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Il d\u00e9signe alors une poign\u00e9e de maladies humaines dont on sait qu\u2019elles sont transmises par des animaux. Rest\u00e9 longtemps peu utilis\u00e9, il le devient beaucoup \u00e0 partir du d\u00e9but du xxi e \u00a0si\u00e8cle, car on l\u2019associe \u00e0 des maladies r\u00e9cemment \u00e9mergentes comme la fi\u00e8vre\u00a0Ebola, le SRAS, le MERS et, depuis 2020, la Covid-19 . Or, si \u00ab\u00a0zoonose\u00a0\u00bb qualifie bien l\u2019existence d\u2019un lien entre animal et maladie, le contenu de ce lien est loin d\u2019\u00eatre pr\u00e9cis et ne se limite certainement pas aux pathologies \u00e9mergentes. Ainsi, le dictionnaire Le Robert d\u00e9finit u...","url":"https:\/\/www.universalis.fr\/encyclopedie\/zoonoses\/","wordCount":"4529","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.universalis.fr\/_web\/static\/icons\/favicon.png"},"isPartOf":{"@type":"WebPage","url":"https:\/\/www.universalis.fr\/encyclopedie\/zoonoses\/","name":"ZOONOSES"},"author":[{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Gabriel GACHELIN","familyName":"GACHELIN","givenName":"Gabriel","description":"Chercheur en histoire des sciences, universit\u00e9 Paris VII-Denis-Diderot, ancien chef de service \u00e0 l'Institut Pasteur.","url":"https:\/\/www.universalis.fr\/auteurs\/gabriel-gachelin\/"}],"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Encyclop\u00e6dia 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Sites internet </a> </li> </ul> <button class="btn btn-sm btn-universalis" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#free-toc" aria-expanded="false" title="Afficher / masquer le sommaire"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-eye"></i> Sommaire </button> </div> <h1 class="mb-1"> <strong>ZOONOSES</strong> </h1> <ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><div class="content paged type-article" ><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yC210066_0"><i class="anchor" id="yC210066_0"></i><p>Créé par l’association des mots grecs <em>zoon</em> (« animal ») et <em>nosos</em> (« maladie »), le mot « zoonose » apparaît au milieu du <span class="pc">xix</span><sup>e</sup> siècle. Il désigne alors une poignée de maladies humaines dont on sait qu’elles sont transmises par des animaux. Resté longtemps peu utilisé, il le devient beaucoup à partir du début du <span class="pc">xxi</span><sup>e</sup> siècle, car on l’associe à des maladies récemment émergentes comme la fièvre Ebola, le SRAS, le MERS et, depuis 2020, la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le terme Covid-19 désigne une maladie infectieuse respiratoire à travers son acronyme anglais (Co- pour corona , -vi- pour virus , -d pour disease , « maladie » en anglais), le nombre 19 indiquant l’année de son apparition (2019). Provoquée par un virus , le coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (pour severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ), elle a été identifiée officielle..." title="Article : COVID-19" href="/encyclopedie/covid-19/">Covid-19</a>. Or, si « zoonose » qualifie bien l’existence d’un lien entre <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Contrairement à ce que l'on pourrait penser, le mot animal est difficile à définir. Le principe des critères communs aux animaux, la place de l'homme par rapport à l'animal et la délimitation de l'ensemble des espèces dites animales ont constitué de sérieux problèmes, tant scientifiques que philosophiques. En dépit d'une clôture apparente du questionnement sur ce qu'est un animal, une ..." title="Article : ANIMAL" href="/encyclopedie/animal/">animal</a> et maladie, le contenu de ce lien est loin d’être précis et ne se limite certainement pas aux pathologies émergentes. Ainsi, le dictionnaire <em>Le </em><em>Robert</em> définit une zoonose comme « une maladie infectieuse des animaux vertébrés transmissible à l’être humain (ex. rage) ». L’adjectif « vertébré » écarte donc de cette définition des maladies comme le <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Maladie la plus répandue dans le monde, le paludisme est une affection parasitaire fébrile, due à un protozoaire, l'hématozoaire de Laveran, transmis à l'homme par la piqûre d'un moustique du genre Anopheles . Les statistiques concernant la maladie sont assez peu précises ; selon les estimations de l'Organisation mondiale de la santé (OMS), plus de 2 milliards de personnes..." title="Article : PALUDISME ou MALARIA" href="/encyclopedie/paludisme-malaria/">paludisme</a> et les <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Dans le langage courant, le terme « ver » désigne des animaux caractérisés essentiellement par une forme allongée, une certaine mollesse, le corps ne comprenant aucun élément dur, ni extérieur ni intérieur, et enfin l'absence de pattes ou la présence de pattes très réduites. C'est pourquoi des animaux aussi différents qu'un ver plat (Ténia), un ver rond (Ascaris), un ver de terr..." title="Article : VERS, invertébrés" href="/encyclopedie/vers-invertebres/">vers</a> parasites, transmises essentiellement par des animaux sans vertèbres. L’Organisation mondiale de la santé (OMS) quant à elle donne une définition plus large qui cependant fluctue selon les textes : les zoonoses sont « un groupe de <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Les maladies infectieuses, dites également maladies transmissibles, diffèrent des autres affections en ce que leur naissance requiert absolument la pénétration dans l'organisme hôte d'un agent infectant vivant. La spécificité de celui-ci apparaît, d'une part, dans le tableau clinique de la maladie et, d'autre part, dans son issue : la guérison correspond à un état d'immunité plus ou..." title="Article : MALADIES INFECTIEUSES" href="/encyclopedie/maladies-infectieuses/">maladies infectieuses</a> qui se transmettent naturellement de l'animal à l'homme ». Ici, l’animal n’est plus seulement un vertébré. L’emploi de l’adverbe « naturellement » peut en revanche surprendre : dans un contexte de perturbation des <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le terme « écosystème » désigne un groupe d'êtres vivants – parfois désigné sous le nom de biocénose (animaux, végétaux et microorganismes) – et de composantes physiques et chimiques – parfois regroupées sous le terme de biotope . Il correspond à une vision intégrative de la nature, centrée sur le concept d’interaction : toute composante de l’écosystème, vi..." title="Article : ÉCOSYSTÈMES" href="/encyclopedie/ecosystemes/">écosystèmes</a> par les sociétés humaines et d’émergence de maladies, la transmission peut-elle être qualifiée de « naturelle » ? Ailleurs, l’OMS pose que les zoonoses sont des maladies qui se transmettent « directement ou indirectement », c’est-à-dire que des événements successifs peuvent intervenir dans la circulation d’un agent infectieux entre l’animal et l’homme, sans qu’il y ait nécessairement un contact direct entre eux. La nature et le nombre des zoonoses se jouent donc sur le choix des critères d’inclusion : quelques centaines de maladies si l’on retient la définition du <em>Robert</em>, quelques milliers si l’on inclut les invertébrés, et les trois quarts des maladies humaines et animales selon la dernière définition de l’OMS citée. Comme pour « environnement », terme auquel « zoonose » est fortement associé, ce sont les contextes de l’utilisation du mot qui déterminent son acception. Cette imprécision pose problème : un terme aussi flou a-t-il vraiment son utilité en science ? On peut d’autant plus se poser la question que ses divers contenus semblent se dissoudre dans l’approche « One Health » (« une seule santé »), qui lie de manière plus générale la santé humaine à la santé animale et à l’environnement.</p><div class="clearfix"></div></div><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yC210066_1"><i class="anchor" id="yC210066_1"></i><h2>Les zoonoses en médecine vétérinaire et en santé publique</h2><p>Le terme <em>Zoonosen</em> apparaît en 1855 en titre d’un chapitre du traité de médecine <em>Handbuch</em><em> der </em><em>speciellen</em><em> Pathologie </em><em>und</em><em></em><em>Therapie</em><em>.</em> Le mot est au pluriel ; il regroupe le petit nombre de maladies alors connues pour être transmises aux humains par les animaux, comme la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Connue depuis l'Antiquité, mortelle en l'absence de traitement, la rage est toujours d'actualité en raison de son extension mondiale. La maladie a causé 55 000 décès dans le monde en 2004, essentiellement en Asie et en Afrique, et est resté à ce niveau depuis lors. L'Europe centrale, le Moyen-Orient, le continent américain constituent des zones d'endémie, alors que les îles Britanniqu..." title="Article : RAGE" href="/encyclopedie/rage/">rage</a>, la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Maladie infectieuse, virulente, inoculable et contagieuse, affectant essentiellement les équidés et transmissible à d'autres animaux et à l'homme. La morve est due à une bactérie aérobie spécifique, Burkholderia mallei, anciennement dénommé Malleomyces mallei (Bouchard, Loeffler, 1882) ; elle se caractérise par des formes aiguës ou chroniques, s'accompagnant d'ulcères et de réact..." title="Article : MORVE" href="/encyclopedie/morve/">morve</a> équine et la vaccine, et des maladies causées par divers animaux parasites.</p><div class="clearfix"></div><div class="media-container float-md-start me-2 col-md-3 text-center"><figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"><a data-ucode="PH220252" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Les zoonoses en politique" href="/media/les-zoonoses-en-politique-ph220252/"><img id="PH220252" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/2/c/csm_ph220252_ff30f5ec9a.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Les zoonoses en politique - crédits : Cham/ BnF, réserve des livres rares, cote : 4-LI3-402" data-description="Le mot zoonose apparaît en 1855. Rudolph Virchow l'applique, en 1859, à une maladie parasitaire, la trichinose, due à des vers transmis par de la viande de porc mal cuite. La maladie est fréquente en Europe du Nord, particulièrement en Prusse et en Pologne. La description de cette première zoonose…" data-copyright="Cham/ BnF, réserve des livres rares, cote : 4-LI3-402" width="1024" height="852" /></a><figcaption class="figure-caption"><p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Les zoonoses en politique </p><p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Cham/ BnF, réserve des livres rares, cote : 4-LI3-402 </p></figcaption></figure></div><p>En 1859, Rudolph Virchow introduit le mot dans le domaine de la « santé alimentaire » lorsqu’il démontre que le ver parasite <em>Trichinella</em><em></em><em>spiralis</em> est transmis à l’homme par la consommation de viande de porc mal cuite. Il qualifie la maladie qui en résulte, la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Affection résultant de l'infestation par le petit ver rond Trichinella spiralis . L'homme contracte habituellement la trichinose en consommant de la viande (de porc ou de cheval) insuffisamment cuite et contenant des larves encapsulées du parasite.. Dans l'estomac et l'intestin grêle, la membrane capsulaire est digérée et les larves libérées envahissent le revêtement muqueux de l'intest..." title="Article : TRICHINOSE" href="/encyclopedie/trichinose/">trichinose</a>, de zoonose – car causée par un animal – alimentaire – car le ver responsable infecte l’homme via son alimentation. La trichinose est alors un problème majeur de <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Dès que l’historien dispose de sources suffisamment précises, il perçoit que toutes les civilisations ont tenté de protéger la vie humaine, à partir de visions différentes – historiquement situées – de la vie, des corps et des éléments qui conditionnent la santé individuelle et collective du groupe.. Les épidémies qui, depuis la nuit des temps, font partie de l’histoire d..." title="Article : SANTÉ PUBLIQUE" href="/encyclopedie/sante-publique/">santé publique</a> en Europe du Nord, Prusse et <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="La Pologne est le plus important des dix États entrés dans l'Union européenne en mai 2004. Après quarante-cinq années passées sous domination soviétique, les nouveaux dirigeants du pays ont tous présenté cette adhésion comme un « retour » à l'Europe, une « réunification ». C'est dire combien la Pologne se considère enracinée dans la tradition occidentale. Majoritairement ..." title="Article : POLOGNE" href="/encyclopedie/pologne/">Pologne</a> en particulier. La découverte de Virchow aboutit à une amélioration de la sécurité alimentaire grâce à l’inspection des carcasses en abattoir dès 1869 en Prusse par des inspecteurs spécialisés, en particulier vétérinaires.</p><p>Puis, avec le développement de la <a href="javascript:" title="Lire la suite" class="read-more ms-1">[...]</a></p></div><div class="clearfix"></div></div><ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><div class="folio-block"><p class="folio-block-title text-center text-uc"><strong>La suite de cet article est accessible aux abonnés</strong></p><ul class="list-unstyled"><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Des contenus variés, complets et fiables</li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Accessible sur tous les écrans</li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Pas de publicité</li></ul><p class="text-center"><a href="/abonnement/" class="btn btn-cta text-uc" id="folio-button" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="Block bottom">Découvrez nos offres </a></p><p class="text-center text-sm"> Déjà abonné ? <a href="/identification/" id="folio-login">Se connecter</a></p></div><div id="ad_mpuslot" class="pub-container text-center"><div class="pub-placeholder"></div></div><section class="mt-3 mb-5"><i class="anchor" id="C210066_AUTHORS"></i><p class="title-minor">Écrit par</p><ul class="list-group"><li class="list-group-item" data-dc-author="GACHELIN, Gabriel"><a title="Auteur : Gabriel GACHELIN" rel="author" href="/auteurs/gabriel-gachelin/"><strong>Gabriel GACHELIN</strong></a> : chercheur en histoire des sciences, université Paris VII-Denis-Diderot, ancien chef de service à l'Institut Pasteur </li></ul></section><section class="mb-5"><div class="text-center mb-3 d-print-none"><a class="d-inline-flex flex-row justify-content-center align-items-center btn btn-light btn-large text-start" title="Carte mentale : ZOONOSES" href="/carte-mentale/zoonoses/"><i class="fa fa-sitemap fa-rotate-270 me-1 fs-1 text-universalis"></i><p class="m-0"><strong class="fs-4">Carte mentale</strong><br /> Élargissez votre recherche dans Universalis </p></a></div></section> <section class="mb-5 article-classification" data-print-label="la classification" data-print-target=".article-classification"> <i class="anchor" id="yC210066_ROOT_LINES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Classification</p> <nav aria-label="Classification 1"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Techniques" href="/classification/techniques/"> Techniques </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Agriculture et élevage" href="/classification/techniques/agriculture-et-elevage/"> Agriculture et élevage </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Élevage" href="/classification/techniques/agriculture-et-elevage/elevage/"> Élevage </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Médecine vétérinaire"> <a title="Classification : Médecine vétérinaire" href="/classification/techniques/agriculture-et-elevage/elevage/medecine-veterinaire/"> Médecine vétérinaire </a> </li> </ol> </nav> <nav aria-label="Classification 2"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Médecine" href="/classification/medecine/"> Médecine </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Pathologie" href="/classification/medecine/pathologie/"> Pathologie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Maladies infectieuses"> <a title="Classification : Maladies infectieuses" href="/classification/medecine/pathologie/maladies-infectieuses/"> Maladies infectieuses </a> </li> </ol> </nav> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none"> <i class="anchor" id="yC210066_MEDIAS"></i> <p class="title-minor">Médias</p> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12 col-md-4 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH220252" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Les zoonoses en politique" href="/media/les-zoonoses-en-politique-ph220252/"> <img id="PH220252" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/2/c/csm_ph220252_ff30f5ec9a.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Les zoonoses en politique - crédits : Cham/ BnF, réserve des livres rares, cote : 4-LI3-402" data-description="Le mot zoonose apparaît en 1855. Rudolph Virchow l'applique, en 1859, à une maladie parasitaire, la trichinose, due à des vers transmis par de la viande de porc mal cuite. La maladie est fréquente en Europe du Nord, particulièrement en Prusse et en Pologne. La description de cette première zoonose…" data-copyright="Cham/ BnF, réserve des livres rares, cote : 4-LI3-402" width="1024" height="852" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Les zoonoses en politique </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Cham/ BnF, réserve des livres rares, cote : 4-LI3-402 </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div class="col-12 col-md-4 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH220104" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Paysage à glossines" href="/media/paysage-a-glossines-ph220104/"> <img id="PH220104" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/e/b/csm_ph220104_bad9b9c8e1.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Paysage à glossines - crédits : Minden/ Hemis" data-description="La glossine, ou mouche tsé-tsé, est le vecteur de la maladie du sommeil. Elle vit en zone tropicale dans un habitat relativement spécifique, comme ici sur la rivière Lukoli en république du Congo, dans des zones d'herbes hautes au voisinage de cours d'eau. Les grands mammifères qui hébergent le…" data-copyright="Minden/ Hemis" width="1024" height="678" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Paysage à glossines </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Minden/ Hemis </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div class="col-12 col-md-4 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH200531" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Chasseurs de rats dans le port de Liverpool" href="/media/chasseurs-de-rats-dans-le-port-de-liverpool-ph200531/"> <img id="PH200531" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/a/1/csm_ph200531_45a5828012.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Chasseurs de rats dans le port de Liverpool - crédits : Wellcome Collection ; CC BY 4.0" data-description="Ce cliché représente des chasseurs de rats (1900-1920), avec l'ensemble de leur équipement. Ils recherchent dans les bateaux et les entrepôts du port de Liverpool des rats malades ou morts de la peste. Ils les immergent ici dans du pétrole pour recueillir leurs puces qui seront ensuite analysées. La…" data-copyright="Wellcome Collection ; CC BY 4.0" width="1024" height="775" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Chasseurs de rats dans le port de Liverpool </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Wellcome Collection ; CC BY 4.0 </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="text-center"> <a class="btn btn-sm btn-primary" rel="related" href="/medias/zoonoses/"> Afficher les 4 médias de l'article <span class="rg">ZOONOSES</span> <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i> </a> </div> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none learn-more"> <i class="anchor" id="yC210066_REFERENCES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Autres références</p> <ul class="list-group"> <li class="list-group-item"> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/anthropologie-des-zoonoses/"> <span class="rg">ANTHROPOLOGIE DES ZOONOSES</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Frédéric KECK</span> et <span rel="author">Christos LYNTERIS</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">3 954 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">4 médias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : ANTHROPOLOGIE DES ZOONOSES" href="/encyclopedie/anthropologie-des-zoonoses/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Chasseurs de rats dans le port de Liverpool - crédits : Wellcome Collection ; CC BY 4.0" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/a/1/csm_ph200531_6e84d3f110.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p>Depuis les années 2010, les anthropologues s’intéressent aux dispositifs visant à contrôler la transmission de <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Les maladies infectieuses, dites également maladies transmissibles, diffèrent des autres affections en ce que leur naissance requiert absolument la pénétration dans l'organisme hôte d'un agent infectant vivant. La spécificité de celui-ci apparaît, d'une part, dans le tableau clinique de la maladie et, d'autre part, dans son issue : la guérison correspond à un état d'immunité plus ou..." title="Article : MALADIES INFECTIEUSES" href="/encyclopedie/maladies-infectieuses/">maladies infectieuses</a> des animaux aux humains, maladies regroupées sous le terme de « zoonoses ». Les crises sanitaires liées à la maladie dite « de la vache folle » (1996), aux grippes...</p> </div> </li> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/arbovirus/#c17889"> <span class="rg">ARBOVIRUS</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Claude HANNOUN</span> et <span rel="author">Jean-François SALUZZO</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">1 867 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">1 média </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : ARBOVIRUS" href="/encyclopedie/arbovirus/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Aède (moustique) - crédits : khlungcenter/ Shutterstock" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/c/6/csm_ph991009_d362637f54.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> ...( fièvre jaune, « fièvres hémorragiques »), les formes nerveuses (encéphalites de Saint Louis, de Murray Valley, de West Nile, à tiques, japonaise). Certains de ces virus sont les agents de <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Créé par l’association des mots grecs zoon (« animal ») et nosos (« maladie »), le mot « zoonose » apparaît au milieu du xix e siècle. Il désigne alors une poignée de maladies humaines dont on sait qu’elles sont transmises par des animaux. Resté longtemps peu utilisé, il le devient beaucoup à partir du début du xxi e siècle, car on l’associe à des ma..." title="Article : ZOONOSES" href="/encyclopedie/zoonoses/">zoonoses</a>, maladies souvent graves, communes à l'homme et aux animaux comme le looping-ill ou les encéphalites... </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/brucellose-melitococcie-fievre-de-malte/"> <span class="rg">BRUCELLOSE </span><span class="rm">ou </span><span class="rg">MÉLITOCOCCIE </span><span class="rm">ou </span><span class="rg">FIÈVRE DE MALTE</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Henri-Hubert MOLLARET</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">1 372 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p>La brucellose (fièvre de Malte, <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Augmentation de la température corporelle ; elle apparaît dans de nombreuses manifestations pathologiques et doit être distinguée de l'élévation de la température due à l'effort, qui disparaît en quelques minutes. Le mécanisme de la fièvre, encore mal précisé, associe une élévation de la thermogenèse et une diminution de la déperdition de chaleur.. Le facteur commun de toutes les..." title="Article : FIÈVRE" href="/encyclopedie/fievre/">fièvre</a> ondulante, fièvre sudoro-algique, mélitococcie) est une maladie infectieuse commune à l'homme et à différentes espèces animales (essentiellement caprins, ovins, bovins, porcins), due à des microbes du genre <em>Brucella</em>.</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/cenuroses/"> <span class="rg">CÉNUROSES</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Yves GOLVAN</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">742 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> Les cénuroses sont des parasitoses graves, liées au développement, chez les animaux herbivores et, exceptionnellement, chez l'homme, des larves dites cénures de ténias appartenant au genre <em>Multiceps</em>. Un cénure est une larve vésiculaire contenant plusieurs têtes de ténia (ou scolex)....</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/maladie-du-charbon/"> <span class="rg">CHARBON </span><span class="pc">MALADIE DU</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Agnès FOUET</span> et <span rel="author">Michèle MOCK</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">1 942 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">1 média </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : CHARBON MALADIE DU" href="/encyclopedie/maladie-du-charbon/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Bacille charbonneux - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/4/5/csm_de030144_dc626dfb68.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> Le charbon, dénommé <em>anthrax</em> en anglais, est une maladie essentiellement vétérinaire. Elle touche tous les mammifères, y compris l'homme, à qui elle est transmise par les animaux ou des produits dérivés contaminés. Elle est non contagieuse d'homme à homme. On distingue trois formes humaines de la...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-unstyled text-center mt-3"> <a class="btn btn-sm btn-primary" title="Afficher la liste complète des références" rel="related" href="/index/zoonoses/"> Afficher les 38 références <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i> </a> </li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="col-lg-4 col-xl-3 px-0 d-none d-lg-block side-bar position-relative"> <div id="ad_rightslot" class="pub-container text-center"> <div class="pub-placeholder"></div> </div> <div id="ad_rightslot2" class="pub-container text-center"> <div class="pub-placeholder"></div> </div> <a class="wrapper cta" href="/abonnement" title="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro" data-matomo-category="CTA" data-matomo-name="Clic" data-matomo-value="Col right"> <img src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/b/6/csm_abo-3_f303c484f7.webp" class="full-height" loading="lazy" width="290" height="476" alt="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro"> </a> <div id="newsletter_subscription" class="wrapper p-3"> <p class="fs-3 fw-bold text-center text-light mb-1">Rejoignez-nous</p> <p class="text-center"> Inscrivez-vous à notre <strong>newsletter</strong></p> <div class="input-group mb-3"> <input type="text" class="form-control" placeholder="votre email"> <div class="input-group-append"> <button id="newsletter_subscription_button" class="btn btn-primary text-uppercase" type="button"> <strong>S'inscrire</strong></button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main> <div id="bandeau-footer"> <div class="container"> <p><a href="/abonnement" title="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro">Accédez à l'intégralité d'Universalis.fr <strong>sans publicité</strong></a></p> </div> </div> <footer class="container footer text-center d-print-none"> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-2"> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="http://www.encyclopaedia-universalis.fr/" title="Encyclopædia Universalis" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Encyclopædia Universalis </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="https://www.encyclopaedia-universalis.fr/nous-contacter/infos/" title="Contactez-nous" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank">Contact</a></li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a title="Mentions légales" rel="nofollow" href="/mentions-legales/">Mentions légales et politique de confidentialité</a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="https://abonnement.universalis.fr/typo3conf/ext/mailer/Resources/Public/Pdf/cgv.pdf" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" title="Conditions générales de vente">CGV</a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item d-none d-md-inline-block"> <a href="javascript:" id="rgpd" rel="nofollow" title="Consentement RGPD">RGPD</a> </li> </ul> <p class="mb-2">Consulter le <a title="Dictionnaire de l'Encyclopædia Universalis" href="/dictionnaire/"> dictionnaire de l'Encyclopædia Universalis </a> </p> <p class="mb-3">© 2024 Encyclopædia Universalis France. 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