CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head>  <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-P63WKM1TM1"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-P63WKM1TM1'); </script>  <script type="text/javascript" > (function(m,e,t,r,i,k,a){m[i]=m[i]||function(){(m[i].a=m[i].a||[]).push(arguments)}; m[i].l=1*new Date(); for (var j = 0; j < document.scripts.length; j++) {if (document.scripts[j].src === r) { return; }} k=e.createElement(t),a=e.getElementsByTagName(t)[0],k.async=1,k.src=r,a.parentNode.insertBefore(k,a)}) (window, document, "script", "https://mc.yandex.ru/metrika/tag.js", "ym"); ym(55165297, "init", { clickmap:false, trackLinks:true, accurateTrackBounce:true, webvisor:false }); </script> <noscript><div><img src="https://mc.yandex.ru/watch/55165297" style="position:absolute; left:-9999px;" alt="" /></div></noscript>    <title>Search results for: legume processing</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: legume processing"> <meta name="keywords" content="legume processing"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler ml-auto" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbarMenu" aria-controls="navbarMenu" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle navigation"> <span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span> </button> <div class="w-100"> <div class="d-none d-lg-flex flex-row-reverse"> <form method="get" action="https://waset.org/search" class="form-inline my-2 my-lg-0"> <input class="form-control mr-sm-2" type="search" placeholder="Search Conferences" value="legume processing" name="q" aria-label="Search"> <button class="btn btn-light my-2 my-sm-0" type="submit"><i class="fas fa-search"></i></button> </form> </div> <div class="collapse navbar-collapse mt-1" id="navbarMenu"> <ul class="navbar-nav ml-auto align-items-center" id="mainNavMenu"> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/conferences" title="Conferences in 2024/2025/2026">Conferences</a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/disciplines" title="Disciplines">Disciplines</a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/committees" rel="nofollow">Committees</a> </li> <li class="nav-item dropdown"> <a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" id="navbarDropdownPublications" role="button" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> Publications </a> <div class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="navbarDropdownPublications"> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts">Abstracts</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://publications.waset.org">Periodicals</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://publications.waset.org/archive">Archive</a> </div> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/page/support" title="Support">Support</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> <main> <div class="container mt-4"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-9 mx-auto"> <form method="get" action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="legume processing"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 3759</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: legume processing</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3759</span> Biosensors as Analytical Tools in Legume Processing</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20V.%20Ncube">S. V. Ncube</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20I.%20O.%20Jideani"> A. I. O. Jideani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20T.%20Gwata"> E. T. Gwata</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The plight of food insecurity in developing countries has led to renewed interest in underutilized legumes. Their nutritional versatility, desirable functionality, pharmaceutical value and inherent bioactive compounds have drawn the attention of researchers. This has provoked the development of value added products with the aim of commercially exploiting their full potential. However processing of these legumes leads to changes in nutritional composition as affected by processing variables like pH, temperature and pressure. There is therefore a need for process control and quality assurance during production of the value added products. However, conventional methods for microbiological and biochemical identification are labour intensive and time-consuming. Biosensors offer rapid and affordable methods to assure the quality of the products. They may be used to quantify nutrients and anti-nutrients in the products while manipulating and monitoring variables such as pH, temperature, pressure and oxygen that affect the quality of the final product. This review gives an overview of the types of biosensors used in the food industry, their advantages and disadvantages and their possible application in processing of legumes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=legume%20processing" title="legume processing">legume processing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biosensors" title=" biosensors"> biosensors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quality%20control" title=" quality control"> quality control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nutritional%20versatility" title=" nutritional versatility"> nutritional versatility</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15738/biosensors-as-analytical-tools-in-legume-processing" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15738.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">492</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3758</span> Evaluation of Simple, Effective and Affordable Processing Methods to Reduce Phytates in the Legume Seeds Used for Feed Formulations</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20A.%20Masevhe">N. A. Masevhe</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Nemukula"> M. Nemukula</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20S.%20Gololo"> S. S. Gololo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20G.%20Kgosana"> K. G. Kgosana</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background and Study Significance: Legume seeds are important in agriculture as they are used for feed formulations due to their nutrient-dense, low-cost, and easy accessibility. Although they are important sources of energy, proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals, they contain abundant quantities of anti-nutritive factors that reduce the bioavailability of nutrients, digestibility of proteins, and mineral absorption in livestock. However, the removal of these factors is too costly as it requires expensive state-of-the-art techniques such as high pressure and thermal processing. Basic Methodologies: The aim of the study was to investigate cost-effective methods that can be used to reduce the inherent phytates as putative antinutrients in the legume seeds. The seeds of Arachis hypogaea, Pisum sativum and Vigna radiata L. were subjected to the single processing methods viz raw seeds plus dehulling (R+D), soaking plus dehulling (S+D), ordinary cooking plus dehulling (C+D), infusion plus dehulling (I+D), autoclave plus dehulling (A+D), microwave plus dehulling (M+D) and five combined methods (S+I+D; S+A+D; I+M+D; S+C+D; S+M+D). All the processed seeds were dried, ground into powder, extracted, and analyzed on a microplate reader to determine the percentage of phytates per dry mass of the legume seeds. Phytic acid was used as a positive control, and one-way ANOVA was used to determine the significant differences between the means of the processing methods at a threshold of 0.05. Major Findings: The results of the processing methods showed the percentage yield ranges of 39.1-96%, 67.4-88.8%, and 70.2-93.8% for V. radiata, A. hypogaea and P. sativum, respectively. Though the raw seeds contained the highest contents of phytates that ranged between 0.508 and 0.527%, as expected, the R+D resulted in a slightly lower phytate percentage range of 0.469-0.485%, while other processing methods resulted in phytate contents that were below 0.35%. The M+D and S+M+D methods showed low phytate percentage ranges of 0.276-0.296% and 0.272-0.294%, respectively, where the lowest percentage yield was determined in S+M+D of P. sativum. Furthermore, these results were found to be significantly different (p<0.05). Though phytates cause micronutrient deficits as they chelate important minerals such as calcium, zinc, iron, and magnesium, their reduction may enhance nutrient bioavailability since they cannot be digested by the ruminants. Concluding Statement: Despite the nutritive aspects of the processed legume seeds, which are still in progress, the M+D and S+M+D methods, which significantly reduced the phytates in the investigated legume seeds, may be recommended to the local farmers and feed-producing industries so as to enhance animal health and production at an affordable cost. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anti-nutritive%20factors" title="anti-nutritive factors">anti-nutritive factors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=extraction" title=" extraction"> extraction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=legume%20seeds" title=" legume seeds"> legume seeds</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phytate" title=" phytate"> phytate</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/188412/evaluation-of-simple-effective-and-affordable-processing-methods-to-reduce-phytates-in-the-legume-seeds-used-for-feed-formulations" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/188412.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">28</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3757</span> Legume and Nuts Consumption in Relation to Depression and Anxiety in Iranian Adults</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmad%20Esmaillzadeh">Ahmad Esmaillzadeh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Javad%20Anjom-Shoae"> Javad Anjom-Shoae</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Omid%20Sadeghi"> Omid Sadeghi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q="></a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: Although considerable research has been devoted to the link between consumption of legume and nuts and metabolic abnormalities, few studies have examined legume and nuts consumption in relation to psychological disorders. Objective: The current study aimed to examine the association of legume and nuts consumption with depression, anxiety and psychological distress in Iranian adults. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out among 3172 adult participants aged 18-55 years. Assessment of legume and nuts consumption was conducted using a validated dish-based 106-item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. The Iranian validated version of Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) was used to examine psychological health. Scores of 8 or more on either subscale in the questionnaire were considered to indicate the presence of depression or anxiety. Data on psychological distress were collected through the use of General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), in which the score of 4 or more was considered as having psychological distress. Results: Mean age of participants was 36.5±7.9 years. Compared with the lowest quintile, men in the highest quintile of legume and nuts consumption had lower odds of anxiety; such that after adjusting for potential confounding variables, men in the top quintile of legume and nuts consumption were 66% less likely to be anxious than those in the bottom quintile (OR: 0.34; 95% CI: 0.14-0.82). Such relationship was not observed among women. We failed to find any significant association between legume plus nuts consumption and depression or psychological distress after adjustment for potential confounders. Conclusion: We found that consumption of legume and nuts was associated with lower odds of anxiety in men, but not in women. No significant association was seen between consumption of legume and nuts and odds of depression or psychological disorder. Further prospective studies are required to confirm these findings. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anxiety" title="anxiety">anxiety</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=depression" title=" depression"> depression</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=legumes" title=" legumes"> legumes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nuts" title=" nuts"> nuts</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=psychological%20distress" title=" psychological distress"> psychological distress</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/83919/legume-and-nuts-consumption-in-relation-to-depression-and-anxiety-in-iranian-adults" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/83919.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">181</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3756</span> Effects of Some Legume Flours and Gums on Some Properties of Turkish Noodle</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K%C3%BCbra%20Akta%C5%9F">Kübra Aktaş</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nermin%20Bilgi%C3%A7li"> Nermin Bilgiçli</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tayyibe%20Erten"> Tayyibe Erten</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Perihan%20K%C3%BCbra%20%C3%87i%C3%A7ek"> Perihan Kübra Çiçek</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this research, different wheat-legume flour blends were used in Turkish noodle preparation with the aid of some gums (xanthan and guar). Chickpea, common bean and soy flours were used in noodle formulation at 20% level with and without gum (1%) addition. Some physical, chemical and sensory properties of noodles were determined. Water uptake, volume increase and cooking loss values of the noodles changed between 92.03-116.37%, 125.0-187.23% and 4.88-8.10%, respectively. Xanthan or guar gam addition decreased cooking loss values of legume fortified noodles. Both legume flour and gum addition significantly (p<0.05) affected the color values of the noodles. The lowest lightness (L*), redness (a*) and the highest yellowness (b*) values were obtained with soy flour usage in noodle formulation. Protein and ash values of noodles ranged between 15.14 and 21.82%; 1.62 and 2.50%, respectively, and the highest values were obtained with soy flour usage in noodle formulation. As a result of sensory evaluation, noodles containing chickpea flour and guar gum were rated with higher taste, odor, appearance and texture scores compared to other noodle samples. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=noodle" title="noodle">noodle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=legume" title=" legume"> legume</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soy" title=" soy"> soy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chickpea" title=" chickpea"> chickpea</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=common%20bean" title=" common bean"> common bean</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gum" title=" gum"> gum</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/7711/effects-of-some-legume-flours-and-gums-on-some-properties-of-turkish-noodle" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/7711.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">382</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3755</span> Which Mechanisms are Involved by Legume-Rhizobia Symbiosis to Increase Its Phosphorus Use Efficiency under Low Phosphorus Level?</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20Makoudi">B. Makoudi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Ghanimi"> R. Ghanimi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Bargaz"> A. Bargaz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Mouradi"> M. Mouradi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Farissi"> M. Farissi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Kabbaj"> A. Kabbaj</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20J.%20Drevon"> J. J. Drevon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20Ghoulam"> C. Ghoulam </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Legume species are able to establish a nitrogen fixing symbiosis with soil rhizobia that allows them, when it operates normally, to ensure their necessary nitrogen nutrition. This biological process needs high phosphorus (P) supply and consequently it is limited under low phosphorus availability. To overcome this constraint, legume-rhizobia symbiosis develops many mechanisms to increase P availability in the rhizosphere and also the efficiency of P fertilizers. The objectives of our research works are to understand the physiological and biochemical mechanisms implemented by legume-rhizobia symbiosis to increase its P use efficiency (PUE) in order to select legume genotypes-rhizobia strains combination more performing for BNF under P deficiency. Our studies were carried out on two grain legume species, common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and faba bean (Vicia faba) tested in farmers’ fields and in experimental station fewer than two soil phosphorus levels. Under field conditions, the P deficiency caused a significant decrease of Plant and nodule biomasses in all of the tested varieties with a difference between them. This P limitation increased the contents of available P in the rhizospheric soils that was positively correlated with the increase of phosphatases activities in the nodules and the rhizospheric soil. Some legume genotypes showed a significant increase of their P use efficiency under P deficiency. The P solubilization test showed that some rhizobia strains isolated from Haouz region presented an important capacity to grow on solid and liquid media with tricalcium phosphate as the only P source and their P solubilizing activity was confirmed by the assay of the released P in the liquid medium. Also, this P solubilizing activity was correlated with medium acidification and the excretion of acid phosphatases and phytases in the medium. Thus, we concluded that medium acidification and excretion of phosphatases in the rhizosphere are the prominent reactions for legume-rhizobia symbiosis to improve its P nutrition. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=legume" title="legume">legume</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phosphorus%20deficiency" title=" phosphorus deficiency"> phosphorus deficiency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rhizobia" title=" rhizobia"> rhizobia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rhizospheric%20soil" title=" rhizospheric soil"> rhizospheric soil</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29833/which-mechanisms-are-involved-by-legume-rhizobia-symbiosis-to-increase-its-phosphorus-use-efficiency-under-low-phosphorus-level" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29833.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">312</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3754</span> Physicochemical Characterization of Peptides Isolated from Vigna unguiculata</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sonaal%20Ramsookmohan">Sonaal Ramsookmohan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Legume seeds are common foods in human diet and have been identied as a valuable source of human nutritonn Since they are useful sources of protein; legume proteins are used in many food applicatonsn Critcal functonal propertes are recognized to impact the quality of foodn Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), has been well documented for its immense potental in contributng to food security forming part of daily staple diets in most developing countriesn. In this study, cowpea seeds were used to prepare cowpea four, protein isolates by the salt extractonndialysis method and peptdes by enzymatc hydrolysis using Alcalase and Flavourzymen Functonal analyses such as water absorpton capacity, oil absorpton capacity, emulsifying and foaming propertes were conducted on the cowpea peptdesn The physicochemical propertes determine their potental applicaton in food industries as functonal ingredientsn Cowpea peptdes could increase the value of cowpea by expanding its use, as well as contribute to the legume grain sector. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=physicochemical" title="physicochemical">physicochemical</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=peptides" title=" peptides"> peptides</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cowpea" title=" Cowpea"> Cowpea</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=alcalase" title=" alcalase"> alcalase</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flavourzyme" title=" flavourzyme"> flavourzyme</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/173925/physicochemical-characterization-of-peptides-isolated-from-vigna-unguiculata" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/173925.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">75</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3753</span> Leaf Photosynthesis and Water-Use Efficiency of Diverse Legume Species Nodulated by Native Rhizobial Isolates in the Glasshouse</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lebogang%20Jane%20Msiza">Lebogang Jane Msiza</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Felix%20Dapare%20Dakora"> Felix Dapare Dakora</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Photosynthesis is a process by which plants convert light energy to chemical energy for metabolic processes. Plants are known for converting inorganic CO₂ in the atmosphere to organic C by photosynthesis. A decrease in stomatal conductance causes a decrease in the transpiration rate of leaves, thus increasing the water-use efficiency of plants. Water-use efficiency in plants is conditioned by soil moisture availability and is enhanced under conditions of water deficit. This study evaluated leaf photosynthesis and water-use efficiency in 12 legume species inoculated with 26 rhizobial isolates from soybean, 15 from common bean, 10 from cowpea, 15 from Bambara groundnut, 7 from lessertia and 10 from Kersting bean. Gas-exchange studies were used to measure photosynthesis and water-use efficiency. The results revealed a much higher photosynthetic rate (20.95µmol CO₂ m-2s-1) induced by isolated tutpres to a lower rate (7.06 µmol CO₂ m-2s-1) by isolate mgsa 88. Stomatal conductance ranged from to 0.01 mmol m-2.s-1 by mgsa 88 to 0.12 mmol m-2.s-1 by isolate da-pua 128. Transpiration rate also ranged from 0.09 mmol m-2.s-1 induced by da-pua B2 to 3.28 mmol m-2.s-1 by da-pua 3, while water-use efficiency ranged from 91.32 µmol CO₂ m-1 H₂O elicited by mgsa 106 to 4655.50 µmol CO₂ m-1 H₂O by isolate tutswz 13. The results revealed the highest photosynthetic rate in soybean and the lowest in common bean, and also with higher stomatal conductance and transpiration rates in jack bean and Bambara groundnut. Pigeonpea exhibited much higher water-use efficiency than all the tested legumes. The findings showed significant differences between and among the test legume/rhizobia combinations. Leaf photosynthetic rates are reported to be higher in legumes with high stomatal conductance, which suggests that legume productivity can be improved by manipulating leaf stomatal conductance. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=legumes" title="legumes">legumes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=photosynthetic%20rate" title=" photosynthetic rate"> photosynthetic rate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stomatal%20conductance" title=" stomatal conductance"> stomatal conductance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water-use%20efficiency" title=" water-use efficiency"> water-use efficiency</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/140474/leaf-photosynthesis-and-water-use-efficiency-of-diverse-legume-species-nodulated-by-native-rhizobial-isolates-in-the-glasshouse" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/140474.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">228</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3752</span> Arsenic Speciation in Cicer arietinum: A Terrestrial Legume That Contains Organoarsenic Species</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anjana%20Sagar">Anjana Sagar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Arsenic poisoned ground water is a major concern in South Asia. The arsenic enters the food chain not only through drinking but also by using arsenic polluted water for irrigation. Arsenic is highly toxic in its inorganic forms; however, organic forms of arsenic are comparatively less toxic. In terrestrial plants, inorganic form of arsenic is predominantly found; however, we found that significant proportion of organic arsenic was present in root and shoot of a staple legume, chickpea (Cicer arientinum L) plants. Chickpea plants were raised in pot culture on soils spiked with arsenic ranging from 0-70 mg arsenate per Kg soil. Total arsenic concentrations of chickpea shoots and roots were determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass-spectrometry (ICP-MS) ranging from 0.76 to 20.26, and 2.09 to 16.43 µg g⁻¹ dry weight, respectively. Information on arsenic species was acquired by methanol/water extraction method, with arsenic species being analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with ICP-MS. Dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) was the only organic arsenic species found in amount from 0.02 to 3.16 % of total arsenic shoot concentration and 0 to 6.93 % of total arsenic root concentration, respectively. To investigate the source of the organic arsenic in chickpea plants, arsenic species in the rhizosphere of soils of plants were also examined. The absence of organic arsenic in soils would suggest the possibility of formation of DMA in plants. The present investigation provides useful information for better understanding of distribution of arsenic species in terrestrial legume plants. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=arsenic" title="arsenic">arsenic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=arsenic%20speciation" title=" arsenic speciation"> arsenic speciation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dimethylarsinic%20acid" title=" dimethylarsinic acid"> dimethylarsinic acid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=organoarsenic" title=" organoarsenic"> organoarsenic</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/125043/arsenic-speciation-in-cicer-arietinum-a-terrestrial-legume-that-contains-organoarsenic-species" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/125043.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">138</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3751</span> The Mapping of Pastoral Area as a Basis of Ecological for Beef Cattle in Pinrang Regency, South Sulawesi, Indonesia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jasmal%20A.%20Syamsu">Jasmal A. Syamsu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Yusuf"> Muhammad Yusuf</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hikmah%20M.%20Ali"> Hikmah M. Ali</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mawardi%20A.%20Asja"> Mawardi A. Asja</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zulkharnaim"> Zulkharnaim</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study was conducted and aimed in identifying and mapping the pasture as an ecological base of beef cattle. A survey was carried out during a period of April to June 2016, in Suppa, Mattirobulu, the district of Pinrang, South Sulawesi province. The mapping process of grazing area was conducted in several stages; inputting and tracking of data points into Google Earth Pro (version 7.1.4.1529), affirmation and confirmation of tracking line visualized by satellite with a variety of records at the point, a certain point and tracking input data into ArcMap Application (ArcGIS version 10.1), data processing DEM/SRTM (S04E119) with respect to the location of the grazing areas, creation of a contour map (a distance of 5 m) and mapping tilt (slope) of land and land cover map-making. Analysis of land cover, particularly the state of the vegetation was done through the identification procedure NDVI (Normalized Differences Vegetation Index). This procedure was performed by making use of the Landsat-8. The results showed that the topography of the grazing areas of hills and some sloping surfaces and flat with elevation vary from 74 to 145 above sea level (asl), while the requirements for growing superior grass and legume is an altitude of up to 143-159 asl. Slope varied between 0 - > 40% and was dominated by a slope of 0-15%, according to the slope/topography pasture maximum of 15%. The range of NDVI values for pasture image analysis results was between 0.1 and 0.27. Characteristics of vegetation cover of pasture land in the category of vegetation density were low, 70% of the land was the land for cattle grazing, while the remaining approximately 30% was a grove and forest included plant water where the place for shelter of the cattle during the heat and drinking water supply. There are seven types of graminae and 5 types of legume that was dominant in the region. Proportionally, graminae class dominated up 75.6% and legume crops up to 22.1% and the remaining 2.3% was another plant trees that grow in the region. The dominant weed species in the region were Cromolaenaodorata and Lantana camara, besides that there were 6 types of floor plant that did not include as forage fodder. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pastoral" title="pastoral">pastoral</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ecology" title=" ecology"> ecology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mapping" title=" mapping"> mapping</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=beef%20cattle" title=" beef cattle"> beef cattle</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/55829/the-mapping-of-pastoral-area-as-a-basis-of-ecological-for-beef-cattle-in-pinrang-regency-south-sulawesi-indonesia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/55829.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">353</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3750</span> Rhizosphere Microbial Communities in Fynbos Endemic Legumes during Wet and Dry Seasons</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tiisetso%20Mpai">Tiisetso Mpai</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sanjay%20K.%20Jaiswal"> Sanjay K. Jaiswal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Felix%20D.%20Dakora"> Felix D. Dakora</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The South African Cape fynbos biome is a global biodiversity hotspot. This biome contains a diversity of endemic shrub legumes, including Polhillia, Wiborgia, and Wiborgiella species, which are important for ecotourism as well as for improving soil fertility status. This is due to their proven N₂-fixing abilities when in association with compatible soil bacteria. In fact, Polhillia, Wiborgia, and Wiborgiella species have been reported to derive over 61% of their needed nitrogen through biological nitrogen fixation and to exhibit acid and alkaline phosphatase activity in their rhizospheres. Thus, their interactions with soil microbes may explain their survival mechanisms under the continued summer droughts and acidic, nutrient-poor soils in this region. However, information regarding their rhizosphere microbiome is still unavailable, yet it is important for Fynbos biodiversity management. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the microbial community structures associated with rhizosphere soils of Polhillia pallens, Polhillia brevicalyx, Wiborgia obcordata, Wiborgia sericea, and Wiborgiella sessilifolia growing at different locations of the South African Cape fynbos, during the wet and dry seasons. The hypothesis is that the microbial communities in these legume rhizospheres are the same type and are not affected by the growing season due to the restricted habitat of these wild fynbos legumes. To obtain the results, DNA was extracted from 0.5 g of each rhizosphere soil using PowerSoil™ DNA Isolation Kit, and sequences were obtained using the 16S rDNA Miseq Illumina technology. The results showed that in both seasons, bacteria were the most abundant microbial taxa in the rhizosphere soils of all five legume species, with Actinobacteria showing the highest number of sequences (about 30%). However, over 19.91% of the inhabitants in all five legume rhizospheres were unclassified. In terms of genera, Mycobacterium and Conexibacter were common in rhizosphere soils of all legumes in both seasons except for W. obcordata soils sampled during the dry season, which had Dehalogenimonas as the major inhabitant (6.08%). In conclusion, plant species and season were found to be the main drivers of microbial community structure in Cape fynbos, with the wet season being more dominant in shaping microbial diversity relative to the dry season. Wiborgia obcordata had a greater influence on microbial community structure than the other four legume species. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=16S%20rDNA" title="16S rDNA">16S rDNA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cape%20fynbos" title=" Cape fynbos"> Cape fynbos</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=endemic%20legumes" title=" endemic legumes"> endemic legumes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microbiome" title=" microbiome"> microbiome</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rhizosphere" title=" rhizosphere"> rhizosphere</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/140574/rhizosphere-microbial-communities-in-fynbos-endemic-legumes-during-wet-and-dry-seasons" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/140574.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">151</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3749</span> Changes in Physicochemical Characteristics of a Serpentine Soil and in Root Architecture of a Hyperaccumulating Plant Cropped with a Legume</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ramez%20F.%20Saad">Ramez F. Saad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmad%20Kobaissi"> Ahmad Kobaissi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bernard%20Amiaud"> Bernard Amiaud</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Julien%20Ruelle"> Julien Ruelle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Emile%20Benizri"> Emile Benizri</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Agromining is a new technology that establishes agricultural systems on ultramafic soils in order to produce valuable metal compounds such as nickel (Ni), with the final aim of restoring a soil's agricultural functions. But ultramafic soils are characterized by low fertility levels and this can limit yields of hyperaccumulators and metal phytoextraction. The objectives of the present work were to test if the association of a hyperaccumulating plant (Alyssum murale) and a Fabaceae (Vicia sativa var. Prontivesa) could induce changes in physicochemical characteristics of a serpentine soil and in root architecture of a hyperaccumulating plant then lead to efficient agromining practices through soil quality improvement. Based on standard agricultural systems, consisting in the association of legumes and another crop such as wheat or rape, a three-month rhizobox experiment was carried out to study the effect of the co-cropping (Co) or rotation (Ro) of a hyperaccumulating plant (Alyssum murale) with a legume (Vicia sativa) and incorporating legume biomass to soil, in comparison with mineral fertilization (FMo), on the structure and physicochemical properties of an ultramafic soil and on root architecture. All parameters measured (biomass, C and N contents, and taken-up Ni) on Alyssum murale conducted in co-cropping system showed the highest values followed by the mineral fertilization and rotation (Co > FMo > Ro), except for root nickel yield for which rotation was better than the mineral fertilization (Ro > FMo). The rhizosphere soil of Alyssum murale in co-cropping had larger soil particles size and better aggregates stability than other treatments. Using geostatistics, co-cropped Alyssum murale showed a greater root surface area spatial distribution. Moreover, co-cropping and rotation-induced lower soil DTPA-extractable nickel concentrations than other treatments, but higher pH values. Alyssum murale co-cropped with a legume showed a higher biomass production, improved soil physical characteristics and enhanced nickel phytoextraction. This study showed that the introduction of a legume into Ni agromining systems could improve yields of dry biomass of the hyperaccumulating plant used and consequently, the yields of Ni. Our strategy can decrease the need to apply fertilizers and thus minimizes the risk of nitrogen leaching and underground water pollution. Co-cropping of Alyssum murale with the legume showed a clear tendency to increase nickel phytoextraction and plant biomass in comparison to rotation treatment and fertilized mono-culture. In addition, co-cropping improved soil physical characteristics and soil structure through larger and more stabilized aggregates. It is, therefore, reasonable to conclude that the use of legumes in Ni-agromining systems could be a good strategy to reduce chemical inputs and to restore soil agricultural functions. Improving the agromining system by the replacement of inorganic fertilizers could simultaneously be a safe way of rehabilitating degraded soils and a method to restore soil quality and functions leading to the recovery of ecosystem services. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plant%20association" title="plant association">plant association</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=legumes" title=" legumes"> legumes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hyperaccumulating%20plants" title=" hyperaccumulating plants"> hyperaccumulating plants</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ultramafic%20soil%20physicochemical%20properties" title=" ultramafic soil physicochemical properties"> ultramafic soil physicochemical properties</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/87186/changes-in-physicochemical-characteristics-of-a-serpentine-soil-and-in-root-architecture-of-a-hyperaccumulating-plant-cropped-with-a-legume" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/87186.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">166</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3748</span> Haematology and Serum Biochemical Profile of Laying Chickens Reared on Deep Litter System with or without Access to Grass or Legume Pasture under Humid Tropical Climate</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20Oke">E. Oke</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20O.%20Ladokun"> A. O. Ladokun</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20O.%20Daramola"> J. O. Daramola</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=O.%20M.%20Onagbesan"> O. M. Onagbesan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> There has been a growing interest on the effects of access to pasture on poultry health status. However, there is a paucity of data on the relative benefits of grass and legume pastures. An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of rearing systems {deep litter system (DL), deep litter with access to legumes (LP) or grass (GP) pastures} haematology and serum chemistry of ISA Brown layers. The study involved the use of two hundred and forty 12 weeks old pullets. The birds were reared until 60 weeks of age. Eighty birds were assigned to each treatment; each treatment had four replicates of 20 birds each. Blood samples (2.5 ml) were collected from the wing vein of two birds per replicate and serum chemistry and haematological parameters were determined. The results showed that there were no significant differences between treatments in all the parameters considered at 18 weeks of age. At 24 weeks old, the percentage of heterophyl (HET) in DL and LP were similar but higher than that of GP. The ratio of H:L was higher (P<0.05) in DL than those of LP and GP while LP and GP were comparable. At week 38 of age, the percentage of PCV in the birds in LP and GP were similar but the birds in DL had significantly lower level than that of GP. In the early production phase, serum total protein of the birds in LP was similar to that of GP but higher (P<0.05) than that of DL. At the peak production phase (week 38), the total protein in GP and DL were similar but significantly lower than that of LP. The albumin level in LP was greater (P<0.05) than GP but similar to that of DL. In the late production phase, the total protein in LP was significantly higher than that of DL but similar to that of GP. It was concluded that rearing chickens in either grass or legume pasture did not have deleterious effects on the health of laying chickens but improved some parameters including blood protein and HET/lymphocyte. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rearing%20systems" title="rearing systems">rearing systems</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stylosanthes" title=" stylosanthes"> stylosanthes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cynodon%20serum%20chemistry" title=" cynodon serum chemistry"> cynodon serum chemistry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=haematology" title=" haematology"> haematology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hen" title=" hen"> hen</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/51059/haematology-and-serum-biochemical-profile-of-laying-chickens-reared-on-deep-litter-system-with-or-without-access-to-grass-or-legume-pasture-under-humid-tropical-climate" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/51059.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">327</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3747</span> Plant Growth, Symbiotic Performance and Grain Yield of 63 Common Bean Genotypes Grown Under Field Conditions at Malkerns Eswatini</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rotondwa%20P.%20Gunununu">Rotondwa P. Gunununu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mustapha%20Mohammed"> Mustapha Mohammed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Felix%20D.%20Dakora"> Felix D. Dakora</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Common bean is the most importantly high protein grain legume grown in Southern Africa for human consumption and income generation. Although common bean can associate with rhizobia to fix N₂ for bacterial use and plant growth, it is reported to be a poor nitrogen fixer when compared to other legumes. N₂ fixation can vary with legume species, genotype and rhizobial strain. Therefore, screening legume germplasm can reveal rhizobia/genotype combinations with high N₂-fixing efficiency for use by farmers. This study assessed symbiotic performance and N₂ fixation in 63 common bean genotypes under field conditions at Malkerns Station in Eswatini, using the ¹⁵N natural abundance technique. The shoots of common bean genotypes were sampled at a pod-filling stage, oven-dried (65oC for 72h), weighed, ground into a fine powder (0.50 mm sieve), and subjected to ¹⁵N/¹⁴N isotopic analysis using mass spectrometry. At maturity, plants from the inner rows were harvested for the determination of grain yield. The results revealed significantly higher modulation (p≤0.05) in genotypes MCA98 and CIM-RM01-97-8 relative to the other genotypes. Shoot N concentration was highest in genotype MCA 98, followed by KAB 10 F2.8-84, with most genotypes showing shoot N concentrations below 2%. Percent N derived from atmospheric N₂ fixation (%Ndfa) differed markedly among genotypes, with CIM-RM01-92-3 and DAB 174, respectively, recording the highest values of 66.65% and 66.22 % N derived from fixation. There were also significant differences in grain yield, with CIM-RM02-79-1 producing the highest yield (3618.75 kg/ha). These results represent an important contribution in the profiling of symbiotic functioning of common bean germplasm for improved N₂ fixation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nitrogen%20fixation" title="nitrogen fixation">nitrogen fixation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=%25Ndfa" title=" %Ndfa"> %Ndfa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=%C2%B9%E2%81%B5N%20natural%20abundance" title="¹⁵N natural abundance">¹⁵N natural abundance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=grain%20yield" title=" grain yield"> grain yield</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/140469/plant-growth-symbiotic-performance-and-grain-yield-of-63-common-bean-genotypes-grown-under-field-conditions-at-malkerns-eswatini" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/140469.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">218</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3746</span> Electrochemical Biosensor for the Detection of Botrytis spp. in Temperate Legume Crops</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marzia%20Bilkiss">Marzia Bilkiss</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20J.%20A.%20Shiddiky"> Muhammad J. A. Shiddiky</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mostafa%20K.%20Masud"> Mostafa K. Masud</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Prabhakaran%20Sambasivam"> Prabhakaran Sambasivam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ido%20Bar"> Ido Bar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jeremy%20Brownlie"> Jeremy Brownlie</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rebecca%20Ford"> Rebecca Ford</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A greater achievement in the Integrated Disease Management (IDM) to prevent the loss would result from early diagnosis and quantitation of the causal pathogen species for accurate and timely disease control. This could significantly reduce costs to the growers and reduce any flow on impacts to the environment from excessive chemical spraying. Necrotrophic fungal disease botrytis grey mould, caused by Botrytis cinerea and Botrytis fabae, significantly reduce temperate legume yield and grain quality during favourable environmental condition in Australia and worldwide. Several immunogenic and molecular probe-type protocols have been developed for their diagnosis, but these have varying levels of species-specificity, sensitivity, and consequent usefulness within the paddock. To substantially improve speed, accuracy, and sensitivity, advanced nanoparticle-based biosensor approaches have been developed. For this, two sets of primers were designed for both Botrytis cinerea and Botrytis fabae which have shown the species specificity with initial sensitivity of two genomic copies/µl in pure fungal backgrounds using multiplexed quantitative PCR. During further validation, quantitative PCR detected 100 spores on artificially infected legume leaves. Simultaneously an electro-catalytic assay was developed for both target fungal DNA using functionalised magnetic nanoparticles. This was extremely sensitive, able to detect a single spore within a raw total plant nucleic acid extract background. We believe that the translation of this technology to the field will enable quantitative assessment of pathogen load for future accurate decision support of informed botrytis grey mould management. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biosensor" title="biosensor">biosensor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=botrytis%20grey%20mould" title=" botrytis grey mould"> botrytis grey mould</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sensitive" title=" sensitive"> sensitive</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=species%20specific" title=" species specific"> species specific</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/111221/electrochemical-biosensor-for-the-detection-of-botrytis-spp-in-temperate-legume-crops" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/111221.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">173</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3745</span> Effects of Excess-Iron Stress on Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation Efficiency of Yardlong-Bean Plants</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hong%20Li">Hong Li</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tingxian%20Li"> Tingxian Li</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xudong%20Wang"> Xudong Wang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Qinghuo%20Lin"> Qinghuo Lin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Excess-iron (Fe) stresses involved in legume symbiotic nitrogen fixation are not understood. Our objectives were to investigate the tolerance of yardlong-bean plants to soil excess-Fe stress and antagonistic effects of organic amendments and rhizobial inoculants on plant root nodulation and stem ureide formation. The study was conducted in the tropical Hainan Island during 2012-2013. The soil was strongly acidic (pH 5.3±0.4) and highly variable in Fe concentrations(596±79 mg/kg). The treatments were arranged in a split-plot design with three blocks. The treatment effects were significant on root nodulation, stem ureide, amino acids, plant N/Fe accumulation and bean yields (P<0.05). The yardlong-bean stem allantoin, amino acids and nitrate concentrations and relative ureide % declined with high soil Fe concentrations (>300 mg/kg). It was concluded that the co-variance of excess Fe stress could inhibit legume symbiotic N fixation efficiency. Organic amendments and rhizobial inoculants could help improve crop tolerance to excess Fe stress. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=atmospheric%20N%20fixation" title="atmospheric N fixation">atmospheric N fixation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=root%20nodulation" title=" root nodulation"> root nodulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soil%20Fe%20co-variance" title=" soil Fe co-variance"> soil Fe co-variance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stem%20ureide" title=" stem ureide"> stem ureide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=yardlong-bean%20plants" title=" yardlong-bean plants"> yardlong-bean plants</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/10233/effects-of-excess-iron-stress-on-symbiotic-nitrogen-fixation-efficiency-of-yardlong-bean-plants" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/10233.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">288</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3744</span> A Deep Learning Based Approach for Dynamically Selecting Pre-processing Technique for Images</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Revoti%20Prasad%20Bora">Revoti Prasad Bora</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nikita%20Katyal"> Nikita Katyal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saurabh%20Yadav"> Saurabh Yadav</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Pre-processing plays an important role in various image processing applications. Most of the time due to the similar nature of images, a particular pre-processing or a set of pre-processing steps are sufficient to produce the desired results. However, in the education domain, there is a wide variety of images in various aspects like images with line-based diagrams, chemical formulas, mathematical equations, etc. Hence a single pre-processing or a set of pre-processing steps may not yield good results. Therefore, a Deep Learning based approach for dynamically selecting a relevant pre-processing technique for each image is proposed. The proposed method works as a classifier to detect hidden patterns in the images and predicts the relevant pre-processing technique needed for the image. This approach experimented for an image similarity matching problem but it can be adapted to other use cases too. Experimental results showed significant improvement in average similarity ranking with the proposed method as opposed to static pre-processing techniques. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=deep-learning" title="deep-learning">deep-learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=classification" title=" classification"> classification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pre-processing" title=" pre-processing"> pre-processing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=computer%20vision" title=" computer vision"> computer vision</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=image%20processing" title=" image processing"> image processing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=educational%20data%20mining" title=" educational data mining"> educational data mining</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/148397/a-deep-learning-based-approach-for-dynamically-selecting-pre-processing-technique-for-images" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/148397.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">163</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3743</span> A Review on Artificial Neural Networks in Image Processing</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20Afsharipoor">B. Afsharipoor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20Nazemi"> E. Nazemi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are powerful tool for prediction which can be trained based on a set of examples and thus, it would be useful for nonlinear image processing. The present paper reviews several paper regarding applications of ANN in image processing to shed the light on advantage and disadvantage of ANNs in this field. Different steps in the image processing chain including pre-processing, enhancement, segmentation, object recognition, image understanding and optimization by using ANN are summarized. Furthermore, results on using multi artificial neural networks are presented. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=neural%20networks" title="neural networks">neural networks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=image%20processing" title=" image processing"> image processing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=segmentation" title=" segmentation"> segmentation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=object%20recognition" title=" object recognition"> object recognition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=image%20understanding" title=" image understanding"> image understanding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optimization" title=" optimization"> optimization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MANN" title=" MANN"> MANN</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36843/a-review-on-artificial-neural-networks-in-image-processing" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36843.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">406</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3742</span> Complex Event Processing System Based on the Extended ECA Rule</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kwan%20Hee%20Han">Kwan Hee Han</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jun%20Woo%20Lee"> Jun Woo Lee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sung%20Moon%20Bae"> Sung Moon Bae</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Twae%20Kyung%20Park"> Twae Kyung Park</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> ECA (Event-Condition-Action) languages are largely adopted for event processing since they are an intuitive and powerful paradigm for programming reactive systems. However, there are some limitations about ECA rules for processing of complex events such as coupling of event producer and consumer. The objective of this paper is to propose an ECA rule pattern to improve the current limitations of ECA rule, and to develop a prototype system. In this paper, conventional ECA rule is separated into 3 parts and each part is extended to meet the requirements of CEP. Finally, event processing logic is established by combining the relevant elements of 3 parts. The usability of proposed extended ECA rule is validated by a test scenario in this study. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=complex%20event%20processing" title="complex event processing">complex event processing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ECA%20rule" title=" ECA rule"> ECA rule</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Event%20processing%20system" title=" Event processing system"> Event processing system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=event-driven%20architecture" title=" event-driven architecture"> event-driven architecture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=internet%20of%20things" title=" internet of things "> internet of things </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/12595/complex-event-processing-system-based-on-the-extended-eca-rule" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/12595.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">530</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3741</span> Nitrogen-Fixing Rhizobacteria (Rhizobium mililoti 2011) Enhances the Tolerance and the Accumulation of Cadmium in Medicago sativa</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tahar%20Ghnaya">Tahar Ghnaya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Majda%20Mnasri"> Majda Mnasri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hanen%20Zaier"> Hanen Zaier</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rim%20Ghabriche"> Rim Ghabriche</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chedly%20Abdelly"> Chedly Abdelly</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> It is known that the symbiotic association between plant and microorganisms are beneficial for plant growth and resistance to metal stress. Hence, it was demonstrated that Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi have a positive effect on host plants growing in metal polluted soils. Legume plants are those which normally associate to rhizobacteria in order to fix atmospheric nitrogen. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect this type of symbiosis on the tolerance and the accumulation of Cd. We chose Medicago sativa, as a modal for host legume plants and Rhizobium mililoti 2011 as rhizobial strain. Inoculated and non-inoculated plants of M. sativa were submitted during three month to 0, 50, and 100 mgCd/kg dry soil. Results showed that the presence of Cd in the medium induced, in both inoculated and non-inoculated plants, a chlorosis and necrosis. However, these symptoms were more pronounced in non-inoculated plants. The beneficial effect of inoculation of M. sativa with R. meliloti, on plant growth was confirmed by the measurement of biomass production which showed that the symbiotic association between host plant and rhizobacteria alleviates significantly Cd effect on biomass production, so inoculated plants produced more dry weight as compared to non-inoculated ones in the presence of all Cd tretments. On the other hand, under symbiosis conditions, Cd was more accumulated in different plant organs. Hence, in these plants, shoot Cd concentration reached 425 and it was 280 µg/gDW in non-inoculated ones in the presence of 100 ppm Cd. This result suggests that symbiosis enhances the absorption and translocation of Cd in this plant. In nodules and roots, we detected the highest Cd concentrations, demonstrating that these organs are able to concentrate Cd in their tissues. These data confirm that M. sataiva, cultivated in symbiosis with Rhizobium mililoti could be used in phytoextraction of Cd from contaminated soils. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cd" title="Cd">Cd</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phytoremediation" title=" phytoremediation"> phytoremediation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Medicago%20sativa" title=" Medicago sativa"> Medicago sativa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arbuscular%20mycorrhizal" title=" Arbuscular mycorrhizal"> Arbuscular mycorrhizal</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21956/nitrogen-fixing-rhizobacteria-rhizobium-mililoti-2011-enhances-the-tolerance-and-the-accumulation-of-cadmium-in-medicago-sativa" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21956.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">277</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3740</span> IoT Based Information Processing and Computing</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mannan%20Ahmad%20Rasheed">Mannan Ahmad Rasheed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sawera%20Kanwal"> Sawera Kanwal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mansoor%20Ahmad%20Rasheed"> Mansoor Ahmad Rasheed</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Internet of Things (IoT) has revolutionized the way we collect and process information, making it possible to gather data from a wide range of connected devices and sensors. This has led to the development of IoT-based information processing and computing systems that are capable of handling large amounts of data in real time. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of IoT-based information processing and computing, as well as the key challenges and gaps that need to be addressed. This paper discusses the potential benefits of IoT-based information processing and computing, such as improved efficiency, enhanced decision-making, and cost savings. Despite the numerous benefits of IoT-based information processing and computing, several challenges need to be addressed to realize the full potential of these systems. These challenges include security and privacy concerns, interoperability issues, scalability and reliability of IoT devices, and the need for standardization and regulation of IoT technologies. Moreover, this paper identifies several gaps in the current research related to IoT-based information processing and computing. One major gap is the lack of a comprehensive framework for designing and implementing IoT-based information processing and computing systems. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=IoT" title="IoT">IoT</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=computing" title=" computing"> computing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=information%20processing" title=" information processing"> information processing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Iot%20computing" title=" Iot computing"> Iot computing</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/165683/iot-based-information-processing-and-computing" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/165683.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">187</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3739</span> Resource Creation Using Natural Language Processing Techniques for Malay Translated Qur'an</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nor%20Diana%20Ahmad">Nor Diana Ahmad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eric%20Atwell"> Eric Atwell</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Brandon%20Bennett"> Brandon Bennett</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Text processing techniques for English have been developed for several decades. But for the Malay language, text processing methods are still far behind. Moreover, there are limited resources, tools for computational linguistic analysis available for the Malay language. Therefore, this research presents the use of natural language processing (NLP) in processing Malay translated Qur’an text. As the result, a new language resource for Malay translated Qur’an was created. This resource will help other researchers to build the necessary processing tools for the Malay language. This research also develops a simple question-answer prototype to demonstrate the use of the Malay Qur’an resource for text processing. This prototype has been developed using Python. The prototype pre-processes the Malay Qur’an and an input query using a stemming algorithm and then searches for occurrences of the query word stem. The result produced shows improved matching likelihood between user query and its answer. A POS-tagging algorithm has also been produced. The stemming and tagging algorithms can be used as tools for research related to other Malay texts and can be used to support applications such as information retrieval, question answering systems, ontology-based search and other text analysis tasks. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=language%20resource" title="language resource">language resource</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Malay%20translated%20Qur%27an" title=" Malay translated Qur'an"> Malay translated Qur'an</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=natural%20language%20processing%20%28NLP%29" title=" natural language processing (NLP)"> natural language processing (NLP)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=text%20processing" title=" text processing"> text processing</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/92441/resource-creation-using-natural-language-processing-techniques-for-malay-translated-quran" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/92441.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">318</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3738</span> Differences in the Processing of Sentences with Lexical Ambiguity and Structural Ambiguity: An Experimental Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mariana%20T.%20Teixeira">Mariana T. Teixeira</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Joana%20P.%20Luz"> Joana P. Luz</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper is based on assumptions of psycholinguistics and investigates the processing of ambiguous sentences in Brazilian Portuguese. Specifically, it aims to verify if there is a difference in processing time between sentences with lexical ambiguity and sentences with structural (or syntactic) ambiguity. We hypothesize, based on the Garden Path Theory, that the two types of ambiguity entail different cognitive efforts, since sentences with structural ambiguity require that two structures be processed, whereas ambiguous phrases whose root of ambiguity is in a word require the processing of a single structure, which admits a variation of punctual meaning, within the scope of only one lexical item. In order to test this hypothesis, 25 undergraduate students, whose average age was 27.66 years, native speakers of Brazilian Portuguese, performed a self-monitoring reading task of ambiguous sentences, which had lexical and structural ambiguity. The results suggest that unambiguous sentence processing is faster than ambiguous sentence processing, whether it has lexical or structural ambiguity. In addition, participants presented a mean reading time greater for sentences with syntactic ambiguity than for sentences with lexical ambiguity, evidencing a greater cognitive effort in sentence processing with structural ambiguity. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Brazilian%20portuguese" title="Brazilian portuguese">Brazilian portuguese</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lexical%20ambiguity" title=" lexical ambiguity"> lexical ambiguity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sentence%20processing" title=" sentence processing"> sentence processing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=syntactic%20ambiguity" title=" syntactic ambiguity"> syntactic ambiguity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/85250/differences-in-the-processing-of-sentences-with-lexical-ambiguity-and-structural-ambiguity-an-experimental-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/85250.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">228</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3737</span> An Event-Related Potentials Study on the Processing of English Subjunctive Mood by Chinese ESL Learners</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yan%20Huang">Yan Huang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Event-related potentials (ERPs) technique helps researchers to make continuous measures on the whole process of language comprehension, with an excellent temporal resolution at the level of milliseconds. The research on sentence processing has developed from the behavioral level to the neuropsychological level, which brings about a variety of sentence processing theories and models. However, the applicability of these models to L2 learners is still under debate. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the neural mechanisms underlying English subjunctive mood processing by Chinese ESL learners. To this end, English subject clauses with subjunctive moods are used as the stimuli, all of which follow the same syntactic structure, “It is + adjective + that … + (should) do + …” Besides, in order to examine the role that language proficiency plays on L2 processing, this research deals with two groups of Chinese ESL learners (18 males and 22 females, mean age=21.68), namely, high proficiency group (Group H) and low proficiency group (Group L). Finally, the behavioral and neurophysiological data analysis reveals the following findings: 1) Syntax and semantics interact with each other on the SECOND phase (300-500ms) of sentence processing, which is partially in line with the Three-phase Sentence Model; 2) Language proficiency does affect L2 processing. Specifically, for Group H, it is the syntactic processing that plays the dominant role in sentence processing while for Group L, semantic processing also affects the syntactic parsing during the THIRD phase of sentence processing (500-700ms). Besides, Group H, compared to Group L, demonstrates a richer native-like ERPs pattern, which further demonstrates the role of language proficiency in L2 processing. Based on the research findings, this paper also provides some enlightenment for the L2 pedagogy as well as the L2 proficiency assessment. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chinese%20ESL%20learners" title="Chinese ESL learners">Chinese ESL learners</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=English%20subjunctive%20mood" title=" English subjunctive mood"> English subjunctive mood</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ERPs" title=" ERPs"> ERPs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L2%20processing" title=" L2 processing"> L2 processing</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/105431/an-event-related-potentials-study-on-the-processing-of-english-subjunctive-mood-by-chinese-esl-learners" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/105431.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">131</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3736</span> Conservation Agriculture and Precision Water Management in Alkaline Soils under Rice-Wheat Cropping System: Effect on Wheat Productivity and Irrigation Water Use-a Case Study from India</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20K.%20Kakraliya">S. K. Kakraliya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20S.%20Jat"> H. S. Jat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Manish%20Kakraliya"> Manish Kakraliya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20C.%20Sharma"> P. C. Sharma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20L.%20Jat"> M. L. Jat</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The biggest challenge in agriculture is to produce more food for the continually increasing world population with in the limited land and water resources. Serious water deficits and reducing natural resources are some of the major threats to the agricultural sustainability in many regions of South Asia. Food and water security may be gained by bringing improvement in the crop water productivity and the amount produced per unit of water consumed. Improvement in the crop water productivity may be achieved by pursuing alternative modern agronomics approaches, which are more friendly and efficient in utilizing natural resources. Therefore, a research trial on conservation agriculture (CA) and precision water management (PWM) was conducted in 2018-19 at Karnal, India to evaluate the effect on crop productivity and irrigation in sodic soils under rice-wheat (RW) systems of Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). Eight scenarios were compared varied in the tillage, crop establishment, residue and irrigarion management i.e., {First four scenarios irrigated with flood irrigation method;Sc1-Conventional tillage (CT) without residue, Sc2-CT with residue, Sc3- Zero tillage (ZT) without residue, Sc4-ZT with residue}, and {last four scenarios irrigated with sub-surface drip irrigation method; Sc5-ZT without residue, Sc6- ZT with residue, Sc7-ZT inclusion legume without residue and Sc8- ZT inclusion legume with residue}. Results revealed that CA-flood irrigation (S3, Sc4) and CA-PWM system (Sc5, Sc6, Sc7 and Sc8) recorded about ~5% and ~15% higher wheat yield, respectively compared to Sc1. Similar, CA-PWM saved ~40% irrigation water compared to Sc1. Rice yield was not different under different scenarios in the first year (kharif 2019) but almost half irrigation water saved under CA-PWM system. Therefore, results of our study on modern agronomic practices including CA and precision water management (subsurface drip irrigation) for RW rotation would be addressed the existing and future challenges in the RW system. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sub-surface%20drip" title="Sub-surface drip">Sub-surface drip</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Crop%20residue" title=" Crop residue"> Crop residue</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Crop%20yield" title=" Crop yield "> Crop yield </a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zero%20tillage" title=" Zero tillage"> Zero tillage</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/123897/conservation-agriculture-and-precision-water-management-in-alkaline-soils-under-rice-wheat-cropping-system-effect-on-wheat-productivity-and-irrigation-water-use-a-case-study-from-india" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/123897.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">120</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3735</span> Investigating the Relationship and Interaction between Auditory Processing Disorder and Auditory Attention</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amirreza%20Razzaghipour%20Sorkhab">Amirreza Razzaghipour Sorkhab</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The exploration of the connection between cognition and Auditory Processing Disorder (APD) holds significant value. Individuals with APD experience challenges in processing auditory information through the central auditory nervous system's varied pathways. Understanding the importance of auditory attention in individuals with APD, as well as the primary diagnostic tools such as language and auditory attention tests, highlights the critical need for assessing their auditory attention abilities. While not all children with Auditory Processing Disorder (APD) show deficits in auditory attention, there are often deficiencies in cognitive and attentional performance. The link between various types of attention deficits and APD suggests impairments in sustained and divided auditory attention. Research into the origins of APD should also encompass higher-level processes, such as auditory attention. It is evident that investigating the interaction between APD and auditory and cognitive functions holds significant value. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that APD tests may be influenced by cognitive factors, but despite signs of auditory attention interaction with auditory processing skills and the influence of cognitive factors on tests for this disorder, auditory attention measures are not typically included in APD diagnostic protocols. Therefore, incorporating attention assessment tests into the battery of tests for individuals with auditory processing disorder will be beneficial for obtaining useful insights into their attentional abilities. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=auditory%20processing%20disorder" title="auditory processing disorder">auditory processing disorder</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=auditory%20attention" title=" auditory attention"> auditory attention</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=central%20auditory%20processing%20disorder" title=" central auditory processing disorder"> central auditory processing disorder</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=top-down%20pathway" title=" top-down pathway"> top-down pathway</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/175116/investigating-the-relationship-and-interaction-between-auditory-processing-disorder-and-auditory-attention" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/175116.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">66</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3734</span> Leaf Image Processing: Review</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20Vijayashree">T. Vijayashree</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Gopal"> A. Gopal</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The aim of the work is to classify and authenticate medicinal plant materials and herbs widely used for Indian herbal medicinal preparation. The quality and authenticity of these raw materials are to be ensured for the preparation of herbal medicines. These raw materials are to be carefully screened, analyzed and documented due to mistaken of look-alike materials which do not have medicinal characteristics. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=authenticity" title="authenticity">authenticity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=standardization" title=" standardization"> standardization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=principal%20component%20analysis" title=" principal component analysis"> principal component analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=imaging%20processing" title=" imaging processing"> imaging processing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=signal%20processing" title=" signal processing"> signal processing</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/5441/leaf-image-processing-review" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/5441.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">246</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3733</span> Influence of Processing Regime and Contaminants on the Properties of Postconsumer Thermoplastics</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fares%20Alsewailem">Fares Alsewailem</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Material recycling of thermoplastic waste offers practical solution for municipal solid waste reduction. Post-consumer plastics such as polyethylene (PE), polyethyleneterephtalate (PET), and polystyrene (PS) may be separated from each other by physical methods such as density difference and hence processed as single plastic, however one should be cautious about the contaminants presence in the waste stream inform of paper, glue, etc. since these articles even in trace amount may deteriorate properties of the recycled plastics especially the mechanical properties. furthermore, melt processing methods used to recycle thermoplastics such as extrusion and compression molding may induce degradation of some of the recycled plastics such as PET and PS. In this research, it is shown that care should be taken when processing recycled plastics by melt processing means in two directions, first contaminants should be extremely minimized, and secondly melt processing steps should also be minimum. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Recycling" title="Recycling">Recycling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PET" title=" PET"> PET</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PS" title=" PS"> PS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=HDPE" title=" HDPE"> HDPE</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mechanical" title=" mechanical"> mechanical</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28691/influence-of-processing-regime-and-contaminants-on-the-properties-of-postconsumer-thermoplastics" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28691.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">284</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3732</span> Role of Natural Language Processing in Information Retrieval; Challenges and Opportunities </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Khaled%20M.%20Alhawiti">Khaled M. Alhawiti</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper aims to analyze the role of natural language processing (NLP). The paper will discuss the role in the context of automated data retrieval, automated question answer, and text structuring. NLP techniques are gaining wider acceptance in real life applications and industrial concerns. There are various complexities involved in processing the text of natural language that could satisfy the need of decision makers. This paper begins with the description of the qualities of NLP practices. The paper then focuses on the challenges in natural language processing. The paper also discusses major techniques of NLP. The last section describes opportunities and challenges for future research. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=data%20retrieval" title="data retrieval">data retrieval</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=information%20retrieval" title=" information retrieval"> information retrieval</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=natural%20language%20processing" title=" natural language processing"> natural language processing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=text%20structuring" title=" text structuring"> text structuring</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21284/role-of-natural-language-processing-in-information-retrieval-challenges-and-opportunities" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21284.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">340</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3731</span> Graph Similarity: Algebraic Model and Its Application to Nonuniform Signal Processing</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nileshkumar%20Vishnav">Nileshkumar Vishnav</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aditya%20Tatu"> Aditya Tatu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A recent approach of representing graph signals and graph filters as polynomials is useful for graph signal processing. In this approach, the adjacency matrix plays pivotal role; instead of the more common approach involving graph-Laplacian. In this work, we follow the adjacency matrix based approach and corresponding algebraic signal model. We further expand the theory and introduce the concept of similarity of two graphs. The similarity of graphs is useful in that key properties (such as filter-response, algebra related to graph) get transferred from one graph to another. We demonstrate potential applications of the relation between two similar graphs, such as nonuniform filter design, DTMF detection and signal reconstruction. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=graph%20signal%20processing" title="graph signal processing">graph signal processing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=algebraic%20signal%20processing" title=" algebraic signal processing"> algebraic signal processing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=graph%20similarity" title=" graph similarity"> graph similarity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=isospectral%20graphs" title=" isospectral graphs"> isospectral graphs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nonuniform%20signal%20processing" title=" nonuniform signal processing"> nonuniform signal processing</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/59404/graph-similarity-algebraic-model-and-its-application-to-nonuniform-signal-processing" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/59404.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">352</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3730</span> Classification of Cochannel Signals Using Cyclostationary Signal Processing and Deep Learning</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bryan%20Crompton">Bryan Crompton</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Daniel%20Giger"> Daniel Giger</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tanay%20Mehta"> Tanay Mehta</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Apurva%20Mody"> Apurva Mody</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The task of classifying radio frequency (RF) signals has seen recent success in employing deep neural network models. In this work, we present a combined signal processing and machine learning approach to signal classification for cochannel anomalous signals. The power spectral density and cyclostationary signal processing features of a captured signal are computed and fed into a neural net to produce a classification decision. Our combined signal preprocessing and machine learning approach allows for simpler neural networks with fast training times and small computational resource requirements for inference with longer preprocessing time. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=signal%20processing" title="signal processing">signal processing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=machine%20learning" title=" machine learning"> machine learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cyclostationary%20signal%20processing" title=" cyclostationary signal processing"> cyclostationary signal processing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=signal%20classification" title=" signal classification"> signal classification</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/164958/classification-of-cochannel-signals-using-cyclostationary-signal-processing-and-deep-learning" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/164958.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">107</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=legume%20processing&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=legume%20processing&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=legume%20processing&page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=legume%20processing&page=5">5</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=legume%20processing&page=6">6</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=legume%20processing&page=7">7</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=legume%20processing&page=8">8</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=legume%20processing&page=9">9</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=legume%20processing&page=10">10</a></li> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">...</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=legume%20processing&page=125">125</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=legume%20processing&page=126">126</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=legume%20processing&page=2" rel="next">&rsaquo;</a></li> </ul> </div> </main> <footer> <div id="infolinks" class="pt-3 pb-2"> <div class="container"> <div style="background-color:#f5f5f5;" class="p-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> About <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">About Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support#legal-information">Legal</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/WASET-16th-foundational-anniversary.pdf">WASET celebrates its 16th foundational anniversary</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Account <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile">My Account</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Explore <li><a href="https://waset.org/disciplines">Disciplines</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conferences">Conferences</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conference-programs">Conference Program</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/committees">Committees</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Publications</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Research <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts">Abstracts</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Periodicals</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/archive">Archive</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Open Science <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Philosophy.pdf">Open Science Philosophy</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Award.pdf">Open Science Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Society-Open-Science-and-Open-Innovation.pdf">Open Innovation</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Postdoctoral-Fellowship-Award.pdf">Postdoctoral Fellowship Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Scholarly-Research-Review.pdf">Scholarly Research Review</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Support <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">Support</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Contact Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Report Abuse</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container text-center"> <hr style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.3rem;"> <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank" class="text-muted small">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a> <div id="copy" class="mt-2">© 2024 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology</div> </div> </footer> <a href="javascript:" id="return-to-top"><i class="fas fa-arrow-up"></i></a> <div class="modal" id="modal-template"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="row m-0 mt-1"> <div class="col-md-12"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button> </div> </div> <div class="modal-body"></div> </div> </div> </div> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/jquery-3.3.1.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/js/site.js?v=150220211556"></script> <script> jQuery(document).ready(function() { /*jQuery.get("https://publications.waset.org/xhr/user-menu", function (response) { jQuery('#mainNavMenu').append(response); });*/ jQuery.get({ url: "https://publications.waset.org/xhr/user-menu", cache: false }).then(function(response){ jQuery('#mainNavMenu').append(response); }); }); </script> </body> </html>