [P 4,4,4,4 ][Cl], on some of the chemical, physical and biological properties of a biomedical-grade suspension of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC). The main goal of this work was to evaluate the capacity of these PhILs to modify some of the properties of neat PVC, in particular those that may allow their use as potential alternatives to traditional phthalate-based plasticizers in PVC biomedical applications. PVC films having different PhIL compositions (0, 5, 10 and 20 wt.%) were prepared (by solvent film casting) and characterised by Fourier transform infrared, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, dynamical mechanical thermal analysis, scanning electron microscopy/ energy-dispersive X-ray/electron probe microanalysis, X-ray diffraction, transmittance, permeability towards oxygen and carbon dioxide, thermal degradation, contact angle measurement, water and vapour uptake, leachability and biocompatibility (haemolytic potential, thrombogenicity and cytotoxicity). A conventional organic plasticizer (di-isononyl phthalate) was used for comparison purposes. The results obtained showed that it was possible to change the neat PVC hydrophobicity, and consequently its water uptake capacity and plasticizer leachability, just by changing the PhIL employed and its composition. It was also possible to significantly change the thermal and mechanical properties of PVC films by choosing appropriate PhIL cation/anion combinations. However, a specific PhIL may not always be capable of simultaneously keeping and/or improving both physical properties. In addition, ionic halide salts were found to promote PVC dehydrochlorination. Finally, none of the prepared materials presented toxicity against Caco-2 cells, though pure [P 6,6,6,14 ][dca] decreased HepG2 cells viability. Moreover, PVC films with [P 6,6,6,14 ][dca] and [P 4,4,4,4 ][Cl] were found to be haemolytic and thus these PhILs must be avoided as PVC modifiers if biomedical applications are envisaged. In conclusion, from all the PhILs tested, [P 6,6,6,14 ][Tf 2 N] showed the most promising results regarding blood compatibility, leaching and permeability to gases of PVC films. The results presented are a strong indicator that adequate PhILs may be successfully employed as PVC multi-functional plasticizers for a wide range of potential applications, including those in the biomedical field.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="1cee19d06e92e01bb5c689efff1ebdd4" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":49866896,"asset_id":4430142,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49866896/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="4430142"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="4430142"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4430142; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4430142]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4430142]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4430142; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='4430142']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "1cee19d06e92e01bb5c689efff1ebdd4" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=4430142]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":4430142,"title":"Phosphonium-based ionic liquids as modifiers for biomedical grade poly(vinyl chloride","translated_title":"","metadata":{"ai_title_tag":"Phosphonium Ionic Liquids as PVC Modifiers","grobid_abstract":"This work reports and discusses the influence of four phosphonium-based ionic liquids (PhILs), namely trihexyl(tetradecyl) phosphonium dicyanamide, [P 6,6,6,14 ][dca]; trihexyl(tetradecyl) phosphonium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, [P 6,6,6,14 ][Tf 2 N]; tetrabutyl phosphonium bromide, [P 4,4,4,4 ][Br]; and tetrabutyl phosphonium chloride, [P 4,4,4,4 ][Cl], on some of the chemical, physical and biological properties of a biomedical-grade suspension of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC). The main goal of this work was to evaluate the capacity of these PhILs to modify some of the properties of neat PVC, in particular those that may allow their use as potential alternatives to traditional phthalate-based plasticizers in PVC biomedical applications. PVC films having different PhIL compositions (0, 5, 10 and 20 wt.%) were prepared (by solvent film casting) and characterised by Fourier transform infrared, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, dynamical mechanical thermal analysis, scanning electron microscopy/ energy-dispersive X-ray/electron probe microanalysis, X-ray diffraction, transmittance, permeability towards oxygen and carbon dioxide, thermal degradation, contact angle measurement, water and vapour uptake, leachability and biocompatibility (haemolytic potential, thrombogenicity and cytotoxicity). A conventional organic plasticizer (di-isononyl phthalate) was used for comparison purposes. The results obtained showed that it was possible to change the neat PVC hydrophobicity, and consequently its water uptake capacity and plasticizer leachability, just by changing the PhIL employed and its composition. It was also possible to significantly change the thermal and mechanical properties of PVC films by choosing appropriate PhIL cation/anion combinations. However, a specific PhIL may not always be capable of simultaneously keeping and/or improving both physical properties. In addition, ionic halide salts were found to promote PVC dehydrochlorination. Finally, none of the prepared materials presented toxicity against Caco-2 cells, though pure [P 6,6,6,14 ][dca] decreased HepG2 cells viability. Moreover, PVC films with [P 6,6,6,14 ][dca] and [P 4,4,4,4 ][Cl] were found to be haemolytic and thus these PhILs must be avoided as PVC modifiers if biomedical applications are envisaged. In conclusion, from all the PhILs tested, [P 6,6,6,14 ][Tf 2 N] showed the most promising results regarding blood compatibility, leaching and permeability to gases of PVC films. The results presented are a strong indicator that adequate PhILs may be successfully employed as PVC multi-functional plasticizers for a wide range of potential applications, including those in the biomedical field.","publication_name":"Acta Biomaterialia","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":49866896},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/4430142/Phosphonium_based_ionic_liquids_as_modifiers_for_biomedical_grade_poly_vinyl_chloride","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2013-09-07T07:50:23.367-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5442949,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":49866896,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/49866896/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Phosphonium-based_ionic_liquids_as_modif20161025-2378-12s5vdt.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49866896/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Phosphonium_based_ionic_liquids_as_modif.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/49866896/Phosphonium-based_ionic_liquids_as_modif20161025-2378-12s5vdt-libre.pdf?1477434316=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DPhosphonium_based_ionic_liquids_as_modif.pdf\u0026Expires=1743734143\u0026Signature=SqZTmx3DF6YXzAKQJBo66xB4jF1BepoBXN2OJge8ViqKGdSRFK1M~MxOJF43NZVvwaixd4wEv8OC8mwI-xlRlyxzecCoJQd65YxglAR~EBjaA7vvy0QwEm10a4pWEK6~cC9t3v2LI5wWLwReayxBICZAO8ChILpbA0ZnLAe41ZgIagRVmeNsmhCn5Lhq~H246-ADNbdOLFuEpLrP917WlRjXMsIv3EsIVm6Va25rfQNnV7Om86LCOtVrUWV1dqFNo82JzYmDNcdd-dKGZH-Nd29gCEErbpwI-U5GXaVuOa1Bn88InM1auqWa2TLgKVOdssa1~eeXkEajY6xdOSpu7A__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Phosphonium_based_ionic_liquids_as_modifiers_for_biomedical_grade_poly_vinyl_chloride","translated_slug":"","page_count":14,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"This work reports and discusses the influence of four phosphonium-based ionic liquids (PhILs), namely trihexyl(tetradecyl) phosphonium dicyanamide, [P 6,6,6,14 ][dca]; trihexyl(tetradecyl) phosphonium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, [P 6,6,6,14 ][Tf 2 N]; tetrabutyl phosphonium bromide, [P 4,4,4,4 ][Br]; and tetrabutyl phosphonium chloride, [P 4,4,4,4 ][Cl], on some of the chemical, physical and biological properties of a biomedical-grade suspension of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC). The main goal of this work was to evaluate the capacity of these PhILs to modify some of the properties of neat PVC, in particular those that may allow their use as potential alternatives to traditional phthalate-based plasticizers in PVC biomedical applications. PVC films having different PhIL compositions (0, 5, 10 and 20 wt.%) were prepared (by solvent film casting) and characterised by Fourier transform infrared, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, dynamical mechanical thermal analysis, scanning electron microscopy/ energy-dispersive X-ray/electron probe microanalysis, X-ray diffraction, transmittance, permeability towards oxygen and carbon dioxide, thermal degradation, contact angle measurement, water and vapour uptake, leachability and biocompatibility (haemolytic potential, thrombogenicity and cytotoxicity). A conventional organic plasticizer (di-isononyl phthalate) was used for comparison purposes. The results obtained showed that it was possible to change the neat PVC hydrophobicity, and consequently its water uptake capacity and plasticizer leachability, just by changing the PhIL employed and its composition. It was also possible to significantly change the thermal and mechanical properties of PVC films by choosing appropriate PhIL cation/anion combinations. However, a specific PhIL may not always be capable of simultaneously keeping and/or improving both physical properties. In addition, ionic halide salts were found to promote PVC dehydrochlorination. Finally, none of the prepared materials presented toxicity against Caco-2 cells, though pure [P 6,6,6,14 ][dca] decreased HepG2 cells viability. Moreover, PVC films with [P 6,6,6,14 ][dca] and [P 4,4,4,4 ][Cl] were found to be haemolytic and thus these PhILs must be avoided as PVC modifiers if biomedical applications are envisaged. In conclusion, from all the PhILs tested, [P 6,6,6,14 ][Tf 2 N] showed the most promising results regarding blood compatibility, leaching and permeability to gases of PVC films. The results presented are a strong indicator that adequate PhILs may be successfully employed as PVC multi-functional plasticizers for a wide range of potential applications, including those in the biomedical field.","owner":{"id":5442949,"first_name":"Mara","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Braga","page_name":"MaraBraga","domain_name":"uc-pt","created_at":"2013-09-07T07:47:58.323-07:00","display_name":"Mara Braga","url":"https://uc-pt.academia.edu/MaraBraga"},"attachments":[{"id":49866896,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/49866896/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Phosphonium-based_ionic_liquids_as_modif20161025-2378-12s5vdt.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49866896/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Phosphonium_based_ionic_liquids_as_modif.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/49866896/Phosphonium-based_ionic_liquids_as_modif20161025-2378-12s5vdt-libre.pdf?1477434316=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DPhosphonium_based_ionic_liquids_as_modif.pdf\u0026Expires=1743734143\u0026Signature=SqZTmx3DF6YXzAKQJBo66xB4jF1BepoBXN2OJge8ViqKGdSRFK1M~MxOJF43NZVvwaixd4wEv8OC8mwI-xlRlyxzecCoJQd65YxglAR~EBjaA7vvy0QwEm10a4pWEK6~cC9t3v2LI5wWLwReayxBICZAO8ChILpbA0ZnLAe41ZgIagRVmeNsmhCn5Lhq~H246-ADNbdOLFuEpLrP917WlRjXMsIv3EsIVm6Va25rfQNnV7Om86LCOtVrUWV1dqFNo82JzYmDNcdd-dKGZH-Nd29gCEErbpwI-U5GXaVuOa1Bn88InM1auqWa2TLgKVOdssa1~eeXkEajY6xdOSpu7A__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":4594,"name":"Carbon Dioxide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Carbon_Dioxide"},{"id":16215,"name":"Ionic Liquid","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ionic_Liquid"},{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary"},{"id":161126,"name":"Contact angle","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contact_angle"},{"id":198061,"name":"Organophosphorus Compounds","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Organophosphorus_Compounds"},{"id":314125,"name":"Caco-2 cells","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Caco-2_cells"},{"id":389180,"name":"Thermal Stability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thermal_Stability"},{"id":892969,"name":"Materials Testing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Materials_Testing"},{"id":989723,"name":"Caco 2 Cell","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Caco_2_Cell"},{"id":1034424,"name":"Polyvinyl Chloride","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Polyvinyl_Chloride"},{"id":1157148,"name":"Cell Survival","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Survival"},{"id":1228946,"name":"Physical Properties","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physical_Properties"},{"id":1267724,"name":"Biomedical Application","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biomedical_Application"}],"urls":[{"id":1559854,"url":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1742706111004855"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-4430142-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="4430141"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/4430141/Fractioned_High_Pressure_Extraction_of_Anthocyanins_from_Elderberry_Sambucus_nigra_L_Pomace"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Fractioned High Pressure Extraction of Anthocyanins from Elderberry ( Sambucus nigra L.) Pomace" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/49866832/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/4430141/Fractioned_High_Pressure_Extraction_of_Anthocyanins_from_Elderberry_Sambucus_nigra_L_Pomace">Fractioned High Pressure Extraction of Anthocyanins from Elderberry ( Sambucus nigra L.) Pomace</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Food and Bioprocess Technology</span><span>, 2010</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Fractionated high pressure extractions from dry and in natura elderberry pomace were performed in...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Fractionated high pressure extractions from dry and in natura elderberry pomace were performed in order to obtain anthocyanin rich extracts. Experiments were carried out using CO2 supercritical fluid extraction followed by enhanced solvent extraction (ESE) with CO2/EtOH–H2O mixtures (1–100%, v/v), to obtain anthocyanin rich fractions in the second step, at 313 K and ~20 MPa. Higher extract yields, anthocyanin contents and antioxidant activities occurred by the presence of water, both in the raw material and in the solvent mixture. The CO2 dissolved in the ESE solvent mixture favored either anthocyanin contents or antioxidant activities, which were not directly related. Comparing to the literature data for elderberries and grapes, these fractions had higher anthocyanins contents. From these results, an added economical value to this agroindustrial residue is proposed, using solvents and techniques “generally regarded as safe” in the food and pharmaceutical industries.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="25b347cf6786ffdcc078a14b841022b7" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":49866832,"asset_id":4430141,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49866832/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="4430141"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="4430141"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4430141; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4430141]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4430141]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4430141; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='4430141']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "25b347cf6786ffdcc078a14b841022b7" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=4430141]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":4430141,"title":"Fractioned High Pressure Extraction of Anthocyanins from Elderberry ( Sambucus nigra L.) 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The CO2 dissolved in the ESE solvent mixture favored either anthocyanin contents or antioxidant activities, which were not directly related. Comparing to the literature data for elderberries and grapes, these fractions had higher anthocyanins contents. From these results, an added economical value to this agroindustrial residue is proposed, using solvents and techniques “generally regarded as safe” in the food and pharmaceutical industries.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/4430141/Fractioned_High_Pressure_Extraction_of_Anthocyanins_from_Elderberry_Sambucus_nigra_L_Pomace","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2013-09-07T07:50:22.493-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5442949,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":49866832,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/49866832/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Fractioned_High_Pressure_Extraction_of_A20161025-9061-161ar9k.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49866832/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Fractioned_High_Pressure_Extraction_of_A.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/49866832/Fractioned_High_Pressure_Extraction_of_A20161025-9061-161ar9k-libre.pdf?1477434325=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DFractioned_High_Pressure_Extraction_of_A.pdf\u0026Expires=1743734143\u0026Signature=S8O7trWRH5Lr2KqzdOrwpjSU3QmT3kf97fefMABx~PcRsAqv02s2xwt2kI7OFR0zdu4aytLTREV0PMF1EgLkOK5Y6zEeZo4xi7xF5q9rO2KemzDHByymkDaaCGfgceQ-pjA1p~Q7l01dlrfAb9RNTjouUfApp2HT3-2vbrInl30onkD2OPdgcveYuqUob0UwetaEi4CMbLyq5L5mb-Pf-wZScGWegbymra3cnxzX7MOhkyVVq4BONb2uZwNxEN7PXrE7Rzm6CgDnIeUS90MBOqmpLvBjfRodzAcKdfb0q~Tqc1gam7omvF00Y~9~nWw6ZWLKsLoxE~U6R39sSl4f-Q__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Fractioned_High_Pressure_Extraction_of_Anthocyanins_from_Elderberry_Sambucus_nigra_L_Pomace","translated_slug":"","page_count":10,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Fractionated high pressure extractions from dry and in natura elderberry pomace were performed in order to obtain anthocyanin rich extracts. Experiments were carried out using CO2 supercritical fluid extraction followed by enhanced solvent extraction (ESE) with CO2/EtOH–H2O mixtures (1–100%, v/v), to obtain anthocyanin rich fractions in the second step, at 313 K and ~20 MPa. Higher extract yields, anthocyanin contents and antioxidant activities occurred by the presence of water, both in the raw material and in the solvent mixture. The CO2 dissolved in the ESE solvent mixture favored either anthocyanin contents or antioxidant activities, which were not directly related. Comparing to the literature data for elderberries and grapes, these fractions had higher anthocyanins contents. 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