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class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Gunea"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Edukiak" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Edukiak</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">⇑ Gora</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Definizioa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definizioa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Definizioa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definizioa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sinesmenen_jatorria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sinesmenen_jatorria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Sinesmenen jatorria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sinesmenen_jatorria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Klasifikazioa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Klasifikazioa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Klasifikazioa</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Klasifikazioa-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Klasifikazioa azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Klasifikazioa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Menderatze_konginitiboaren_arabera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Menderatze_konginitiboaren_arabera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Menderatze konginitiboaren arabera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Menderatze_konginitiboaren_arabera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oinarriaren_arabera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oinarriaren_arabera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Oinarriaren arabera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oinarriaren_arabera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kontzeptuaren_arabera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kontzeptuaren_arabera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Kontzeptuaren arabera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kontzeptuaren_arabera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eztabaidatzearen_arabera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eztabaidatzearen_arabera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Eztabaidatzearen arabera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eztabaidatzearen_arabera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formazioa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formazioa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Formazioa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formazioa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sinesmen_sistema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sinesmen_sistema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Sinesmen sistema</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sinesmen_sistema-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Sinesmen sistema azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sinesmen_sistema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sineste_disfuntzionala" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sineste_disfuntzionala"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Sineste disfuntzionala</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sineste_disfuntzionala-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sinesteen_aldaketa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sinesteen_aldaketa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Sinesteen aldaketa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sinesteen_aldaketa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sinesmen_eta_ezaguera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sinesmen_eta_ezaguera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sinesmen eta ezaguera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sinesmen_eta_ezaguera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sinesmen,_gizartea_eta_kultura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sinesmen,_gizartea_eta_kultura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sinesmen, gizartea eta kultura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sinesmen,_gizartea_eta_kultura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kanpo_estekak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kanpo_estekak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Kanpo estekak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kanpo_estekak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Edukiak" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Eduki-taula" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sinesmen</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Joan beste hizkuntza batean idatzitako artikulu batera. 77 hizkuntzatan eskuragarri." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-77" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">77 hizkuntza</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="عقيدة – arabiera" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عقيدة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creyencia" title="Creyencia – asturiera" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Creyencia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0nanc" title="İnanc – azerbaijanera" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İnanc" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijanera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapercayaan" title="Kapercayaan – baliera" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Kapercayaan" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="baliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaum" title="Glaum – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Glaum" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="বিশ্বাস – bengalera" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বিশ্বাস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creen%C3%A7a" title="Creença – katalana" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Creença" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinuohan" title="Tinuohan – cebuanoera" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Tinuohan" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuanoera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%95%DA%95" title="باوەڕ – erdialdeko kurduera" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="باوەڕ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="erdialdeko kurduera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADra" title="Víra – txekiera" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Víra" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txekiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%87%C4%83%D0%BA" title="Шанчăк – txuvaxera" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Шанчăк" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="txuvaxera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credo" title="Credo – galesa" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Credo" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glauben" title="Glauben – alemana" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Glauben" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bawermend" title="Bawermend – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Bawermend" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotumbayaan" title="Kotumbayaan – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Kotumbayaan" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%AF%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7" title="Πίστη – greziera" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πίστη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belief" title="Belief – ingelesa" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Belief" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ingelesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kredo" title="Kredo – esperantoa" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kredo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperantoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creencia" title="Creencia – gaztelania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Creencia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="gaztelania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uskumus" title="Uskumus – estoniera" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Uskumus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1" title="باور – persiera" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="باور" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uskomus" title="Uskomus – finlandiera" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Uskomus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croyance" title="Croyance – frantsesa" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Croyance" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="frantsesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krwayans" title="Krwayans – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Krwayans" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crenza" title="Crenza – galiziera" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Crenza" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B2%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%B1%F0%90%8C%B4%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8D%83" title="𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%94" title="אמונה – hebreera" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אמונה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="विश्वास – hindia" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विश्वास" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vjerovanje" title="Vjerovanje – kroaziera" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vjerovanje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hit_(filoz%C3%B3fia)" title="Hit (filozófia) – hungariera" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hit (filozófia)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hungariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%BF%D6%84" title="Հավատք – armeniera" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հավատք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credentia" title="Credentia – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Credentia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyakinan" title="Keyakinan – indonesiera" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Keyakinan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sko%C3%B0un" title="Skoðun – islandiera" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Skoðun" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credenza" title="Credenza – italiera" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Credenza" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E5%BF%B5" title="信念 – japoniera" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="信念" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biliif" title="Biliif – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Biliif" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%83" title="Сену – kazakhera" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сену" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakhera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%BF%EC%9D%8C" title="믿음 – koreera" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="믿음" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bawer%C3%AE" title="Bawerî – kurduera" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Bawerî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurduera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81rliec%C4%ABba" title="Pārliecība – letoniera" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pārliecība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finoana" title="Finoana – malgaxea" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Finoana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaxea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B3%D1%8D%D0%BB_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Итгэл бишрэл – mongoliera" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Итгэл бишрэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongoliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepercayaan" title="Kepercayaan – malaysiera" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kepercayaan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaysiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geleuven_(gedrag)" title="Geleuven (gedrag) – behe-saxoiera" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Geleuven (gedrag)" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="behe-saxoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geloof" title="Geloof – nederlandera" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Geloof" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tru" title="Tru – nynorsk (norvegiera)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tru" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorsk (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crianche" title="Crianche – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Crianche" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cresen%C3%A7a" title="Cresença – okzitaniera" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cresença" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="okzitaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8" title="ਵਿਸ਼ਵਾਸ – punjabera" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵਿਸ਼ਵਾਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiara_(psychologia)" title="Wiara (psychologia) – poloniera" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wiara (psychologia)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1" title="باور – paxtunera" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="باور" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paxtunera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cren%C3%A7a" title="Crença – portugesa" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Crença" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credin%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Credință – errumaniera" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Credință" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="errumaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Вера – errusiera" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вера" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="errusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Віра (филозофия) – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Віра (филозофия)" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belief" title="Belief – eskoziera" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Belief" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="eskoziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vjerovanje" title="Vjerovanje – serbokroaziera" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vjerovanje" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belief" title="Belief – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Belief" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitendero" title="Chitendero – shonera" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Chitendero" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shonera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besimi_(epistemologji)" title="Besimi (epistemologji) – albaniera" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Besimi (epistemologji)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Веровање – serbiera" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Веровање" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tro_(kognition)" title="Tro (kognition) – suediera" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tro (kognition)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suediera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88" title="நம்பிக்கை – tamilera" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நம்பிக்கை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Бовар – tajikera" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Бовар" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tajikera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD" title="ความเชื่อ – thailandiera" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ความเชื่อ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0nan%C3%A7" title="İnanç – turkiera" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İnanç" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AB%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83" title="Ышану – tatarera" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ышану" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%90%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="ئېتىقاد – uigurrera" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئېتىقاد" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uigurrera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Віра – ukrainera" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Віра" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%CA%BCtiqod" title="Eʼtiqod – uzbekera" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Eʼtiqod" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbekera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%ADn_ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%A1ng" title="Tín ngưỡng – vietnamera" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tín ngưỡng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E5%BF%B5" title="信念 – wu txinera" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="信念" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%99%D7%91%D7%9F" title="גלויבן – yiddisha" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="גלויבן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddisha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E5%BF%B5" title="信念 – txinera" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="信念" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%ACn-li%C4%81m" title="Sìn-liām – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sìn-liām" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E5%BF%B5" title="信念 – kantonera" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="信念" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q34394#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Aldatu hizkuntzen arteko loturak" class="wbc-editpage">Aldatu loturak</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Izen-tarteak"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sinesmen" title="Eduki orrialdea ikusi [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikulua</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eztabaida:Sinesmen&action=edit&redlink=1" 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Wikipedia, Entziklopedia askea</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="eu" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Phoenix_detail_from_Aberdeen_Bestiary.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Phoenix_detail_from_Aberdeen_Bestiary.jpg/220px-Phoenix_detail_from_Aberdeen_Bestiary.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Phoenix_detail_from_Aberdeen_Bestiary.jpg/330px-Phoenix_detail_from_Aberdeen_Bestiary.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Phoenix_detail_from_Aberdeen_Bestiary.jpg/440px-Phoenix_detail_from_Aberdeen_Bestiary.jpg 2x" data-file-width="884" data-file-height="976" /></a><figcaption>Errautsetatik altxatzen den Fenixaren kondaira Mendebaldeko zibilizazioan hain inprimatutako berpizkundearen sinesmenean sinbolikoa eta literarioa gainditu dela uste da.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Sinismen</b> edo <b>uste</b> bat <a href="/wiki/Jarrera_(psikologia)" title="Jarrera (psikologia)">jarrera</a> subjektibo bat da, proposamen bat benetakoa dela edo gauzen egoera bat kasua dela dioena. Jarrera subjektiboa egoera mental bat da, zerbaiti buruzko jarrera, argudio edo iritzi bat duena. Epistemologian, filosofoek "sinesmen" hitza erabiltzen dute munduaren gaineko jarrerez hitz egiteko, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Egiaren_balio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Egiaren balio (sortu gabe)">benetakoak edo faltsuak</a> izan daitezkeenak. Zerbait sinestea <a href="/wiki/Egia" title="Egia">egiazkotzat</a> hartzea da; adibidez, elurra zuria dela sinestea "elurra zuria da" proposamenaren egia onartzearekin konpara daiteke. Hala ere, uste bat izateak ez du introspekzio aktiborik behar. Adibidez, gutxi dira eguzkia bihar aterako den edo ez arretaz planteatzen dutenak; hala izango dela onartzen dute, besterik gabe. Gainera, sinesmenek ez dute zertan burutsuak izan (adibidez, "elurra zuria da" aktiboki pentsatzen duen pertsona bat), baizik eta jarrerakoak izan daitezke (adibidez, elurraren koloreaz galdetzen bazaio, "elurra zuria da" esaten duen pertsona bat)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Filosofo garaikideak hainbat modutan saiatu dira sinesteak deskribatzen: mundua nolakoa izan litekeen irudikatzeko modu gisa (<a href="/wiki/Jerry_Fodor" title="Jerry Fodor">Jerry Fodor</a>), zenbait gauza egiazkoak balira bezala jokatu beharreko xedapen gisa (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roderick_Chisholm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roderick Chisholm (sortu gabe)">Roderick Chisholm</a>), norbaiten ekintzei zentzua emateko interpretazio-eskema gisa (<a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Donald_Davidson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Donald Davidson (sortu gabe)">Donald Davidson</a>) edo funtzio jakin bat betetzen duten estatu mental gisa (<a href="/wiki/Hilary_Putnam" title="Hilary Putnam">Hilary Putnam</a>). Badira, halaber, gure sineste kontzeptua sakon aztertzen saiatu direnak, hala nola sinestearen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Materialismo_eliminazionista&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Materialismo eliminazionista (sortu gabe)">baztertzaileak</a>, esaten baitute ez dagoela inolako fenomenorik gure sineste kontzeptu psikologiko herrikoiarekin bat datorrenik mundu naturalean (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Churchland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Churchland (sortu gabe)">Paul Churchland</a>), eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Epistemologia_formal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epistemologia formal (sortu gabe)">epistemologo formalak</a>, sinesmen bikoitzaren kontzeptua ("edo sinetsi edo ez sinetsi") ordezkatu nahi dutenak, sinesgarritasun kontzeptu permisiboagoaren eta "sinesgarritasun osoaren" ordez<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Sinesmenak eztabaida filosofiko garrantzitsuen xede dira. Hona hemen adibide aipagarri batzuk: "Zein da gure sinesmenak berrikusteko modu arrazionala froga mota desberdinak aurkezten zaizkigunean?", "Gure sinesmenen edukia guztiz zehaztuta al dago gure adimen-estatuek, edo gertaera garrantzitsuak gure sinesmenekin erlazionatuta daude (adibidez, <i>Uste dut eskuan baso bat ur dudala</i>, ura <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {H2O}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {H2O}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/373648858d1d59d300f88386b46dd95e01f04c5a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:4.605ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {H2O}}}"></span> delako gertaera ez-mentala uste horren edukiaren parte da? ", "Noraino dira gure sinismenak pintzel finekoak edo brotxa lodikoak?", eta "Sineste bat hizkuntzan adierazteko modukoa izan behar du, ala hizkuntzaz kanpoko sinesmenak daude? "<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definizioa">Definizioa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinesmen&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Definizioa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinesmen&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Definizioa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Frank P. Ramsey-ek metafora bat proposatzen du aurkezteko nola ulertu dezagun zer diren sinesmenak errealitatearekin duen erlazioan. Honen arabera sisteman grabatutako mapa bat bezalako direla (DNA-n edo zenbait ikaskuntzetan) gidatzen gaituztenak edo hobeto esanda, munduan orientatzen gaituztela gure beharren asetzea lortzeko. </p><p>Mapa horiek ez dute esaten “zer diren gauzak”, baizik eta portaera egokiak aurkezten dituzte behar propioen asetzerako bakoitzaren esperientzien arabera. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sinesmenen_jatorria">Sinesmenen jatorria</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinesmen&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Sinesmenen jatorria»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinesmen&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Sinesmenen jatorria"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sinesmenak datozen iturriak anitzak dira: </p> <ul><li>Kanpokoak, interpretaziorako eta fenomeno batzuen ulermenerako eta zenbait diskurtsoen ulermenerako azalpen kulturalean sortzen direnean .</li> <li>Barnekoak, norberaren pentsamendutik, esperientziatik eta uste osotik sortzen direnean.</li></ul> <p>Kanpo sinesteak sortzen dira: </p> <ul><li>Inguratzen duen jendearen eta bere jokaeraren imitazioaren sinesteen barneratzerako joeragatik, batez ere hau arrakasta sozialak bermatuta badator.</li> <li>Jendeak joera du nahiz eta bere interesekin kontraesanean egon liderren sinesteak jarraitzera.</li></ul> <p>Sinesmenak ez dira beti borondatezkoak, banakoek bere errealitatearen esperientzia sinesmen arrazionalekin, kontraesan kognitiboak saihesten dituzte eta portaerak justifikatzen dituzten teoria bezala, elkartzea beharrezkoa dute. Elkartasunean edo tradizioaren “zentzu komunean” lortutako aterpea baita menderatzearen sergurtasuna taldeak, nagusiak edo agintzen duenak ezarritako arauara, funtsezko papera jokatzen dute bertan. Eduki zehatzeko publizitate-mezuen errepikapen obsesiboak bere justifikazioa aurkitzen du honetan. </p><p>Ezagutza bidezko eduki baten interpretazioaren edo gertaeraren (abstraktu edo zehatza) idealizazioa, zeintzuen ez den justifikaziorik edo fundamentu arrazionalik eskatzen, sinesmenen paradigma bezala jartzen da normalean: fedea eta esperientzia erligiosoa; baina kulturalki jasotako aurreiritziak dira mundua interpretatzeko erabiltzen dugun modua. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Klasifikazioa">Klasifikazioa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinesmen&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Klasifikazioa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinesmen&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Klasifikazioa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Menderatze_konginitiboaren_arabera">Menderatze konginitiboaren arabera</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinesmen&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Menderatze konginitiboaren arabera»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinesmen&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Menderatze konginitiboaren arabera"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hiru mota desberdindu daitezke: </p> <ul><li>Oinarrizko sinesmena, nuklearra edo zentrala.</li> <li>Bitarteko sinesmena.</li> <li>Pentsamendu automatikoa.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oinarriaren_arabera">Oinarriaren arabera</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinesmen&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Oinarriaren arabera»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinesmen&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Oinarriaren arabera"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sineste bat oinarri enpirikoa edo ez izan ditzake. Adibidez, sinesmen erlijiosoak, dogmetan oinarrituak daudenez, normalean ez dute oinarri enpirikorik; honek zientziaren kontrakoak egiten ditu, izan ere zientziak metodo esperimentala edo kalkulo zehatzen bitartez jasotako datuen arabera eraikitzen da. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kontzeptuaren_arabera">Kontzeptuaren arabera</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinesmen&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kontzeptuaren arabera»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinesmen&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Kontzeptuaren arabera"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ohiko hizkuntzan desberdintasun hau kontuan hartu ez arren, kontzeptualki komenigarria da desberdintzea: </p> <ul><li>Iritziak bere edukiaren egia justifikatzen duten arrazoizko irizpide batzuen mendean daude: zientzia eta kritika arrazionalaren mendean dauden diskurtso guztiak zeinen azken helburua ezarritako kriterioen arabera objektiboki sortutako sinesmena den.</li> <li>Ideologia zeinen oinarria talde sozialaren identitatearen eta bere interesen defentsaren berezko osaketa, nahiz eta haiek egiak eta iritzi-oinarria bezala aurkeztu.</li> <li>Erlijioak giza arrazoiaren mendean ez dagoen sinesteko modelotzat hartu ohi da, eta bizitzaren zentzu funtzioa betetzen du, batzuetan ideologiarekin nahasten dena.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eztabaidatzearen_arabera">Eztabaidatzearen arabera</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinesmen&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Eztabaidatzearen arabera»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinesmen&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Eztabaidatzearen arabera"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sinesmenak eztabaida eta kontrastea onartzen dutenean, garapen marko desberdinak ematen dira, nagusiki bi multzotan batzen dira: </p> <ul><li>Sineste itxiak: soilik onartzen dute eztabaida eta kontrastea pertsona klase zehatz batetik, bere autoritatearen arabera eta afinitatearen arabera aukeratuak direnak. <ul><li>sinesmen erlijiosoak.</li> <li>sinesmen esoterikoak.</li> <li>sinesmen sozialak.</li> <li>sinesmen kospiratu ezkutuak.</li> <li>mitoak, elezahar, superstizioak.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Sineste irekiak: eztabaida eta kontrastea onartzen du analisi logiko modelo bati eta horren arrazoiei atxikitzen direnen aldetik. <ul><li>sinesmen zientifikoak.</li> <li>sinesmen pseuzientifikoak.</li> <li>sinesmen zientifikoak.</li> <li>sinesmen historikoak.</li> <li>sinesmen politikoak.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formazioa">Formazioa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinesmen&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Formazioa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinesmen&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Formazioa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sineste-eraketa bide desberdinak deskriba daitezke: </p> <ul><li>Haurtzaroan eskuratuak. Gurasoen, gizartearen erlijioaren...bitartez eskuratuak izan ahal dira.</li> <li>Lider karismatiko baten sinesteak hartzea.</li> <li>Publizitateak (komunikabideak) sinesmenak eratu edo aldatu dezake emozio positiboen errepikapenaren edo asoziazioaren bitartez.</li> <li>Trauma fisikoa.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sinesmen_sistema">Sinesmen sistema</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinesmen&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Sinesmen sistema»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinesmen&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Sinesmen sistema"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sineste-sistema pertsona bakoitzak batez ere haurtzaroan zehar onartutako sinesteetako multzoa da, baina ondoren pertsonak duen solidotze mailaren arabera sinesmenen inguruan eta bere borondateak hauek aldatzekoaren arabera, inguruneak sinesmen hauek alda dezake. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sineste_disfuntzionala">Sineste disfuntzionala</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinesmen&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Sineste disfuntzionala»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinesmen&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Sineste disfuntzionala"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sineste disfuntzionala patroi kognitibo nahiko egonkorra da, pentsamendu distorsionatuak, gogobetetzen ez dituen egoera emozionalak eta joekaera desegokigarriak barne hartzen dituena. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sinesteen_aldaketa">Sinesteen aldaketa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinesmen&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Sinesteen aldaketa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinesmen&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Sinesteen aldaketa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Terapia kognitiboa </p> <ul><li>Downward arrow technique: “Beherantz-ko gezi teknika” edo “Downward arrow technique” pentsamendu automatiko batetik hasten da azpiko esanahia identifikatzeko eta ebentualki oinarrizko sinestea aurkitzeko.</li> <li>Eztabaidatze Sokratikoa: Bitarteko sinesteak eta oinarrizko sinesteak eztabaidatze sokratikoaren bitartes alda daitezke, alde onak eta aurkakoak aztertuz.</li> <li>Jokabidearen esperimentuak.</li> <li>“Continuum kognitiboa”.</li> <li>Arrazoizko-emozional dramatizazioak.</li> <li>Besteen erabilpena erreferentzia puntu bezala.</li> <li>“Balitzan bezala” jokatzea.</li> <li>Terapeutaren aldetik berezko esperientziaren adierazpena.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sinesmen_eta_ezaguera">Sinesmen eta ezaguera</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinesmen&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Sinesmen eta ezaguera»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinesmen&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Sinesmen eta ezaguera"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sinesteak eduki mental adierazgarriko modu sinpliena kontzideratua izan ohi da pentsamenduaren formakuntzan. </p><p>Sinesteen formulazio funtsezko bi forma kontuan hartzen dira: </p> <ul><li>Uste izatea...eduki kognitibo zehatz baten inguruan. “Lurra borobila dela uste dut”</li> <li>Zeozertan sinestea, non beste bi mota desberdin topatu dezagun ere bai: <ul><li>pertsona batean sinestea, konfidantza sentimenduan edo berekiko duzun segurtasuna: “Norbaitez fidatzen naiz...” edo “zeozer egiteko duen gaitasunean sinesten dut”.</li> <li>Zerbaiteko existentzian sinestea: “sorginetan sinesten dut”.</li></ul></li></ul> <p>Sineste guztietan modu orokor batean aurresuposatu egiten da: </p> <ul><li>indibiduo bat, sinesten duena.</li> <li>objektu baten inguruko nahitasuna, berez sinestearen edukia sortzen duena.</li> <li>proposamen logikoa edukia objektiboa bihurtzen duena.</li> <li>hizkuntzaren bitartez adieraz dezakeen enuntziatua.</li></ul> <p>Lynne Ruder Baker-ek sinestea kontuan hartzeko lau modu kontuan hartzen ditu: </p> <ul><li>Sen onaren araberakoa: honen esanetan entitateak existitzen dira bat egiten dutela hitz egiten dugun sinesteekin</li> <li>Nahiz eta sen onak egiazko edukiri erabat egokia ez izan erabilgarria da aurre ikusteko eta iragartzeko banakoaren portaera psikologikoa</li> <li>Sen onaren interpretazio orokorra guztiz okerra da eta honen erabilera desagertuko lirateke kontzeptua alfer egiten duen teoria agertu bezain laster</li> <li>Sen onak ez du inolako egia eskaintzen sinesmenetan; hala ere bai animaliak bai pertsonak, baita ordenagailuak ere, sinesteak baldin badituzte, horien bitartez, jokabidean estrategia positiboak eskaintzen ditu</li></ul> <p>Sinesmen bat zeinen edukia faltsua den, eduki kognitiboa izaten jarraitzen du? Platon-ek ezaguera arrazoiak justifikatutako egiazko sinesmen bat bezala definitzen du. Honek tradizionalki sineste faltsua ezagutza ez izatea suposatu du, aipaturiko sinestea sostengatzen duen banakoaren aldetik egiazko jarrera zintzoarekin bat etorri arren. </p><p>Egiazkoa bezala sinestearen justifikazioa ezaguera nabaria izango litzateke. Baina zalantza zera da, sinesme bat egiazkoa da ageriko ezagutza delako edo, aldiz, agerikoa da egiazko ezagutza delako? Ezaguera eta sinesmena desberdintzea ez da batere erraza. </p><p>Sinesteak tradizioaren oinarrietako bat dira. Nork bere buruarekiko, besteekiko eta biltzen duen munduarekiko egiten duen balioespen subjektiboa suposatzen dute. Sineste garrantzitsuenak metodo zientifiko eta printzipioekin egiaztatuak ez dauden uste osoak eta printzipioak dira. </p><p>Sinesterik garrantzitsuenak dira uste osoak eta printzipioak eta zientziaren metodoakekin egiaztatuta ez dauden aurreiritziak zehazki esandako ezaguerak egingo lituzketenak. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sinesmen,_gizartea_eta_kultura"><span id="Sinesmen.2C_gizartea_eta_kultura"></span>Sinesmen, gizartea eta kultura</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinesmen&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Sinesmen, gizartea eta kultura»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinesmen&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Sinesmen, gizartea eta kultura"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sinesteak edo sineste-multzoak, nolabait gizabanako talde bat elkartzen ditu zeinek proposamen bat edo batzuk idealizatzen duten ideia-multzo bezala egia potentzial bezala (izan ere sinesmen bat da soilik). </p><p>Modu honetan jakintza moduan biltzen da honi moldatzen dena, egitura kultural eta soziala sortuz antzeko sinesteak partekatzen dituzten banakoen elkarte identitatea justifikatzen duena. Aipaturiko sinesmen orokorrek dogma edo ideologia deiturikoak ezartzen dute, taldearen parte izan ahal izateko beharrezko morala definituz. </p><p>Taldearen identitateak ñabardura asko lortzen ditu testuinguruaren arabera: gizarte konplexutik sekta, “fan”-klub, sindikatu edo aitormen erlijioso baterarte. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kanpo_estekak">Kanpo estekak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinesmen&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kanpo estekak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinesmen&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Kanpo estekak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="clear:both;"></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r7786466">.mw-parser-output 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data-file-height="590" /></a></span> Datuak:</span> <span class="uid"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34394" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q34394">Q34394</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Commonscat"><img alt="Commonscat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Multimedia:</span> <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Belief">Belief</a></span> / <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=%22Q34394%22">Q34394</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><b>c</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFSchwitzgebel2021">Schwitzgebel, Eric.  (2021). Zalta, Edward N. ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2021/entries/belief/">«Belief»</a> <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i> (Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University) <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-07-04)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFGeninHuber2022">Genin, Konstantin; Huber, Franz.  (2022). Zalta, Edward N. ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2022/entries/formal-belief/">«Formal Representations of Belief»</a> <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i> (Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University) <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-07-04)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> </ol>    </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget \"ErrefAurrebista\" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. 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