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class="content-header grid-sixteen"> <header class="content-header-container grid-twelve large-grid-eleven"> <div> <div class="content-header-block"> <h1 class="legacy entry-title instapaper_title" itemprop="headline"> <strong> How the Taliban are seeking to reshape Afghanistan’s schools to push their ideology </strong> </h1> </div> </div> <div class="timestamps"> <time datetime="2024-11-11T13:19:53Z" itemprop="datePublished" content="2024-11-11T13:19:53Z">Published: November 11, 2024 1.19pm GMT</time> </div> </header> </div> </div> <div class="wrapper"> <div class="content-sidebar grid-four large-grid-four grid-last"> <section class="content-authors"> <div class="content-authors-synopsis"> <a href="#" class="content-authors-toggle"> <i class="icon-caret-down"></i> <i class="icon-caret-up"></i> <span class="nobr">Enayat Nasir</span>, <em class="institution_name">University at Albany, State University of New York</em> </a> </div> <div class="content-authors-group"> <h3 class="border">Author</h3> <ol> <li class="vcard" id="author-605224" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <a rel="author" itemprop="url" href="/profiles/enayat-nasir-1517803"> <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/1517803/width170/file-20240307-16-i5citw.jpg" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/author/width170_default-bea415b3a0223821a698f6e3f6d5ab99.jpg" itemprop="image"> <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name"> Enayat Nasir </span> </a> <p class="role"> Doctoral Research Assistant in Educational Policy, University at Albany, State University of New York </p> </li> </ol> </div> </section> <section class="content-disclosure-statement"> <h3 class="border">Disclosure statement</h3> <p><span>Enayat Nasir, Fulbright alumnus</span></p> </section> <section class="content-partners"> <h3 class="border">Partners</h3> <p class="disclosure-logo clearfix"><a class="logo" 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alt="A classroom of Afghan students -- mostly girls with headscarves -- sit on a floor in an Afghan school." class="lazyloaded" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/629906/original/file-20241104-17-uilwlz.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=24%2C16%2C5456%2C3631&q=45&auto=format&w=926&fit=clip" data-id="629906" itemprop="image"></div> <figcaption> Afghan students will get more lessons in religion and resistance under the Taliban’s proposed changes to their schools. <span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/afghan-primary-girl-students-attend-their-class-at-a-school-news-photo/2170159057?adppopup=true">Sanaullah Seiam</a></span> </figcaption> </figure> <div class="top"> <aside class="grid-two content-social-distribution"> <div class="copy-link"> <a class="copy-link-button" data-id="241087" target="_blank" rel="noopener" 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href="fb-messenger://share?link=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fhow-the-taliban-are-seeking-to-reshape-afghanistans-schools-to-push-their-ideology-241087%3Futm_source%3Dfb_messenger%26utm_medium%3Dbylinefb_messenger_button"><i class="icon-fb-messenger"></i> <span>Messenger</span></a> </div> </aside> <div id="native-share" style="height: 40px; visibility: hidden;" class="clear-both flex-row flex items-center h-10 !visible sm:hidden mb-2"> <div class="flex grow relative mr-2 h-10 bg-gray-50 border-none rounded-full pr-11 max-[300px]:hidden"> <div id="share-article-url" class="bg-transparent border border-solid !border-transparent cursor-text !rounded-l-full w-0 grow text-xs !overflow-hidden truncate focus:text-clip text-black py-2.5 !pl-3 !pr-0 z-0" tabindex="0"> https://theconversation.com/how-the-taliban-are-seeking-to-reshape-afghanistans-schools-to-push-their-ideology-241087 </div> <button aria-label="Copy article link" id="share-article-copy-url" class="bg-black border-none cursor-pointer rounded-full text-white absolute right-0 top-0 w-10 h-10 p-3 z-10 opacity-100 ease-in-out"> <svg aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke-width="2.0" stroke="currentColor" class="size-4"> <path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M13.19 8.688a4.5 4.5 0 0 1 1.242 7.244l-4.5 4.5a4.5 4.5 0 0 1-6.364-6.364l1.757-1.757m13.35-.622 1.757-1.757a4.5 4.5 0 0 0-6.364-6.364l-4.5 4.5a4.5 4.5 0 0 0 1.242 7.244" /> </svg> </button> <div id="share-article-message" class="absolute top-0 bottom-0 right-0 bg-green-600 rounded-full !flex flex-row items-center text-center text-transparent py-2 leading-none w-10 text-xs opacity-0 transition-all duration-300 ease-in-out"> <span class="grow"></span> <svg aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke-width="2.0" stroke="currentColor" class="size-4 mr-1"> <path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="m4.5 12.75 6 6 9-13.5" /> </svg> <span aria-hidden="true" class="leading-none text-xs text-left grow"> Link copied </span> </div> </div> <button id="share-article-native" class="bg-black border-none cursor-pointer text-white !flex flex-row shrink-0 items-center rounded-full text-black text-center py-3 px-3 max-[300px]:grow"> <span class="grow"></span> <svg aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke-width="2.0" stroke="currentColor" class="flex-none size-4 mr-1"> <path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M7.217 10.907a2.25 2.25 0 1 0 0 2.186m0-2.186c.18.324.283.696.283 1.093s-.103.77-.283 1.093m0-2.186 9.566-5.314m-9.566 7.5 9.566 5.314m0 0a2.25 2.25 0 1 0 3.935 2.186 2.25 2.25 0 0 0-3.935-2.186Zm0-12.814a2.25 2.25 0 1 0 3.933-2.185 2.25 2.25 0 0 0-3.933 2.185Z" /> </svg> <span class="leading-none text-xs font-bold mx-1 grow text-left"> Share article </span> </button> </div> </div> <div class="grid-ten large-grid-nine grid-last content-body content entry-content instapaper_body inline-promos" itemprop="articleBody"> <p>The Taliban takeover of Afghanistan in 2021 was a blow for education across the country – <a href="https://theconversation.com/i-spent-a-decade-helping-afghan-girls-make-educational-progress-and-now-the-taliban-are-using-these-3-reasons-to-keep-them-out-of-school-225956">but especially for girls and women</a>. Since then, the Taliban’s leaders have <a href="https://apnews.com/article/taliban-banned-afghanistan-girls-school-e49d168375edc1ef5df97fec301af662">outlawed education for girls after sixth grade</a>, <a href="https://www.voanews.com/a/taliban-expand-madrasas-may-never-reopen-girls-secondary-schools/7527909.html">expanded religious seminaries known as madrasas</a> ninefold and <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2023/dec/06/human-rights-watch-taliban-schools-damage-education-afghanistan">reintroduced corporal punishment</a> in schools.</p> <p>Now, the Taliban are continuing their assault on education for both boys and girls by changing the curriculum in grades 1-12. They <a href="https://www.ariananews.af/primary-school-curriculum-revised/">have already revised textbooks</a> up to eighth grade, and they’re <a href="https://tolonews.com/afghanistan-187043">on track to finish the rest</a> within months. After completion, the revised curriculum will go up for approval by the Taliban’s supreme leader and will likely be followed by swift implementation. The process is straightforward. The supreme leader of the Taliban controls education policy – including the curriculum. Once submitted to him, he has no reason to reject or delay the implementation.</p> <p>As an <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/enayat-nasir-1517803">educational policy scholar</a> who <a href="https://theconversation.com/i-spent-a-decade-helping-afghan-girls-make-educational-progress-and-now-the-taliban-are-using-these-3-reasons-to-keep-them-out-of-school-225956">pushed for educational progress in Afghanistan</a> before the Taliban takeover, I believe these changes echo the tactics of the Soviet-backed regime in the 1980s to <a href="https://www.csmonitor.com/1985/0326/opsych.html">impose an ideology through textbooks</a>. They also reflect the stifling climate of the 1990s, which <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/afghan-girls-education-taliban/2021/09/23/7e439a2c-1b05-11ec-bea8-308ea134594f_story.html">promoted violence and suppressed critical thinking in education</a>. By controlling education, the Taliban aims to instill their totalitarian and extremist religious-based ideology in young minds, ensuring their grip on power for generations to come.</p> <figure class="align-center "> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:66.71087533156499%;--background-color:#51342c"><img alt="Young girls in red overgarments and head coverings read passages from the Qur'an." class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/629908/original/file-20241104-17-hl46ba.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" data-srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/629908/original/file-20241104-17-hl46ba.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/629908/original/file-20241104-17-hl46ba.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/629908/original/file-20241104-17-hl46ba.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/629908/original/file-20241104-17-hl46ba.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/629908/original/file-20241104-17-hl46ba.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/629908/original/file-20241104-17-hl46ba.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></div> <figcaption> <span class="caption">The Quran, Islam’s sacred text, will become a more prominent part of Afghan education under a series of proposed changes by the Taliban.</span> <span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/afghan-girls-read-the-holy-koran-at-madrassa-abdullah-bin-news-photo/2168061921?adppopup=true">Wakil Kohsar via Getty Images</a></span> </figcaption> </figure> <h2>The curriculum changes</h2> <p>Afghanistan’s education system is centralized, meaning all schools follow a single curriculum. The <a href="https://planipolis.iiep.unesco.org/sites/default/files/ressources/afghanistan_nesp_iii_english_-_final_-_27-03-2017.pdf">current textbooks are the result of two decades of reforms</a> that followed the country’s recovery from the Soviet invasion and civil wars of the 1980s and 1990s. </p> <p>Since 2001, when the Taliban’s last regime fell, the Ministry of Education, in collaboration with international developmental agencies, undertook a critical revision of the national curriculum. This initiative aimed to make curriculum and textbooks <a href="https://preserve.lehigh.edu/lehigh-scholarship/graduate-publications-theses-dissertations/theses-dissertations/curriculum">inclusive, nondiscriminatory and free from promotion of violence</a> – a departure from previous textbooks that included <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40209794">illustrations of tanks, rocket launchers and automatic weapons</a>.</p> <p>In the last decade before the Taliban regained power, the Ministry of Education was still attempting to reform curriculum to focus on <a href="https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000378911">students’ personal and economic growth</a>. Unfortunately, the ministry never completed the reforms. </p><div class="slot clear" data-id="17"> <div class="inline-promos-skeleton"> <h5></h5> <button></button> </div> </div> <figure class="align-center "> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:66.57824933687002%;--background-color:#9c6655"><img alt="Armed soldiers stand near the entrance of a building as people and traffic can be seen in the background." class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/629909/original/file-20241104-17-w2vzo3.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" data-srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/629909/original/file-20241104-17-w2vzo3.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=399&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/629909/original/file-20241104-17-w2vzo3.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=399&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/629909/original/file-20241104-17-w2vzo3.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=399&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/629909/original/file-20241104-17-w2vzo3.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=502&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/629909/original/file-20241104-17-w2vzo3.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=502&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/629909/original/file-20241104-17-w2vzo3.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=502&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></div> <figcaption> <span class="caption">Taliban soldiers in Kabul, Afghanistan, on Oct. 16, 2024.</span> <span class="attribution"><span class="source">Wakil Kohsar via Getty Images</span></span> </figcaption> </figure> <p>Within a few months after their takeover in August 2021, senior Taliban leaders criticized the previous education system and curriculum, saying it was <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nFMa5Ie2KBU">brainwashing Afghan youth and weakening religious values</a>. They called for a reeducation campaign.</p> <p>Since then, the Taliban have been revising the curriculum and aggressively rewriting textbooks for grades 1-12. This is based on 26 recommendations from their education commission. Some of the changes approved by the commission include:</p> <p>1.) Removing <a href="https://amu.tv/90580/">subjects like formal art, civil education and culture</a>. Instead, schools are increasing time spent on religious studies.</p> <p>2.) Removing content about <a href="https://8am.media/eng/exclusive-taliban-modify-education-curriculum-to-propagate-violence-and-bigotry/">human rights, women’s rights, equal rights, freedoms, elections and democracy</a>.</p> <p>3.) Removing all images of living beings from textbooks, including pictures of humans, animals, sports and anatomy. The Taliban believe that only God creates living beings, and producing or distributing images of God’s creation is prohibited. </p> <p>4.) Adding religious material to the curriculum that enforces Taliban narratives. This includes teachings that <a href="https://8am.media/eng/exclusive-taliban-modify-education-curriculum-to-propagate-violence-and-bigotry/">justify violence against those who resist or oppose the Taliban’s views</a>.</p> <p>5.) Shaping student behaviors to fit the Taliban’s vision of society, similar to what they defined in recent <a href="https://theconversation.com/how-the-talibans-new-vice-and-virtue-law-erases-women-by-justifying-violence-against-them-239159">vice and virtue laws</a> that ban women’s voices and bare faces in public, among other rules.</p> <p>6.) Requiring schools to teach and assess students on “<a href="https://8am.media/fa/the-distribution-of-the-book-emirates-in-kandahar-schools-by-the-taliban/">emirate studies</a>,” which glorify Taliban leaders and their history by characterizing the Taliban takeover as a defeat of secular values, including equal rights, civil society and democracy.</p> <p>The Taliban have also <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-66636750">banned women from studying abroad</a>. In addition, they have prohibited the sale, purchase and reprinting of <a href="https://amu.tv/132630/">more than 400 science and philosophy books</a> and <a href="https://www.rferl.org/a/azadi-briefing-taliban-books-censorship-china-afghanistan-road/32783600.html">confiscated at least 50,000 books</a> on democracy, social and civil rights, art, literature and poetry from publishing houses, bookstores and <a href="https://amu.tv/133193/">public libraries</a>. </p> <p>A 2023 Human Rights Watch report noted an <a href="https://www.hrw.org/report/2023/12/06/schools-are-failing-boys-too/talibans-impact-boys-education-afghanistan">increase in corporal punishment in schools</a>. Even some teachers of nonreligious subjects, like math and science, now have to <a href="https://www.afintl.com/202210247419">pass the religious tests to remain employed</a>. </p> <p>Beyond shaping thought processes, the Taliban aim to influence students’ actions. Through rigid rules and corporal punishments – including <a href="https://www.hrw.org/report/2023/12/06/schools-are-failing-boys-too/talibans-impact-boys-education-afghanistan">humiliation, beating, slapping and foot whipping</a> – they seek to produce immediate behavioral changes that reflect their desired norms. Their ultimate goal is to cultivate individuals who embody the regime’s values and ideologies. </p> <figure class="align-center "> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:66.57824933687002%;--background-color:#4c372a"><img alt="Boys with skullcaps read passages from the Qur'an." class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/629910/original/file-20241104-15-i9zrvt.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" data-srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/629910/original/file-20241104-15-i9zrvt.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/629910/original/file-20241104-15-i9zrvt.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/629910/original/file-20241104-15-i9zrvt.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/629910/original/file-20241104-15-i9zrvt.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=502&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/629910/original/file-20241104-15-i9zrvt.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=502&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/629910/original/file-20241104-15-i9zrvt.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=502&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></div> <figcaption> <span class="caption">Art and music are being replaced by religious studies in Afghan schools.</span> <span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/afghan-boys-read-the-holy-koran-at-madrassa-abdullah-bin-news-photo/2168064699?adppopup=true">Wakil Kohsar via Getty Images</a></span> </figcaption> </figure> <h2>Consequences for Afghan students – and the world</h2> <p>During their first regime from 1995-2001, the Taliban used textbooks with biased content that promoted violent jihad. For example, the alphabet taught to first graders included teachings like <a href="https://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/en/reports/rights-freedom/going-back-to-school-2-looking-at-the-taleban-and-education-through-time/">“J” stands for jihad and “M” for mujahideen</a> – referring to Islamic guerrilla fighters. </p> <p>They <a href="https://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/en/reports/rights-freedom/going-back-to-school-2-looking-at-the-taleban-and-education-through-time/">increased religious education to 50%</a> of the curriculum and <a href="https://www.boell.de/sites/default/files/2022-04/Afghanistans-higher-education-during-the-taliban-rule.pdf">banned art, music and photography</a>. They deemed music against God’s will, according to their <a href="https://theconversation.com/what-sharia-means-5-questions-answered-79325">interpretation of Sharia</a>.</p> <p>As a result, <a href="https://www.boell.de/sites/default/files/2022-04/Afghanistans-higher-education-during-the-taliban-rule.pdf">academic freedom vanished</a>. <a href="https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000124627">Student enrollment dropped.</a> <a href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=a5b35f12c432e2fb2aa7db5db3f0553185d4c9ca">Families lost trust in schools</a>, and <a href="https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000124627">many teachers left the profession</a>, leading to the eventual collapse of the education system in the 1990s. </p> <p>The Taliban are threatening to do the same today with their latest curriculum changes. Schools may turn into indoctrination centers instead of places for real learning. I fear that the altered curriculum could breed mistrust in public education. Furthermore, the <a href="https://www.bbc.com/persian/articles/cp4zxpqlg2vo">Taliban removed</a> the <a href="https://wenr.wes.org/2016/09/education-afghanistan">2008 law that made school mandatory</a>. As a result, many parents may pull their kids from schools again.</p> <figure class="align-center "> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:66.71087533156499%;--background-color:#a26555"><img alt="An older man in a turban leads a group of young girls in colorful dresses and headscarves along a dusty terrain." class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/629914/original/file-20241104-19-gpgqy9.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" data-srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/629914/original/file-20241104-19-gpgqy9.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/629914/original/file-20241104-19-gpgqy9.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/629914/original/file-20241104-19-gpgqy9.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/629914/original/file-20241104-19-gpgqy9.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/629914/original/file-20241104-19-gpgqy9.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/629914/original/file-20241104-19-gpgqy9.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></div> <figcaption> <span class="caption">Afghan school girls walk back home in Balkh province on Oct. 22, 2024.</span> <span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/afghan-school-girls-walk-back-home-at-chahar-bolak-district-news-photo/2179438188?adppopup=true">Atif Aryan via Getty Images</a></span> </figcaption> </figure> <p>The ideologically driven curriculum also raises <a href="https://www.csis.org/analysis/future-assistance-afghanistan-dilemma">international concerns</a> and has already <a href="https://apnews.com/article/hrw-foreign-aid-afghan-health-taliban-e7202c08f2ad4f6eeed3df20f55d343a">led to cuts in foreign aid</a>. Donors won’t support institutions that promote discriminatory ideologies. This is straining an already vulnerable education system, threatening its survival. </p> <p>Ultimately, the Afghan people will bear the brunt of these policies, but the effects could spill beyond the country’s borders and impact the world.</p> </div> <div class="grid-ten grid-prepend-two large-grid-nine grid-last content-topics topic-list"> <i class="icon-tag"></i> <ul> <li class="topic-list-item"> <a href="/topics/education-274">Education</a> </li> <li class="topic-list-item"> <a href="/topics/afghanistan-613">Afghanistan</a> </li> <li class="topic-list-item"> <a href="/topics/taliban-615">Taliban</a> </li> <li class="topic-list-item"> <a href="/topics/violence-1264">Violence</a> </li> <li class="topic-list-item"> <a href="/topics/curriculum-1456">Curriculum</a> </li> <li class="topic-list-item"> <a href="/topics/corporal-punishment-1579">Corporal punishment</a> </li> <li class="topic-list-item"> <a href="/topics/indoctrination-2896">Indoctrination</a> </li> <li 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0!==arguments[3]?arguments[3]:{};return this.i18nFormat?.getResource?this.i18nFormat.getResource(t,e,n,r):this.resourceStore.getResource(t,e,n,r)}getUsedParamsDetails(){let t=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{};const e=["defaultValue","ordinal","context","replace","lng","lngs","fallbackLng","ns","keySeparator","nsSeparator","returnObjects","returnDetails","joinArrays","postProcess","interpolation"],n=t.replace&&!l(t.replace);let r=n?t.replace:t;if(n&&void 0!==t.count&&(r.count=t.count),this.options.interpolation.defaultVariables&&(r={...this.options.interpolation.defaultVariables,...r}),!n){r={...r};for(const t of e)delete r[t]}return r}static hasDefaultValue(t){const e="defaultValue";for(const n in t)if(Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(t,n)&&e===n.substring(0,12)&&void 0!==t[n])return!0;return!1}}class I{constructor(t){this.options=t,this.supportedLngs=this.options.supportedLngs||!1,this.logger=E.create("languageUtils")}getScriptPartFromCode(t){if(!(t=L(t))||t.indexOf("-")<0)return null;const e=t.split("-");return 2===e.length?null:(e.pop(),"x"===e[e.length-1].toLowerCase()?null:this.formatLanguageCode(e.join("-")))}getLanguagePartFromCode(t){if(!(t=L(t))||t.indexOf("-")<0)return t;const e=t.split("-");return this.formatLanguageCode(e[0])}formatLanguageCode(t){if(l(t)&&t.indexOf("-")>-1){let e;try{e=Intl.getCanonicalLocales(t)[0]}catch(t){}return e&&this.options.lowerCaseLng&&(e=e.toLowerCase()),e||(this.options.lowerCaseLng?t.toLowerCase():t)}return this.options.cleanCode||this.options.lowerCaseLng?t.toLowerCase():t}isSupportedCode(t){return("languageOnly"===this.options.load||this.options.nonExplicitSupportedLngs)&&(t=this.getLanguagePartFromCode(t)),!this.supportedLngs||!this.supportedLngs.length||this.supportedLngs.indexOf(t)>-1}getBestMatchFromCodes(t){if(!t)return null;let e;return t.forEach((t=>{if(e)return;const n=this.formatLanguageCode(t);this.options.supportedLngs&&!this.isSupportedCode(n)||(e=n)})),!e&&this.options.supportedLngs&&t.forEach((t=>{if(e)return;const n=this.getLanguagePartFromCode(t);if(this.isSupportedCode(n))return e=n;e=this.options.supportedLngs.find((t=>t===n?t:t.indexOf("-")<0&&n.indexOf("-")<0?void 0:t.indexOf("-")>0&&n.indexOf("-")<0&&t.substring(0,t.indexOf("-"))===n||0===t.indexOf(n)&&n.length>1?t:void 0))})),e||(e=this.getFallbackCodes(this.options.fallbackLng)[0]),e}getFallbackCodes(t,e){if(!t)return[];if("function"==typeof t&&(t=t(e)),l(t)&&(t=[t]),Array.isArray(t))return t;if(!e)return t.default||[];let n=t[e];return n||(n=t[this.getScriptPartFromCode(e)]),n||(n=t[this.formatLanguageCode(e)]),n||(n=t[this.getLanguagePartFromCode(e)]),n||(n=t.default),n||[]}toResolveHierarchy(t,e){const n=this.getFallbackCodes(e||this.options.fallbackLng||[],t),r=[],o=t=>{t&&(this.isSupportedCode(t)?r.push(t):this.logger.warn(`rejecting language code not found in supportedLngs: ${t}`))};return l(t)&&(t.indexOf("-")>-1||t.indexOf("_")>-1)?("languageOnly"!==this.options.load&&o(this.formatLanguageCode(t)),"languageOnly"!==this.options.load&&"currentOnly"!==this.options.load&&o(this.getScriptPartFromCode(t)),"currentOnly"!==this.options.load&&o(this.getLanguagePartFromCode(t))):l(t)&&o(this.formatLanguageCode(t)),n.forEach((t=>{r.indexOf(t)<0&&o(this.formatLanguageCode(t))})),r}}const F={zero:0,one:1,two:2,few:3,many:4,other:5},D={select:t=>1===t?"one":"other",resolvedOptions:()=>({pluralCategories:["one","other"]})};class M{constructor(t){let e=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{};this.languageUtils=t,this.options=e,this.logger=E.create("pluralResolver"),this.pluralRulesCache={}}addRule(t,e){this.rules[t]=e}clearCache(){this.pluralRulesCache={}}getRule(t){let e=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{};const n=L("dev"===t?"en":t),r=e.ordinal?"ordinal":"cardinal",o=JSON.stringify({cleanedCode:n,type:r});if(o in this.pluralRulesCache)return this.pluralRulesCache[o];let i;try{i=new Intl.PluralRules(n,{type:r})}catch(n){if(!Intl)return this.logger.error("No Intl support, please use an Intl polyfill!"),D;if(!t.match(/-|_/))return D;const r=this.languageUtils.getLanguagePartFromCode(t);i=this.getRule(r,e)}return this.pluralRulesCache[o]=i,i}needsPlural(t){let e=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{},n=this.getRule(t,e);return n||(n=this.getRule("dev",e)),n?.resolvedOptions().pluralCategories.length>1}getPluralFormsOfKey(t,e){let n=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]?arguments[2]:{};return this.getSuffixes(t,n).map((t=>`${e}${t}`))}getSuffixes(t){let e=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{},n=this.getRule(t,e);return n||(n=this.getRule("dev",e)),n?n.resolvedOptions().pluralCategories.sort(((t,e)=>F[t]-F[e])).map((t=>`${this.options.prepend}${e.ordinal?`ordinal${this.options.prepend}`:""}${t}`)):[]}getSuffix(t,e){let n=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]?arguments[2]:{};const r=this.getRule(t,n);return r?`${this.options.prepend}${n.ordinal?`ordinal${this.options.prepend}`:""}${r.select(e)}`:(this.logger.warn(`no plural rule found for: ${t}`),this.getSuffix("dev",e,n))}}const V=function(t,e,n){let r=arguments.length>3&&void 0!==arguments[3]?arguments[3]:".",o=!(arguments.length>4&&void 0!==arguments[4])||arguments[4],i=((t,e,n)=>{const r=m(t,n);return void 0!==r?r:m(e,n)})(t,e,n);return!i&&o&&l(n)&&(i=j(t,n,r),void 0===i&&(i=j(e,n,r))),i},U=t=>t.replace(/\$/g,"$$$$");class _{constructor(){let t=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{};this.logger=E.create("interpolator"),this.options=t,this.format=t?.interpolation?.format||(t=>t),this.init(t)}init(){let t=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{};t.interpolation||(t.interpolation={escapeValue:!0});const{escape:e,escapeValue:n,useRawValueToEscape:r,prefix:o,prefixEscaped:i,suffix:s,suffixEscaped:a,formatSeparator:u,unescapeSuffix:c,unescapePrefix:l,nestingPrefix:f,nestingPrefixEscaped:p,nestingSuffix:h,nestingSuffixEscaped:d,nestingOptionsSeparator:g,maxReplaces:v,alwaysFormat:y}=t.interpolation;this.escape=void 0!==e?e:O,this.escapeValue=void 0===n||n,this.useRawValueToEscape=void 0!==r&&r,this.prefix=o?x(o):i||"{{",this.suffix=s?x(s):a||"}}",this.formatSeparator=u||",",this.unescapePrefix=c?"":l||"-",this.unescapeSuffix=this.unescapePrefix?"":c||"",this.nestingPrefix=f?x(f):p||x("$t("),this.nestingSuffix=h?x(h):d||x(")"),this.nestingOptionsSeparator=g||",",this.maxReplaces=v||1e3,this.alwaysFormat=void 0!==y&&y,this.resetRegExp()}reset(){this.options&&this.init(this.options)}resetRegExp(){const t=(t,e)=>t?.source===e?(t.lastIndex=0,t):new RegExp(e,"g");this.regexp=t(this.regexp,`${this.prefix}(.+?)${this.suffix}`),this.regexpUnescape=t(this.regexpUnescape,`${this.prefix}${this.unescapePrefix}(.+?)${this.unescapeSuffix}${this.suffix}`),this.nestingRegexp=t(this.nestingRegexp,`${this.nestingPrefix}(.+?)${this.nestingSuffix}`)}interpolate(t,e,n,r){let o,i,s;const a=this.options&&this.options.interpolation&&this.options.interpolation.defaultVariables||{},u=t=>{if(t.indexOf(this.formatSeparator)<0){const o=V(e,a,t,this.options.keySeparator,this.options.ignoreJSONStructure);return this.alwaysFormat?this.format(o,void 0,n,{...r,...e,interpolationkey:t}):o}const o=t.split(this.formatSeparator),i=o.shift().trim(),s=o.join(this.formatSeparator).trim();return this.format(V(e,a,i,this.options.keySeparator,this.options.ignoreJSONStructure),s,n,{...r,...e,interpolationkey:i})};this.resetRegExp();const c=r?.missingInterpolationHandler||this.options.missingInterpolationHandler,f=void 0!==r?.interpolation?.skipOnVariables?r.interpolation.skipOnVariables:this.options.interpolation.skipOnVariables;return[{regex:this.regexpUnescape,safeValue:t=>U(t)},{regex:this.regexp,safeValue:t=>this.escapeValue?U(this.escape(t)):U(t)}].forEach((e=>{for(s=0;o=e.regex.exec(t);){const n=o[1].trim();if(i=u(n),void 0===i)if("function"==typeof c){const e=c(t,o,r);i=l(e)?e:""}else if(r&&Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(r,n))i="";else{if(f){i=o[0];continue}this.logger.warn(`missed to pass in variable ${n} for interpolating ${t}`),i=""}else l(i)||this.useRawValueToEscape||(i=p(i));const a=e.safeValue(i);if(t=t.replace(o[0],a),f?(e.regex.lastIndex+=i.length,e.regex.lastIndex-=o[0].length):e.regex.lastIndex=0,s++,s>=this.maxReplaces)break}})),t}nest(t,e){let n,r,o,i=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]?arguments[2]:{};const s=(t,e)=>{const n=this.nestingOptionsSeparator;if(t.indexOf(n)<0)return t;const r=t.split(new RegExp(`${n}[ ]*{`));let i=`{${r[1]}`;t=r[0],i=this.interpolate(i,o);const s=i.match(/'/g),a=i.match(/"/g);((s?.length??0)%2==0&&!a||a.length%2!=0)&&(i=i.replace(/'/g,'"'));try{o=JSON.parse(i),e&&(o={...e,...o})}catch(e){return this.logger.warn(`failed parsing options string in nesting for key ${t}`,e),`${t}${n}${i}`}return o.defaultValue&&o.defaultValue.indexOf(this.prefix)>-1&&delete o.defaultValue,t};for(;n=this.nestingRegexp.exec(t);){let a=[];o={...i},o=o.replace&&!l(o.replace)?o.replace:o,o.applyPostProcessor=!1,delete o.defaultValue;let u=!1;if(-1!==n[0].indexOf(this.formatSeparator)&&!/{.*}/.test(n[1])){const t=n[1].split(this.formatSeparator).map((t=>t.trim()));n[1]=t.shift(),a=t,u=!0}if(r=e(s.call(this,n[1].trim(),o),o),r&&n[0]===t&&!l(r))return r;l(r)||(r=p(r)),r||(this.logger.warn(`missed to resolve ${n[1]} for nesting ${t}`),r=""),u&&(r=a.reduce(((t,e)=>this.format(t,e,i.lng,{...i,interpolationkey:n[1].trim()})),r.trim())),t=t.replace(n[0],r),this.regexp.lastIndex=0}return t}}const H=t=>{const e={};return(n,r,o)=>{let i=o;o&&o.interpolationkey&&o.formatParams&&o.formatParams[o.interpolationkey]&&o[o.interpolationkey]&&(i={...i,[o.interpolationkey]:void 0});const s=r+JSON.stringify(i);let a=e[s];return a||(a=t(L(r),o),e[s]=a),a(n)}};class K{constructor(){let t=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{};this.logger=E.create("formatter"),this.options=t,this.formats={number:H(((t,e)=>{const n=new Intl.NumberFormat(t,{...e});return t=>n.format(t)})),currency:H(((t,e)=>{const n=new Intl.NumberFormat(t,{...e,style:"currency"});return t=>n.format(t)})),datetime:H(((t,e)=>{const n=new Intl.DateTimeFormat(t,{...e});return t=>n.format(t)})),relativetime:H(((t,e)=>{const n=new Intl.RelativeTimeFormat(t,{...e});return t=>n.format(t,e.range||"day")})),list:H(((t,e)=>{const n=new Intl.ListFormat(t,{...e});return t=>n.format(t)}))},this.init(t)}init(t){let e=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{interpolation:{}};this.formatSeparator=e.interpolation.formatSeparator||","}add(t,e){this.formats[t.toLowerCase().trim()]=e}addCached(t,e){this.formats[t.toLowerCase().trim()]=H(e)}format(t,e,n){let r=arguments.length>3&&void 0!==arguments[3]?arguments[3]:{};const o=e.split(this.formatSeparator);if(o.length>1&&o[0].indexOf("(")>1&&o[0].indexOf(")")<0&&o.find((t=>t.indexOf(")")>-1))){const t=o.findIndex((t=>t.indexOf(")")>-1));o[0]=[o[0],...o.splice(1,t)].join(this.formatSeparator)}return o.reduce(((t,e)=>{const{formatName:o,formatOptions:i}=(t=>{let e=t.toLowerCase().trim();const n={};if(t.indexOf("(")>-1){const r=t.split("(");e=r[0].toLowerCase().trim();const o=r[1].substring(0,r[1].length-1);"currency"===e&&o.indexOf(":")<0?n.currency||(n.currency=o.trim()):"relativetime"===e&&o.indexOf(":")<0?n.range||(n.range=o.trim()):o.split(";").forEach((t=>{if(t){const[e,...r]=t.split(":"),o=r.join(":").trim().replace(/^'+|'+$/g,""),i=e.trim();n[i]||(n[i]=o),"false"===o&&(n[i]=!1),"true"===o&&(n[i]=!0),isNaN(o)||(n[i]=parseInt(o,10))}}))}return{formatName:e,formatOptions:n}})(e);if(this.formats[o]){let e=t;try{const s=r?.formatParams?.[r.interpolationkey]||{},a=s.locale||s.lng||r.locale||r.lng||n;e=this.formats[o](t,a,{...i,...r,...s})}catch(t){this.logger.warn(t)}return e}return this.logger.warn(`there was no format function for ${o}`),t}),t)}}class z extends C{constructor(t,e,n){let r=arguments.length>3&&void 0!==arguments[3]?arguments[3]:{};super(),this.backend=t,this.store=e,this.services=n,this.languageUtils=n.languageUtils,this.options=r,this.logger=E.create("backendConnector"),this.waitingReads=[],this.maxParallelReads=r.maxParallelReads||10,this.readingCalls=0,this.maxRetries=r.maxRetries>=0?r.maxRetries:5,this.retryTimeout=r.retryTimeout>=1?r.retryTimeout:350,this.state={},this.queue=[],this.backend?.init?.(n,r.backend,r)}queueLoad(t,e,n,r){const o={},i={},s={},a={};return t.forEach((t=>{let r=!0;e.forEach((e=>{const s=`${t}|${e}`;!n.reload&&this.store.hasResourceBundle(t,e)?this.state[s]=2:this.state[s]<0||(1===this.state[s]?void 0===i[s]&&(i[s]=!0):(this.state[s]=1,r=!1,void 0===i[s]&&(i[s]=!0),void 0===o[s]&&(o[s]=!0),void 0===a[e]&&(a[e]=!0)))})),r||(s[t]=!0)})),(Object.keys(o).length||Object.keys(i).length)&&this.queue.push({pending:i,pendingCount:Object.keys(i).length,loaded:{},errors:[],callback:r}),{toLoad:Object.keys(o),pending:Object.keys(i),toLoadLanguages:Object.keys(s),toLoadNamespaces:Object.keys(a)}}loaded(t,e,n){const r=t.split("|"),o=r[0],i=r[1];e&&this.emit("failedLoading",o,i,e),!e&&n&&this.store.addResourceBundle(o,i,n,void 0,void 0,{skipCopy:!0}),this.state[t]=e?-1:2,e&&n&&(this.state[t]=0);const s={};this.queue.forEach((n=>{((t,e,n)=>{const{obj:r,k:o}=v(t,e,Object);r[o]=r[o]||[],r[o].push(n)})(n.loaded,[o],i),((t,e)=>{void 0!==t.pending[e]&&(delete t.pending[e],t.pendingCount--)})(n,t),e&&n.errors.push(e),0!==n.pendingCount||n.done||(Object.keys(n.loaded).forEach((t=>{s[t]||(s[t]={});const e=n.loaded[t];e.length&&e.forEach((e=>{void 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n=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]?arguments[2]:{},r=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0;if(!this.backend)return this.logger.warn("No backend was added via i18next.use. Will not load resources."),r&&r();l(t)&&(t=this.languageUtils.toResolveHierarchy(t)),l(e)&&(e=[e]);const o=this.queueLoad(t,e,n,r);if(!o.toLoad.length)return o.pending.length||r(),null;o.toLoad.forEach((t=>{this.loadOne(t)}))}load(t,e,n){this.prepareLoading(t,e,{},n)}reload(t,e,n){this.prepareLoading(t,e,{reload:!0},n)}loadOne(t){let e=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:"";const n=t.split("|"),r=n[0],o=n[1];this.read(r,o,"read",void 0,void 0,((n,i)=>{n&&this.logger.warn(`${e}loading namespace ${o} for language ${r} failed`,n),!n&&i&&this.logger.log(`${e}loaded namespace ${o} for language ${r}`,i),this.loaded(t,n,i)}))}saveMissing(t,e,n,r,o){let i=arguments.length>5&&void 0!==arguments[5]?arguments[5]:{},s=arguments.length>6&&void 0!==arguments[6]?arguments[6]:()=>{};if(!this.services?.utils?.hasLoadedNamespace||this.services?.utils?.hasLoadedNamespace(e)){if(null!=n&&""!==n){if(this.backend?.create){const a={...i,isUpdate:o},u=this.backend.create.bind(this.backend);if(u.length<6)try{let o;o=5===u.length?u(t,e,n,r,a):u(t,e,n,r),o&&"function"==typeof o.then?o.then((t=>s(null,t))).catch(s):s(null,o)}catch(t){s(t)}else u(t,e,n,r,s,a)}t&&t[0]&&this.store.addResource(t[0],e,n,r)}}else this.logger.warn(`did not save key "${n}" as the namespace "${e}" was not yet loaded`,"This means something IS WRONG in your setup. You access the t function before i18next.init / i18next.loadNamespace / i18next.changeLanguage was done. 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o=function(t,e){let i;if("object"!=typeof e){for(var s=arguments.length,a=new Array(s>2?s-2:0),u=2;u<s;u++)a[u-2]=arguments[u];i=r.options.overloadTranslationOptionHandler([t,e].concat(a))}else i={...e};i.lng=i.lng||o.lng,i.lngs=i.lngs||o.lngs,i.ns=i.ns||o.ns,""!==i.keyPrefix&&(i.keyPrefix=i.keyPrefix||n||o.keyPrefix);const c=r.options.keySeparator||".";let l;return l=i.keyPrefix&&Array.isArray(t)?t.map((t=>`${i.keyPrefix}${c}${t}`)):i.keyPrefix?`${i.keyPrefix}${c}${t}`:t,r.t(l,i)};return l(t)?o.lng=t:o.lngs=t,o.ns=e,o.keyPrefix=n,o}t(){for(var t=arguments.length,e=new Array(t),n=0;n<t;n++)e[n]=arguments[n];return this.translator?.translate(...e)}exists(){for(var t=arguments.length,e=new Array(t),n=0;n<t;n++)e[n]=arguments[n];return this.translator?.exists(...e)}setDefaultNamespace(t){this.options.defaultNS=t}hasLoadedNamespace(t){let e=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{};if(!this.isInitialized)return this.logger.warn("hasLoadedNamespace: i18next was not 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r=this.options.preload||[],o=t.filter((t=>r.indexOf(t)<0&&this.services.languageUtils.isSupportedCode(t)));return o.length?(this.options.preload=r.concat(o),this.loadResources((t=>{n.resolve(),e&&e(t)})),n):(e&&e(),Promise.resolve())}dir(t){if(t||(t=this.resolvedLanguage||(this.languages?.length>0?this.languages[0]:this.language)),!t)return"rtl";const e=this.services?.languageUtils||new I(B());return["ar","shu","sqr","ssh","xaa","yhd","yud","aao","abh","abv","acm","acq","acw","acx","acy","adf","ads","aeb","aec","afb","ajp","apc","apd","arb","arq","ars","ary","arz","auz","avl","ayh","ayl","ayn","ayp","bbz","pga","he","iw","ps","pbt","pbu","pst","prp","prd","ug","ur","ydd","yds","yih","ji","yi","hbo","men","xmn","fa","jpr","peo","pes","prs","dv","sam","ckb"].indexOf(e.getLanguagePartFromCode(t))>-1||t.toLowerCase().indexOf("-arab")>1?"rtl":"ltr"}static createInstance(){return new J(arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{},arguments.length>1?arguments[1]:void 0)}cloneInstance(){let t=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{},e=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:G;const n=t.forkResourceStore;n&&delete t.forkResourceStore;const r={...this.options,...t,isClone:!0},o=new J(r);void 0===t.debug&&void 0===t.prefix||(o.logger=o.logger.clone(t));if(["store","services","language"].forEach((t=>{o[t]=this[t]})),o.services={...this.services},o.services.utils={hasLoadedNamespace:o.hasLoadedNamespace.bind(o)},n){const t=Object.keys(this.store.data).reduce(((t,e)=>(t[e]={...this.store.data[e]},Object.keys(t[e]).reduce(((n,r)=>(n[r]={...t[e][r]},n)),{}))),{});o.store=new N(t,r),o.services.resourceStore=o.store}return o.translator=new T(o.services,r),o.translator.on("*",(function(t){for(var e=arguments.length,n=new 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