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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Counterintelligence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Counterintelligence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suppression_of_resistance_and_persecution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suppression_of_resistance_and_persecution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Suppression of resistance and persecution</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Suppression_of_resistance_and_persecution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Suppression of resistance and persecution subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Suppression_of_resistance_and_persecution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Trade_unions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trade_unions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Trade unions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trade_unions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_dissent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_dissent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Religious dissent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_dissent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Homosexuality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Homosexuality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Homosexuality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Homosexuality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Student_opposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Student_opposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Student opposition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Student_opposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_opposition_and_military_conspiracy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_opposition_and_military_conspiracy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>General opposition and military conspiracy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_opposition_and_military_conspiracy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Organisation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Organisation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Organisation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Organisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Female_criminal_investigation_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Female_criminal_investigation_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Female criminal investigation career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Female_criminal_investigation_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Membership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Membership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Membership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Membership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population_ratios,_methods,_and_effectiveness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population_ratios,_methods,_and_effectiveness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Population ratios, methods, and effectiveness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population_ratios,_methods,_and_effectiveness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operations_in_Nazi-occupied_territories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operations_in_Nazi-occupied_territories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Operations in Nazi-occupied territories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operations_in_Nazi-occupied_territories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nuremberg_trials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nuremberg_trials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Nuremberg trials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nuremberg_trials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leadership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leadership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Leadership</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Leadership-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Leadership subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Leadership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Timeline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Timeline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Principal_agents_and_officers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Principal_agents_and_officers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Principal agents and officers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Principal_agents_and_officers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ranks_and_uniforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ranks_and_uniforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Ranks and uniforms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ranks_and_uniforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Gestapo</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 92 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-92" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">92 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Gestapo" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geheime_Staatspolizei" title="Geheime Staatspolizei – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Geheime Staatspolizei" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88" title="غيستابو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غيستابو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Gestapo" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Gestapo" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8B" title="গেস্টাপো – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গেস্টাপো" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Гестапа – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гестапа" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Таемная дзяржаўная паліцыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Таемная дзяржаўная паліцыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Gestapo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE" title="Гестапо – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гестапо" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Gestapo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Gestapo" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gestapo" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Gestapo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gestapo" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Gestapo" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geheime_Staatspolizei" title="Geheime Staatspolizei – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Geheime Staatspolizei" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Gestapo" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BA%CE%B5%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AC%CF%80%CE%BF" title="Γκεστάπο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γκεστάπο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gestapo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gestapo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gestapo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88" title="گشتاپو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گشتاپو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gestapo" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Gestapo" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Gestapo" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Gestapo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9F%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8B" title="ગેસ્ટાપો – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ગેસ્ટાપો" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B2%8C%EC%8A%88%ED%83%80%ED%8F%AC" title="게슈타포 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="게슈타포" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%B8" title="Գեստապո – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գեստապո" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Gestapo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gestapo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Gestapo" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gestapo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A4%D7%95" title="גסטפו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גסטפו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Gestapo" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D" title="გესტაპო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გესტაპო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE" title="Гестапо – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Гестапо" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE" title="Гестапо – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Гестапо" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Gestapo" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Gestapo" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geheime_Staatspolizei" title="Geheime Staatspolizei – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Geheime Staatspolizei" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestapas" title="Gestapas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gestapas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Gestapo" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Gestapo" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gestapo" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE" title="Гестапо – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Гестапо" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Gestapo" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8B" title="ഗസ്റ്റപ്പോ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗസ്റ്റപ്പോ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D" title="გესტაპო – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="გესტაპო" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88" title="جيستابو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جيستابو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gestapo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE" title="Гестапо – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Гестапо" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC%E1%80%95%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF" title="ဂက်စတာပို – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂက်စတာပို" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gestapo" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B" title="गेस्टापो – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="गेस्टापो" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B2%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%82%BF%E3%83%9D" title="ゲシュタポ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ゲシュタポ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gestapo" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Gestapo" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Gestapo" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gestapo" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B3%D9%B9%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88" title="گسٹاپو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="گسٹاپو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gestapo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gestapo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Gestapo" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE" title="Гестапо – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гестапо" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Gestapo" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Gestapo" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gestapo" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Gestapo" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Gestapo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Gestapo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%8E%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%BE%DB%86" title="گێستاپۆ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گێستاپۆ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE" title="Гестапо – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Гестапо" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Gestapo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Gestapo" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gestapo" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Gestapo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B7%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B" title="கெஷ்டாபோ – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கெஷ்டாபோ" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9E" title="เกสตาโพ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เกสตาโพ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE" title="Гестапо – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Гестапо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gestapo" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE" title="Гестапо – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Гестапо" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE" title="Гестапо – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гестапо" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B3%D9%B9%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88" title="گسٹاپو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="گسٹاپو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%90%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88" title="گېستاپو – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="گېستاپو" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Gestapo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Gestapo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9B%96%E4%B8%96%E5%A4%AA%E4%BF%9D" title="盖世太保 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="盖世太保" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A2%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%90" title="געשטאפא – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Secret police of Nazi Germany</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Gestapu" class="mw-redirect" title="Gestapu">Gestapu</a>, a military faction in Indonesia.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size: 125%;">Gestapo</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Geheime Staatspolizei</i></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Reichsadler_Deutsches_Reich_(1935%E2%80%931945).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Reichsadler_Deutsches_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/220px-Reichsadler_Deutsches_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Reichsadler_Deutsches_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/330px-Reichsadler_Deutsches_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Reichsadler_Deutsches_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/440px-Reichsadler_Deutsches_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1297" data-file-height="846" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R97512,_Berlin,_Geheimes_Staatspolizeihauptamt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R97512%2C_Berlin%2C_Geheimes_Staatspolizeihauptamt.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R97512%2C_Berlin%2C_Geheimes_Staatspolizeihauptamt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R97512%2C_Berlin%2C_Geheimes_Staatspolizeihauptamt.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R97512%2C_Berlin%2C_Geheimes_Staatspolizeihauptamt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R97512%2C_Berlin%2C_Geheimes_Staatspolizeihauptamt.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R97512%2C_Berlin%2C_Geheimes_Staatspolizeihauptamt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="546" /></a></span><br />Gestapo headquarters at Prinz-Albrecht-Straße 8 in Berlin (1933)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Agency overview</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formed</th><td class="infobox-data">26 April 1933<span class="noprint">; 91 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1933-04-26</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Preceding agency</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Prussian_Secret_Police" title="Prussian Secret Police">Prussian Secret Police</a> (founded 1851)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dissolved</th><td class="infobox-data">8 May 1945<span class="noprint">; 79 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend">1945-05-08</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Secret_police" title="Secret police">Secret police</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Jurisdiction</th><td class="infobox-data"><span data-sort-value="Germany"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/German-occupied_Europe" title="German-occupied Europe">Occupied Europe</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Niederkirchnerstra%C3%9Fe" title="Niederkirchnerstraße">Prinz-Albrecht-Straße</a> 8, <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a><br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Gestapo&params=52_30_25_N_13_22_58_E_type:landmark_region:DE-BE"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">52°30′25″N</span> <span class="longitude">13°22′58″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">52.50694°N 13.38278°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">52.50694; 13.38278</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Employees</th><td class="infobox-data">32,000 (1944 <abbr title="estimation">est.</abbr>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellately199244_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellately199244-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ministers responsible</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a> 1933–1934, <a href="/wiki/Minister_President_of_Prussia" title="Minister President of Prussia">Minister President of Prussia</a></li><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Frick" title="Wilhelm Frick">Wilhelm Frick</a> 1936–1943, <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_interior_ministers" title="List of German interior ministers">Interior Minister</a></li><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a>, Chief of the German Police, 1936–1945; Interior Minister, 1943–1945</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Agency executives</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Diels" title="Rudolf Diels">Rudolf Diels</a> (1933–1934)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallbaum200943_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallbaum200943-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich" title="Reinhard Heydrich">Reinhard Heydrich</a> (1934–1939)</span></li><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_M%C3%BCller_(Gestapo)" title="Heinrich Müller (Gestapo)">Heinrich Müller</a> (1939–1945)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent agency</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Allgemeine_SS" title="Allgemeine SS">Allgemeine SS</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reich_Security_Main_Office" title="Reich Security Main Office">Reich Security Main Office</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sicherheitspolizei" title="Sicherheitspolizei">Sicherheitspolizei</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Geheime Staatspolizei</i></span></b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ɡəˈhaɪmə<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈʃtaːtspoliˌtsaɪ]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/4\/47\/De-Geheime_Staatspolizei.ogg\/De-Geheime_Staatspolizei.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Geheime Staatspolizei.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/47/De-Geheime_Staatspolizei.ogg/De-Geheime_Staatspolizei.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-Geheime_Staatspolizei.ogg" title="File:De-Geheime Staatspolizei.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span>; <abbr title="translation">transl.</abbr><span> "Secret State Police"</span>), <a href="/wiki/Syllabic_abbreviation" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllabic abbreviation">abbreviated</a> <b>Gestapo</b> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ɡəˈstaːpo]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/a\/a1\/De-Gestapo.ogg\/De-Gestapo.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Gestapo.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a1/De-Gestapo.ogg/De-Gestapo.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-Gestapo.ogg" title="File:De-Gestapo.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChilders2017235_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChilders2017235-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was the official <a href="/wiki/Secret_police" title="Secret police">secret police</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and in <a href="/wiki/German-occupied_Europe" title="German-occupied Europe">German-occupied Europe</a>. </p><p>The force was created by <a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a> in 1933 by combining the various political police agencies of <a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Prussia" title="Free State of Prussia">Prussia</a> into one organisation. On 20 April 1934, oversight of the Gestapo passed to the head of the <i><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel</a></i> (SS), <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a>, who was also appointed Chief of German Police by Hitler in 1936. Instead of being exclusively a Prussian state agency, the Gestapo became a national one as a sub-office of the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sicherheitspolizei" title="Sicherheitspolizei">Sicherheitspolizei</a></i></span> (SiPo; Security Police). From 27 September 1939, it was administered by the <a href="/wiki/Reich_Security_Main_Office" title="Reich Security Main Office">Reich Security Main Office</a> (RSHA). It became known as <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Amt</i></span> (Dept) 4 of the RSHA and was considered a sister organisation to the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst">Sicherheitsdienst</a></i></span> (SD; Security Service). </p><p>The Gestapo committed widespread atrocities during its existence. The power of the Gestapo was used to focus upon political opponents, ideological dissenters (clergy and religious organisations), career criminals, the <a href="/wiki/Sinti" title="Sinti">Sinti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Roma</a> population, handicapped persons, homosexuals, and, above all, the Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson1999483–485_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson1999483–485-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those arrested by the Gestapo were often held without judicial process, and <a href="/wiki/Political_prisoner" title="Political prisoner">political prisoners</a> throughout Germany—and from 1941, throughout the occupied territories under the <a href="/wiki/Night_and_Fog_Decree" class="mw-redirect" title="Night and Fog Decree">Night and Fog Decree</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Nacht und Nebel</i>)—simply <a href="/wiki/Forced_disappearance" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced disappearance">disappeared</a> while in Gestapo custody.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnyder1994242_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnyder1994242-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contrary to popular perception, the Gestapo was actually a relatively small organization with limited surveillance capability; still it proved extremely effective due to the willingness of ordinary Germans to report on fellow citizens. During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the Gestapo played a key role in <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>. After the war ended, the Gestapo was declared a criminal organisation by the International Military Tribunal (IMT) at the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a>, and several top Gestapo members were sentenced to death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelarue1964393–394_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelarue1964393–394-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-K0108-0501-003,_Rudolf_Diels.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-K0108-0501-003%2C_Rudolf_Diels.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-K0108-0501-003%2C_Rudolf_Diels.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-K0108-0501-003%2C_Rudolf_Diels.jpg/255px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-K0108-0501-003%2C_Rudolf_Diels.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-K0108-0501-003%2C_Rudolf_Diels.jpg/340px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-K0108-0501-003%2C_Rudolf_Diels.jpg 2x" data-file-width="543" data-file-height="799" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Diels" title="Rudolf Diels">Rudolf Diels</a>, first Commander of the Gestapo; 1933–1934</figcaption></figure> <p>After <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> became <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">Chancellor of Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a>—future commander of the <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a> and the number-two man in the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a>—was named <a href="/wiki/Interior_Minister_of_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Interior Minister of Prussia">Interior Minister</a> of <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchheim1968145_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchheim1968145-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This gave Göring command of the largest police force in Germany. Soon afterward, Göring detached the political and intelligence sections from the police and filled their ranks with Nazis. On 26 April 1933, Göring merged the two units as the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Geheime Staatspolizei</i></span>, which was abbreviated by a post office clerk for a <a href="/wiki/Franking" title="Franking">franking</a> stamp and became known as the "Gestapo".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchheim1968146_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchheim1968146-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlaherty200464–65_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlaherty200464–65-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He originally wanted to name it the Secret Police Office (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Geheimes Polizeiamt</i></span>), but the German initials, "GPA", were too similar to those of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> <a href="/wiki/State_Political_Directorate" title="State Political Directorate">State Political Directorate</a> (<span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Gosudarstvennoye Politicheskoye Upravlenie</i></span>, or GPU).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirer1990270_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1990270-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first commander of the Gestapo was <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Diels" title="Rudolf Diels">Rudolf Diels</a>, a protégé of Göring. Diels was appointed with the title of chief of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Abteilung Ia</i></span> (Department 1a) of the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Secret_Police" title="Prussian Secret Police">Prussian Secret Police</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2006433_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2006433-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diels was best known as the primary interrogator of <a href="/wiki/Marinus_van_der_Lubbe" title="Marinus van der Lubbe">Marinus van der Lubbe</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_fire" title="Reichstag fire">Reichstag fire</a>. In late 1933, the Reich Interior Minister <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Frick" title="Wilhelm Frick">Wilhelm Frick</a> wanted to integrate all the police forces of the German states under his control. Göring outflanked him by removing the Prussian political and intelligence departments from the state interior ministry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlaherty200464–66_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlaherty200464–66-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Göring took over the Gestapo in 1934 and urged Hitler to extend the agency's authority throughout Germany. This represented a radical departure from German tradition, which held that law enforcement was (mostly) a <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Land</i></span> (state) and local matter. In this, he ran into conflict with <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel</a></i></span> (SS) chief <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a> who was police chief of the second most powerful German state, <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>. Frick did not have the political power to take on Göring by himself so he allied with Himmler. With Frick's support, Himmler (pushed on by his right-hand man, <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich" title="Reinhard Heydrich">Reinhard Heydrich</a>) took over the political police in state after state. Soon only Prussia was left.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlaherty200466_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlaherty200466-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R96954,_Berlin,_Hermann_G%C3%B6ring_ernennt_Himmler_zum_Leiter_der_Gestapo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R96954%2C_Berlin%2C_Hermann_G%C3%B6ring_ernennt_Himmler_zum_Leiter_der_Gestapo.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R96954%2C_Berlin%2C_Hermann_G%C3%B6ring_ernennt_Himmler_zum_Leiter_der_Gestapo.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R96954%2C_Berlin%2C_Hermann_G%C3%B6ring_ernennt_Himmler_zum_Leiter_der_Gestapo.jpg/255px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R96954%2C_Berlin%2C_Hermann_G%C3%B6ring_ernennt_Himmler_zum_Leiter_der_Gestapo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R96954%2C_Berlin%2C_Hermann_G%C3%B6ring_ernennt_Himmler_zum_Leiter_der_Gestapo.jpg/340px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R96954%2C_Berlin%2C_Hermann_G%C3%B6ring_ernennt_Himmler_zum_Leiter_der_Gestapo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="569" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a> at the meeting to formally hand over control of the Gestapo (Berlin, 1934)</figcaption></figure> <p>Concerned that Diels was not ruthless enough to effectively counteract the power of the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">Sturmabteilung</a></i></span> (SA), Göring handed over control of the Gestapo to Himmler on 20 April 1934.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200554_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200554-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also on that date, Hitler appointed Himmler chief of all German police outside Prussia. Heydrich, named chief of the Gestapo by Himmler on 22 April 1934, also continued as head of the SS Security Service (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst">Sicherheitsdienst</a></i></span>; SD).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams200161_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams200161-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Himmler and Heydrich both immediately began installing their own personnel in select positions, several of whom were directly from the <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Political_Police" title="Bavarian Political Police">Bavarian Political Police</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_M%C3%BCller_(Gestapo)" title="Heinrich Müller (Gestapo)">Heinrich Müller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franz_Josef_Huber" title="Franz Josef Huber">Franz Josef Huber</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Josef_Meisinger" class="mw-redirect" title="Josef Meisinger">Josef Meisinger</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuchelSchattenfroh198780_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuchelSchattenfroh198780-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the Gestapo employees in the newly established offices were young and highly educated in a wide variety of academic fields and moreover, represented a new generation of National Socialist adherents, who were hard-working, efficient, and prepared to carry the Nazi state forward through the persecution of their political opponents.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuchelSchattenfroh198782–83_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuchelSchattenfroh198782–83-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the spring of 1934, Himmler's SS controlled the SD and the Gestapo, but for him, there was still a problem, as technically the SS (and the Gestapo by proxy) was subordinated to the SA, which was under the command of <a href="/wiki/Ernst_R%C3%B6hm" title="Ernst Röhm">Ernst Röhm</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelarue2008102–103_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelarue2008102–103-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Himmler wanted to free himself entirely from Röhm, whom he viewed as an obstacle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200629_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200629-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Röhm's position was menacing as more than 4.5 million men fell under his command once the <a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">militias</a> and veterans organisations were absorbed by the SA,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenz200750_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenz200750-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a fact which fuelled Röhm's aspirations; his dream of fusing the SA and <i>Reichswehr</i> together was undermining Hitler's relationships with the leadership of Germany's armed forces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurleigh2000159_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurleigh2000159-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several Nazi chieftains, among them Göring, Joseph Goebbels, Rudolf Hess, and Himmler, began a concerted campaign to convince Hitler to take action against Röhm.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenz200751_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenz200751-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both the SD and Gestapo released information concerning an imminent <a href="/wiki/Putsch" class="mw-redirect" title="Putsch">putsch</a> by the SA.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenz200753_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenz200753-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once persuaded, Hitler acted by setting Himmler's SS into action, who then proceeded to murder over 100 of Hitler's identified antagonists. The Gestapo supplied the information which implicated the SA and ultimately enabled Himmler and Heydrich to emancipate themselves entirely from the organisation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDamsStolle201414–15_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDamsStolle201414–15-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the Gestapo, the next two years following the <a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Long_Knives" title="Night of the Long Knives">Night of the Long Knives</a>, a term describing the putsch against Röhm and the SA, were characterised by "behind-the-scenes political wrangling over policing".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDamsStolle201415_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDamsStolle201415-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gestapo_border_inspection_stamp_-_1938.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Gestapo_border_inspection_stamp_-_1938.jpg/170px-Gestapo_border_inspection_stamp_-_1938.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Gestapo_border_inspection_stamp_-_1938.jpg/255px-Gestapo_border_inspection_stamp_-_1938.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Gestapo_border_inspection_stamp_-_1938.jpg/340px-Gestapo_border_inspection_stamp_-_1938.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1091" data-file-height="1502" /></a><figcaption>1938 Gestapo border inspection stamp applied when leaving Germany</figcaption></figure> <p>On 17 June 1936, Hitler decreed the unification of all police forces in Germany and named Himmler as Chief of German Police.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams200177_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams200177-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This action effectively merged the police into the SS and removed it from Frick's control. Himmler was nominally subordinate to Frick as police chief, but as <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Reichsführer-SS</i></span>, he answered only to Hitler. This move also gave Himmler operational control over Germany's entire detective force.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2012204_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2012204-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Gestapo became a national state agency. Himmler also gained authority over all of Germany's uniformed law enforcement agencies, which were amalgamated into the new <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Ordnungspolizei" title="Ordnungspolizei">Ordnungspolizei</a></i></span> (Orpo; Order Police), which became a national agency under SS general <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Daluege" title="Kurt Daluege">Kurt Daluege</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams200177_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams200177-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly thereafter, Himmler created the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Kriminalpolizei" title="Kriminalpolizei">Kriminalpolizei</a></i></span> (Kripo; Criminal Police), merging it with the Gestapo into the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sicherheitspolizei" title="Sicherheitspolizei">Sicherheitspolizei</a></i></span> (SiPo; Security Police), under Heydrich's command.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2012201_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2012201-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Heinrich Müller was at that time the Gestapo operations chief.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeale2010132_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeale2010132-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He answered to Heydrich, Heydrich answered only to Himmler, and Himmler answered only to Hitler.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams200177_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams200177-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Gestapo had the authority to investigate cases of <a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">treason</a>, espionage, <a href="/wiki/Sabotage" title="Sabotage">sabotage</a> and criminal attacks on the Nazi Party and Germany. The basic Gestapo law passed by the government in 1936 gave the Gestapo <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Blank_cheque" title="Blank cheque">carte blanche</a></i></span> to operate without <a href="/wiki/Judicial_review" title="Judicial review">judicial review</a>—in effect, putting it above the law.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDamsStolle201417_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDamsStolle201417-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Gestapo was specifically exempted from responsibility to administrative courts, where citizens normally could sue the state to conform to laws. As early as 1935, a Prussian administrative court had ruled that the Gestapo's actions were not subject to judicial review. The SS officer <a href="/wiki/Werner_Best" title="Werner Best">Werner Best</a>, one-time head of legal affairs in the Gestapo,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNab2009156_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNab2009156-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> summed up this policy by saying, "As long as the police carries out the will of the leadership, it is acting legally".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirer1990271_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1990271-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 27 September 1939, the security and police agencies of Nazi Germany—with the exception of the Order Police—were consolidated into the <a href="/wiki/Reich_Security_Main_Office" title="Reich Security Main Office">Reich Security Main Office</a> (RSHA), headed by Heydrich.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2012469,_470_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2012469,_470-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Gestapo became <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Amt IV</i></span> (Department IV) of RSHA and Müller became the Gestapo Chief, with Heydrich as his immediate superior.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeale2010131_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeale2010131-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Heydrich's 1942 assassination, Himmler assumed the leadership of the RSHA until January 1943, when <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Kaltenbrunner" title="Ernst Kaltenbrunner">Ernst Kaltenbrunner</a> was appointed chief.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2012661_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2012661-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Müller remained the Gestapo Chief. His direct subordinate <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann">Adolf Eichmann</a> headed the Gestapo's Office of Resettlement and then its Office of Jewish Affairs (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Referat IV B4</i></span> or Sub-Department IV, Section B4).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeale2010145_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeale2010145-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a>, Eichmann's department within the Gestapo coordinated the mass deportation of European Jews to the Nazis' <a href="/wiki/Extermination_camps" class="mw-redirect" title="Extermination camps">extermination camps</a>. </p><p>The power of the Gestapo included the use of what was called, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Protective_custody_(Nazi_Germany)" title="Protective custody (Nazi Germany)">Schutzhaft</a></i></span>—"protective custody", a <a href="/wiki/Euphemism" title="Euphemism">euphemism</a> for the power to imprison people without judicial proceedings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUSHMM,_"Law_and_Justice_in_the_Third_Reich"_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUSHMM,_"Law_and_Justice_in_the_Third_Reich"-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An oddity of the system was that the prisoner had to sign his own <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Schutzhaftbefehl</i></span>, an order declaring that the person had requested imprisonment—presumably out of fear of personal harm. In addition, <a href="/wiki/Political_prisoner" title="Political prisoner">political prisoners</a> throughout Germany—and from 1941, throughout the occupied territories under the <a href="/wiki/Night_and_Fog_Decree" class="mw-redirect" title="Night and Fog Decree">Night and Fog Decree</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Nacht und Nebel</i>)—simply <a href="/wiki/Forced_disappearance" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced disappearance">disappeared</a> while in Gestapo custody.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnyder1994242_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnyder1994242-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Up to 30 April 1944, at least 6,639 persons were arrested under <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Nacht und Nebel</i></span> orders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGruchmann1981395_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGruchmann1981395-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the total number of people who disappeared as a result of this decree is not known.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManchester2003519_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManchester2003519-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Counterintelligence">Counterintelligence</h2></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Polish_government-in-exile" title="Polish government-in-exile">Polish government-in-exile</a> in London during World War II received sensitive military information about Nazi Germany from agents and informants throughout Europe. After <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Germany conquered Poland</a> (in the autumn of 1939), Gestapo officials believed that they had neutralised Polish intelligence activities. However, certain Polish information about the movement of German police and SS units to the East during 1941 <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">German invasion</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> was similar to information British intelligence secretly obtained through intercepting and decoding German police and SS messages sent by <a href="/wiki/Radio_telegraphy" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio telegraphy">radio telegraphy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2004262–274_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2004262–274-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1942, the Gestapo discovered a cache of Polish intelligence documents in <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a> and were surprised to see that Polish agents and informants had been gathering detailed military information and smuggling it out to London, via <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a> and <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>. The Poles identified and tracked German military trains to the Eastern front and identified four <a href="/wiki/Order_Police_battalions" title="Order Police battalions">Order Police battalions</a> sent to occupied areas of the Soviet Union in October 1941 that engaged in <a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">war crimes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mass_murder" title="Mass murder">mass murder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUS_National_Archives,_"German_Police_Records_Opened_at_the_National_Archives"_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUS_National_Archives,_"German_Police_Records_Opened_at_the_National_Archives"-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Polish agents also gathered detailed information about the morale of German soldiers in the East. After uncovering a sample of the information the Poles had reported, Gestapo officials concluded that Polish intelligence activity represented a very serious danger to Germany. As late as 6 June 1944, Heinrich Müller—concerned about the leakage of information to the Allies—set up a special unit called <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Sonderkommando Jerzy</i></span> that was meant to root out the Polish intelligence network in western and southwestern Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreitman2005139_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreitman2005139-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Austria, there were groups still loyal to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">Habsburgs</a>, who unlike most across the Greater German Reich, remained determined to resist the Nazis. These groups became a special focus of the Gestapo because of their insurrectionist goals—the overthrow of the Nazi regime, the re-establishment of an independent Austria under Habsburg leadership—and Hitler's hatred of the Habsburg family. Hitler vehemently rejected the centuries' old Habsburg pluralist principles of "live and let live" with regard to ethnic groups, peoples, minorities, religions, cultures and languages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoeckl-KlamperMangNeugebauer2018299–305_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoeckl-KlamperMangNeugebauer2018299–305-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Habsburg loyalist <a href="/wiki/Karl_Burian" title="Karl Burian">Karl Burian</a>'s (who was later executed) plan to blow up the Gestapo headquarters in Vienna represented a unique attempt to act aggressively against the Gestapo. Burian's group had also set up a secret courier service to <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Habsburg" title="Otto von Habsburg">Otto von Habsburg</a> in Belgium. Individuals in Austrian resistance groups led by <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Maier" title="Heinrich Maier">Heinrich Maier</a> also managed to pass along the plans and the location of production facilities for <a href="/wiki/V-1_flying_bomb" title="V-1 flying bomb">V-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/V-2_rocket" title="V-2 rocket">V-2 rockets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiger_tank" title="Tiger tank">Tiger tanks</a>, and aircraft (<a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt_Bf_109" title="Messerschmitt Bf 109">Messerschmitt Bf 109</a>, <a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt_Me_163_Komet" title="Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet">Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet</a>, etc.) to the Allies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroucek2008414_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroucek2008414-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Maier group informed very early about the mass murder of Jews. The resistance group, later discovered by the Gestapo because of a double agent of the Abwehr, was in contact with <a href="/wiki/Allen_Dulles" title="Allen Dulles">Allen Dulles</a>, the head of the US <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services" title="Office of Strategic Services">Office of Strategic Services</a> in Switzerland. Although Maier and the other group members were severely tortured, the Gestapo did not uncover the essential involvement of the resistance group in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Crossbow" title="Operation Crossbow">Operation Crossbow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Hydra_(1943)" title="Operation Hydra (1943)">Operation Hydra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThurner2017187_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThurner2017187-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoeckl-KlamperMangNeugebauer2018300_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoeckl-KlamperMangNeugebauer2018300-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Suppression_of_resistance_and_persecution">Suppression of resistance and persecution</h2></div> <p>Early in the regime's existence, harsh measures were meted out to political opponents and those who resisted <a href="/wiki/Nazism#Ideology_and_programme" title="Nazism">Nazi doctrine</a>, such as members of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany" title="Communist Party of Germany">Communist Party of Germany</a> (KPD); a role originally performed by the SA until the SD and Gestapo undermined their influence and took control of Reich security.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelarue2008126–140_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelarue2008126–140-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because the Gestapo seemed <a href="/wiki/Omniscience" title="Omniscience">omniscient</a> and <a href="/wiki/Omnipotence" title="Omnipotence">omnipotent</a>, the atmosphere of fear they created led to an overestimation of their reach and strength; a faulty assessment which hampered the operational effectiveness of underground resistance organisations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerson198550_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerson198550-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trade_unions">Trade unions</h3></div> <p>Shortly after the Nazis came to power, they decided to dissolve the 28 federations of the General German Trade Union Confederation, because Hitler—after noting their success in the works council elections—intended to consolidate all German workers under the Nazi government's administration, a decision he made on 7 April 1933.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2019311–312_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2019311–312-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a preface to this action, Hitler decreed May 1 as National Labor Day to celebrate German workers, a move the trade union leaders welcomed. With their trade union flags waving, Hitler gave a rousing speech to the 1.5 million people assembled on Berlin's <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Tempelhofer_Feld" title="Tempelhofer Feld">Tempelhofer Feld</a></i></span> that was nationally broadcast, during which he extolled the nation's revival and working class solidarity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2019312_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2019312-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the following day, the newly formed Gestapo officers, who had been shadowing some 58 trade union leaders, arrested them wherever they could find them—many in their homes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelarue200821_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelarue200821-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, the SA and police occupied trade union headquarters, arrested functionaries, confiscated their property and assets; all by design so as to be replaced on 12 May by the <a href="/wiki/German_Labour_Front" title="German Labour Front">German Labour Front</a> (DAF), a Nazi organisation placed under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Ley" title="Robert Ley">Robert Ley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2019312–313_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2019312–313-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For their part, this was the first time the Gestapo operated under its new name since its 26 April 1933 founding in Prussia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelarue200821_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelarue200821-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_dissent">Religious dissent</h3></div> <p>Many parts of Germany (where religious dissent existed upon the Nazi seizure of power) saw a rapid transformation; a change as noted by the Gestapo in conservative towns such as Würzburg, where people acquiesced to the regime either through accommodation, collaboration, or simple compliance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellately199294–100_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellately199294–100-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Increasing religious objections to Nazi policies led the Gestapo to carefully monitor church organisations. For the most part, members of the church did not offer political resistance but simply wanted to ensure that organizational doctrine remained intact.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonough200530–40_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonough200530–40-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the Nazi regime sought to suppress any source of ideology other than its own, and set out to muzzle or crush the churches in the so-called <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Kirchenkampf" title="Kirchenkampf">Kirchenkampf</a></i></span>. When Church leaders (<a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">clergy</a>) voiced their misgiving about the <a href="/wiki/Action_T4" class="mw-redirect" title="Action T4">euthanasia</a> program and Nazi racial policies, Hitler intimated that he considered them "traitors to the people" and went so far as to call them "the destroyers of Germany".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmid194761–63_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmid194761–63-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The extreme <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">anti-semitism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">neo-pagan</a> heresies of the Nazis caused some Christians to outright resist,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenz200742–47_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenz200742–47-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Pope Pius XI</a> to issue the encyclical <a href="/wiki/Mit_brennender_Sorge" title="Mit brennender Sorge">Mit brennender Sorge</a> denouncing Nazism and warning Catholics against joining or supporting the Party. Some pastors, like the Protestant clergyman <a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Bonhoeffer" title="Dietrich Bonhoeffer">Dietrich Bonhoeffer</a>, paid for their opposition with their lives.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonough200532–33_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonough200532–33-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an effort to counter the strength and influence of spiritual resistance, Nazi records reveal that the Gestapo's <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Referat B1</i></span> monitored the activities of bishops very closely—instructing that agents be set up in every diocese, that the bishops' reports to the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican</a> should be obtained and that the bishops' areas of activity must be found out. Deans were to be targeted as the "eyes and ears of the bishops" and a "vast network" established to monitor the activities of ordinary clergy: "The importance of this enemy is such that inspectors of security police and of the security service will make this group of people and the questions discussed by them their special concern".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerben1975141–142_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerben1975141–142-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i>Dachau: The Official History 1933–1945</i>, Paul Berben wrote that clergy were watched closely, and frequently denounced, arrested and sent to <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Nazi concentration camps</a>: "One priest was imprisoned in Dachau for having stated that there were good folk in England too; another suffered the same fate for warning a girl who wanted to marry an S.S. man after abjuring the Catholic faith; yet another because he conducted a service for a deceased communist". Others were arrested simply on the basis of being "suspected of activities hostile to the State" or that there was reason to "suppose that his dealings might harm society".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerben1975142_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerben1975142-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over 2,700 <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox</a> clergy were imprisoned at Dachau alone. After Heydrich (who was staunchly anti-Catholic and anti-Christian) was assassinated in Prague, his successor, Ernst Kaltenbrunner, relaxed some of the policies and then disbanded Department IVB (religious opponents) of the Gestapo.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteigmann-Gall2003251–252_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteigmann-Gall2003251–252-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Homosexuality">Homosexuality</h3></div> <p>Violence and arrest were not confined to that opposing political parties, membership in trade unions, or those with dissenting religious opinions, but also homosexuality. It was viewed negatively by Hitler.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellately2020176_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellately2020176-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Homosexuals were correspondingly considered a threat to the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Volksgemeinschaft</i></span> (National Community).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonough2017160_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonough2017160-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the Nazis rise to national power in 1933, the number of court verdicts against homosexuals steadily increased and only declined once the Second World War started.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellately2020176_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellately2020176-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1934, a special Gestapo office was set up in Berlin to deal with homosexuality.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonough2017181_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonough2017181-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite male homosexuality being considered a greater danger to "national survival", lesbianism was likewise viewed as unacceptable—deemed gender nonconformity—and a number of individual reports on lesbians can be found in Gestapo files.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellately2020176–177_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellately2020176–177-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1933 and 1935, some 4,000 men were arrested; between 1936 and 1939, another 30,000 men were convicted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonough2017180_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonough2017180-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If homosexuals showed any signs of sympathy to the Nazis' identified racial enemies, they were considered an even greater danger.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellately2020177_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellately2020177-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Gestapo case files, the majority of those arrested for homosexuality were males between eighteen and twenty-five years of age.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonough2017181_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonough2017181-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Student_opposition">Student opposition</h3></div> <p>Between June 1942 and March 1943, student protests were calling for an end to the Nazi regime. These included the non-violent resistance of <a href="/wiki/Hans_Scholl" title="Hans Scholl">Hans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sophie_Scholl" title="Sophie Scholl">Sophie Scholl</a>, two leaders of the <a href="/wiki/White_Rose" title="White Rose">White Rose</a> student group.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonough200521–29_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonough200521–29-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, resistance groups and those who were in moral or political opposition to the Nazis were stalled by the fear of reprisals from the Gestapo. Fearful of an internal overthrow, the forces of the Gestapo were unleashed on the opposition. Groups like the <a href="/wiki/White_Rose" title="White Rose">White Rose</a> and others, such as the <a href="/wiki/Edelweiss_Pirates" title="Edelweiss Pirates">Edelweiss Pirates</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Swing_Youth" class="mw-redirect" title="Swing Youth">Swing Youth</a>, were placed under close Gestapo observation. Some participants were sent to concentration camps. Leading members of the most famous of these groups, the White Rose, were arrested by the police and turned over to the Gestapo. For several leaders the punishment was death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliamson2002118–119_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamson2002118–119-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the first five months of 1943, the Gestapo arrested thousands suspected of resistance activities and carried out numerous executions. Student opposition leaders were executed in late February, and a major opposition organisation, the <a href="/wiki/Hans_Oster" title="Hans Oster">Oster Circle</a>, was destroyed in April 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelarue2008318_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelarue2008318-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Efforts to resist the Nazi regime amounted to very little and had only minor chances of success, particularly since a broad percentage of the German people did not support such actions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson1999306_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson1999306-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_opposition_and_military_conspiracy">General opposition and military conspiracy</h3></div> <p>Between 1934 and 1938, opponents of the Nazi regime and their fellow travellers began to emerge. Among the first to speak out were religious dissenters but following in their wake were educators, <a href="/wiki/Aristocratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aristocratic">aristocratic</a> businessmen, office workers, teachers, and others from nearly every walk of life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoffmann197728_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffmann197728-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most people quickly learned that open opposition was dangerous since Gestapo informants and agents were widespread. However, a significant number of them still worked against the National Socialist government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoffmann197729–30_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffmann197729–30-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 1935, the Gestapo broke up and arrested members of the "Markwitz Circle", a group of former socialists in contact with <a href="/wiki/Otto_Strasser" title="Otto Strasser">Otto Strasser</a>, who sought Hitler's downfall.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoffmann197730_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffmann197730-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the mid-1930s into the early 1940s—various groups made up of communists, idealists, working-class people, and far-right conservative opposition organisations covertly fought against Hitler's government, and several of them fomented plots that included Hitler's assassination. Nearly all of them, including: the Römer Group, Robby Group, <a href="/wiki/Solf_Circle" title="Solf Circle">Solf Circle</a>, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Schwarze_Reichswehr" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwarze Reichswehr">Schwarze Reichswehr</a></i></span>, the Party of the Radical Middle Class, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Jungdeutscher_Orden" class="mw-redirect" title="Jungdeutscher Orden">Jungdeutscher Orden</a></i></span>, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Schwarze_Front" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwarze Front">Schwarze Front</a></i></span> and <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Stahlhelm</i></span> were either discovered or infiltrated by the Gestapo. This led to corresponding arrests, being sent to concentration camps and execution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoffmann197730–32_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffmann197730–32-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the methods employed by the Gestapo to contend with these resistance factions was 'protective detention' which facilitated the process in expediting dissenters to concentration camps and against which there was no <a href="/wiki/Legal_defence" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal defence">legal defence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDamsStolle201458_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDamsStolle201458-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R98680,_Besprechung_Himmler_mit_M%C3%BCller,_Heydrich,_Nebe,_Huber2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R98680%2C_Besprechung_Himmler_mit_M%C3%BCller%2C_Heydrich%2C_Nebe%2C_Huber2.jpg/260px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R98680%2C_Besprechung_Himmler_mit_M%C3%BCller%2C_Heydrich%2C_Nebe%2C_Huber2.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R98680%2C_Besprechung_Himmler_mit_M%C3%BCller%2C_Heydrich%2C_Nebe%2C_Huber2.jpg/390px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R98680%2C_Besprechung_Himmler_mit_M%C3%BCller%2C_Heydrich%2C_Nebe%2C_Huber2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R98680%2C_Besprechung_Himmler_mit_M%C3%BCller%2C_Heydrich%2C_Nebe%2C_Huber2.jpg/520px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R98680%2C_Besprechung_Himmler_mit_M%C3%BCller%2C_Heydrich%2C_Nebe%2C_Huber2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="796" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption>Photograph from 1939: shown from left to right are <a href="/wiki/Franz_Josef_Huber" title="Franz Josef Huber">Franz Josef Huber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Nebe" title="Arthur Nebe">Arthur Nebe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich" title="Reinhard Heydrich">Reinhard Heydrich</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_M%C3%BCller_(Gestapo)" title="Heinrich Müller (Gestapo)">Heinrich Müller</a> planning the investigation of the bomb assassination attempt on <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> on 8 November 1939 in <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Early efforts to resist the Nazis with aid from abroad were hindered when the opposition's peace feelers to the Western <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a> did not meet with success. This was partly because of the <a href="/wiki/Venlo_incident" title="Venlo incident">Venlo incident</a> of 9 November 1939,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoffmann1977121_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffmann1977121-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which SD and Gestapo agents, posing as anti-Nazis in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, kidnapped two British <a href="/wiki/Secret_Intelligence_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Secret Intelligence Service">Secret Intelligence Service</a> (SIS) officers after having lured them to a meeting to discuss peace terms. This prompted <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> to ban any further contact with the German opposition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReitlinger1989144_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReitlinger1989144-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, the British and Americans did not want to deal with anti-Nazis because they were fearful that the Soviet Union would believe they were attempting to make deals behind their back.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The German opposition was in an unenviable position by the late spring and early summer of 1943. On one hand, it was next to impossible for them to overthrow Hitler and the party; on the other, the Allied demand for an unconditional surrender meant no opportunity for a compromise peace, which left the military and conservative aristocrats who opposed the regime no option (in their eyes) other than continuing the military struggle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHildebrand198486–87_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHildebrand198486–87-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the fear of the Gestapo after mass arrests and executions in the spring, the opposition still plotted and planned. One of the more famous schemes, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Valkyrie" title="Operation Valkyrie">Operation Valkyrie</a>, involved a number of senior German officers and was carried out by Colonel <a href="/wiki/Claus_Schenk_Graf_von_Stauffenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg">Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg</a>. In an attempt to assassinate Hitler, Stauffenberg planted a bomb underneath a conference table inside the <a href="/wiki/Wolf%27s_Lair" title="Wolf's Lair">Wolf's Lair</a> field headquarters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenz2007245–249_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenz2007245–249-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Known as the <a href="/wiki/20_July_plot" title="20 July plot">20 July plot</a>, this assassination attempt failed and Hitler was only slightly injured. Reports indicate that the Gestapo was caught unaware of this plot as they did not have sufficient protections in place at the appropriate locations nor did they take any preventative steps.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReitlinger1989323_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReitlinger1989323-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHöhne2001532_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHöhne2001532-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stauffenberg and his group were shot on 21 July 1944; meanwhile, his fellow conspirators were rounded up by the Gestapo and sent to a concentration camp. Thereafter, there was a show trial overseen by <a href="/wiki/Roland_Freisler" title="Roland Freisler">Roland Freisler</a>, followed by their execution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHöhne2001537_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHöhne2001537-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some Germans were convinced that it was their duty to apply all possible expedients to end the war as quickly as possible. <a href="/wiki/Sabotage" title="Sabotage">Sabotage</a> efforts were undertaken by members of the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Abwehr" title="Abwehr">Abwehr</a></i></span> (military intelligence) leadership, as they recruited people known to oppose the Nazi regime.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpielvogel1992256_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpielvogel1992256-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Gestapo cracked down ruthlessly on dissidents in Germany, just as they did everywhere else. Opposition became more difficult. Arrests, torture, and executions were common. Terror against "state enemies" had become a way of life to such a degree that the Gestapo's presence and methods were eventually normalised in the minds of people living in Nazi Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeukert1989198–199_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeukert1989198–199-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organisation">Organisation</h2></div> <p>In January 1933, Hermann Göring, Hitler's <a href="/wiki/Minister_without_portfolio" title="Minister without portfolio">minister without portfolio</a>, was appointed the head of the Prussian Police and began filling the political and intelligence units of the Prussian Secret Police with <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> members.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNab2009150_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNab2009150-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A year after the organisation's inception, Göring wrote in a British publication about having created the organisation on his own initiative and how he was "chiefly responsible" for the elimination of the <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxist</a> and Communist threat to Germany and <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManvellFraenkel201197_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManvellFraenkel201197-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Describing the activities of the organisation, Göring boasted about the utter ruthlessness required for Germany's recovery, the establishment of concentration camps for that purpose, and even went on to claim that excesses were committed in the beginning, recounting how beatings took place here and there.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManvellFraenkel201197–98_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManvellFraenkel201197–98-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 26 April 1933, he reorganised the force's <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Amt III</i></span> as the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gestapa</i></span> (better-known by the "<a href="/wiki/Sobriquet" title="Sobriquet">sobriquet</a>" Gestapo),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeale201285_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeale201285-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a secret state police intended to serve the Nazi cause.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNab2009150,_162_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNab2009150,_162-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Less than two weeks later in early May 1933, the Gestapo moved into their Berlin headquarters at Prinz-Albrecht-Straße 8.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuchelSchattenfroh198772_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuchelSchattenfroh198772-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a result of its 1936 merger with the Kripo (National criminal police) to form sub-units of the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Sicherheitspolizei</i></span> (SiPo; Security Police), the Gestapo was officially classified as a government agency. Himmler's subsequent appointment to <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Chef der Deutschen Polizei</i></span> (Chief of German Police) and status as <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Reichsführer-SS</i></span> made him independent of Interior Minister Wilhelm Frick's nominal control.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams200177_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams200177-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2012204_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2012204-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The SiPo was placed under the direct command of Reinhard Heydrich who was already chief of the Nazi Party's intelligence service, the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Sicherheitsdienst</i></span> (SD).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams200177_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams200177-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The idea was to fully identify and integrate the party agency (SD) with the state agency (SiPo). Most SiPo members joined the SS and held a rank in both organisations. Nevertheless, in practice there was jurisdictional overlap and operational conflict between the SD and Gestapo.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeale2010134,_135_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeale2010134,_135-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heinrich_M%C3%BCller.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Heinrich_M%C3%BCller.jpg/170px-Heinrich_M%C3%BCller.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Heinrich_M%C3%BCller.jpg/255px-Heinrich_M%C3%BCller.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Heinrich_M%C3%BCller.jpg/340px-Heinrich_M%C3%BCller.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="969" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_M%C3%BCller_(Gestapo)" title="Heinrich Müller (Gestapo)">Heinrich Müller</a>, Chief of the Gestapo; 1939–1945</figcaption></figure> <p>In September 1939, the SiPo and SD were merged into the newly created <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Reichssicherheitshauptamt</i></span> (RSHA; <a href="/wiki/Reich_Security_Main_Office" title="Reich Security Main Office">Reich Security Main Office</a>). Both the Gestapo and Kripo became distinct departments within the RSHA.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2012469,_470_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2012469,_470-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Sicherheitspolizei</i></span> was officially disbanded, the term SiPo was figuratively used to describe any RSHA personnel throughout the remainder of the war. In lieu of naming convention changes, the original construct of the SiPo, Gestapo, and Kripo cannot be fully comprehended as "discrete entities", since they ultimately formed "a conglomerate in which each was wedded to each other and the SS through its Security Service, the SD".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowder1996103_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowder1996103-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The creation of the RSHA represented the formalisation, at the top level, of the relationship under which the SD served as the intelligence agency for the security police. A similar co-ordination existed in the local offices. Within Germany and areas which were incorporated within the Reich for the purpose of civil administration, local offices of the Gestapo, criminal police, and SD were formally separate. They were subject to co-ordination by inspectors of the security police and SD on the staffs of the local higher SS and police leaders, however, and one of the principal functions of the local SD units was to serve as the intelligence agency for the local Gestapo units. In the occupied territories, the formal relationship between local units of the Gestapo, criminal police, and SD was slightly closer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvalon_Project,_Nazi_Conspiracy_and_Aggression_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvalon_Project,_Nazi_Conspiracy_and_Aggression-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Gestapo became known as RSHA <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Amt IV</i></span> ("Department or Office IV") with Heinrich Müller as its chief.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeale2010131_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeale2010131-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1943, Himmler appointed Ernst Kaltenbrunner RSHA chief; almost seven months after <a href="/wiki/Operation_Anthropoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Anthropoid">Heydrich had been assassinated</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2012661_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2012661-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The specific internal departments of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Amt IV</i></span> were as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNab2009160,_161_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNab2009160,_161-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Department A (Political Opponents) <ul><li>Communists (A1)</li> <li>Counter-sabotage (A2)</li> <li>Reactionaries, liberals, and opposition (A3)</li> <li>Protective services (A4)</li></ul></li> <li>Department B (Sects and Churches) <ul><li>Catholicism (B1)</li> <li>Protestantism (B2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasons</a> and other churches (B3)</li> <li>Jewish affairs (B4)</li></ul></li> <li>Department C (Administration and Party Affairs), central administrative office of the Gestapo, responsible for card files of all personnel including all officials. <ul><li>Files, card, indexes, information, and administration (C1)</li> <li>Protective custody (C2)</li> <li>Press office (C3)</li> <li>NSDAP matters (C4)</li></ul></li> <li>Department D (Occupied Territories), administration for regions outside the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Reich</i></span>. <ul><li>Protectorate affairs, Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, regions of Yugoslavia, Greece (D1) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Belgrade_Special_Combat_detachment" title="1st Belgrade Special Combat detachment">1st Belgrade Special Combat detachment</a></li></ul></li> <li>General Government(D2)</li> <li>Confidential office – hostile foreigners, <a href="/wiki/Emigrants" class="mw-redirect" title="Emigrants">emigrants</a> (D3)</li> <li>Occupied territories – France, Belgium, Holland, Norway, Denmark (D4)</li> <li>Occupied Eastern territories (D5)</li></ul></li> <li>Department E (Security and counterintelligence) <ul><li>In the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Reich</i></span> (E1)</li> <li>Policy and economic formation (E2)</li> <li>West (E3)</li> <li>Scandinavia (North)(E4)</li> <li>East (E5)</li> <li>South (E6)</li></ul></li></ul> <p>In 1941 <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Referat N</i></span>, the central command office of the Gestapo was formed. However, these internal departments remained and the Gestapo continued to be a department under the RSHA umbrella. The local offices of the Gestapo, known as Gestapo <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Leitstellen</i></span> and <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Stellen</i></span>, answered to a local commander known as the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Inspekteur der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD</i></span> ("Inspector of the Security Police and Security Service") who, in turn, was under the dual command of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Referat N</i></span> of the Gestapo and also his local <a href="/wiki/SS_and_Police_Leader" class="mw-redirect" title="SS and Police Leader">SS and Police Leader</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNab200947_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNab200947-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchheim1968146–147_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchheim1968146–147-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In total, there were some fifty-four regional Gestapo offices across the German federal states.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonough201749_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonough201749-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Gestapo also maintained offices at all Nazi concentration camps, held an office on the staff of the SS and Police Leaders, and supplied personnel as needed to formations such as the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonough201748–49,_230–233_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonough201748–49,_230–233-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Personnel assigned to these auxiliary duties were often removed from the Gestapo chain of command and fell under the authority of branches of the SS.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEState_of_Israel199269_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEState_of_Israel199269-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the Gestapo chief, SS-<i>Brigadierführer</i> Heinrich Müller, who kept Hitler abreast of the killing operations in the Soviet Union and who issued orders to the four <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Einsatzgruppen</i></span> that their continual work in the east was to be "presented to the Führer."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008671_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008671-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Female_criminal_investigation_career">Female criminal investigation career</h3></div> <p>According to regulations issued by the Reich Security Main Office in 1940, women who had been trained in <a href="/wiki/Social_work" title="Social work">social work</a> or having a similar education could be hired as female detectives. Female youth leaders, lawyers, business administrators with experience in social work, female leaders in the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Reichsarbeitsdienst" class="mw-redirect" title="Reichsarbeitsdienst">Reichsarbeitsdienst</a></i></span> and personnel administrators in the <a href="/wiki/Bund_Deutscher_M%C3%A4del" class="mw-redirect" title="Bund Deutscher Mädel">Bund Deutscher Mädel</a> were hired as detectives after a one-year course, if they had several years professional experience. Later, nurses, kindergarten teachers, and trained female commercial employees with an aptitude for police work were hired as female detectives after a two-year course as <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kriminaloberassistentin</i></span> and could promote to a <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kriminalsekretärin</i></span>. After another two or three years in that grade, the female detective could advance to <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kriminalobersekretärin</i></span>. Further promotions to <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kriminalkommissarin</i></span> and <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kriminalrätin</i></span> were also possible.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhlers200133–36_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhlers200133–36-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Membership">Membership</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gestapo_Klatovy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gestapo_Klatovy.jpg/220px-Gestapo_Klatovy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gestapo_Klatovy.jpg/330px-Gestapo_Klatovy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gestapo_Klatovy.jpg/440px-Gestapo_Klatovy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="1111" /></a><figcaption>Gestapo members in <a href="/wiki/Klatovy" title="Klatovy">Klatovy</a>, <a href="/wiki/German-occupied_Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="German-occupied Czechoslovakia">German-occupied Czechoslovakia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1933, there was no purge of the German police forces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellately199250_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellately199250-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vast majority of Gestapo officers came from the police forces of the Weimar Republic; members of the SS, the SA, and the Nazi Party also joined the Gestapo but were less numerous.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellately199250_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellately199250-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By March 1937, the Gestapo employed an estimated 6,500 people in fifty-four regional offices across the Reich.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDamsStolle201434_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDamsStolle201434-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additional staff were added in March 1938 consequent the annexation of Austria and again in October 1938 with the acquisition of the <a href="/wiki/Sudetenland" title="Sudetenland">Sudetenland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDamsStolle201434_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDamsStolle201434-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1939, only 3,000 out of the total of 20,000 Gestapo men held SS ranks, and in most cases, these were honorary.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellately199251_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellately199251-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One man who served in the Prussian Gestapo in 1933 recalled that most of his co-workers "were by no means all Nazis. For the most part they were young professional civil service officers..."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellately199251_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellately199251-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Nazis valued police competence more than politics, so in general in 1933, almost all of the men who served in the various state police forces under the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a> stayed on in their jobs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellately199254–55_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellately199254–55-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Würzburg">Würzburg</a>, which is one of the few places in Germany where most of the Gestapo records survived, every member of the Gestapo was a career policeman or had a police background.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellately199259_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellately199259-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Canadian historian <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gellately" title="Robert Gellately">Robert Gellately</a> wrote that most Gestapo men were not Nazis, but at the same time were not opposed to the Nazi regime, which they were willing to serve, in whatever task they were called upon to perform.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellately199259_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellately199259-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over time, membership in the Gestapo included ideological training, particularly once Werner Best assumed a leading role for training in April 1936. Employing biological metaphors, Best emphasised a doctrine which encouraged members of the Gestapo to view themselves as 'doctors' to the 'national body' in the struggle against "pathogens" and "diseases"; among the implied sicknesses were "communists, Freemasons, and the churches—and above and behind all these stood the Jews".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDamsStolle201430_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDamsStolle201430-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Heydrich thought along similar lines and advocated both defensive and offensive measures on the part of the Gestapo, so as to prevent any subversion or destruction of the National Socialist body.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDamsStolle201431_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDamsStolle201431-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whether trained as police originally or not, Gestapo agents themselves were shaped by their socio-political environment. Historian <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_C._Browder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George C. Browder (page does not exist)">George C. Browder</a> contends that there was a four-part process (<a href="/wiki/Authorisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Authorisation">authorisation</a>, bolstering, routinisation, and <a href="/wiki/Dehumanisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Dehumanisation">dehumanisation</a>) in effect, which legitimised the psycho-social atmosphere conditioning members of the Gestapo to <a href="/wiki/Radicalised" class="mw-redirect" title="Radicalised">radicalised</a> violence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowder199633–34_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowder199633–34-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Browder also describes a sandwich effect, where from above; Gestapo agents were subjected to ideologically oriented <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a> and criminal biological theories; and from below, the Gestapo was transformed by SS personnel who did not have the proper police training, which showed in their propensity for unrestrained violence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowder199688–90_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowder199688–90-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This admixture certainly shaped the Gestapo's public image which they sought to maintain despite their increasing workload; an image which helped them identify and eliminate enemies of the Nazi state.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHöhne2001186–193_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHöhne2001186–193-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Population_ratios,_methods,_and_effectiveness"><span id="Population_ratios.2C_methods.2C_and_effectiveness"></span>Population ratios, methods, and effectiveness</h2></div> <p>Contrary to popular belief, the Gestapo was not the all-pervasive, omnipotent agency in German society.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNab2009163_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNab2009163-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Germany proper, many towns and cities had fewer than 50 official Gestapo personnel. For example, in 1939 Stettin and Frankfurt am Main only had a total of 41 Gestapo men combined.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNab2009163_118-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNab2009163-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a>, the local Gestapo office of only 281 men were responsible for the entire Lower Rhine region, which comprised 4 million people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallmannPaul1994174_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallmannPaul1994174-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In lower Franconia, which included <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Würzburg">Würzburg</a>, there were only twenty-two Gestapo officers overseeing 840,000 or more inhabitants; this meant that the Nazi secret police "was reliant on Germans spying on each other".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrentmann202341_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrentmann202341-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These "V-men", as undercover Gestapo agents were known, were used to infiltrate <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party of Germany</a> (SPD) and Communist opposition groups, but this was more the exception than the rule.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallmannPaul1994181_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallmannPaul1994181-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Gestapo office in <a href="/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken">Saarbrücken</a> had 50 full-term informers in 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallmannPaul1994181_121-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallmannPaul1994181-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The District Office in <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a>, which had the responsibility for all of northern <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, employed a total of 80–100 full-term informers between 1943 and 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallmannPaul1994181_121-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallmannPaul1994181-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of Gestapo informers were not full-term employees working undercover, but were rather ordinary citizens who chose to denounce other people to the Gestapo.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellately1992132–150_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellately1992132–150-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Canadian historian <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gellately" title="Robert Gellately">Robert Gellately</a>'s analysis of the local offices established, the Gestapo was—for the most part—made up of bureaucrats and clerical workers who depended upon denunciations by citizens for their information. Gellately argued that it was because of the widespread willingness of Germans to inform on each other to the Gestapo that Germany between 1933 and 1945 was a prime example of <a href="/wiki/Panopticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Panopticism">panopticism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellately199211–12,_22_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellately199211–12,_22-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Gestapo—at times—was overwhelmed with denunciations and most of its time was spent sorting out the credible from the less credible denunciations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERees199765_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERees199765-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the local offices were understaffed and overworked, struggling with the paper load caused by so many denunciations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallmannPaul1994175_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallmannPaul1994175-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gellately has also suggested that the Gestapo was "a reactive organisation...constructed within German society and whose functioning was structurally dependent on the continuing co-operation of German citizens".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellately1992136_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellately1992136-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After 1939, when many Gestapo personnel were called up for war-related work such as service with the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></i></span>, the level of overwork and understaffing at the local offices increased.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallmannPaul1994175_125-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallmannPaul1994175-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For information about what was happening in German society, the Gestapo continued to be mostly dependent upon denunciations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERees199764_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERees199764-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 80% of all Gestapo investigations were started in response to information provided by denunciations by ordinary Germans; while 10% were started in response to information provided by other branches of the German government and another 10% started in response to information that the Gestapo itself unearthed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERees199765_124-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERees199765-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The information supplied by denunciations often led the Gestapo in determining who was arrested.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERees199764_127-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERees199764-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The popular picture of the Gestapo with its spies everywhere terrorising German society has been rejected by many historians as a myth invented after the war as a cover for German society's widespread complicity in allowing the Gestapo to work.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERees199764_127-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERees199764-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallmannPaul1994168–169_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallmannPaul1994168–169-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Work done by <a href="/wiki/Social_history" title="Social history">social historians</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Detlev_Peukert" title="Detlev Peukert">Detlev Peukert</a>, Robert Gellately, Reinhard Mann, Inge Marssolek, René Otto, <a href="/wiki/Klaus-Michael_Mallmann" title="Klaus-Michael Mallmann">Klaus-Michael Mallmann</a> and Paul Gerhard, which by focusing on what the local offices were doing has shown the Gestapo<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s almost total dependence on denunciations from ordinary Germans, and very much discredited the older "<a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_personality" title="Authoritarian personality">Big Brother</a>" picture with the Gestapo having its eyes and ears everywhere.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallmannPaul1994172–173_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallmannPaul1994172–173-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, of the 84 cases in <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Würzburg">Würzburg</a> of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Rassenschande" title="Rassenschande">Rassenschande</a></i></span> ("race defilement"—sexual relations with non-<a href="/wiki/Aryan" title="Aryan">Aryans</a>), 45 (54%) were started in response to denunciations by ordinary people, two (2%) by information provided by other branches of the government, 20 (24%) via information gained during interrogations of people relating to other matters, four (5%) from information from (Nazi) NSDAP organisations, two (2%) during "political evaluations" and 11 (13%) have no source listed while none were started by Gestapo<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s own "observations" of the people of Würzburg.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellately1992162_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellately1992162-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An examination of 213 denunciations in <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a> showed that 37% were motivated by personal conflicts, no motive could be established in 39%, and 24% were motivated by support for the Nazi regime.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellately1992146_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellately1992146-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Gestapo always showed a special interest in denunciations concerning sexual matters, especially cases concerning <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Rassenschande</i></span> with Jews or between Germans and foreigners, in particular <a href="/wiki/Nazi_crimes_against_the_Polish_nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi crimes against the Polish nation">Polish slave workers</a>; the Gestapo applied even harsher methods to the foreign workers in the country, especially those from Poland,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellately1992259_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellately1992259-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jews, Catholics and <a href="/wiki/Homosexuals" class="mw-redirect" title="Homosexuals">homosexuals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellately199249,_146_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellately199249,_146-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As time went by, anonymous denunciations to the Gestapo caused trouble to various <a href="/wiki/NSDAP/AO" class="mw-redirect" title="NSDAP/AO">NSDAP</a> officials, who often found themselves being investigated by the Gestapo.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellately1992151–152_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellately1992151–152-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Of the political cases, 61 people were investigated for suspicion of belonging to the KPD, 44 for the SPD and 69 for other political parties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellately199248_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellately199248-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the political investigations took place between 1933 and 1935 with the all-time high of 57 cases in 1935.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellately199248_135-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellately199248-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After that year, political investigations declined with only 18 investigations in 1938, 13 in 1939, two in 1941, seven in 1942, four in 1943 and one in 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellately199248_135-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellately199248-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "other" category associated with non-conformity included everything from a man who drew a caricature of Hitler to a Catholic teacher suspected of being lukewarm about teaching National Socialism in his classroom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellately199248_135-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellately199248-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "administrative control" category concerned those who were breaking the law concerning residency in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellately199248_135-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellately199248-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "conventional criminality" category concerned economic crimes such as <a href="/wiki/Money_laundering" title="Money laundering">money laundering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smuggling" title="Smuggling">smuggling</a> and homosexuality.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellately199249_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellately199249-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Normal methods of investigation included various forms of <a href="/wiki/Blackmail" title="Blackmail">blackmail</a>, threats and <a href="/wiki/Extortion" title="Extortion">extortion</a> to secure "confessions".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellately1992131_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellately1992131-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beyond that, sleep deprivation and various forms of harassment were used as investigative methods.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellately1992131_137-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellately1992131-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Failing that, <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Planting_evidence" class="mw-redirect" title="Planting evidence">planting evidence</a> were common methods of resolving a case, especially if the case concerned someone Jewish.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellately1992132_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellately1992132-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brutality on the part of interrogators—often prompted by denunciations and followed with <a href="/wiki/Roundup_(history)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roundup (history)">roundups</a>—enabled the Gestapo to uncover numerous resistance networks; it also made them seem like they knew everything and could do anything they wanted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyçoberry1999272_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyçoberry1999272-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the total number of Gestapo officials was limited when contrasted against the represented populations, the average <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Volksgenosse</i></span> (Nazi term for the "member of the German people") was typically not under observation, so the statistical ratio between Gestapo officials and inhabitants is "largely worthless and of little significance" according to some recent scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDamsStolle201435_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDamsStolle201435-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As historian Eric Johnson remarked, "The Nazi terror was selective terror", with its focus upon political opponents, ideological dissenters (clergy and religious organisations), career criminals, the <a href="/wiki/Sinti" title="Sinti">Sinti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Roma</a> population, <a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">handicapped persons</a>, homosexuals and above all, upon the Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson1999483–485_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson1999483–485-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Selective terror" by the Gestapo, as mentioned by Johnson, is also supported by historian Richard Evans who states that, "Violence and intimidation rarely touched the lives of most ordinary Germans. <a href="/wiki/Denunciation" title="Denunciation">Denunciation</a> was the exception, not the rule, as far as the behaviour of the vast majority of Germans was concerned."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2006114_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2006114-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The involvement of ordinary Germans in denunciations also needs to be put into perspective so as not to exonerate the Gestapo. As Evans makes clear, "...it was not the ordinary German people who engaged in <a href="/wiki/Surveillance" title="Surveillance">surveillance</a>, it was the Gestapo; nothing happened until the Gestapo received a denunciation, and it was the Gestapo's active pursuit of deviance and dissent that was the only thing that gave denunciations meaning."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2006115_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2006115-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Gestapo's effectiveness remained in the ability to "project" omnipotence...they co-opted the assistance of the German population by using denunciations to their advantage; proving in the end a powerful, ruthless and effective organ of terror under the Nazi regime that was seemingly everywhere.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelarue200883–140_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelarue200883–140-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lastly, the Gestapo's effectiveness, while aided by denunciations and the watchful eye of ordinary Germans, was more the result of the co-ordination and co-operation amid the various police organs within Germany, the assistance of the SS, and the support provided by the various Nazi Party organisations; all of them together forming an organised persecution network.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDamsStolle201482_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDamsStolle201482-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operations_in_Nazi-occupied_territories">Operations in Nazi-occupied territories</h2></div> <p>As an instrument of Nazi power, terror, and repression, the Gestapo operated throughout occupied Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELemkin200815–17_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELemkin200815–17-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much like their affiliated organisations, the SS and the SD, the Gestapo "played a leading part" in enslaving and deporting workers from occupied territory, torturing and executing civilians, singling out and murdering Jews, and subjecting Allied prisoners of war to terrible treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell20027_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell20027-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To this end, the Gestapo was "a vital component both in Nazi repression and the Holocaust."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUSHMM,_"Gestapo"_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUSHMM,_"Gestapo"-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once the German armies advanced into enemy territory, they were accompanied by <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Einsatzgruppen</i></span> staffed by officers from the Gestapo and Kripo, who usually operated in the rear areas to administer and police the occupied land.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell200210_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell200210-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whenever a region came fully under German military occupational jurisdiction, the Gestapo administered all executive actions under the military commander's authority, albeit operating relatively independent of it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell200210_148-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell200210-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A former partisan and Soviet officer named Hersch Gurewicz attested to the torture methods used by the Gestapo. He recalled a partisan was strapped to a table in a room and "a German turned the lever and the table moved apart in sections like a rack. The man screamed and his leg bones snapped through his skin. The lever turned again and his arms ripped in jagged tears. After the man fainted, his torturers shot him dead."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECraig197343–44_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECraig197343–44-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also claimed that he had been strapped down and a wire slowly forced up his nose, into his lung, causing him to go unconscious. Later he was tied to a horse, which was made to gallop full speed, and recalled being smashed into the ground repeatedly, before being knocked out by a solid object.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECraig197344_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECraig197344-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Occupation meant administration and policing, a duty assigned to the SS, the SD, and the Gestapo even before hostilities began, as was the case for Czechoslovakia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrankshaw2002147–148_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrankshaw2002147–148-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Correspondingly, Gestapo offices were established in a territory once occupied.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDamsStolle201434_109-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDamsStolle201434-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some locals aided the Gestapo, whether as professional police auxiliaries or in other duties. Nonetheless, operations performed either by German members of the Gestapo or auxiliaries from willing collaborators of other nationalities were inconsistent in both disposition and effectiveness. Varying degrees of pacification and police enforcement measures were necessary in each place, dependent on how cooperative or resistant the locals were to Nazi mandates and racial policies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHesseKufekeSander2010177–179,_350–352_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHesseKufekeSander2010177–179,_350–352-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout the Eastern territories, the Gestapo and other Nazi organisations co-opted the assistance of indigenous police units, nearly all of whom were uniformed and able to carry out drastic actions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHilberg199292_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHilberg199292-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the auxiliary police personnel operating on behalf of German Order Police, the SD, and Gestapo were members of the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Schutzmannschaft</i></span>, which included staffing by Ukrainians, Belarusians, Russians, Estonians, Lithuanians, and Latvians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHilberg199293_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHilberg199293-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While in many countries the Nazis occupied in the East, the local domestic police forces supplemented German operations, noted Holocaust historian, Raul Hilberg, asserts that "those of Poland were least involved in anti-Jewish actions."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHilberg199292_154-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHilberg199292-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, German authorities ordered the mobilisation of reserve Polish police forces, known as the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Police" title="Blue Police">Blue Police</a>, which strengthened the Nazi police presence and carried out numerous "police" functions; in some cases, its functionaries even identified and rounded up Jews or performed other unsavory duties on behalf of their German masters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkibińska201284,_88–89,_94–106_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkibińska201284,_88–89,_94–106-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In places like Denmark, there were some 550 uniformed Danes in Copenhagen working with the Gestapo, patrolling and terrorising the local population at the behest of their German overseers, many of whom were arrested after the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolbraad201746–47_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolbraad201746–47-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other Danish civilians, like in many places across Europe, acted as Gestapo informants but this should not be seen as wholehearted support for the Nazi program, as motives for cooperation varied.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolbraad201747_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolbraad201747-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whereas in France, the number of members in the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Carlingue" title="Carlingue">Carlingue</a></i></span> (French Gestapo) who worked on behalf of the Nazis was upwards of 30,000 to 32,000; they conducted operations nearly indistinguishable from their German equivalents.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajsfus199551–52_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajsfus199551–52-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nuremberg_trials">Nuremberg trials</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S85918,_Berlin,_Prinz-Albrecht-Stra%C3%9Fe,_zerst%C3%B6rtes_Gestapo-Geb%C3%A4ude.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S85918%2C_Berlin%2C_Prinz-Albrecht-Stra%C3%9Fe%2C_zerst%C3%B6rtes_Gestapo-Geb%C3%A4ude.jpg/250px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S85918%2C_Berlin%2C_Prinz-Albrecht-Stra%C3%9Fe%2C_zerst%C3%B6rtes_Gestapo-Geb%C3%A4ude.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S85918%2C_Berlin%2C_Prinz-Albrecht-Stra%C3%9Fe%2C_zerst%C3%B6rtes_Gestapo-Geb%C3%A4ude.jpg/375px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S85918%2C_Berlin%2C_Prinz-Albrecht-Stra%C3%9Fe%2C_zerst%C3%B6rtes_Gestapo-Geb%C3%A4ude.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S85918%2C_Berlin%2C_Prinz-Albrecht-Stra%C3%9Fe%2C_zerst%C3%B6rtes_Gestapo-Geb%C3%A4ude.jpg/500px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S85918%2C_Berlin%2C_Prinz-Albrecht-Stra%C3%9Fe%2C_zerst%C3%B6rtes_Gestapo-Geb%C3%A4ude.jpg 2x" data-file-width="758" data-file-height="796" /></a><figcaption>Gestapo building at Prinz-Albrecht-Straße 8, after the 1945 bombing</figcaption></figure> <p>Between 14 November 1945 and 3 October 1946, the Allies established an <a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal" class="mw-redirect" title="International Military Tribunal">International Military Tribunal</a> (IMT) to try 22 major Nazi war criminals and six groups for <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_peace" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimes against peace">crimes against peace</a>, <a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">war crimes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBernstein1947267–275_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernstein1947267–275-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2010741–743_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2010741–743-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nineteen of the 22 were convicted, and twelve—Martin Bormann (in absentia), Hans Frank, Wilhelm Frick, Hermann Göring, Alfred Jodl, Ernst Kaltenbrunner, Wilhelm Keitel, Joachim von Ribbentrop, Alfred Rosenberg, Fritz Sauckel, Arthur Seyss-Inquart, Julius Streicher—were given the death penalty. Three—Walther Funk, Rudolf Hess, Erich Raeder—received life terms; and the remaining four—Karl Dönitz, Konstantin von Neurath, Albert Speer, and Baldur von Schirach—received shorter prison sentences. Three others—Hans Fritzsche, Hjalmar Schacht, and Franz von Papen—were acquitted. At that time, the Gestapo was condemned as a criminal organisation, along with the SS.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvalon_Project,_Nazi_Conspiracy_and_Aggression_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvalon_Project,_Nazi_Conspiracy_and_Aggression-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Gestapo leader <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_M%C3%BCller_(Gestapo)" title="Heinrich Müller (Gestapo)">Heinrich Müller</a> was never tried, as he disappeared at the end of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDamsStolle2014176–177_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDamsStolle2014176–177-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Capturedgestapoagents.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Capturedgestapoagents.jpg/220px-Capturedgestapoagents.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Capturedgestapoagents.jpg/330px-Capturedgestapoagents.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Capturedgestapoagents.jpg/440px-Capturedgestapoagents.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2819" data-file-height="2732" /></a><figcaption>German Gestapo agents arrested after the liberation of <a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge" title="Liège">Liège</a>, Belgium are pictured in a cell at the <a href="/wiki/Citadel_of_Li%C3%A8ge" title="Citadel of Liège">Citadel of Liège</a>, October 1944</figcaption></figure> <p>Leaders, organisers, investigators and accomplices participating in the formulation or execution of a common plan or conspiracy to commit the crimes specified were declared responsible for all acts performed by any persons in execution of such plan. The official positions of defendants as heads of state or holders of high government offices were not to free them from responsibility or mitigate their punishment; nor was that a defendant acted pursuant to an order of a superior to excuse him from responsibility, although it might be considered by the IMT in mitigation of punishment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvalon_Project,_Nazi_Conspiracy_and_Aggression_99-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvalon_Project,_Nazi_Conspiracy_and_Aggression-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the trial of any individual member of any group or organisation, the IMT was authorised to declare (in connection with any act of which the individual was convicted) that the group or organisation to which he belonged was a criminal organisation. When a group or organisation was thus declared criminal, the competent national authority of any signatory had the right to bring persons to trial for membership in that organisation, with the criminal nature of the group or organisation assumed proved.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBernstein1947246–259_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernstein1947246–259-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The IMT subsequently convicted three of the groups: the Nazi leadership corps, the SS (including the SD) and the Gestapo. Gestapo members Hermann Göring, Ernst Kaltenbrunner and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Seyss-Inquart" title="Arthur Seyss-Inquart">Arthur Seyss-Inquart</a> were individually convicted. While three groups were acquitted of collective war crimes charges, this did not relieve individual members of those groups from conviction and punishment under the <a href="/wiki/Denazification" title="Denazification">denazification</a> programme. Members of the three convicted groups, however, were subject to apprehension by <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Britain</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, and <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDamsStolle2014158–161_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDamsStolle2014158–161-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These groups—the Nazi Party and government leadership, the German <a href="/wiki/Oberkommando_der_Wehrmacht" title="Oberkommando der Wehrmacht">General staff and High Command</a> (OKW); the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">Sturmabteilung</a></i></span> (SA); the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel</a></i></span> (SS), including the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst">Sicherheitsdienst</a></i></span> (SD); and the Gestapo—had an aggregate membership exceeding two million, making a large number of their members liable to trial when the organisations were convicted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDamsStolle2014159–161_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDamsStolle2014159–161-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ratlines_(World_War_II)" title="Ratlines (World War II)">Ratlines (World War II)</a></div> <p>In 1997, <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a> transformed the former regional Gestapo headquarters in Cologne—the <a href="/wiki/EL-DE_Haus" title="EL-DE Haus">EL-DE Haus</a>—into a museum to document the Gestapo's actions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_National_Socialist_Document_Center_of_Cologne_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_National_Socialist_Document_Center_of_Cologne-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the war, U.S. <a href="/wiki/Counterintelligence_Corps" title="Counterintelligence Corps">Counterintelligence Corps</a> employed the former Lyon Gestapo chief <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Barbie" title="Klaus Barbie">Klaus Barbie</a> for his anti-communist efforts and also helped him escape to <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBönischWiegrefe2011_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBönischWiegrefe2011-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leadership">Leadership</h2></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th data-sort-type="number"><abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> </th> <th class="unsortable">Portrait </th> <th>Chief</th> <th data-sort-type="date">Took office</th> <th data-sort-type="date">Left office</th> <th>Time in office</th> <th colspan="1">Party </th></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; background:#964B00; color:white;"><span style="color:white">1</span></td><td style="; background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="width:px;height:px;overflow:hidden;position:relative"> <div style="position:relative;top:-px;left:-px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-K0108-0501-003,_Rudolf_Diels.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rudolf Diels"><img alt="Rudolf Diels" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-K0108-0501-003%2C_Rudolf_Diels.jpg/100px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-K0108-0501-003%2C_Rudolf_Diels.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-K0108-0501-003%2C_Rudolf_Diels.jpg/150px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-K0108-0501-003%2C_Rudolf_Diels.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-K0108-0501-003%2C_Rudolf_Diels.jpg/200px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-K0108-0501-003%2C_Rudolf_Diels.jpg 2x" data-file-width="543" data-file-height="799" /></a></span></div></div></td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;"><span style="display:none">Diels, Rudolf</span><b><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Diels" title="Rudolf Diels">Rudolf Diels</a></b><br /><small>(1900–1957)</small></td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;">26 April 1933</td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;">20 April 1934</td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;"><span data-sort-value="7002359000000000000♠"></span>359 days</td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">NSDAP</a></td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; background:#964B00; color:white;"><span style="color:white">2</span></td><td style="; background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="width:px;height:px;overflow:hidden;position:relative"> <div style="position:relative;top:-px;left:-px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1969-054-16,_Reinhard_Heydrich.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Reinhard Heydrich"><img alt="Reinhard Heydrich" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1969-054-16%2C_Reinhard_Heydrich.jpg/100px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1969-054-16%2C_Reinhard_Heydrich.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1969-054-16%2C_Reinhard_Heydrich.jpg/150px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1969-054-16%2C_Reinhard_Heydrich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1969-054-16%2C_Reinhard_Heydrich.jpg/200px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1969-054-16%2C_Reinhard_Heydrich.jpg 2x" data-file-width="524" data-file-height="757" /></a></span></div></div></td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;"><span style="display:none">Heydrich, Reinhard</span><b><a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich" title="Reinhard Heydrich">Reinhard Heydrich</a></b><br /><small>(1904–1942)</small></td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;">22 April 1934</td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;">27 September 1939</td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;"><span data-sort-value="7003198400000000000♠"></span>5 years, 158 days</td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">NSDAP</a></td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; background:#964B00; color:white;"><span style="color:white">3</span></td><td style="; background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="width:px;height:px;overflow:hidden;position:relative"> <div style="position:relative;top:-px;left:-px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Heinrich_M%C3%BCller.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Heinrich Müller"><img alt="Heinrich Müller" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Heinrich_M%C3%BCller.jpg/100px-Heinrich_M%C3%BCller.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Heinrich_M%C3%BCller.jpg/150px-Heinrich_M%C3%BCller.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Heinrich_M%C3%BCller.jpg/200px-Heinrich_M%C3%BCller.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="969" /></a></span></div></div></td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;"><span style="display:none">Müller, Heinrich</span><b><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_M%C3%BCller_(Gestapo)" title="Heinrich Müller (Gestapo)">Heinrich Müller</a></b><br /><small>(1900–1945)</small></td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;">27 September 1939</td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;">May 1945 †</td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;">5 years, 7 months</td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">NSDAP</a></td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Timeline">Timeline</h3></div> <div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_46nk0u9rvejn4ki63i9iq7iuuq9bi9b"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Heinrich_M%C3%BCller_(Gestapo)" coords="705,16,790,40" title="Heinrich Müller (Gestapo)" alt="Heinrich Müller (Gestapo)" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich" coords="389,8,481,32" title="Reinhard Heydrich" alt="Reinhard Heydrich" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Rudolf_Diels" coords="83,0,154,24" title="Rudolf Diels" alt="Rudolf Diels" /></map><img usemap="#timeline_46nk0u9rvejn4ki63i9iq7iuuq9bi9b" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/46nk0u9rvejn4ki63i9iq7iuuq9bi9b.png" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Principal_agents_and_officers">Principal agents and officers</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Baab" title="Heinrich Baab">Heinrich Baab</a> (SiPo-SD Frankfurt)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Barbie" title="Klaus Barbie">Klaus Barbie</a> (SiPo-SD Lyon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Best" title="Werner Best">Werner Best</a> (SiPo-SD Copenhagen)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_B%C3%B6melburg" title="Karl Bömelburg">Karl Bömelburg</a> (Head of Gestapo, Southern France)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Dannecker" title="Theodor Dannecker">Theodor Dannecker</a> (SiPo-SD Paris)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Diels" title="Rudolf Diels">Rudolf Diels</a> (Gestapo Chief 1933–1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann">Adolf Eichmann</a> (RSHA Berlin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Flesch" title="Gerhard Flesch">Gerhard Flesch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a> (Founder of the Gestapo)</li> <li>Viktor Harnischfeger (Düsseldorf Gestapo Criminal Commissar)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich" title="Reinhard Heydrich">Reinhard Heydrich</a> (SD, SiPo, Gestapo Chief 1934–1939, RSHA Chief 1939–1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Reichsführer-SS</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Kaltenbrunner" title="Ernst Kaltenbrunner">Ernst Kaltenbrunner</a> (RSHA Chief 1943–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kappler" title="Herbert Kappler">Herbert Kappler</a> (SD Chief Rome)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Knab" title="Werner Knab">Werner Knab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Knochen" title="Helmut Knochen">Helmut Knochen</a> (Paris)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Lischka" title="Kurt Lischka">Kurt Lischka</a> (Paris)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Misselwitz" title="Ernst Misselwitz">Ernst Misselwitz</a> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Hauptscharführer</i></span> SiPo-SD Paris)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_M%C3%BCller_(Gestapo)" title="Heinrich Müller (Gestapo)">Heinrich Müller</a> (Gestapo Chief 1939–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Oberg" title="Carl Oberg">Carl Oberg</a> (Paris)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Paoli" title="Pierre Paoli">Pierre Paoli</a> (Head of Gestapo, Central France)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Poche" title="Oswald Poche">Oswald Poche</a> (Chief of Frankfurt Lindenstrasse station)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Rinnan" title="Henry Rinnan">Henry Rinnan</a> (Norwegian agent)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Eberhard_Sch%C3%B6ngarth" title="Karl Eberhard Schöngarth">Karl Eberhard Schöngarth</a> (SiPo-SD General Government; Netherlands)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Wielen" title="Max Wielen">Max Wielen</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ranks_and_uniforms">Ranks and uniforms</h2></div> <p>The Gestapo was a secretive plainclothes agency and agents typically wore civilian suits. There were strict protocols protecting the identity of Gestapo field personnel. When asked for identification, an operative was required only to present his <a href="/wiki/Badge" title="Badge">warrant disc</a> and not a picture identification. This disc identified the operative as a member of the Gestapo without revealing personal information, except when ordered to do so by an authorised official.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrei1993106–107_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrei1993106–107-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Leitstellung (district office) staff did wear the grey SS service uniform, but with <a href="/wiki/Ordnungspolizei" title="Ordnungspolizei">police-pattern shoulderboards</a>, and SS rank insignia on the left collar patch. The right collar patch was black without the <a href="/wiki/Sig_rune" class="mw-redirect" title="Sig rune">sig runes</a>. The SD sleeve diamond (SD <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Raute</i></span>) insignia was worn on the lower left sleeve, even by SiPo men who were not in the SD. Uniforms worn by Gestapo men assigned to the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Einsatzgruppen</i></span> in occupied territories, were at first indistinguishable from the Waffen-SS field uniform. Complaints from the Waffen-SS led to a change of rank insignia shoulder boards from those of the Waffen-SS to those of the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Ordnungspolizei" title="Ordnungspolizei">Ordnungspolizei</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMollo199233–36_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMollo199233–36-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Gestapo maintained police detective ranks which were used for all officers, both those who were and who were not concurrently SS members.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Junior career </th> <th>Senior career </th> <th>Orpo equivalent </th> <th>SS equivalent </th></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>Kriminalassistentanwärter</b></i> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Wachtmeister</i></span> </td> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Unterscharführer</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>Kriminalassistent</b></i> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Oberwachtmeister</i></span> </td> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Scharführer</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>Kriminaloberassistent</b></i> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Revieroberwachtmeister</i></span> </td> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Oberscharführer</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>Kriminalsekretär</b></i> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Hauptwachtmeister</i></span> </td> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Hauptscharführer</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Meister</i></span> </td> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Sturmscharführer</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>Kriminalobersekretär</b></i> </td> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Hilfskriminalkommissar<br />Kriminalkommissar auf Probe<br />apl. Kriminalkommissar</i></span> </td> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Leutnant</i></span> </td> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Untersturmführer</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kriminalinspektor</i></span></b> </td> <td><i><b>Kriminalkommissar</b></i> <small>with less than three years in that rank</small> </td> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Oberleutnant</i></span> </td> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Obersturmführer</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><b><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kriminalrat</i></span></b> <small>with less than three years in that rank</small> </td> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Hauptmann</i></span> </td> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Hauptsturmführer</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><b><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kriminalrat<br />Kriminaldirektor<br />Regierungs und Kriminalrat</i></span></b> </td> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Major</i></span> </td> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Sturmbannführer</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><i><b>Oberregierungs und Kriminalrat</b></i> </td> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Oberstleutnant</i></span> </td> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Obersturmbannführer</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><i><b>Regierungs und Kriminaldirektor<br />Reichskriminaldirektor</b></i> </td> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Oberst</i></span> </td> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Standartenführer</i></span><br /><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Oberführer</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Junior career = <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">einfacher Vollzugsdienst der Sicherheitspolizei (Laufbahn U 18: SS-Unterführer der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD)</i></span>.</li> <li>Senior career = <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">leitender Vollzugsdienst der Sicherheitspolizei (Laufbahn XIV: SS-Führer der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD)</i></span></li></ul> <p>Sources:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanach201364_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanach201364-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Rank insignia</dt></dl> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sicherheitspolizei" title="Sicherheitspolizei">Sicherheitspolizei</a></i></span> </th> <th><i>Rank insignia</i> </th> <th><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst">Sicherheitsdienst</a></i></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td><b><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kriminalassistent</i></span></b></td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SS-Oberscharf%C3%BChrer.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/SS-Oberscharf%C3%BChrer.svg/100px-SS-Oberscharf%C3%BChrer.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/SS-Oberscharf%C3%BChrer.svg/150px-SS-Oberscharf%C3%BChrer.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/SS-Oberscharf%C3%BChrer.svg/200px-SS-Oberscharf%C3%BChrer.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="363" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td> <td><b><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">SS-Scharführer</i></span></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kriminaloberassistent</i></span></b></td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SS-Hauptscharf%C3%BChrer.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/SS-Hauptscharf%C3%BChrer.svg/100px-SS-Hauptscharf%C3%BChrer.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/SS-Hauptscharf%C3%BChrer.svg/150px-SS-Hauptscharf%C3%BChrer.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/SS-Hauptscharf%C3%BChrer.svg/200px-SS-Hauptscharf%C3%BChrer.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="363" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td> <td><b><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">SS-Oberscharführer</i></span></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kriminalsekretär</i></span></b></td> <td rowspan="2"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SS-Untersturmf%C3%BChrer.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/SS-Untersturmf%C3%BChrer.svg/100px-SS-Untersturmf%C3%BChrer.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/SS-Untersturmf%C3%BChrer.svg/150px-SS-Untersturmf%C3%BChrer.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/SS-Untersturmf%C3%BChrer.svg/200px-SS-Untersturmf%C3%BChrer.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="521" data-file-height="377" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td> <td><b><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">SS-Hauptscharführer</i></span></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kriminalobersekretär</i></span></b> </td> <td><b><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">SS-Untersturmführer</i></span></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kriminalinspektor</i></span></b></td> <td rowspan="2"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SS-Obersturmfuehrer_collar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/SS-Obersturmfuehrer_collar.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="72" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="72" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td> <td><b><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">SS-Obersturmführer</i></span></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kriminalkommissar</i></span></b> </td> <td><b><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">SS-Hauptsturmführer</i></span></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kriminalrat</i></span><br /><small>with more than three years in the grade</small></b></td> <td rowspan="3"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SS-Sturmbannfuehrer_collar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/SS-Sturmbannfuehrer_collar.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="69" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="69" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td> <td rowspan="3"><b><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">SS-Sturmbannführer</i></span></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kriminaldirektor</i></span></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Regierungs und Kriminalrat</i></span></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Oberregierungs und Kriminalrat</i></span></b></td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SS-Obersturmbannfuehrer_collar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/SS-Obersturmbannfuehrer_collar.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="68" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="68" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td> <td><b><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">SS-Obersturmbannführer</i></span></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>Regierungs und Kriminaldirektor</b></i></td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SS-Standartenfuehrer_collar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/SS-Standartenfuehrer_collar.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="70" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="70" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td> <td><b><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">SS-Standartenführer</i></span></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>Reichskriminaldirektor</b></i> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SS-Oberfuehrer_collar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/SS-Oberfuehrer_collar.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="73" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="73" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td> <td><b><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">SS-Oberführer</i></span></b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Source:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMollo199238–39,_54_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMollo199238–39,_54-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geheime_Feldpolizei" title="Geheime Feldpolizei">Geheime Feldpolizei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg_State_Police_Headquarters" title="Hamburg State Police Headquarters">Hamburg State Police Headquarters</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Operation Crossbow was one preliminary missions for <a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Operation Overlord</a>. See: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dday-overlord.com/en/d-day/preliminary-operations/crossbow">Operation Crossbow – Preliminary missions for the Operation Overlord</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bonhoeffer was an active opponent of Nazism in the German resistance movement. Arrested by the Gestapo in 1943, he was sent to <a href="/wiki/Buchenwald" class="mw-redirect" title="Buchenwald">Buchenwald</a> and later to Flossenbürg concentration camp where he was executed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurleigh2000727_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurleigh2000727-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The stricter laws did not apply to lesbians as their behaviour was never officially criminalised, even though their behaviours were labelled "deviant".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonough2017180_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonough2017180-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">More than that, the Anglo-American common language and capital interests kept Stalin at a distance since he felt the other Allied powers were hoping the fascists and Communists would destroy one another.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOvery1997245–281_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOvery1997245–281-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Petschek_Palace" title="Petschek Palace">Petschek Palace</a> was the Gestapo headquarters in Prague. See for instance the following article in Radio Prague International: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://english.radio.cz/petscheks-palace-once-headquarters-nazi-secret-police-8575365">https://english.radio.cz/petscheks-palace-once-headquarters-nazi-secret-police-8575365</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There were reports that Müller ended up in the foreign secret service at Washington D.C., some allege he was in Moscow working for the Soviets, still others claimed he escaped to South America—but none of the myths have ever been proven; all of which adds to the "mysterious power of the Gestapo".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDamsStolle2014176–177_162-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDamsStolle2014176–177-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Although an agent in uniform wore the collar insignia of the equivalent SS rank, he was still addressed as, e.g., <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Herr Kriminalrat</i></span>, not <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Sturmbannführer</i></span>. The stock character of the "Gestapo Major", usually dressed in the prewar black SS uniform, is a figment of Hollywood's imagination.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellately199244-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellately199244_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGellately1992">Gellately 1992</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallbaum200943-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallbaum200943_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWallbaum2009">Wallbaum 2009</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChilders2017235-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChilders2017235_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChilders2017">Childers 2017</a>, p. 235.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson1999483–485-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson1999483–485_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson1999483–485_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohnson1999">Johnson 1999</a>, pp. 483–485.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESnyder1994242-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnyder1994242_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnyder1994242_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSnyder1994">Snyder 1994</a>, p. 242.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelarue1964393–394-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelarue1964393–394_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDelarue1964">Delarue 1964</a>, pp. 393–394.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchheim1968145-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchheim1968145_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuchheim1968">Buchheim 1968</a>, p. 145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchheim1968146-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchheim1968146_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuchheim1968">Buchheim 1968</a>, p. 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlaherty200464–65-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlaherty200464–65_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlaherty2004">Flaherty 2004</a>, pp. 64–65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1990270-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirer1990270_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShirer1990">Shirer 1990</a>, p. 270.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2006433-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2006433_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller2006">Miller 2006</a>, p. 433.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlaherty200464–66-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlaherty200464–66_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlaherty2004">Flaherty 2004</a>, pp. 64–66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlaherty200466-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlaherty200466_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlaherty2004">Flaherty 2004</a>, p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200554-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200554_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2005">Evans 2005</a>, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams200161-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams200161_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams2001">Williams 2001</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETuchelSchattenfroh198780-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuchelSchattenfroh198780_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTuchelSchattenfroh1987">Tuchel & Schattenfroh 1987</a>, p. 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETuchelSchattenfroh198782–83-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuchelSchattenfroh198782–83_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTuchelSchattenfroh1987">Tuchel & Schattenfroh 1987</a>, pp. 82–83.</span> </li> <li 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class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHilberg1992">Hilberg 1992</a>, p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkibińska201284,_88–89,_94–106-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkibińska201284,_88–89,_94–106_156-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSkibińska2012">Skibińska 2012</a>, pp. 84, 88–89, 94–106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolbraad201746–47-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolbraad201746–47_157-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolbraad2017">Holbraad 2017</a>, pp. 46–47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolbraad201747-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolbraad201747_158-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolbraad2017">Holbraad 2017</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERajsfus199551–52-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajsfus199551–52_159-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRajsfus1995">Rajsfus 1995</a>, pp. 51–52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernstein1947267–275-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBernstein1947267–275_160-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBernstein1947">Bernstein 1947</a>, pp. 267–275.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2010741–743-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2010741–743_161-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2010">Evans 2010</a>, pp. 741–743.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDamsStolle2014176–177-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDamsStolle2014176–177_162-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDamsStolle2014176–177_162-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDamsStolle2014">Dams & Stolle 2014</a>, pp. 176–177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernstein1947246–259-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBernstein1947246–259_164-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBernstein1947">Bernstein 1947</a>, pp. 246–259.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDamsStolle2014158–161-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDamsStolle2014158–161_165-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDamsStolle2014">Dams & Stolle 2014</a>, pp. 158–161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDamsStolle2014159–161-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDamsStolle2014159–161_166-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDamsStolle2014">Dams & Stolle 2014</a>, pp. 159–161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_National_Socialist_Document_Center_of_Cologne-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_National_Socialist_Document_Center_of_Cologne_167-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThe_National_Socialist_Document_Center_of_Cologne">The National Socialist Document Center of Cologne</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBönischWiegrefe2011-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBönischWiegrefe2011_168-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBönischWiegrefe2011">Bönisch & Wiegrefe 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrei1993106–107-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrei1993106–107_169-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrei1993">Frei 1993</a>, pp. 106–107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMollo199233–36-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMollo199233–36_170-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMollo1992">Mollo 1992</a>, pp. 33–36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanach201364-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanach201364_172-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBanach2013">Banach 2013</a>, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMollo199238–39,_54-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMollo199238–39,_54_173-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMollo1992">Mollo 1992</a>, pp. 38–39, 54.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output 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0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAhlers2001" class="citation book cs1">Ahlers, Sieglinde (2001). 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(2013). <i>Die Geheime Staatspolizei in Württemberg und Hohenzollern</i>. Stuttgart: Schmetterling. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-89657-138-9" title="Special:BookSources/3-89657-138-9">3-89657-138-9</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenz2007" class="citation book cs1">Benz, Wolfgang (2007). <i>A Concise History of the Third Reich</i>. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25383-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25383-4"><bdi>978-0-520-25383-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+the+Third+Reich&rft.place=Berkeley+and+Los+Angeles&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-520-25383-4&rft.aulast=Benz&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGestapo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerben1975" class="citation book cs1">Berben, Paul (1975). <i>Dachau, 1933–45: The Official History</i>. London: Norfolk Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85211-009-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85211-009-6"><bdi>978-0-85211-009-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dachau%2C+1933%E2%80%9345%3A+The+Official+History&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Norfolk+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-85211-009-6&rft.aulast=Berben&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGestapo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernstein1947" class="citation book cs1">Bernstein, Victor H. (1947). <i>Final Judgment: The Story of Nuremberg</i>. New York: Boni & Gaer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-163-16417-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-163-16417-4"><bdi>978-1-163-16417-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Final+Judgment%3A+The+Story+of+Nuremberg&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Boni+%26+Gaer&rft.date=1947&rft.isbn=978-1-163-16417-4&rft.aulast=Bernstein&rft.aufirst=Victor+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGestapo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoeckl-KlamperMangNeugebauer2018" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Boeckl-Klamper, Elisabeth; Mang, Thomas; Neugebauer, Wolfgang (2018). <i>Gestapo-Leitstelle Wien, 1938–1945</i> (in German). Wien: Edition Steinbauer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-90249-483-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-90249-483-2"><bdi>978-3-90249-483-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gestapo-Leitstelle+Wien%2C+1938%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Wien&rft.pub=Edition+Steinbauer&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-3-90249-483-2&rft.aulast=Boeckl-Klamper&rft.aufirst=Elisabeth&rft.au=Mang%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Neugebauer%2C+Wolfgang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGestapo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBönischWiegrefe2011" class="citation news cs1">Bönisch, Georg; Wiegrefe, Klaus (20 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/from-nazi-criminal-to-postwar-spy-german-intelligence-hired-klaus-barbie-as-agent-a-740393.html">"From Nazi to Criminal to Post-War Spy: German Intelligence Hired Klaus Barbie as Agent"</a>. <i>Der Spiegel</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Spiegel&rft.atitle=From+Nazi+to+Criminal+to+Post-War+Spy%3A+German+Intelligence+Hired+Klaus+Barbie+as+Agent&rft.date=2011-01-20&rft.aulast=B%C3%B6nisch&rft.aufirst=Georg&rft.au=Wiegrefe%2C+Klaus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Finternational%2Fgermany%2Ffrom-nazi-criminal-to-postwar-spy-german-intelligence-hired-klaus-barbie-as-agent-a-740393.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGestapo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreitman2005" class="citation book cs1">Breitman, Richard (2005). <i>U.S. Intelligence and the Nazis</i>. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-61794-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-61794-9"><bdi>978-0-521-61794-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=U.S.+Intelligence+and+the+Nazis&rft.place=Cambridge+and+New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-521-61794-9&rft.aulast=Breitman&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGestapo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroucek2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Broucek, Peter (2008). <i>Militärischer Widerstand: Studien zur österreichischen Staatsgesinnung und NS-Abwehr</i> (in German). Wien: Böhlau. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-20577-728-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-20577-728-1"><bdi>978-3-20577-728-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Milit%C3%A4rischer+Widerstand%3A+Studien+zur+%C3%B6sterreichischen+Staatsgesinnung+und+NS-Abwehr&rft.place=Wien&rft.pub=B%C3%B6hlau&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-20577-728-1&rft.aulast=Broucek&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGestapo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrowder1996" class="citation book cs1">Browder, George C (1996). <i>Hitler's Enforcers: The Gestapo and the SS Security Service in the Nazi Revolution</i>. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820297-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820297-4"><bdi>978-0-19-820297-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+Enforcers%3A+The+Gestapo+and+the+SS+Security+Service+in+the+Nazi+Revolution&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-19-820297-4&rft.aulast=Browder&rft.aufirst=George+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGestapo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuchheim1968" class="citation book cs1">Buchheim, Hans (1968). "The SS: Instrument of Domination". In Krausnick, Helmut; Buchheim, Hans; Broszat, Martin; Jacobsen, Hans-Adolf (eds.). <i>Anatomy of the SS State</i>. New York: Walker and Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-211026-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-211026-6"><bdi>978-0-00-211026-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+SS%3A+Instrument+of+Domination&rft.btitle=Anatomy+of+the+SS+State&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Walker+and+Company&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0-00-211026-6&rft.aulast=Buchheim&rft.aufirst=Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGestapo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurleigh2000" class="citation book cs1">Burleigh, Michael (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thirdreichnewhis00burl"><i>The Third Reich: A New History</i></a></span>. New York: Hill and Wang. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8090-9325-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8090-9325-0"><bdi>978-0-8090-9325-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Third+Reich%3A+A+New+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Hill+and+Wang&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8090-9325-0&rft.aulast=Burleigh&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthirdreichnewhis00burl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGestapo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChilders2017" class="citation book cs1">Childers, Thomas (2017). <i>The Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany</i>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-45165-113-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-45165-113-3"><bdi>978-1-45165-113-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Third+Reich%3A+A+History+of+Nazi+Germany&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-45165-113-3&rft.aulast=Childers&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGestapo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig1973" class="citation book cs1">Craig, William (1973). <i>Enemy at the Gates: The Battle for Stalingrad</i> (1st ed.). Old Saybrook, CT: Konecky & Konecky. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56852-368-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-56852-368-8"><bdi>1-56852-368-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enemy+at+the+Gates%3A+The+Battle+for+Stalingrad&rft.place=Old+Saybrook%2C+CT&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Konecky+%26+Konecky&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=1-56852-368-8&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGestapo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrankshaw2002" class="citation book cs1">Crankshaw, Edward (2002). <i>Gestapo: Instrument of Tyranny</i>. Mechanicsburg, PA: Greenhill Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85367-481-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85367-481-5"><bdi>978-1-85367-481-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gestapo%3A+Instrument+of+Tyranny&rft.place=Mechanicsburg%2C+PA&rft.pub=Greenhill+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-85367-481-5&rft.aulast=Crankshaw&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGestapo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDamsStolle2014" class="citation book cs1">Dams, Carsten; Stolle, Michael (2014). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gestapopowerterr0000dams"><i>The Gestapo: Power and Terror in the Third Reich</i></a></span>. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-966921-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-966921-9"><bdi>978-0-19-966921-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gestapo%3A+Power+and+Terror+in+the+Third+Reich&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-966921-9&rft.aulast=Dams&rft.aufirst=Carsten&rft.au=Stolle%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgestapopowerterr0000dams&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGestapo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelarue1964" class="citation book cs1">Delarue, Jacques (1964). <i>The Gestapo: A History of Horror</i>. New York: Dell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-913729-45-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-913729-45-8"><bdi>978-0-913729-45-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gestapo%3A+A+History+of+Horror&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Dell&rft.date=1964&rft.isbn=978-0-913729-45-8&rft.aulast=Delarue&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGestapo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelarue2008" class="citation book cs1">Delarue, Jacques (2008) [1964]. <i>The Gestapo: A History of Horror</i>. New York: Skyhorse. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60239-246-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60239-246-5"><bdi>978-1-60239-246-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gestapo%3A+A+History+of+Horror&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Skyhorse&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-60239-246-5&rft.aulast=Delarue&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGestapo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2005" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Richard (2005). <i>The Coming of the Third Reich</i>. New York: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-303469-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-303469-8"><bdi>978-0-14-303469-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Coming+of+the+Third+Reich&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-14-303469-8&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGestapo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2006" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Richard J. (2006). <i>The Third Reich in Power</i>. New York: Penguin Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-303790-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-303790-3"><bdi>978-0-14-303790-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Third+Reich+in+Power&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin+Group&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-14-303790-3&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGestapo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2010" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Richard (2010). <i>The Third Reich at War</i>. New York: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-311671-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-311671-4"><bdi>978-0-14-311671-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Third+Reich+at+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-14-311671-4&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGestapo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlaherty2004" class="citation book cs1">Flaherty, T. H. (2004) [1988]. <i>The Third Reich: The SS</i>. Time-Life Books, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84447-073-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84447-073-0"><bdi>978-1-84447-073-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Third+Reich%3A+The+SS&rft.pub=Time-Life+Books%2C+Inc&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-84447-073-0&rft.aulast=Flaherty&rft.aufirst=T.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGestapo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrei1993" class="citation book cs1">Frei, Norbert (1993). <i>National Socialist Rule in Germany: The Führer State, 1933–1945</i>. Cambridge, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-18507-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-18507-9"><bdi>978-0-631-18507-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=National+Socialist+Rule+in+Germany%3A+The+F%C3%BChrer+State%2C+1933%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-631-18507-9&rft.aulast=Frei&rft.aufirst=Norbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGestapo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGellately1992" class="citation book cs1">Gellately, Robert (1992). <i>The Gestapo and German Society: Enforcing Racial Policy, 1933–1945</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820297-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820297-4"><bdi>978-0-19-820297-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gestapo+and+German+Society%3A+Enforcing+Racial+Policy%2C+1933%E2%80%931945&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-19-820297-4&rft.aulast=Gellately&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGestapo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGellately2020" class="citation book cs1">Gellately, Robert (2020). <i>Hitler's True Believers: How Ordinary People Became Nazis</i>. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19068-990-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19068-990-2"><bdi>978-0-19068-990-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+True+Believers%3A+How+Ordinary+People+Became+Nazis&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-19068-990-2&rft.aulast=Gellately&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGestapo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerwarth2012" class="citation book cs1">Gerwarth, Robert (2012). <i>Hitler's Hangman: The Life of Heydrich</i>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-18772-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-18772-4"><bdi>978-0-300-18772-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+Hangman%3A+The+Life+of+Heydrich&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-300-18772-4&rft.aulast=Gerwarth&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGestapo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGruchmann1981" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gruchmann, Lothar (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30195217">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Nacht und Nebel' Justiz. Die Mitwirkung deutscher Strafgerichte an der Bekämpfung des Widerstandes in den besetzten westeuropäischen Ländern 1942–1944"</a>. <i>Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte</i> (in German). <b>29</b> (3). Munich: Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag GmbH: <span class="nowrap">342–</span>396. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30195217">30195217</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vierteljahrshefte+f%C3%BCr+Zeitgeschichte&rft.atitle=%27Nacht+und+Nebel%27+Justiz.+Die+Mitwirkung+deutscher+Strafgerichte+an+der+Bek%C3%A4mpfung+des+Widerstandes+in+den+besetzten+westeurop%C3%A4ischen+L%C3%A4ndern+1942%E2%80%931944&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E342-%3C%2Fspan%3E396&rft.date=1981&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30195217%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Gruchmann&rft.aufirst=Lothar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30195217&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGestapo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHesseKufekeSander2010" class="citation book cs1">Hesse, Klaus; Kufeke, Kay; Sander, Andreas (2010). <i>Topography of Terror: Gestapo, SS and Reich Security Main Office on Wilhelm- and Prinz-Alberecht Strasse: A Documentation</i>. Berlin: Stiftung Topographie des Terrors. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-94177-207-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-94177-207-6"><bdi>978-3-94177-207-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Topography+of+Terror%3A+Gestapo%2C+SS+and+Reich+Security+Main+Office+on+Wilhelm-+and+Prinz-Alberecht+Strasse%3A+A+Documentation&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Stiftung+Topographie+des+Terrors&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3-94177-207-6&rft.aulast=Hesse&rft.aufirst=Klaus&rft.au=Kufeke%2C+Kay&rft.au=Sander%2C+Andreas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGestapo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHilberg1992" class="citation book cs1">Hilberg, Raul (1992). <i>Perpetrators, Victims, Bystanders: The Jewish Catastrophe, 1933–1945</i>. New York: Harper Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8419-0910-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8419-0910-5"><bdi>0-8419-0910-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Perpetrators%2C+Victims%2C+Bystanders%3A+The+Jewish+Catastrophe%2C+1933%E2%80%931945&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-8419-0910-5&rft.aulast=Hilberg&rft.aufirst=Raul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGestapo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHildebrand1984" class="citation book cs1">Hildebrand, Klaus (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thirdreich0000hild"><i>The Third Reich</i></a>. London and New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-04-943033-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-04-943033-4"><bdi>978-0-04-943033-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Third+Reich&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-04-943033-4&rft.aulast=Hildebrand&rft.aufirst=Klaus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthirdreich0000hild&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGestapo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffmann1977" class="citation book cs1">Hoffmann, Peter (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofgermanr00hoff"><i>The History of the German Resistance, 1933–1945</i></a>. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-08088-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-08088-0"><bdi>978-0-262-08088-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+German+Resistance%2C+1933%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-262-08088-0&rft.aulast=Hoffmann&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofgermanr00hoff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGestapo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHöhne2001" class="citation book cs1">Höhne, Heinz (2001). <i>The Order of the Death's Head: The Story of Hitler's SS</i>. New York: Penguin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-139012-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-139012-3"><bdi>978-0-14-139012-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Order+of+the+Death%27s+Head%3A+The+Story+of+Hitler%27s+SS&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-14-139012-3&rft.aulast=H%C3%B6hne&rft.aufirst=Heinz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGestapo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolbraad2017" class="citation book cs1">Holbraad, Carsten (2017). <i>Danish Reactions to German Occupation</i>. London: UCL Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-91130-751-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-91130-751-8"><bdi>978-1-91130-751-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Danish+Reactions+to+German+Occupation&rft.place=London&rft.pub=UCL+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-91130-751-8&rft.aulast=Holbraad&rft.aufirst=Carsten&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGestapo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1999" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Eric (1999). <i>Nazi Terror: The Gestapo, Jews, and Ordinary Germans</i>. New York: Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-04908-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-04908-0"><bdi>978-0-465-04908-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nazi+Terror%3A+The+Gestapo%2C+Jews%2C+and+Ordinary+Germans&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-465-04908-0&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGestapo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKershaw2008" class="citation book cs1">Kershaw, Ian (2008). <i>Hitler: A Biography</i>. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-39306-757-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-39306-757-6"><bdi>978-0-39306-757-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-39306-757-6&rft.aulast=Kershaw&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGestapo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Krausnick" title="Helmut Krausnick">Krausnick, Helmut</a>, et al. (1968). <i>Anatomy of the SS State</i>. New York; Walker and Company. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-211026-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-211026-6">978-0-00-211026-6</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLemkin2008" class="citation book cs1">Lemkin, Raphael (2008). <i>Axis Rule in Occupied Europe: Laws of Occupation, Analysis of Government, Proposals for Redress</i>. Clark, NJ: Lawbook Exchange, Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58477-901-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58477-901-8"><bdi>978-1-58477-901-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Axis+Rule+in+Occupied+Europe%3A+Laws+of+Occupation%2C+Analysis+of+Government%2C+Proposals+for+Redress&rft.place=Clark%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Lawbook+Exchange%2C+Ltd&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-58477-901-8&rft.aulast=Lemkin&rft.aufirst=Raphael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGestapo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongerich2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Longerich" title="Peter Longerich">Longerich, Peter</a> (2012). <i>Heinrich Himmler: A Life</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-959232-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-959232-6"><bdi>978-0-19-959232-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heinrich+Himmler%3A+A+Life&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-959232-6&rft.aulast=Longerich&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGestapo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongerich2019" class="citation book cs1">Longerich, Peter (2019). <i>Hitler: A Biography</i>. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19251-574-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19251-574-2"><bdi>978-0-19251-574-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-19251-574-2&rft.aulast=Longerich&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGestapo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallmannPaul1994" class="citation book cs1">Mallmann, Klaus-Michael; Paul, Gerhard (1994). "Omniscient, Omnipotent, Omnipresent? Gestapo, Society, and Resistance". In David Crew (ed.). <i>Nazism and German Society, 1933–1945</i>. New York and London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-08240-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-08240-2"><bdi>978-0-415-08240-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Omniscient%2C+Omnipotent%2C+Omnipresent%3F+Gestapo%2C+Society%2C+and+Resistance&rft.btitle=Nazism+and+German+Society%2C+1933%E2%80%931945&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-415-08240-2&rft.aulast=Mallmann&rft.aufirst=Klaus-Michael&rft.au=Paul%2C+Gerhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGestapo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManchester2003" class="citation book cs1">Manchester, William (2003). <i>The Arms of Krupp, 1587–1968: The Rise and Fall of the Industrial Dynasty that Armed Germany at War</i>. New York & Boston: Back Bay Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arms+of+Krupp%2C+1587%E2%80%931968%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Industrial+Dynasty+that+Armed+Germany+at+War&rft.place=New+York+%26+Boston&rft.pub=Back+Bay+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Manchester&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGestapo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManvellFraenkel2011" class="citation book cs1">Manvell, Roger; Fraenkel, Heinrich (2011). <i>Goering</i>. New York: Skyhorse Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61608-109-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61608-109-6"><bdi>978-1-61608-109-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Goering&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Skyhorse+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-61608-109-6&rft.aulast=Manvell&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft.au=Fraenkel%2C+Heinrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGestapo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDonough2005" class="citation book cs1">McDonough, Frank (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oppositionresist00mcdo"><i>Opposition and Resistance in Nazi Germany</i></a>. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00358-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00358-2"><bdi>978-0-521-00358-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Opposition+and+Resistance+in+Nazi+Germany&rft.place=Cambridge+and+New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-521-00358-2&rft.aulast=McDonough&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foppositionresist00mcdo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGestapo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDonough2017" class="citation book cs1">McDonough, Frank (2017). <i>The Gestapo: The Myth and Reality of Hitler's Secret Police</i>. New York: Skyhorse Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-51071-465-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-51071-465-6"><bdi>978-1-51071-465-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gestapo%3A+The+Myth+and+Reality+of+Hitler%27s+Secret+Police&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Skyhorse+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-51071-465-6&rft.aulast=McDonough&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGestapo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNab2009" class="citation book cs1">McNab, Chris (2009). <i>The SS: 1923–1945</i>. Amber Books Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-906626-49-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-906626-49-5"><bdi>978-1-906626-49-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+SS%3A+1923%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Amber+Books+Ltd&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-906626-49-5&rft.aulast=McNab&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGestapo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerson1985" class="citation book cs1">Merson, Allan (1985). <i>Communist Resistance in Nazi Germany</i>. New York: New York University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85315-601-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85315-601-7"><bdi>978-0-85315-601-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Communist+Resistance+in+Nazi+Germany&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-85315-601-7&rft.aulast=Merson&rft.aufirst=Allan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGestapo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2006" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Michael (2006). <i>Leaders of the SS and German Police, Vol. 1</i>. R. James Bender Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-297-0037-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-297-0037-2"><bdi>978-93-297-0037-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leaders+of+the+SS+and+German+Police%2C+Vol.+1&rft.pub=R.+James+Bender+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-93-297-0037-2&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGestapo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMollo1992" class="citation book cs1">Mollo, Andrew (1992). <i>Uniforms of the SS. Vol. 5. Sicherheitsdienst und Sicherheitspolizei 1931–1945</i>. London: Windrow & Greene. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-87200-462-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-87200-462-4"><bdi>978-1-87200-462-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uniforms+of+the+SS.+Vol.+5.+Sicherheitsdienst+und+Sicherheitspolizei+1931%E2%80%931945&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Windrow+%26+Greene&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-1-87200-462-4&rft.aulast=Mollo&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGestapo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_National_Socialist_Document_Center_of_Cologne" class="citation web cs1">Museenkoeln.de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museenkoeln.de/ns-dokumentationszentrum/pages/315.aspx?s=315">"NSDOK"</a>. <i>NS-Dokumentationszentrum der Stadt Köln</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-31619-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-31619-3"><bdi>978-0-393-31619-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+the+Allies+Won&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-393-31619-3&rft.aulast=Overy&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGestapo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPadfield2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Padfield" title="Peter Padfield">Padfield, Peter</a> (2001) [1990]. <i>Himmler: Reichsführer-SS</i>. London: Cassel & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-304-35839-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-304-35839-7"><bdi>978-0-304-35839-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Himmler%3A+Reichsf%C3%BChrer-SS&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cassel+%26+Co&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-304-35839-7&rft.aulast=Padfield&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGestapo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeukert1989" class="citation book cs1">Peukert, Detlev (1989). <i>Inside Nazi Germany: Conformity, Opposition, and Racism in Everyday Life</i>. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-04480-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-04480-5"><bdi>978-0-300-04480-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+Nazi+Germany%3A+Conformity%2C+Opposition%2C+and+Racism+in+Everyday+Life&rft.place=New+Haven+and+London&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-300-04480-5&rft.aulast=Peukert&rft.aufirst=Detlev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGestapo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRajsfus1995" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rajsfus, Maurice (1995). <i>La police de Vichy: les forces de l'ordre françaises au service de la Gestapo, 1940–1944</i> [<i>The Vichy Police Force: The French Security Forces in the Service of the Gestapo, 1940–1944</i>] (in French). Paris: Le cherche midi éditeur. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-86274-358-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-86274-358-5"><bdi>978-2-86274-358-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+police+de+Vichy%3A+les+forces+de+l%27ordre+fran%C3%A7aises+au+service+de+la+Gestapo%2C+1940%E2%80%931944&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Le+cherche+midi+%C3%A9diteur&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-2-86274-358-5&rft.aulast=Rajsfus&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGestapo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRees1997" class="citation book cs1">Rees, Laurence (1997). <a href="/wiki/The_Nazis:_A_Warning_from_History" title="The Nazis: A Warning from History"><i>The Nazis: A Warning from History</i></a>. New York: New Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-563-49333-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-563-49333-4"><bdi>978-0-563-49333-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nazis%3A+A+Warning+from+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=New+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-563-49333-4&rft.aulast=Rees&rft.aufirst=Laurence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGestapo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReitlinger1989" class="citation book cs1">Reitlinger, Gerald (1989). <i>The SS: Alibi of a Nation, 1922–1945</i>. New York: Da Capo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80351-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80351-2"><bdi>978-0-306-80351-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+SS%3A+Alibi+of+a+Nation%2C+1922%E2%80%931945&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-306-80351-2&rft.aulast=Reitlinger&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGestapo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell2002" class="citation book cs1">Russell, Edward Frederick Langley (2002). <i>The Scourge of the Swastika: A History of Nazi War Crimes During World War II</i>. New York: Skyhorse. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85367-498-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-85367-498-2"><bdi>1-85367-498-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Scourge+of+the+Swastika%3A+A+History+of+Nazi+War+Crimes+During+World+War+II&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Skyhorse&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-85367-498-2&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Edward+Frederick+Langley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGestapo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmid1947" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schmid, Heinrich (1947). <i>Apokalyptisches Wetterleuchten: Ein Beitrag der Evangelischen Kirche zum Kampf im Dritten Reich</i> (in German). München: Verag der Evangelisch-Lutherischen Kirche in Bayern. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00279MGQS">B00279MGQS</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apokalyptisches+Wetterleuchten%3A+Ein+Beitrag+der+Evangelischen+Kirche+zum+Kampf+im+Dritten+Reich&rft.place=M%C3%BCnchen&rft.pub=Verag+der+Evangelisch-Lutherischen+Kirche+in+Bayern&rft.date=1947&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB00279MGQS%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Schmid&rft.aufirst=Heinrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGestapo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShirer1990" class="citation book cs1">Shirer, William (1990). <i>The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich</i>. New York: MJF Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56731-163-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56731-163-1"><bdi>978-1-56731-163-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Third+Reich&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=MJF+Books&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-1-56731-163-1&rft.aulast=Shirer&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGestapo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2004" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Michael (2004). "Bletchley Park and the Holocaust". <i>Intelligence and National Security</i>. <b>19</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">262–</span>274. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0268452042000302994">10.1080/0268452042000302994</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154692491">154692491</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Intelligence+and+National+Security&rft.atitle=Bletchley+Park+and+the+Holocaust&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E262-%3C%2Fspan%3E274&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0268452042000302994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154692491%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGestapo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkibińska2012" class="citation book cs1">Skibińska, Alina (2012). "Perpetrators Self-Portrait: The Accused Village Administrators, Commune Heads, Fire Chiefs, Forest Rangers, and Gamekeepers". In Jan Gross (ed.). <i>The Holocaust in Occupied Poland: New Findings and New Interpretations</i>. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-63163-124-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-63163-124-9"><bdi>978-3-63163-124-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Perpetrators+Self-Portrait%3A+The+Accused+Village+Administrators%2C+Commune+Heads%2C+Fire+Chiefs%2C+Forest+Rangers%2C+and+Gamekeepers&rft.btitle=The+Holocaust+in+Occupied+Poland%3A+New+Findings+and+New+Interpretations&rft.place=Frankfurt+am+Main&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-3-63163-124-9&rft.aulast=Skibi%C5%84ska&rft.aufirst=Alina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGestapo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnyder1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Leo_Snyder" title="Louis Leo Snyder">Snyder, Louis</a> (1994) [1976]. <i>Encyclopedia of the Third Reich</i>. Da Capo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56924-917-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56924-917-8"><bdi>978-1-56924-917-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Third+Reich&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-56924-917-8&rft.aulast=Snyder&rft.aufirst=Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGestapo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpielvogel1992" class="citation book cs1">Spielvogel, Jackson (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hitlernazigerman0000spie"><i>Hitler and Nazi Germany: A History</i></a>. New York: Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-393182-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-393182-2"><bdi>978-0-13-393182-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler+and+Nazi+Germany%3A+A+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-13-393182-2&rft.aulast=Spielvogel&rft.aufirst=Jackson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhitlernazigerman0000spie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGestapo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFState_of_Israel1992" class="citation book cs1">State of Israel (1992). <i>The Trial of Adolf Eichmann: Record of Proceedings in the District Court of Jerusalem</i>. Vol. 1. Jerusalem: State of Israel, Ministry of Justice. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-65279-010-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-65279-010-1"><bdi>978-9-65279-010-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Trial+of+Adolf+Eichmann%3A+Record+of+Proceedings+in+the+District+Court+of+Jerusalem&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.pub=State+of+Israel%2C+Ministry+of+Justice&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-9-65279-010-1&rft.au=State+of+Israel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGestapo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteigmann-Gall2003" class="citation book cs1">Steigmann-Gall, Richard (2003). <i>The Holy Reich: Nazi Conceptions of Christianity, 1919–1945</i>. New York and London: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82371-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82371-5"><bdi>978-0-521-82371-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Holy+Reich%3A+Nazi+Conceptions+of+Christianity%2C+1919%E2%80%931945&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-521-82371-5&rft.aulast=Steigmann-Gall&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGestapo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThurner2017" class="citation book cs1">Thurner, Christoph (2017). <i>The CASSIA Spy Ring in World War II Austria: A History of the OSS's Maier-Messner Group</i>. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-47662-991-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-47662-991-9"><bdi>978-1-47662-991-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+CASSIA+Spy+Ring+in+World+War+II+Austria%3A+A+History+of+the+OSS%27s+Maier-Messner+Group&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+NC&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-47662-991-9&rft.aulast=Thurner&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGestapo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrentmann2023" class="citation book cs1">Trentmann, Frank (2023). <i>Out of the Darkness: The Germans, 1942–2022</i>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-52473-291-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-52473-291-2"><bdi>978-1-52473-291-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Out+of+the+Darkness%3A+The+Germans%2C+1942%E2%80%932022&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-52473-291-2&rft.aulast=Trentmann&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGestapo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuchelSchattenfroh1987" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tuchel, Johannes; Schattenfroh, Reinhold (1987). <i>Zentrale des Terrors. Prinz-Albrecht-Straße 8: Hauptquartier der Gestapo</i> (in German). Frankfurt am Main, Olten, and Wien: Büchergilde Gutenberg. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7632-3340-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7632-3340-3"><bdi>978-3-7632-3340-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zentrale+des+Terrors.+Prinz-Albrecht-Stra%C3%9Fe+8%3A+Hauptquartier+der+Gestapo&rft.place=Frankfurt+am+Main%2C+Olten%2C+and+Wien&rft.pub=B%C3%BCchergilde+Gutenberg&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-3-7632-3340-3&rft.aulast=Tuchel&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rft.au=Schattenfroh%2C+Reinhold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGestapo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUSHMM,_"Gestapo"" class="citation web cs1">USHMM. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10008218">"Gestapo"</a>. <i>United States Holocaust Memorial Museum – Holocaust Encyclopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum+%E2%80%93+Holocaust+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Gestapo&rft.au=USHMM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Fwlc%2Fen%2Farticle.php%3FModuleId%3D10008218&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGestapo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUSHMM,_"Law_and_Justice_in_the_Third_Reich"" class="citation web cs1">USHMM. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005467">"Law and Justice in the Third Reich"</a>. <i>United States Holocaust Memorial Museum – Holocaust Encyclopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum+%E2%80%93+Holocaust+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Law+and+Justice+in+the+Third+Reich&rft.au=USHMM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Fwlc%2Farticle.php%3Flang%3Den%26ModuleId%3D10005467&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGestapo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUS_National_Archives,_"German_Police_Records_Opened_at_the_National_Archives"" class="citation web cs1">US National Archives (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/press/press-releases/2000/nr00-52.html">"Press Release nr00-52: German Police Records Opened at the National Archives"</a>. <i>United States National Archives</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+National+Archives&rft.atitle=Press+Release+nr00-52%3A+German+Police+Records+Opened+at+the+National+Archives&rft.date=2000&rft.au=US+National+Archives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Fpress%2Fpress-releases%2F2000%2Fnr00-52.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGestapo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallbaum2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wallbaum, Klaus (2009). <i>Der Überläufer: Rudolf Diels (1900–1957), der erste Gestapo-Chef des Hitler-Regimes</i> (in German). Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-631-59818-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-631-59818-4"><bdi>978-3-631-59818-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Der+%C3%9Cberl%C3%A4ufer%3A+Rudolf+Diels+%281900%E2%80%931957%29%2C+der+erste+Gestapo-Chef+des+Hitler-Regimes&rft.place=Frankfurt+am+Main&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3-631-59818-4&rft.aulast=Wallbaum&rft.aufirst=Klaus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGestapo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeale2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Weale" title="Adrian Weale">Weale, Adrian</a> (2010). <i>The SS: A New History</i>. London: Little, Brown. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4087-0304-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4087-0304-5"><bdi>978-1-4087-0304-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+SS%3A+A+New+History&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4087-0304-5&rft.aulast=Weale&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGestapo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeale2012" class="citation book cs1">Weale, Adrian (2012). <i>Army of Evil: A History of the SS</i>. New York: Caliber Printing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-451-23791-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-451-23791-0"><bdi>978-0-451-23791-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Army+of+Evil%3A+A+History+of+the+SS&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Caliber+Printing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-451-23791-0&rft.aulast=Weale&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGestapo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2001" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Max (2001). <i>Reinhard Heydrich: The Biography: Volume 1</i>. Church Stretton: Ulric. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9537577-5-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9537577-5-6"><bdi>978-0-9537577-5-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reinhard+Heydrich%3A+The+Biography%3A+Volume+1&rft.place=Church+Stretton&rft.pub=Ulric&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-9537577-5-6&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGestapo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamson2002" class="citation book cs1">Williamson, David (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thirdreich0003will"><i>The Third Reich</i></a></span> (3rd ed.). London: Longman Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-36883-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-36883-5"><bdi>978-0-582-36883-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Third+Reich&rft.place=London&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Longman+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-582-36883-5&rft.aulast=Williamson&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthirdreich0003will&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGestapo" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Gestapo" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Gestapo"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Gestapo</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dagbladet.no/2012/06/09/magasinet/andre_verdenskrig/historie/nazisme/festung_furulund/21914183/">Festung Furulund – magasinet – Dagbladet.no</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Norwegian)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chroniclesofterror.pl/dlibra/results?action=AdvancedSearchAction&type=-3&search_attid1=66&search_value1=Tajna+Policja+Pa%C5%84stwowa+%5C%28Geheime+Staatspolizei%2C+Gestapo%5C%29">Collection of testimonies concerning Gestapo activity in occupied Poland during WWII in "Chronicles of Terror" database</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heinrich_Himmler292" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#d7d7d7;;background:#c3c3c3;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heinrich_Himmler" title="Template:Heinrich Himmler"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heinrich_Himmler" title="Template talk:Heinrich Himmler"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heinrich_Himmler" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heinrich Himmler"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heinrich_Himmler292" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow nowrap" colspan="2" style="background:#d7d7d7;"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Reichsf%C3%BChrer-SS" title="Reichsführer-SS">Reichsführer-SS</a></i></li> <li>Chief of <a href="/wiki/Police_forces_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Police forces of Nazi Germany">German Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Ministry_of_the_Interior_(Germany)" title="Federal Ministry of the Interior (Germany)">Minister of the Interior</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Reichsf%C3%BChrer-SS" title="Reichsführer-SS">Reichsführer-SS</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_SS" title="Ideology of the SS">Ideology of the SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_Staff_Reichsf%C3%BChrer-SS" title="Personal Staff Reichsführer-SS">Personal Staff Reichsführer-SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freundeskreis_der_Wirtschaft" title="Freundeskreis der Wirtschaft">Freundeskreis Reichsführer-SS</a> ("Circle of Friends of the Reichsführer-SS")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich" title="Reinhard Heydrich">Reinhard Heydrich</a> (Chief of the RSHA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Kaltenbrunner" title="Ernst Kaltenbrunner">Ernst Kaltenbrunner</a> (successor as Chief of the RSHA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Wolff" title="Karl Wolff">Karl Wolff</a> (Chief of Personal Staff)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedwig_Potthast" title="Hedwig Potthast">Hedwig Potthast</a> (secretary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Brandt" title="Rudolf Brandt">Rudolf Brandt</a> (Personal Administrative Officer to RFSS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Gauch" title="Hermann Gauch">Hermann Gauch</a> (adjutant)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Grothmann" title="Werner Grothmann">Werner Grothmann</a> (aide-de-camp)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Macher" title="Heinz Macher">Heinz Macher</a> (second personal assistant)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Schellenberg" title="Walter Schellenberg">Walter Schellenberg</a> (personal aide)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Maria_Wiligut" title="Karl Maria Wiligut">Karl Maria Wiligut</a> (occultist)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gestapo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahnenerbe" title="Ahnenerbe">Ahnenerbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebensborn" title="Lebensborn">Lebensborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reich_Central_Office_for_the_Combating_of_Homosexuality_and_Abortion" title="Reich Central Office for the Combating of Homosexuality and Abortion">Reich Central Office for the Combating of Homosexuality and Abortion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%">Responsibility for<br /><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani genocide">Romani genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_crimes_against_the_Polish_nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi crimes against the Polish nation">Crimes against Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">Crimes against Soviet POWs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalplan_Ost" title="Generalplan Ost">Persecution of Slavs in Eastern Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_homosexuals_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany">Persecution of homosexuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Persecution of Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry#Nazi_Germany_and_occupied_Europe" title="Anti-Masonry">Suppression of Freemasonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nazi Germany">Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_black_people_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of black people in Nazi Germany">Persecution of black people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kommandostab_Reichsf%C3%BChrer-SS" title="Kommandostab Reichsführer-SS">Kommandostab Reichsführer-SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Volksliste" title="Deutsche Volksliste">Deutsche Volksliste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Reinhard" title="Operation Reinhard">Operation Reinhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegewald_(colony)" title="Hegewald (colony)">Hegewald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posen_speeches" title="Posen speeches">Posen speeches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himmler-Kersten_Agreement" title="Himmler-Kersten Agreement">Himmler-Kersten Agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margarete_Himmler" title="Margarete Himmler">Margarete Himmler</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudrun_Burwitz" title="Gudrun Burwitz">Gudrun Burwitz</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedwig_Potthast" title="Hedwig Potthast">Hedwig Potthast</a> (mistress)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gebhard_Ludwig_Himmler" title="Gebhard Ludwig Himmler">Gebhard Ludwig</a> (older brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Hermann_Himmler" title="Ernst Hermann Himmler">Ernst</a> (younger brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katrin_Himmler" title="Katrin Himmler">Katrin Himmler</a> (great-niece)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Kokott" title="Heinz Kokott">Heinz Kokott</a> (brother-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wendler" title="Richard Wendler">Richard Wendler</a> (brother-in-law)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Himmler" title="Operation Himmler">Operation Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Group_Upper_Rhine" title="Army Group Upper Rhine">Army Group Upper Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Group_Vistula" title="Army Group Vistula">Army Group Vistula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Northwind_(1944)" title="Operation Northwind (1944)">Operation Nordwind</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%">Failed assassins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Mor%C3%A1vek" title="Václav Morávek">Václav Morávek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sneum" title="Thomas Sneum">Thomas Sneum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claus_von_Stauffenberg" title="Claus von Stauffenberg">Claus von Stauffenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henning_von_Tresckow" title="Henning von Tresckow">Henning von Tresckow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erhard_Heiden" title="Erhard Heiden">Erhard Heiden</a> (predecessor as Reichsführer-SS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Hanke" title="Karl Hanke">Karl Hanke</a> (successor as Reichsführer-SS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falk_Zipperer" title="Falk Zipperer">Falk Zipperer</a> (closest friend)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Gebhardt" title="Karl Gebhardt">Karl Gebhardt</a> (personal physician)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Kersten" title="Felix Kersten">Felix Kersten</a> (personal masseur)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Blaschke" title="Hugo Blaschke">Hugo Blaschke</a> (dentist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Excell" title="Sidney Excell">Sidney Excell</a> (man who arrested Himmler)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fascism116" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fascism" title="Template:Fascism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fascism" title="Template talk:Fascism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fascism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fascism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fascism116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Themes116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Themes</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascism#Core_tenets" title="Fascism">Core tenets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actual_idealism" title="Actual idealism">Actual idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticization_of_politics" title="Aestheticization of politics">Aestheticization of politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism#Fascism" title="Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeois_nation" title="Bourgeois nation">Anti-materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism#Criticism" title="Pacifism">Anti-pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_collaboration" title="Class collaboration">Class collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">Conspiracism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirigisme" title="Dirigisme">Dirigisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_interventionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic interventionism">Economic interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_capitalism" title="Heroic capitalism">Heroic capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_realism" title="Heroic realism">Heroic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">Heroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoctrination" title="Indoctrination">Indoctrination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_rationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of rationalism">Irrationalism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Machismo" title="Machismo">Machismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_of_masculinity_under_fascist_Italy" title="Model of masculinity under fascist Italy">Masculinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_syndicalism" title="National syndicalism">National syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Integral_nationalism" title="Integral nationalism">Integral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palingenetic_ultranationalism" title="Palingenetic ultranationalism">Palingenetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Man_(utopian_concept)#Fascist" title="New Man (utopian concept)">New Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">One-party state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_war" title="Perpetual war">Perpetual war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_nation" title="Proletarian nation">Proletarian nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_modernism" title="Reactionary modernism">Reactionary modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism#Nazism,_eugenics,_fascism,_imperialism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_interventionism" title="Social interventionism">Social interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">Social order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">State capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statolatry" title="Statolatry">Statolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercapitalism" title="Supercapitalism">Supercapitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretic_politics" title="Syncretic politics">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Position" title="Third Position">Third Position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Definitions_of_fascism" title="Definitions of fascism">Definitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_fascism" title="Economics of fascism">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_and_ideology" title="Fascism and ideology">Fascism and ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fascist_movements" title="List of fascist movements">Fascism worldwide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_symbolism" title="Fascist symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Variants116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Variants</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_fascism" title="Arab fascism">Arab</a></li> <li>Argentine <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nacionalismo" title="Nacionalismo">Nacionalismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Peronism" title="Orthodox Peronism">Orthodox Peronism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrofascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrofascism">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Bandera#Views" title="Stepan Bandera">Banderism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralism" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Integralism">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_fascism" title="British fascism">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fascism" title="Christian fascism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Identity" title="Christian Identity">Christian Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Synarchist_Union#Ideology" title="National Synarchist Union">Mexican synarchism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_fascism" title="Clerical fascism">Clerical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-fascism" title="Crypto-fascism">Crypto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofascism" title="Ecofascism">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_English_Defence_League" title="Ideology of the English Defence League">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falangism" title="Falangism">Falangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="French fascism">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Popular_Party#Ideology_and_fascism_of_PPF" title="French Popular Party">Doriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_nationale" title="Révolution nationale">Pétainism</a> <ul><li>Neo-Pétainism <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeune_Nation#Ideology" title="Jeune Nation">Jeune Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27%C5%92uvre_Fran%C3%A7aise#Ideology" title="L'Œuvre Française">L'Œuvre Française</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Faisceau#Valois's_version_of_fascism" title="Le Faisceau">Valoisism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrow_Cross_Party#Ideology" title="Arrow Cross Party">Hungarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutu_Power" title="Hutu Power">Hutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ailtir%C3%AD_na_hAis%C3%A9irghe#Ideology" title="Ailtirí na hAiséirghe">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamofascism" title="Islamofascism">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ziaism" title="Ziaism">Ziaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_fascism" title="Italian fascism">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intransigent_fascism" title="Intransigent fascism">Intransigent</a></li></ul></li> <li>Japanese <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor-system_fascism" title="Emperor-system fascism">Emperor-system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_bureaucrats" title="Reform bureaucrats">Reform bureaucratism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Statism in Shōwa Japan">Statism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_Restoration" title="Shōwa Restoration">Restoration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahanism" title="Kahanism">Kahanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Maximalism" title="Revisionist Maximalism">Revisionist Maximalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Asia#Korean_Peninsula" title="Fascism in Asia">Korean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilminism" title="Ilminism">Ilminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right_(South_Korea)" title="New Right (South Korea)">Nyulaiteu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Views_of_Lyndon_LaRouche_and_the_LaRouche_movement" title="Views of Lyndon LaRouche and the LaRouche movement">LaRoucheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%93rkonkrusts#Principles_and_ideology" title="Pērkonkrusts">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_mysticism" title="Fascist mysticism">Mystical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Nazism" title="Austrian Nazism">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Nazism" class="mw-redirect" title="Esoteric Nazism">Esoteric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_views_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Political views of Adolf Hitler">Hitlerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo-Nazism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism_in_Russia#Ideology" title="Neo-Nazism in Russia">Russian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strasserism" title="Strasserism">Strasserism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_in_Sweden#Ideology" title="Nazism in Sweden">Swedish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-fascism" title="Neo-fascism">Neo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue-and-Black_Movement#Ideology" title="Blue-and-Black Movement">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Enlightenment" title="Dark Enlightenment">NRx</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Lights_Doctrine" title="Nine Lights Doctrine">Pan-Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rexist_Party#Ideology" title="Rexist Party">Rexism</a></li> <li>Romanian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legionarism" class="mw-redirect" title="Legionarism">Legionarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Legionarism" title="Neo-Legionarism">Neo-Legionarism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_Romanianism#Ideology" title="Crusade of Romanianism">Romanianism/Stelism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruscism" title="Ruscism">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurasianism#Eurasianism_as_ideology" title="Eurasianism">Neo-Eurasianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_syndicalism" title="Fascist syndicalism">Syndicalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party#Ideology" title="Syrian Social Nationalist Party">Syrian Social Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Techno-fascism">Techno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Position" title="Third Position">Third Positionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National-anarchism" title="National-anarchism">National-anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bolshevism" title="National Bolshevism">National Bolshevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi-Maoism" title="Nazi-Maoism">Nazi-Maoism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Uruguay" title="Fascism in Uruguay">Uruguayan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Uruguay#Marzism" title="Fascism in Uruguay">Marzism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Uruguay#Uruguayan_revisionism" title="Fascism in Uruguay">Revisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosism" title="Sosism">Sosism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e#Ideology" title="Ustaše">Ustašism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Movements116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Movements</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Weerstandsbeweging" title="Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging">Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_for_the_Liberation_of_Rwanda" title="Army for the Liberation of Rwanda">Army for the Liberation of Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_for_the_Defence_of_the_Republic" title="Coalition for the Defence of the Republic">Coalition for the Defence of the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Forces_for_the_Liberation_of_Rwanda" title="Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda">Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Gentile_National_Socialist_Movement" title="South African Gentile National Socialist Movement">Greyshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Association_of_the_Lictor" title="Muslim Association of the Lictor">Muslim Association of the Lictor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Movement_for_Development" title="National Revolutionary Movement for Development">National Revolutionary Movement for Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossewabrandwag" title="Ossewabrandwag">Ossewabrandwag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision_Libre_des_Mille_Collines" title="Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines">Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Democratic_Movement" title="Republican Democratic Movement">Republican Democratic Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Egypt_Party_(1933)" title="Young Egypt Party (1933)">Young Egypt Party (1933)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Asia" title="Fascism in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinav_Bharat" title="Abhinav Bharat">Abhinav Bharat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muthanna_Club" title="Al-Muthanna Club">Al-Muthanna Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aria_Party" title="Aria Party">Aria Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_National_Democrat_Party" title="Azerbaijan National Democrat Party">Azerbaijan National Democrat Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azure_Party" title="Azure Party">Azure Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Dragon_Society" title="Black Dragon Society">Black Dragon Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brit_HaBirionim" title="Brit HaBirionim">Brit HaBirionim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concordia_Association" title="Concordia Association">Concordia Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_Wolves_(organization)" title="Grey Wolves (organization)">Grey Wolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Square_(Iraq)" title="Golden Square (Iraq)">Golden Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Mahasabha" title="Hindu Mahasabha">Hindu Mahasabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran-e-No_Party" title="Iran-e-No Party">Iran-e-No Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_National_Front" title="Jewish National Front">Jewish National Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kach_(political_party)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kach (political party)">Kach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kataeb_Party" title="Kataeb Party">Kataeb Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenkokukai" title="Kenkokukai">Kenkokukai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokumin_D%C5%8Dmei" title="Kokumin Dōmei">Kokumin Dōmei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Nationalist_Party" title="Korea Nationalist Party">Korea Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_National_Youth_Association" title="Korean National Youth Association">Korean National Youth Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehi_(militant_group)" title="Lehi (militant group)">Lehi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(South_Korea)" title="Liberal Party (South Korea)">Liberal Party (South Korea)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasyonal_Aktivite_ve_Zinde_%C4%B0nki%C5%9Faf" title="Nasyonal Aktivite ve Zinde İnkişaf">Nasyonal Aktivite ve Zinde İnkişaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialism_Association" title="National Socialism Association">National Socialism Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Japanese_Workers%27_Party" title="National Socialist Japanese Workers' Party">National Socialist Japanese Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Movement_Party" title="Nationalist Movement Party">Nationalist Movement Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Task_Party" title="Nationalist Task Party">Nationalist Task Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Will_Party" title="National Will Party">National Will Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_Party_of_Iran" title="Nation Party of Iran">Nation Party of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otzma_Yehudit" title="Otzma Yehudit">Otzma Yehudit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Iranist_Party" title="Pan-Iranist Party">Pan-Iranist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine_Arab_Party" title="Palestine Arab Party">Palestine Arab Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrol_36" title="Patrol 36">Patrol 36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_Party_(Iran)" title="Progress Party (Iran)">Progress Party (Iran)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Falange" title="Philippine Falange">Philippine Falange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastakhiz_Party" title="Rastakhiz Party">Rastakhiz Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastriya_Prajatantra_Party" title="Rastriya Prajatantra Party">Rastriya Prajatantra Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_bureaucrats" title="Reform bureaucrats">Reform bureaucrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionist_Party" title="Religious Zionist Party">Religious Zionist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakurakai" title="Sakurakai">Sakurakai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangh_Parivar" title="Sangh Parivar">Sangh Parivar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhil_Bharatiya_Vidyarthi_Parishad" title="Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad">Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Gau_Raksha_Dal" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharatiya Gau Raksha Dal">Bharatiya Gau Raksha Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Yuva_Morcha" title="Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha">Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Jana_Sangh" title="Bharatiya Jana Sangh">Bharatiya Jana Sangh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Kisan_Sangh" title="Bharatiya Kisan Sangh">Bharatiya Kisan Sangh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Mazdoor_Sangh" title="Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh">Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharat_Vikas_Parishad" title="Bharat Vikas Parishad">Bharat Vikas Parishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekal_Vidyalaya" title="Ekal Vidyalaya">Ekal Vidyalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Makkal_Katchi" title="Hindu Makkal Katchi">Hindu Makkal Katchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Munnani" title="Hindu Munnani">Hindu Munnani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Swayamsevak_Sangh" title="Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh">Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_Praja_Parishad" title="Jammu Praja Parishad">Jammu Praja Parishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Rashtriya_Manch" title="Muslim Rashtriya Manch">Muslim Rashtriya Manch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Janmabhoomi_Nyas" title="Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas">Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtra_Sevika_Samiti" title="Rashtra Sevika Samiti">Rashtra Sevika Samiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Sikh_Sangat" title="Rashtriya Sikh Sangat">Rashtriya Sikh Sangat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh" title="Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh">Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhil_Bharatiya_Itihas_Sankalan_Yojana" title="Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana">Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seva_Bharati" title="Seva Bharati">Seva Bharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidya_Bharati" title="Vidya Bharati">Vidya Bharati</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanavasi_Kalyan_Ashram" title="Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram">Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishva_Hindu_Parishad" title="Vishva Hindu Parishad">Vishva Hindu Parishad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bajrang_Dal" title="Bajrang Dal">Bajrang Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Vahini" title="Durga Vahini">Durga Vahini</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SUMKA" title="SUMKA">SUMKA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party" title="Syrian Social Nationalist Party">Syrian Social Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dh%C5%8Dkai" title="Tōhōkai">Tōhōkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsagaan_Khas" title="Tsagaan Khas">Tsagaan Khas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Union_Party_(Northern_Cyprus)" title="Turkish Union Party (Northern Cyprus)">Turkish Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuomintang_(Wang_Jingwei)" title="Kuomintang (Wang Jingwei)">Wang Jingwei Kuomintang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Europe" title="Fascism in Europe">Northern / Northwestern Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_Karelia_Society" title="Academic Karelia Society">Academic Karelia Society</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ailtir%C3%AD_na_hAis%C3%A9irghe" title="Ailtirí na hAiséirghe">Ailtirí na hAiséirghe</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Autonome_Nationalisten" title="Autonome Nationalisten">Autonome Nationalisten</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bases_Aut%C3%B3nomas" title="Bases Autónomas">Bases Autónomas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Front_(Netherlands)" title="Black Front (Netherlands)">Black Front (Netherlands)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_%26_Honour" title="Blood & Honour">Blood & Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueshirts" title="Blueshirts">Blueshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_Social-National_Workers%27_Movement" title="Breton Social-National Workers' Movement">Breton Social-National Workers' Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Democratic_Party_(2013)" title="British Democratic Party (2013)">British Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Fascists" title="British Fascists">British Fascists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britain_First" title="Britain First">Britain First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_League_of_Ex-Servicemen_and_Women" title="British League of Ex-Servicemen and Women">British League of Ex-Servicemen and Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Movement" title="British Movement">British Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_National_Party_(1960)" title="British National Party (1960)">British National Party (1960)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_National_Party" title="British National Party">British National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_People%27s_Party_(1939)" title="British People's Party (1939)">British People's Party (1939)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_People%27s_Party_(2005)" title="British People's Party (2005)">British People's Party (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Union_of_Fascists" title="British Union of Fascists">British Union of Fascists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Britons" title="The Britons">The Britons</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Cagoule" title="La Cagoule">La Cagoule</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casuals_United" title="Casuals United">Casuals United</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_%2786" title="Centre Party '86">Centre Party '86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_People%27s_Party" title="Clerical People's Party">Clerical People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Defence_League#Dutch_Defence_League" title="European Defence League">Dutch Defence League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Fascist_Union" title="Dutch Fascist Union">Dutch Fascist Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Defence_League" title="English Defence League">English Defence League</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Defence_League" title="European Defence League">European Defence League</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_National_Association" title="English National Association">English National Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Liberation_Front" title="European Liberation Front">European Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Faisceau" title="Le Faisceau">Le Faisceau</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_d%27action_nationale_et_europ%C3%A9enne" title="Fédération d'action nationale et européenne">Fédération d'action nationale et européenne</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_National_Socialist_Labor_Organisation" title="Finnish National Socialist Labor Organisation">Finnish National Socialist Labor Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_People%27s_Organisation" title="Finnish People's Organisation">Finnish People's Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish-Socialist_Workers%27_Party" title="Finnish-Socialist Workers' Party">Finnish-Socialist Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlaamsch_Nationaal_Verbond" title="Vlaamsch Nationaal Verbond">Flemish National Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_National-Collectivist_Party" title="French National-Collectivist Party">French National-Collectivist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Nationalist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="French Nationalist Party">French Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Popular_Party" title="French Popular Party">French Popular Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Dutch_Fascist_League" title="General Dutch Fascist League">General Dutch Fascist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Britain_Movement" title="Greater Britain Movement">Greater Britain Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groupe_Collaboration" title="Groupe Collaboration">Groupe Collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathen_Front" title="Heathen Front">Heathen Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Fascist_League" title="Imperial Fascist League">Imperial Fascist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Third_Position" title="International Third Position">International Third Position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeune_Nation" title="Jeune Nation">Jeune Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalli_Alliance_of_Finland" title="Lalli Alliance of Finland">Lalli Alliance of Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapua_Movement" title="Lapua Movement">Lapua Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Saint_George" title="League of Saint George">League of Saint George</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Identitaires" title="Les Identitaires">Les Identitaires</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mouvement_d%27Action_Civique" title="Mouvement d'Action Civique">Mouvement d'Action Civique</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mouvement_Franciste" title="Mouvement Franciste">Mouvement Franciste</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nasjonal_Samling" title="Nasjonal Samling">Nasjonal Samling</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Action_(UK)" title="National Action (UK)">National Action (UK)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_(Sweden)" title="National Alliance (Sweden)">National Alliance (Sweden)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Corporate_Party" title="National Corporate Party">National Corporate Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fascisti" title="National Fascisti">National Fascisti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_(UK)" title="National Front (UK)">National Front (UK)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_League_of_Sweden" title="National League of Sweden">National League of Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Party_(Iceland)" title="Nationalist Party (Iceland)">Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Popular_Rally" title="National Popular Rally">National Popular Rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Rally" title="National Rally">National Rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Bloc" title="National Socialist Bloc">National Socialist Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Dutch_Workers_Party" title="National Socialist Dutch Workers Party">National Socialist Dutch Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Front" title="National Socialist Front">National Socialist Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_League" title="National Socialist League">National Socialist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_(UK,_1962)" title="National Socialist Movement (UK, 1962)">National Socialist Movement (UK, 1962)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_(United_Kingdom)" title="National Socialist Movement (United Kingdom)">National Socialist Movement (United Kingdom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands">National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_of_Norway" title="National Socialist Movement of Norway">National Socialist Movement of Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Union_of_Finland" title="National Socialist Union of Finland">National Socialist Union of Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Workers%27_Party_(Sweden)" title="National Socialist Workers' Party (Sweden)">National Socialist Workers' Party (Sweden)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Workers%27_Party_of_Denmark" title="National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark">National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialists_of_Finland" title="National Socialists of Finland">National Socialists of Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Syndicalists_(Portugal)" title="National Syndicalists (Portugal)">National Syndicalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_(Netherlands)" title="National Union (Netherlands)">National Union (Netherlands)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_(Portugal)" title="National Union (Portugal)">National Union (Portugal)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Party_(UK)" title="New Party (UK)">New Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipster" title="Nipster">Nipsters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_League" title="Nordic League">Nordic League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Nordic_Realm_Party" title="The Nordic Realm Party">The Nordic Realm Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Resistance_Movement" title="Nordic Resistance Movement">Nordic Resistance Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_League_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern League (United Kingdom)">Northern League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Defence_League#Norwegian_Defence_League" title="European Defence League">Norwegian Defence League</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_Droite" title="Nouvelle Droite">Nouvelle Droite</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GRECE" title="GRECE">GRECE</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27%C5%92uvre_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="L'Œuvre Française">L'Œuvre Française</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_National_Front" title="Official National Front">Official National Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Flemish_Militants" title="Order of Flemish Militants">Order of Flemish Militants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Nine_Angles" title="Order of Nine Angles">Order of Nine Angles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_National_Socialists" title="Organisation of National Socialists">Organisation of National Socialists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parti_Communautaire_National-Europ%C3%A9en" title="Parti Communautaire National-Européen">Parti Communautaire National-Européen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Finnish_Labor" title="Party of Finnish Labor">Party of Finnish Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_the_Swedes" title="Party of the Swedes">Party of the Swedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Alternative" title="Patriotic Alternative">Patriotic Alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_People%27s_Movement" title="Patriotic People's Movement">Patriotic People's Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_People%27s_Movement_(1993)" title="Patriotic People's Movement (1993)">Patriotic People's Movement (1993)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/P%C4%93rkonkrusts" title="Pērkonkrusts">Pērkonkrusts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phalange_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Phalange Française">Phalange Française</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnarock" title="Ragnarock">Ragnarock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebelles_Europ%C3%A9ens" title="Rebelles Européens">Rebelles Européens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rexist_Party" title="Rexist Party">Rexist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rising_Finland" title="Rising Finland">Rising Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Democratic_Fascist_Party" title="Scottish Democratic Fascist Party">Scottish Democratic Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Protestant_League" title="Scottish Protestant League">Scottish Protestant League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skrewdriver" title="Skrewdriver">Skrewdriver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skullhead" title="Skullhead">Skullhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stormers_(Finland)" title="Stormers (Finland)">Stormers</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Terre_et_Peuple" title="Terre et Peuple">Terre et Peuple</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way_(France)" title="Third Way (France)">Third Way (France)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way_(UK_organisation)" title="Third Way (UK organisation)">Third Way (UK)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Movement" title="Union Movement">Union Movement</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Verdinaso" title="Verdinaso">Verdinaso</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigrid_(Norway)" title="Vigrid (Norway)">Vigrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Aryan_Resistance_(Sweden)" title="White Aryan Resistance (Sweden)">White Aryan Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Union_of_National_Socialists" title="World Union of National Socialists">World Union of National Socialists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Europe" title="Fascism in Europe">Central Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_Front_of_National_Socialists/National_Activists" title="Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists">Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrow_Cross_Party" title="Arrow Cross Party">Arrow Cross Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artgemeinschaft" title="Artgemeinschaft">Artgemeinschaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Nazism" title="Austrian Nazism">Austrian Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Front" title="Black Front">Black Front</a> (Germany)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bund_Deutscher_Osten" title="Bund Deutscher Osten">Bund Deutscher Osten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_National_Socialist_Front" title="Christian National Socialist Front">Christian National Socialist Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Reichspartei" title="Deutsche Reichspartei">Deutsche Reichspartei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eidgen%C3%B6ssische_Sammlung" title="Eidgenössische Sammlung">Eidgenössische Sammlung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_German_Workers%27_Party" title="Free German Workers' Party">Free German Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Faith_Movement" title="German Faith Movement">German Faith Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_National_Movement_in_Liechtenstein" title="German National Movement in Liechtenstein">German National Movement in Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_National_Socialist_Workers%27_Party_(Czechoslovakia)" title="German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia)">German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Social_Union_(West_Germany)" title="German Social Union (West Germany)">German Social Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor_(band)" title="Honor (band)">Honor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_National_Front" title="Hungarian National Front">Hungarian National Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_National_Socialist_Agricultural_Labourers%27_and_Workers%27_Party" title="Hungarian National Socialist Agricultural Labourers' and Workers' Party">Hungarian National Socialist Agricultural Labourers' and Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_National_Socialist_Party" title="Hungarian National Socialist Party">Hungarian National Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampfbund_Deutscher_Sozialisten" title="Kampfbund Deutscher Sozialisten">Kampfbund Deutscher Sozialisten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landser_(band)" title="Landser (band)">Landser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_Homeland_Service" title="Liechtenstein Homeland Service">Liechtenstein Homeland Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_(Austria)" title="National Democratic Party (Austria)">National Democratic Party (Austria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="National Democratic Party of Germany">National Democratic Party of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_(Hungary)" title="National Front (Hungary)">National Front (Hungary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_(Switzerland)" title="National Front (Switzerland)">National Front (Switzerland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Movement_of_Switzerland" title="National Movement of Switzerland">National Movement of Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Radical_Camp" title="National Radical Camp">National Radical Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Radical_Camp#Modern_incarnation_(1993)" title="National Radical Camp">National Radical Camp (1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Revival_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="National Revival of Poland">National Revival of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_(Switzerland)" title="National Union (Switzerland)">National Union (Switzerland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Front_(Germany)" title="Nationalist Front (Germany)">Nationalist Front (Germany)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_German_People%27s_Community" title="Greater German People's Community">Greater German People's Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Freedom_Movement" title="National Socialist Freedom Movement">National Socialist Freedom Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Working_Association" title="National Socialist Working Association">National Socialist Working Association</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Order_(Germany)" title="New Order (Germany)">New Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipster" title="Nipster">Nipsters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Colours_Records" title="No Colours Records">No Colours Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PC_Records" title="PC Records">PC Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_Christianity" title="Positive Christianity">Positive Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Christians_(movement)" title="German Christians (movement)">German Christians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Right_(Germany)" title="The Right (Germany)">The Right (Germany)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock-O-Rama_Records" title="Rock-O-Rama Records">Rock-O-Rama Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shield_and_Sword_(festival)" title="Shield and Sword (festival)">Shield and Sword</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Reich_Party" title="Socialist Reich Party">Socialist Reich Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stahlgewitter" title="Stahlgewitter">Stahlgewitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudeten_German_Party" title="Sudeten German Party">Sudeten German Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way_(Germany)" title="Third Way (Germany)">The Third Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Hungarian_National_Socialist_Party" title="United Hungarian National Socialist Party">United Hungarian National Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volksdeutsche_Bewegung" title="Volksdeutsche Bewegung">Volksdeutsche Bewegung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkssozialistische_Bewegung_Deutschlands/Partei_der_Arbeit" title="Volkssozialistische Bewegung Deutschlands/Partei der Arbeit">Volkssozialistische Bewegung Deutschlands/Partei der Arbeit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiking-Jugend" title="Wiking-Jugend">Wiking-Jugend</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Europe" title="Fascism in Europe">Southern Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AD%C3%91%E2%80%93Spanish_Identity" title="ADÑ–Spanish Identity">ADÑ–Spanish Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Fascist_Party" title="Albanian Fascist Party">Albanian Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balli_Komb%C3%ABtar" title="Balli Kombëtar">Balli Kombëtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_Italy" title="Brothers of Italy">Brothers of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CEDADE" title="CEDADE">CEDADE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Fascist_Party" title="Democratic Fascist Party">Democratic Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Nation_State" title="European Nation State">European Nation State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasci_d%27Azione_Rivoluzionaria" title="Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria">Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasci_Italiani_di_Combattimento" title="Fasci Italiani di Combattimento">Fasci Italiani di Combattimento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascio_d%27Azione_Rivoluzionaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascio d'Azione Rivoluzionaria">Fascio d'Azione Rivoluzionaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FET_y_de_las_JONS" title="FET y de las JONS">Falange</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secci%C3%B3n_Femenina" title="Sección Femenina">Sección Femenina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Falange_(1999)" title="La Falange (1999)">La Falange (1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falange_Aut%C3%A9ntica" title="Falange Auténtica">Falange Auténtica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola" title="Falange Española">Falange Española</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola_Aut%C3%A9ntica" title="Falange Española Auténtica">Falange Española Auténtica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola_de_las_JONS" title="Falange Española de las JONS">Falange Española de las JONS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola_de_las_JONS_(1976)" title="Falange Española de las JONS (1976)">Falange Española de las JONS (1976)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola_Independiente" title="Falange Española Independiente">Falange Española Independiente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falangist_Movement_of_Spain" title="Falangist Movement of Spain">Falangist Movement of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freethinkers%27_Party" title="Freethinkers' Party">Freethinkers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperium_Europa" title="Imperium Europa">Imperium Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_fascism" title="Italian fascism">Italian fascism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Party" title="National Fascist Party">National Fascist Party</a> (Italy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Fascist_Party" title="Republican Fascist Party">Republican Fascist Party</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Movement" title="Italian Social Movement">Italian Social Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juntas_de_Ofensiva_Nacional-Sindicalista" title="Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista">Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juntas_Espa%C3%B1olas" title="Juntas Españolas">Juntas Españolas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_(Spain)" title="National Alliance (Spain)">National Alliance (Spain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_July_18" title="National Alliance July 18">National Alliance July 18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democracy_(Italy)" title="National Democracy (Italy)">National Democracy (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democracy_(Spain)" title="National Democracy (Spain)">National Democracy (Spain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_(Spain,_1986)" title="National Front (Spain, 1986)">National Front (Spain, 1986)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_(Spain,_2006)" title="National Front (Spain, 2006)">National Front (Spain, 2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_(Italy,_1923)" title="National Union (Italy, 1923)">National Union (Italy, 1923)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_(Spain)" title="National Union (Spain)">National Union (Spain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Force_(Italy)" title="New Force (Italy)">New Force (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Force_(Spain)" title="New Force (Spain)">New Force (Spain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Social_Movement" title="Republican Social Movement">Republican Social Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Right_(Italy)" title="The Right (Italy)">The Right (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammarinese_Fascist_Party" title="Sammarinese Fascist Party">Sammarinese Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Military_Union" title="Spanish Military Union">Spanish Military Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi-Maoism" title="Nazi-Maoism">Struggle of the People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_Action_(Italy)" title="Student Action (Italy)">Student Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terza_Posizione" title="Terza Posizione">Terza Posizione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricolour_Flame" title="Tricolour Flame">Tricolour Flame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unidad_Falangista_Monta%C3%B1esa" title="Unidad Falangista Montañesa">Unidad Falangista Montañesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_Front" title="Youth Front">Youth Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Europe" title="Fascism in Europe">Eastern and Southeastern Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autochthonous_Croatian_Party_of_Rights" title="Autochthonous Croatian Party of Rights">Autochthonous Croatian Party of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Movement_of_National_Pride" title="Bosnian Movement of National Pride">Bosnian Movement of National Pride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_National_Socialist_Workers_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party">Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Liberation_Movement" title="Croatian Liberation Movement">Croatian Liberation Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_National_Resistance" title="Croatian National Resistance">Croatian National Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Party_of_Rights" title="Croatian Party of Rights">Croatian Party of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_Romanianism" title="Crusade of Romanianism">Crusade of Romanianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_National_Union" title="Ethnic National Union">Ethnic National Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasia_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasia Movement">Eurasia Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasia_Party" title="Eurasia Party">Eurasia Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falanga_(organisation)" title="Falanga (organisation)">Falanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Format18" title="Format18">Format18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/For_the_Native_Language!" title="For the Native Language!">For the Native Language!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_of_National_Revolutionary_Action" title="Front of National Revolutionary Action">Front of National Revolutionary Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Party_(Romania)" title="German Party (Romania)">German Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_People%27s_Party_(Romania)" title="German People's Party (Romania)">German People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Dawn_(Greece)" title="Golden Dawn (Greece)">Golden Dawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_National_Socialist_Party" title="Greek National Socialist Party">Greek National Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosank" title="Hosank">Hosank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Guard" title="Iron Guard">Iron Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolovrat_(band)" title="Kolovrat (band)">Kolovrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LEPEN_(political_party)" title="LEPEN (political party)">LEPEN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_of_Russia" title="Liberal Democratic Party of Russia">Liberal Democratic Party of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Nationalist_Union" title="Lithuanian Nationalist Union">Lithuanian Nationalist Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Agrarian_Party" title="National Agrarian Party">National Agrarian Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bolshevik_Front" title="National Bolshevik Front">National Bolshevik Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bolshevik_Party" title="National Bolshevik Party">National Bolshevik Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National-Christian_Defense_League" title="National-Christian Defense League">National-Christian Defense League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Christian_Party" title="National Christian Party">National Christian Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Community" title="National Fascist Community">National Fascist Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Movement" title="National Fascist Movement">National Fascist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Italo-Romanian_Cultural_and_Economic_Movement" title="National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement">National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_%E2%80%93_Greeks" title="National Party – Greeks">National Party – Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Patriotic_Organisation" title="National Socialist Patriotic Organisation">National Socialist Patriotic Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Society" title="National Socialist Society">National Socialist Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Social_Movement" title="National Social Movement">National Social Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Radical_Camp" title="National Radical Camp">National Radical Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Romanian_Fascio" title="National Romanian Fascio">National Romanian Fascio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Renaissance_Front" title="National Renaissance Front">National Renaissance Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Salvation_Front_(Russia)" title="National Salvation Front (Russia)">National Salvation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nokturnal_Mortum" title="Nokturnal Mortum">Nokturnal Mortum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialism_/_White_Power" title="National Socialism / White Power">National Socialism / White Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obraz_(organization)" title="Obraz (organization)">Obraz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_Pedophilia" title="Occupy Pedophilia">Occupy Pedophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Nine_Angles" title="Order of Nine Angles">Order of Nine Angles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Ukrainian_Nationalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists">Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Other_Russia_of_E._V._Limonov" title="The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov">The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamyat" title="Pamyat">Pamyat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Alliance_(Greece)" title="Patriotic Alliance (Greece)">Patriotic Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(interwar_Romania)" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Party (interwar Romania)">People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Socialist_Party_of_Ukraine" title="Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine">Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratniks" title="Ratniks">Ratniks</a> (Bulgaria)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Front" title="Romanian Front">Romanian Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Imperial_Movement" title="Russian Imperial Movement">Russian Imperial Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Fascist_Party" title="Russian Fascist Party">Russian Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_National_Unity" title="Russian National Unity">Russian National Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Women%27s_Fascist_Movement" title="Russian Women's Fascist Movement">Russian Women's Fascist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Action" title="Serbian Action">Serbian Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Radical_Party" title="Serbian Radical Party">Serbian Radical Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_People%27s_Party" title="Slovak People's Party">Slovak People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Party_(Romania)" title="National Socialist Party (Romania)">Steel Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svoboda_(political_party)" title="Svoboda (political party)">Svoboda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Bulgarian_National_Legions" title="Union of Bulgarian National Legions">Union of Bulgarian National Legions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Ustaše</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e_in_Australia" title="Ustaše in Australia">Ustaše in Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Revolutionary_Brotherhood" title="Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood">Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlajka" title="Vlajka">Vlajka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Radical_Union" title="Yugoslav Radical Union">Yugoslav Radical Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_National_Movement" title="Yugoslav National Movement">ZBOR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_North_America" title="Fascism in North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Canada" title="Fascism in Canada">Fascism in Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aryan_Guard" title="Aryan Guard">Aryan Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryan_Nations" title="Aryan Nations">Aryan Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Association_for_Free_Expression" title="Canadian Association for Free Expression">Canadian Association for Free Expression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Union_of_Fascists" title="Canadian Union of Fascists">Canadian Union of Fascists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizens_for_Foreign_Aid_Reform" title="Citizens for Foreign Aid Reform">Citizens for Foreign Aid Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Front" title="Heritage Front">Heritage Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Unity_Party_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Unity Party (Canada)">Parti national social chrétien</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_North_America#United_States" title="Fascism in North America">Fascism in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Front" title="American Front">American Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Nazi_Party" title="American Nazi Party">American Nazi Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creativity_(religion)" title="Creativity (religion)">Creativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_League_of_North_America" title="Fascist League of North America">Fascist League of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_American_Bund" title="German American Bund">German American Bund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goyim_Defense_League" title="Goyim Defense League">Goyim Defense League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammerskins" title="Hammerskins">Hammerskins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_Evropa" title="Identity Evropa">Identity Evropa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LaRouche_movement" title="LaRouche movement">LaRouche movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_the_South" title="League of the South">League of the South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_(United_States)" title="National Alliance (United States)">National Alliance (United States)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Renaissance_Party_(United_States)" title="National Renaissance Party (United States)">National Renaissance Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Social_Club-131" title="Nationalist Social Club-131">Nationalist Social Club-131</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Legion" title="National Socialist Legion">National Socialist Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Liberation_Front" title="National Socialist Liberation Front">National Socialist Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_(United_States)" title="National Socialist Movement (United States)">National Socialist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_States%27_Rights_Party" title="National States' Rights Party">National States' Rights Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Vanguard_(American_organization)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Vanguard (American organization)">National Vanguard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Front_(United_States)" title="Nationalist Front (United States)">Nationalist Front (United States)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Order_(white_supremacist_group)" title="The Order (white supremacist group)">The Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Front" title="Patriot Front">Patriot Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proud_Boys" title="Proud Boys">Proud Boys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_Above_Movement" title="Rise Above Movement">Rise Above Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Legion_of_America" title="Silver Legion of America">Silver Legion of America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Party_(United_States,_1930s)" title="Christian Party (United States, 1930s)">Christian Party (United States, 1930s)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Third Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Worker_Party" title="Traditionalist Worker Party">Traditionalist Worker Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguard_America" title="Vanguard America">Vanguard America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volksfront" title="Volksfront">Volksfront</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Aryan_Resistance" title="White Aryan Resistance">White Aryan Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wotansvolk" title="Wotansvolk">Wotansvolk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Mexicanist_Action" title="Revolutionary Mexicanist Action">Revolutionary Mexicanist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Democratic_Party" title="Mexican Democratic Party">Mexican Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Fascist_Party" title="Mexican Fascist Party">Mexican Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Pro_Patria_Party" title="National Pro Patria Party">National Pro Patria Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Synarchist_Union" title="National Synarchist Union">National Synarchist Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Front_of_Mexico" title="Nationalist Front of Mexico">Nationalist Front of Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Nine_Angles" title="Order of Nine Angles">Order of Nine Angles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_Zealandia" title="Action Zealandia">Action Zealandia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipodean_Resistance" title="Antipodean Resistance">Antipodean Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia_First_Movement" title="Australia First Movement">Australia First Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia_First_Party" title="Australia First Party">Australia First Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Defence_League" title="Australian Defence League">Australian Defence League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_National_Socialist_Party" title="Australian National Socialist Party">Australian National Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(New_South_Wales)" title="Centre Party (New South Wales)">Centre Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lads_Society" title="Lads Society">Lads Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Action_(Australia)" title="National Action (Australia)">National Action (Australia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Network" title="National Socialist Network">National Socialist Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Party_of_Australia" title="National Socialist Party of Australia">National Socialist Party of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Nationalist_Party" title="Progressive Nationalist Party">Progressive Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaim_Australia" title="Reclaim Australia">Reclaim Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_Blue_Crew" title="True Blue Crew">True Blue Crew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Patriots_Front" title="United Patriots Front">United Patriots Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_South_America" title="Fascism in South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_Labor_Party" title="Agrarian Labor Party">Agrarian Labor Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Anticommunist_Alliance" title="Argentine Anticommunist Alliance">Argentine Anticommunist Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Fascist_Party" title="Argentine Fascist Party">Argentine Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Nationalist_Action" title="Argentine Nationalist Action">Argentine Nationalist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Patriotic_League" title="Argentine Patriotic League">Argentine Patriotic League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Socialist_Falange" title="Bolivian Socialist Falange">Bolivian Socialist Falange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralism" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Integralism">Brazilian Integralism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralist_Action" title="Brazilian Integralist Action">Brazilian Integralist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralist_Front" title="Brazilian Integralist Front">Brazilian Integralist Front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falangism_in_Latin_America" title="Falangism in Latin America">Falangism in Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_Peronist_Party" title="Female Peronist Party">Female Peronist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Guard_(Argentina)" title="Iron Guard (Argentina)">Iron Guard (Argentina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacionalismo_(Argentine_political_movement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nacionalismo (Argentine political movement)">Nacionalismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Party_(Argentina)" title="National Fascist Party (Argentina)">National Fascist Party (Argentina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Union" title="National Fascist Union">National Fascist Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Liberation_Alliance" title="Nationalist Liberation Alliance">Nationalist Liberation Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Movement_(Guatemala)" title="National Liberation Movement (Guatemala)">National Liberation Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_of_Chile" title="National Socialist Movement of Chile">National Socialist Movement of Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Universitary_Concentration" title="National Universitary Concentration">National Universitary Concentration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Triumph_Party" title="New Triumph Party">New Triumph Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Front_(Argentina)" title="Patriot Front (Argentina)">Patriot Front (Argentina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Dignity" title="Popular Dignity">Popular Dignity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Freedom_Alliance" title="Popular Freedom Alliance">Popular Freedom Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Representation_Party" title="Popular Representation Party">Popular Representation Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Socialist_Vanguard" title="Popular Socialist Vanguard">Popular Socialist Vanguard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_League" title="Republican League">Republican League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Resistencia_Dios,_Patria_y_Familia" class="mw-redirect" title="La Resistencia Dios, Patria y Familia">La Resistencia Dios, Patria y Familia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Union_(Peru)" title="Revolutionary Union (Peru)">Revolutionary Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacuara_Nationalist_Movement" title="Tacuara Nationalist Movement">Tacuara Nationalist Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="People116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">People</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Australia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Campbell_(political_activist)" title="Eric Campbell (political activist)">Campbell (Eric)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeme_Campbell_(politician)" title="Graeme Campbell (politician)">Campbell (Graeme)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blair_Cottrell" title="Blair Cottrell">Cottrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_de_Groot" title="Francis de Groot">Groot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Rud_Mills" title="Alexander Rud Mills">Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Saleam" title="Jim Saleam">Saleam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Austria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Engelbert_Dollfuss" title="Engelbert Dollfuss">Dollfuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Miklas" title="Wilhelm Miklas">Miklas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Pfrimer" title="Walter Pfrimer">Pfrimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Planetta" title="Otto Planetta">Planetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Schuschnigg" title="Kurt Schuschnigg">Schuschnigg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Seyss-Inquart" title="Arthur Seyss-Inquart">Seyss-Inquart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_R%C3%BCdiger_Starhemberg" title="Ernst Rüdiger Starhemberg">Starhemberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Belgium</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Daye" title="Pierre Daye">Daye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staf_Declercq" class="mw-redirect" title="Staf Declercq">Declercq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Degrelle" title="Léon Degrelle">Degrelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Denis_(politician)" title="Jean Denis (politician)">Denis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Elias" title="Hendrik Elias">Elias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bert_Eriksson" title="Bert Eriksson">Eriksson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ward_Hermans" title="Ward Hermans">Hermans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Lagrou" title="René Lagrou">Lagrou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Poulet" title="Robert Poulet">Poulet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joris_Van_Severen" title="Joris Van Severen">Severen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Streel" title="José Streel">Streel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jef_van_de_Wiele" title="Jef van de Wiele">van de Wiele</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Croatia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Boban" title="Rafael Boban">Boban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jure_Franceti%C4%87" title="Jure Francetić">Francetić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bla%C5%BE_Kraljevi%C4%87" title="Blaž Kraljević">Kraljević</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavko_Kvaternik" title="Slavko Kvaternik">Kvaternik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vjekoslav_Luburi%C4%87" title="Vjekoslav Luburić">Luburić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ante_Paveli%C4%87" title="Ante Pavelić">Pavelić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Pavi%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Viktor Pavičić">Pavičić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sre%C4%87ko_Rover" title="Srećko Rover">Rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vjekoslav_Servatzy" title="Vjekoslav Servatzy">Servatzy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Finland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vilho_Helanen" title="Vilho Helanen">Helanen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antti_Isotalo_(J%C3%A4ger)" title="Antti Isotalo (Jäger)">Isotalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arvi_Kalsta" title="Arvi Kalsta">Kalsta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juhani_Konkka" title="Juhani Konkka">Konkka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vihtori_Kosola" title="Vihtori Kosola">Kosola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risto_Orko" title="Risto Orko">Orko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Simojoki" title="Elias Simojoki">Simojoki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arne_Somersalo" title="Arne Somersalo">Somersalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauri_T%C3%B6rni" title="Lauri Törni">Törni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unto_Varjonen" title="Unto Varjonen">Varjonen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Loup_(writer)" title="Saint-Loup (writer)">Augier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Bard%C3%A8che" title="Maurice Bardèche">Bardèche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Benoist-M%C3%A9chin" title="Jacques Benoist-Méchin">Benoist-Méchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_B%C3%A9raud" title="Henri Béraud">Béraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Brasillach" title="Robert Brasillach">Brasillach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Bucard" title="Marcel Bucard">Bucard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Ch%C3%A2teaubriant" title="Alphonse de Châteaubriant">Châteaubriant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_D%C3%A9at" title="Marcel Déat">Déat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_D%C3%A9roul%C3%A8de" title="Paul Déroulède">Déroulède</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Dior" title="Françoise Dior">Dior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Doriot" title="Jacques Doriot">Doriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Drieu_La_Rochelle" title="Pierre Drieu La Rochelle">La Rochelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Lagardelle" title="Hubert Lagardelle">Lagardelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Pétain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Rebatet" title="Lucien Rebatet">Rebatet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Myatt" title="David Myatt">Myatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Valois" title="Georges Valois">Valois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Vial" title="Pierre Vial">Vial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Abetz" title="Otto Abetz">Abetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Andrae" title="Alexander Andrae">Andrae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Baeumler" title="Alfred Baeumler">Baeumler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Berchtold" title="Joseph Berchtold">Berchtold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottlob_Berger" title="Gottlob Berger">Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Best" title="Werner Best">Best</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alois_Brunner" title="Alois Brunner">Brunner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_B%C3%BChler" title="Josef Bühler">Bühler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Walther_Darr%C3%A9" title="Richard Walther Darré">Darré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Falkenhausen" title="Alexander von Falkenhausen">Falkenhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bjorn_Hocke" class="mw-redirect" title="Bjorn Hocke">Hocke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Feder" title="Gottfried Feder">Feder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Forster" title="Albert Forster">Forster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Frank" title="Hans Frank">Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Franz,_Hereditary_Grand_Duke_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin" title="Friedrich Franz, Hereditary Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin">Franz V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Gesche" title="Bruno Gesche">Gesche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Goebbels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Göring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulrich_Graf" title="Ulrich Graf">Graf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Greiser" title="Arthur Greiser">Greiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_F._K._G%C3%BCnther" title="Hans F. K. Günther">Günther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Hanke" title="Karl Hanke">Hanke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erhard_Heiden" title="Erhard Heiden">Heiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hess" title="Rudolf Hess">Hess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich" title="Reinhard Heydrich">Heydrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Ulrich_Klintzsch" title="Hans Ulrich Klintzsch">Klintzsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Julius_Kuhn" title="Fritz Julius Kuhn">Kuhn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_K%C3%BChnen" title="Michael Kühnen">Kühnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Ludendorff" title="Erich Ludendorff">Ludendorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Maurice" title="Emil Maurice">Maurice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_M%C3%BCller_(Gestapo)" title="Heinrich Müller (Gestapo)">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Niekisch" title="Ernst Niekisch">Niekisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Ploetz" title="Alfred Ploetz">Ploetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Rahn" title="Rudolf Rahn">Rahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanna_Reitsch" title="Hanna Reitsch">Reitsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Ernst_Remer" title="Otto Ernst Remer">Remer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9cil_von_Renthe-Fink" title="Cécil von Renthe-Fink">Renthe-Fink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop">Ribbentrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Rieger" title="Jürgen Rieger">Rieger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg" title="Alfred Rosenberg">Rosenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Schreck" title="Julius Schreck">Schreck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Skorzeny" title="Otto Skorzeny">Skorzeny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregor_Strasser" title="Gregor Strasser">Strasser (Gregor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Strasser" title="Otto Strasser">Strasser (Otto)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Streicher" title="Julius Streicher">Streicher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Terboven" title="Josef Terboven">Terboven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_von_Thadden" title="Adolf von Thadden">Thadden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutz_Graf_Schwerin_von_Krosigk" title="Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk">Krosigk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Z%C3%BCndel" title="Ernst Zündel">Zündel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greece</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Dragoumis" title="Ion Dragoumis">Dragoumis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilias_Kasidiaris" title="Ilias Kasidiaris">Kasidiaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandros_Koryzis" title="Alexandros Koryzis">Koryzis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Lagos" title="Ioannis Lagos">Lagos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaos_Michaloliakos" title="Nikolaos Michaloliakos">Michaloliakos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgios_Papadopoulos" title="Georgios Papadopoulos">Papadopoulos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">India</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yogi_Adityanath" title="Yogi Adityanath">Adityanath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._K._Advani" title="L. K. Advani">Advani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathuram_Godse" title="Nathuram Godse">Godse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._S._Golwalkar" title="M. S. Golwalkar">Golwalkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._B._Hedgewar" title="K. B. Hedgewar">Hedgewar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syama_Prasad_Mukherjee" title="Syama Prasad Mukherjee">Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragya_Singh_Thakur" title="Pragya Singh Thakur">Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Vajpayee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Iran</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dariush_Forouhar" title="Dariush Forouhar">Forouhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abol-Ghasem_Kashani" title="Abol-Ghasem Kashani">Kashani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davud_Monshizadeh" title="Davud Monshizadeh">Monshizadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohsen_Pezeshkpour" title="Mohsen Pezeshkpour">Pezeshkpour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdolhossein_Teymourtash" title="Abdolhossein Teymourtash">Teymourtash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Israel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abba_Ahimeir" title="Abba Ahimeir">Ahimeir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ben-Ari" title="Michael Ben-Ari">Ben-Ari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itamar_Ben-Gvir" title="Itamar Ben-Gvir">Ben-Gvir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryeh_Eldad" title="Aryeh Eldad">Eldad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amihai_Eliyahu" title="Amihai Eliyahu">Eliyahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Goldstein" title="Baruch Goldstein">Goldstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bentzi_Gopstein" title="Bentzi Gopstein">Gopstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uri_Zvi_Greenberg" title="Uri Zvi Greenberg">Greenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ha%27ivri" title="David Ha'ivri">Ha'ivri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaakov_Heruti" title="Yaakov Heruti">Heruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meir_Kahane" title="Meir Kahane">Kahane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Marzel" title="Baruch Marzel">Marzel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eden_Natan-Zada" title="Eden Natan-Zada">Natan-Zada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avraham_Stern" title="Avraham Stern">Stern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yehoshua_Yeivin" title="Yehoshua Yeivin">Yeivin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Acerbo" title="Giacomo Acerbo">Acerbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dino_Alfieri" title="Dino Alfieri">Alfieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alceste_De_Ambris" title="Alceste De Ambris">Ambris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriele_D%27Annunzio" title="Gabriele D'Annunzio">D'Annunzio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Azara" title="Antonio Azara">Azara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Badoglio" title="Pietro Badoglio">Badoglio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo_Balbo" title="Italo Balbo">Balbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Torrente_Ballester" title="Gonzalo Torrente Ballester">Torrente Ballester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Bastianini" title="Giuseppe Bastianini">Bastianini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michele_Bianchi" title="Michele Bianchi">Bianchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Boni_(archaeologist)" title="Giacomo Boni (archaeologist)">Boni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emilio_De_Bono" title="Emilio De Bono">Bono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Boselli" title="Paolo Boselli">Boselli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Bottai" title="Giuseppe Bottai">Bottai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costanzo_Ciano" title="Costanzo Ciano">Ciano (Costanzo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galeazzo_Ciano" title="Galeazzo Ciano">Ciano (Galeazzo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Cogni" title="Giulio Cogni">Cogni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Corradini" title="Enrico Corradini">Corradini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco_Freda" title="Franco Freda">Freda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Giuriati" title="Giovanni Giuriati">Giuriati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuliano_Gozi" title="Giuliano Gozi">Gozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dino_Grandi" title="Dino Grandi">Grandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodolfo_Graziani" title="Rodolfo Graziani">Graziani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_Buffarini_Guidi" title="Guido Buffarini Guidi">Guidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curzio_Malaparte" title="Curzio Malaparte">Malaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filippo_Tommaso_Marinetti" title="Filippo Tommaso Marinetti">Marinetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Michels" title="Robert Michels">Michels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manlio_Morgagni" title="Manlio Morgagni">Morgagni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Mussolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelo_Oliviero_Olivetti" title="Angelo Oliviero Olivetti">Olivetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergio_Panunzio" title="Sergio Panunzio">Panunzio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Papini" title="Giovanni Papini">Papini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Pavolini" title="Alessandro Pavolini">Pavolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pino_Rauti" title="Pino Rauti">Rauti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renato_Ricci" title="Renato Ricci">Ricci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionisio_Ridruejo" title="Dionisio Ridruejo">Ridruejo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Rocco" title="Alfredo Rocco">Rocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmondo_Rossoni" title="Edmondo Rossoni">Rossoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margherita_Sarfatti" title="Margherita Sarfatti">Sarfatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardengo_Soffici" title="Ardengo Soffici">Soffici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugo_Spirito" title="Ugo Spirito">Spirito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Volpi" title="Giuseppe Volpi">Volpi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Japan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bin_Akao" title="Bin Akao">Akao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadao_Araki" title="Sadao Araki">Araki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isamu_Ch%C5%8D" title="Isamu Chō">Chō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingoro_Hashimoto" title="Kingoro Hashimoto">Hashimoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shigeru_Honj%C5%8D" title="Shigeru Honjō">Honjō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikki_Kita" title="Ikki Kita">Kita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoshio_Kodama" title="Yoshio Kodama">Kodama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dsuke_Matsuoka" title="Yōsuke Matsuoka">Matsuoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shir%C5%8D_Nonaka" title="Shirō Nonaka">Nonaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%ABmei_%C5%8Ckawa" title="Shūmei Ōkawa">Ōkawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%8Dichi_Sasakawa" title="Ryōichi Sasakawa">Sasakawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Romania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Antonescu" title="Ion Antonescu">Antonescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elena_Bacaloglu" title="Elena Bacaloglu">Bacaloglu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corneliu_Zelea_Codreanu" title="Corneliu Zelea Codreanu">Codreanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichifor_Crainic" title="Nichifor Crainic">Crainic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._C._Cuza" title="A. C. Cuza">Cuza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Gigurtu" title="Ion Gigurtu">Gigurtu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octavian_Goga" title="Octavian Goga">Goga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihail_Manoilescu" title="Mihail Manoilescu">Manoilescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Mo%C8%9Ba" title="Ion Moța">Moța</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Gavril%C4%83_Ogoranu" title="Ion Gavrilă Ogoranu">Ogoranu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horia_Sima" title="Horia Sima">Sima</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benes_Ayo" title="Benes Ayo">Ayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radas%C5%82a%C5%AD_Astro%C5%ADski" title="Radasłaŭ Astroŭski">Astroŭski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Barkashov" title="Alexander Barkashov">Barkashov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Borovikov" title="Dmitry Borovikov">Borovikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Dugin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darya_Dugina" title="Darya Dugina">Dugina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Ilyin" title="Ivan Ilyin">Ilyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronislav_Kaminski" title="Bronislav Kaminski">Kaminski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Kuryokhin" title="Sergey Kuryokhin">Kuryokhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yegor_Letov" title="Yegor Letov">Letov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Limonov" title="Eduard Limonov">Limonov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxim_Martsinkevich" title="Maxim Martsinkevich">Martsinkevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexey_Milchakov" title="Alexey Milchakov">Milchakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Oktan" title="Mikhail Oktan">Oktan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakhar_Prilepin" title="Zakhar Prilepin">Prilepin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Prokhanov" title="Alexander Prokhanov">Prokhanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Rodzaevsky" title="Konstantin Rodzaevsky">Rodzaevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milan_Stojadinovi%C4%87" title="Milan Stojadinović">Stojadinović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Zhirinovsky" title="Vladimir Zhirinovsky">Zhirinovsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_de_Arrese" title="José Luis de Arrese">Arrese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Bau_Nolla" title="Joaquín Bau Nolla">Bau Nolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esteban_de_Bilbao_Egu%C3%ADa" title="Esteban de Bilbao Eguía">Bilbao Eguía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Carrero_Blanco" title="Luis Carrero Blanco">Carrero Blanco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raimundo_Fern%C3%A1ndez-Cuesta" title="Raimundo Fernández-Cuesta">Fernández-Cuesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Franco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmen_Franco,_1st_Duchess_of_Franco" title="Carmen Franco, 1st Duchess of Franco">Franco y Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Gim%C3%A9nez_Caballero" title="Ernesto Giménez Caballero">Giménez Caballero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Primo_de_Rivera" title="José Antonio Primo de Rivera">Primo de Rivera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramiro_Ledesma_Ramos" title="Ramiro Ledesma Ramos">Ramos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_S%C3%A1nchez_Mazas" title="Rafael Sánchez Mazas">Sánchez Mazas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Serrano_Su%C3%B1er" title="Ramón Serrano Suñer">Serrano Suñer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ukraine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Bandera" title="Stepan Bandera">Bandera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andriy_Biletsky" title="Andriy Biletsky">Biletsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmytro_Dontsov" title="Dmytro Dontsov">Dontsov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Gubarev" title="Pavel Gubarev">Gubarev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmytro_Klyachkivsky" title="Dmytro Klyachkivsky">Klyachkivsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mykola_Lebed" title="Mykola Lebed">Lebed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Rebet" title="Lev Rebet">Rebet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulas_Samchuk" title="Ulas Samchuk">Samchuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Shukhevych" title="Roman Shukhevych">Shukhevych</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaroslav_Stetsko" title="Yaroslav Stetsko">Stetsko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleh_Tyahnybok" title="Oleh Tyahnybok">Tyahnybok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nataliya_Vitrenko" title="Nataliya Vitrenko">Vitrenko</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Beckett_(politician)" title="John Beckett (politician)">Beckett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Stewart_Chamberlain" title="Houston Stewart Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._K._Chesterton" title="A. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Stuart_Donaldson" title="Ian Stuart Donaldson">Donaldson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Griffin" title="Nick Griffin">Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Jordan" title="Colin Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Lake_(activist)" title="Alan Lake (activist)">Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Leese" title="Arnold Leese">Leese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_Mosley" title="Diana Mosley">Mosley (Diana)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Mosley" title="Oswald Mosley">Mosley (Oswald)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adela_Pankhurst" title="Adela Pankhurst">Pankhurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Pearson_(anthropologist)" title="Roger Pearson (anthropologist)">Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Maule_Ramsay" title="Archibald Maule Ramsay">Ramsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Robinson" title="Tommy Robinson">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troy_Southgate" title="Troy Southgate">Southgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tyndall_(far-right_activist)" title="John Tyndall (far-right activist)">Tyndall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_5th_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 5th Duke of Wellington">Wellesley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Abascal" title="Salvador Abascal">Abascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Anglin" title="Andrew Anglin">Anglin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Auernheimer" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Auernheimer">Auernheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biggs" title="Joe Biggs">Biggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Black_(white_supremacist)" title="Don Black (white supremacist)">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_Butler#Attitude_towards_Fascism_and_Nazism" title="Nicholas Murray Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willis_Carto" title="Willis Carto">Carto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seward_Collins" title="Seward Collins">Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Dilling" title="Elizabeth Dilling">Dilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Duke" title="David Duke">Duke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Enoch" title="Mike Enoch">Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Frankhouser" title="Roy Frankhouser">Frankhouser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Fuentes" title="Nick Fuentes">Fuentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roque_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Garza" title="Roque González Garza">Garza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michale_Graves" title="Michale Graves">Graves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Heimbach" title="Matthew Heimbach">Heimbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Jeff_Hall" title="Murder of Jeff Hall">Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Sol_Invictus" title="Augustus Sol Invictus">Invictus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_J._Jones" title="Arthur J. Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Joyce" title="William Joyce">Joyce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Kessler" title="Jason Kessler">Kessler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lane_(white_supremacist)" title="David Lane (white supremacist)">Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_LaRouche" title="Lyndon LaRouche">LaRouche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_MacDonald_(evolutionary_psychologist)" title="Kevin MacDonald (evolutionary psychologist)">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Mason_(neo-Nazi)" title="James Mason (neo-Nazi)">Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Metzger" title="Tom Metzger">Metzger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frazier_Glenn_Miller_Jr." title="Frazier Glenn Miller Jr.">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Mills_(Aryan_Brotherhood)" title="Barry Mills (Aryan Brotherhood)">Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Minadeo_II" title="Jon Minadeo II">Minadeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eustace_Mullins" title="Eustace Mullins">Mullins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethan_Nordean" title="Ethan Nordean">Nordean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Patsalos" title="John Patsalos">Patsalos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Dudley_Pelley" title="William Dudley Pelley">Pelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Luther_Pierce" title="William Luther Pierce">Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Lincoln_Rockwell" title="George Lincoln Rockwell">Rockwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irv_Rubin" title="Irv Rubin">Rubin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_L._K._Smith" title="Gerald L. K. Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_B._Spencer" title="Richard B. Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StoneToss" title="StoneToss">StoneToss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Alfred_Strom" title="Kevin Alfred Strom">Strom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrique_Tarrio" title="Enrique Tarrio">Tarrio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Raven_Thomson" title="Alexander Raven Thomson">Thomson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasy_Vonsiatsky" title="Anastasy Vonsiatsky">Vonsyatsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Parker_Yockey" title="Francis Parker Yockey">Yockey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Manuel_Arana_Osorio" title="Carlos Manuel Arana Osorio">Arana Osorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrien_Arcand" title="Adrien Arcand">Arcand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_D%27Aubuisson" title="Roberto D'Aubuisson">D'Aubuisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devlet_Bah%C3%A7eli" title="Devlet Bahçeli">Bahçeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Blythe" title="Ernest Blythe">Blythe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anders_Behring_Breivik" title="Anders Behring Breivik">Breivik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Burdi" title="George Burdi">Burdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maliq_Bushati" title="Maliq Bushati">Bushati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcelo_Caetano" title="Marcelo Caetano">Caetano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Carrasco" title="Nicolás Rodríguez Carrasco">Carrasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Castillo_Armas" title="Carlos Castillo Armas">Castillo Armas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavs_Celmi%C5%86%C5%A1" title="Gustavs Celmiņš">Celmiņš</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Miguel_S%C3%A1nchez_Cerro" title="Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro">Cerro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frits_Clausen" title="Frits Clausen">Clausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Coughlin" title="Charles Coughlin">Coughlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rob_Darken" title="Rob Darken">Darken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savitri_Devi" title="Savitri Devi">Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eoin_O%27Duffy" title="Eoin O'Duffy">O'Duffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_%C4%8Eur%C4%8Dansk%C3%BD" title="Ferdinand Ďurčanský">Ďurčanský</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid%27hat_Frash%C3%ABri" title="Mid'hat Frashëri">Frashëri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Ali_al-Gaylani" title="Rashid Ali al-Gaylani">al-Gaylani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Genoud" title="François Genoud">Genoud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyula_G%C3%B6mb%C3%B6s" title="Gyula Gömbös">Gömbös</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Gustloff" title="Wilhelm Gustloff">Gustloff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_H%C3%A1cha" title="Emil Hácha">Hácha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isgandar_Hamidov" title="Isgandar Hamidov">Hamidov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knut_Hamsun#Racism_and_admiration_for_Hitler" title="Knut Hamsun">Hamsun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrej_Hlinka" title="Andrej Hlinka">Hlinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Qadir_al-Husayni" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni">al-Husayni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Husseini" title="Amin al-Husseini">al-Husseini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kajuga_(Interahamwe)" title="Robert Kajuga (Interahamwe)">Kajuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neboj%C5%A1a_M._Krsti%C4%87" title="Nebojša M. Krstić">Krstić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Beom-seok_(prime_minister)" title="Lee Beom-seok (prime minister)">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Linderman" title="Vladimir Linderman">Linderman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimitrije_Ljoti%C4%87" title="Dimitrije Ljotić">Ljotić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopoldo_Lugones" title="Leopoldo Lugones">Lugones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hristo_Lukov" title="Hristo Lukov">Lukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mach" title="Alexander Mach">Mach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Emilio_Madero" title="Pablo Emilio Madero">Madero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximiliano_Hern%C3%A1ndez_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Maximiliano Hernández Martínez">Martínez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Merlika-Kruja" title="Mustafa Merlika-Kruja">Merlika-Kruja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Ngeze" title="Hassan Ngeze">Ngeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Noreika" title="Jonas Noreika">Noreika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_Piasecki" title="Bolesław Piasecki">Piasecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Per%C3%B3n" title="Juan Perón">Perón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaek_Phibunsongkhram" title="Plaek Phibunsongkhram">Phibunsongkhram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Rol%C3%A3o_Preto" title="Francisco Rolão Preto">Preto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aisin-Gioro_Puyi" class="mw-redirect" title="Aisin-Gioro Puyi">Puyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidkun_Quisling" title="Vidkun Quisling">Quisling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Pablo_Ram%C3%ADrez" title="Pedro Pablo Ramírez">Ramírez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syngman_Rhee" title="Syngman Rhee">Rhee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_la_Riva-Ag%C3%BCero_y_Osma" title="José de la Riva-Agüero y Osma">Riva-Agüero y Osma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Rupnik" title="Leon Rupnik">Rupnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoun_Saadeh" title="Antoun Saadeh">Saadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saga_(singer)" title="Saga (singer)">Saga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pl%C3%ADnio_Salgado" title="Plínio Salgado">Salgado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayez_Sayigh" class="mw-redirect" title="Fayez Sayigh">Sayigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vojislav_%C5%A0e%C5%A1elj" title="Vojislav Šešelj">Šešelj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Sz%C3%A1lasi" title="Ferenc Szálasi">Szálasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Terre%27Blanche" title="Eugène Terre'Blanche">Terre'Blanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jozef_Tiso" title="Jozef Tiso">Tiso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandar_Tsankov" title="Aleksandar Tsankov">Tsankov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varg_Vikernes" title="Varg Vikernes">Vikernes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei" title="Wang Jingwei">Wang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meir_Weinstein" title="Meir Weinstein">Weinstein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Works116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Works</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1776_Returns" title="1776 Returns">1776 Returns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Conquista_del_Estado" title="La Conquista del Estado">La Conquista del Estado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Culture_of_Critique_series" title="The Culture of Critique series">The Culture of Critique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defiance_(book)" title="Defiance (book)">Defiance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Did_Six_Million_Really_Die%3F" title="Did Six Million Really Die?">Did Six Million Really Die?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Doctrine_of_Fascism" title="The Doctrine of Fascism">The Doctrine of Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Manifesto" title="Fascist Manifesto">Fascist Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/For_My_Legionaries" title="For My Legionaries">For My Legionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundations_of_Geopolitics" title="Foundations of Geopolitics">The Foundations of Geopolitics: The Geopolitical Future of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fourth_Political_Theory" title="The Fourth Political Theory">The Fourth Political Theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitlers_Zweites_Buch" title="Hitlers Zweites Buch">Hitlers Zweites Buch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunter_(Pierce_novel)" title="Hunter (Pierce novel)">Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutu_Ten_Commandments" title="Hutu Ten Commandments">Hutu Ten Commandments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Man" title="Impeachment of Man">Impeachment of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperium:_The_Philosophy_of_History_and_Politics" title="Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics">Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Investigation_of_Global_Policy_with_the_Yamato_Race_as_Nucleus" title="An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus">An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokutairon_and_Pure_Socialism" title="Kokutairon and Pure Socialism">Kokutairon and Pure Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Will_of_a_Russian_Fascist" title="The Last Will of a Russian Fascist">The Last Will of a Russian Fascist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_Race" title="Manifesto of Race">Manifesto of Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_the_Fascist_Intellectuals" title="Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals">Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_Autobiography_(Mussolini_book)" title="My Autobiography (Mussolini book)">My Autobiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_Life_(Mosley_autobiography)" title="My Life (Mosley autobiography)">My Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Myth_of_the_Twentieth_Century" title="The Myth of the Twentieth Century">The Myth of the Twentieth Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPROP!" title="OPROP!">OPROP!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Race_Will_Rule_Undisputed_Over_The_World" title="Our Race Will Rule Undisputed Over The World">Our Race Will Rule Undisputed Over The World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantische_Rompilger" title="Protestantische Rompilger">Protestantische Rompilger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Racial_Program_for_the_Twentieth_Century" title="A Racial Program for the Twentieth Century">A Racial Program for the Twentieth Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_(Mason_book)" title="Siege (Mason book)">Siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Turner_Diaries" title="The Turner Diaries">The Turner Diaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncomfortable_Questions_for_Comfortable_Jews" title="Uncomfortable Questions for Comfortable Jews">Uncomfortable Questions for Comfortable Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Warning_to_the_Hindus" title="A Warning to the Hindus">A Warning to the Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who_Are_the_Mind_Benders%3F" title="Who Are the Mind Benders?">Who Are the Mind Benders?</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periodicals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_(newspaper)" title="Action (newspaper)">Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajan_Suunta" title="Ajan Suunta">Ajan Suunta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Alba" title="L'Alba">L'Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Alc%C3%A1zar" title="El Alcázar">El Alcázar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_American_Review_(literary_journal)" title="The American Review (literary journal)">The American Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_Angriff" title="Der Angriff">Der Angriff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arriba_(newspaper)" title="Arriba (newspaper)">Arriba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Blackshirt" title="The Blackshirt">The Blackshirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Conquista_del_Estado" title="La Conquista del Estado">La Conquista del Estado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Stormer" title="The Daily Stormer">The Daily Stormer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Allgemeine_Zeitung" title="Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung">Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Das_Deutsche_M%C3%A4del" title="Das Deutsche Mädel">Das Deutsche Mädel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Difesa_della_Razza" title="La Difesa della Razza">La Difesa della Razza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleftheros_Kosmos" title="Eleftheros Kosmos">Eleftheros Kosmos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_European_(1953_magazine)" title="The European (1953 magazine)">The European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashist" title="Fashist">Fashist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashizmi" title="Fashizmi">Fashizmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_France_au_travail" title="La France au travail">La France au travail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritt_Folk" title="Fritt Folk">Fritt Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fronten" title="Fronten">Fronten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A2ndirea" title="Gândirea">Gândirea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovent%C3%B9_Fascista" title="Gioventù Fascista">Gioventù Fascista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Dawn_(magazine)" title="Golden Dawn (magazine)">Golden Dawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamaas" title="Hamaas">Hamaas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrvatski_Domobran" title="Hrvatski Domobran">Hrvatski Domobran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Je_suis_partout" title="Je suis partout">Je suis partout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangura" title="Kangura">Kangura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansallissosialisti" title="Kansallissosialisti">Kansallissosialisti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limonka_(newspaper)" title="Limonka (newspaper)">Limonka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masada2000" title="Masada2000">Masada2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnchener_Beobachter" title="Münchener Beobachter">Münchener Beobachter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nash_Put%27_(newspaper)" title="Nash Put' (newspaper)">Nash Put'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1stup" title="Nástup">Nástup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_Europa" title="Nation Europa">Nation Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_Anthropologie" title="Neue Anthropologie">Neue Anthropologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neues_Volk" title="Neues Volk">Neues Volk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Het_Nieuwe_Volk" title="Het Nieuwe Volk">Het Nieuwe Volk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norsk-Tysk_Tidsskrift" title="Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift">Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novopress" class="mw-redirect" title="Novopress">Novopress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norsk-Tysk_Tidsskrift" title="Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift">Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organiser_(magazine)" title="Organiser (magazine)">Organiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchjanya_(magazine)" title="Panchjanya (magazine)">Panchjanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panzerb%C3%A4r" title="Panzerbär">Panzerbär</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parole_der_Woche" title="Parole der Woche">Parole der Woche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Pays_R%C3%A9el" title="Le Pays Réel">Le Pays Réel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_Pimpf" title="Der Pimpf">Der Pimpf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Il_Popolo_d%27Italia" title="Il Popolo d'Italia">Il Popolo d'Italia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Das_Reich_(newspaper)" title="Das Reich (newspaper)">Das Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revue_d%27histoire_du_fascisme" title="Revue d'histoire du fascisme">Revue d'histoire du fascisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Das_Schwarze_Korps" title="Das Schwarze Korps">Das Schwarze Korps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sfarm%C4%83-Piatr%C4%83" title="Sfarmă-Piatră">Sfarmă-Piatră</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_(magazine)" title="Signal (magazine)">Signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siniristi" title="Siniristi">Siniristi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spearhead_(magazine)" title="Spearhead (magazine)">Spearhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_St%C3%BCrmer" title="Der Stürmer">Der Stürmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrkische_Post" title="Türkische Post">Türkische Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_Umbruch" title="Der Umbruch">Der Umbruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vairas" title="Vairas">Vairas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlajka" title="Vlajka">Vlajka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volk_en_Staat" title="Volk en Staat">Volk en Staat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkischer_Beobachter" title="Völkischer Beobachter">Völkischer Beobachter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die_Wehrmacht" title="Die Wehrmacht">Die Wehrmacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wochenspruch_der_NSDAP" title="Wochenspruch der NSDAP">Wochenspruch der NSDAP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/L%27Armata_Azzurra" title="L'Armata Azzurra">L'Armata Azzurra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengasi_(film)" title="Bengasi (film)">Bengasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condottieri_(film)" title="Condottieri (film)">Condottieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daughter_of_the_Samurai" title="The Daughter of the Samurai">The Daughter of the Samurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erbkrank" title="Erbkrank">Erbkrank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa:_The_Last_Battle" title="Europa: The Last Battle">Europa: The Last Battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Appeal" title="The Great Appeal">The Great Appeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Old_Guard_(1934_film)" title="The Old Guard (1934 film)">The Old Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raza_(film)" title="Raza (film)">Raza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scipio_Africanus:_The_Defeat_of_Hannibal" title="Scipio Africanus: The Defeat of Hannibal">Scipio Africanus: The Defeat of Hannibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Victory_of_Faith" title="The Victory of Faith">Der Sieg des Glaubens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Siege_of_the_Alcazar" title="The Siege of the Alcazar">The Siege of the Alcazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo_squadrone_bianco" title="Lo squadrone bianco">Lo squadrone bianco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tag_der_Freiheit:_Unsere_Wehrmacht" class="mw-redirect" title="Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht">Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triumph_of_the_Will" title="Triumph of the Will">Triumph of the Will</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allach_(porcelain)" title="Allach (porcelain)">Allach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Cleansing_(video_game)" title="Ethnic Cleansing (video game)">Ethnic Cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StoneToss" title="StoneToss">StoneToss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Third_Reich" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of the Third Reich">Art of the Third Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_architecture" title="Fascist architecture">Fascist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_realism" title="Heroic realism">Heroic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_architecture" title="Nazi architecture">Nazi architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_and_cinema" title="Nazism and cinema">Nazism and cinema</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Organizations116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Organizations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahnenerbe" title="Ahnenerbe">Ahnenerbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Fasces_and_Corporations" title="Chamber of Fasces and Corporations">Chamber of Fasces and Corporations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Council_of_Fascism" title="Grand Council of Fascism">Grand Council of Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Way_Faction" title="Imperial Way Faction">Imperial Way Faction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Nationalist_Association" title="Italian Nationalist Association">Italian Nationalist Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_League_of_the_Reich_for_Physical_Exercise" title="National Socialist League of the Reich for Physical Exercise">National Socialist League of the Reich for Physical Exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrumvirs" title="Quadrumvirs">Quadrumvirs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Institute" title="Adelaide Institute">Adelaide Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_Trade_Union_Federation" title="Agrarian Trade Union Federation">Agrarian Trade Union Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Britons" title="The Britons">The Britons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casuals_United" title="Casuals United">Casuals United</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeVlag" title="DeVlag">DeVlag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Social_Movement" title="European Social Movement">European Social Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Realm_Union" title="Finnish Realm Union">Finnish Realm Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco_National_Foundation" title="Francisco Franco National Foundation">Francisco Franco National Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_New_Germany" title="Friends of New Germany">Friends of New Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_American_Bund" title="German American Bund">German American Bund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRECE" title="GRECE">GRECE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Link_(UK_organization)" title="The Link (UK organization)">The Link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mladorossi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mladorossi">Mladorossi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_of_Europe" title="National Party of Europe">National Party of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Policy_Institute" title="National Policy Institute">National Policy Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Popular_Consciousness" title="National Popular Consciousness">National Popular Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panzerfaust_Records" title="Panzerfaust Records">Panzerfaust Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_Our_Slovakia" title="People's Party Our Slovakia">People's Party Our Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Force_Party" title="Popular Force Party">Popular Force Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Slovakia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic (Slovakia)">Republic (Slovakia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_Records" title="Resistance Records">Resistance Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Club" title="Right Club">Right Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Fascist_Organization" title="Russian Fascist Organization">Russian Fascist Organization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_youth_organizations" title="List of youth organizations">Youth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adler_und_Falke" title="Adler und Falke">Adler und Falke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Lictor_Youth" title="Albanian Lictor Youth">Albanian Lictor Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Lictor_Youth" title="Arab Lictor Youth">Arab Lictor Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Yuva_Morcha" title="Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha">Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue-and-Blacks" title="Blue-and-Blacks">Blue-and-Blacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Lictor_Youth" title="Ethiopian Lictor Youth">Ethiopian Lictor Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Union_of_Youth" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist Union of Youth">Fascist Union of Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frente_de_Juventudes" title="Frente de Juventudes">Frente de Juventudes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Futuwwa_(Palestine)" title="Al-Futuwwa (Palestine)">Al-Futuwwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovent%C3%B9_Italiana_del_Littorio" title="Gioventù Italiana del Littorio">Gioventù Italiana del Littorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Japan_Youth_Party" title="Great Japan Youth Party">Great Japan Youth Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler_Youth" title="Hitler Youth">Hitler Youth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faith_and_Beauty_Society" title="Faith and Beauty Society">Faith and Beauty Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsches_Jungvolk" title="Deutsches Jungvolk">Deutsches Jungvolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungm%C3%A4delbund" title="Jungmädelbund">Jungmädelbund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_German_Girls" title="League of German Girls">League of German Girls</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeunesse_Populaire_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Jeunesse Populaire Française">Jeunesse Populaire Française</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juventudes_de_Acci%C3%B3n_Popular" title="Juventudes de Acción Popular">Juventudes de Acción Popular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_National_Youth_Association" title="Korean National Youth Association">Korean National Youth Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levente_(organization)" title="Levente (organization)">Levente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mocidade_Portuguesa" title="Mocidade Portuguesa">Mocidade Portuguesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationale_Jeugdstorm" title="Nationale Jeugdstorm">Nationale Jeugdstorm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_League_of_Sweden" title="National League of Sweden">National League of Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Liberation_Front" title="National Socialist Liberation Front">National Socialist Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Youth" title="National Youth">National Youth</a> (Sweden)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Youth_(Italy)" title="National Youth (Italy)">National Youth (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Youth_Alliance" title="National Youth Alliance">National Youth Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Youth_Organisation_(Greece)" title="National Youth Organisation (Greece)">National Youth Organisation (Greece)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_Nazionale_Balilla" title="Opera Nazionale Balilla">Opera Nazionale Balilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96sterreichisches_Jungvolk" title="Österreichisches Jungvolk">Österreichisches Jungvolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia_First_Party#Patriotic/Eureka_Youth_League" title="Australia First Party">Patriotic/Eureka Youth League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Fascist_Little_Ones" title="Union of Fascist Little Ones">Union of Fascist Little Ones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Young_Fascists_%E2%80%93_Vanguard_(boys)" title="Union of Young Fascists – Vanguard (boys)">Union of Young Fascists – Vanguard (boys)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Young_Fascists_%E2%80%93_Vanguard_(girls)" title="Union of Young Fascists – Vanguard (girls)">Union of Young Fascists – Vanguard (girls)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e_Youth" title="Ustaše Youth">Ustaše Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiking-Jugend" title="Wiking-Jugend">Wiking-Jugend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_Front" title="Youth Front">Youth Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascist_paramilitary" title="Fascist paramilitary">Paramilitary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_terrorism" title="Right-wing terrorism">terrorist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinav_Bharat" title="Abhinav Bharat">Abhinav Bharat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Fascist_Militia" title="Albanian Fascist Militia">Albanian Fascist Militia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_for_the_Liberation_of_Rwanda" title="Army for the Liberation of Rwanda">Army for the Liberation of Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomwaffen_Division" title="Atomwaffen Division">Atomwaffen Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azov_Brigade" title="Azov Brigade">Azov Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajrang_Dal" title="Bajrang Dal">Bajrang Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Base_(hate_group)" title="The Base (hate group)">The Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_Organization_of_Russian_Nationalists" title="Battle Organization of Russian Nationalists">Battle Organization of Russian Nationalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Brigades" title="Black Brigades">Black Brigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Legion_(Usta%C5%A1e_militia)" title="Black Legion (Ustaše militia)">Black Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackshirts" title="Blackshirts">Blackshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Unity_Party_of_Canada" title="National Unity Party of Canada">Blueshirts (Canada)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueshirts" title="Blueshirts">Blueshirts</a> (Ireland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_88" title="Column 88">Column 88</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_Terrorist_Organization" title="Combat Terrorist Organization">Combat Terrorist Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Nation" title="Confederation of the Nation">Confederation of the Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpul_Muncitoresc_Legionar" title="Corpul Muncitoresc Legionar">Corpul Muncitoresc Legionar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Defence_Forces" title="Croatian Defence Forces">Croatian Defence Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_National_Resistance" title="Croatian National Resistance">Croatian National Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Revolutionary_Brotherhood" title="Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood">Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bugojno_group" title="Bugojno group">Bugojno group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Forces_for_the_Liberation_of_Rwanda" title="Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda">Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasci_di_Azione_Rivoluzionaria" title="Fasci di Azione Rivoluzionaria">Fasci di Azione Rivoluzionaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falange_Armata" title="Falange Armata">Falange Armata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falange_Militia" title="Falange Militia">Falange Militia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FEAR_(terrorist_group)" title="FEAR (terrorist group)">FEAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Guard" title="Flemish Guard">Flemish Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Legion" title="Flemish Legion">Flemish Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontbann" title="Frontbann">Frontbann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Mexicanist_Action" title="Revolutionary Mexicanist Action">Goldshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Guard" title="Iron Guard">Greenshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilfspolizei" title="Hilfspolizei">Hilfspolizei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler_Youth" title="Hitler Youth">Hitler Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Gentile_National_Socialist_Movement" title="South African Gentile National Socialist Movement">Greyshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimwehr" title="Heimwehr">Heimwehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirden" title="Hirden">Hirden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hlinka_Guard" title="Hlinka Guard">Hlinka Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_National_Defence_Association" title="Hungarian National Defence Association">Hungarian National Defence Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impuzamugambi" title="Impuzamugambi">Impuzamugambi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interbrigades" title="Interbrigades">Interbrigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interahamwe" title="Interahamwe">Interahamwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Wolf_(organization)" title="Iron Wolf (organization)">Iron Wolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Defense_League" title="Jewish Defense League">Jewish Defense League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Defense_Organization" title="Jewish Defense Organization">Jewish Defense Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kataeb_Regulatory_Forces" title="Kataeb Regulatory Forces">Kataeb Regulatory Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C4%83ncieri" title="Lăncieri">Lăncieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legion_Wasa" title="Legion Wasa">Legion Wasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehava" title="Lehava">Lehava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehi_(militant_group)" title="Lehi (militant group)">Lehi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levente_(organization)" title="Levente (organization)">Levente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makapili" title="Makapili">Makapili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mano_Blanca" title="Mano Blanca">Mano Blanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Guard_(Italy)" title="National Republican Guard (Italy)">National Republican Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialism_/_White_Power" title="National Socialism / White Power">National Socialism / White Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Guard" title="New Guard">New Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Order_(white_supremacist_group)" title="The Order (white supremacist group)">The Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostm%C3%A4rkische_Sturmscharen" title="Ostmärkische Sturmscharen">Ostmärkische Sturmscharen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodobrana" title="Rodobrana">Rodobrana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Imperial_Movement" title="Russian Imperial Movement">Russian Imperial Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_National_Unity_(2000)" title="Russian National Unity (2000)">Russian National Unity (2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S14_(Ukrainian_group)" title="S14 (Ukrainian group)">S14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Volunteer_Corps_(World_War_II)" title="Serbian Volunteer Corps (World War II)">Serbian Volunteer Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicarii_(1989)" title="Sicarii (1989)">Sicarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sich_Battalion" title="Sich Battalion">Sich Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Legion_of_America" title="Silver Legion of America">Silver Shirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">Sturmabteilung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudetendeutsches_Freikorps" title="Sudetendeutsches Freikorps">Sudetendeutsches Freikorps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terror_Against_Terror" title="Terror Against Terror">Terror Against Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Third Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Ukrainian Insurgent Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Militsiya" title="Ukrainian People's Militsiya">Ukrainian People's Militsiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e_Militia" title="Ustaše Militia">Ustaše Militia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkssport" title="Volkssport">Volkssport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_Guard" title="Walloon Guard">Walloon Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_Legion" title="Walloon Legion">Walloon Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagner_Group" title="Wagner Group">Wagner Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rusich_Group" title="Rusich Group">Rusich Group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weerbaarheidsafdeling" title="Weerbaarheidsafdeling">Weerbaarheidsafdeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werwolf" title="Werwolf">Werwolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westland_New_Post" title="Westland New Post">Westland New Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokusan_Sonendan" title="Yokusan Sonendan">Yokusan Sonendan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_Front" title="Youth Front">Youth Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Student</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhil_Bharatiya_Vidyarthi_Parishad" title="Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad">Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avanguardia_Giovanile_Fascista" title="Avanguardia Giovanile Fascista">Avanguardia Giovanile Fascista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frente_de_Estudiantes_Sindicalistas" title="Frente de Estudiantes Sindicalistas">Frente de Estudiantes Sindicalistas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Student_Union" title="German Student Union">German Student Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_German_Students%27_League" title="National Socialist German Students' League">National Socialist German Students' League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindicato_Espa%C3%B1ol_Universitario" title="Sindicato Español Universitario">Sindicato Español Universitario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_Action_(Italy)" title="Student Action (Italy)">Student Action</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NSDAP/AO" class="mw-redirect" title="NSDAP/AO">NSDAP/AO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ODESSA" title="ODESSA">ODESSA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1900s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herero_and_Nama_genocide#Link_between_the_Herero_genocide_and_the_Holocaust" title="Herero and Nama genocide">Herero and Nama genocide and the Holocaust</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1910s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arditi" title="Arditi">Arditi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascio" title="Fascio">Fascio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasci_d%27Azione_Rivoluzionaria" title="Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria">Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_and_the_Holocaust" title="Armenian genocide and the Holocaust">Armenian genocide and the Holocaust</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1920s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_on_Rome" title="March on Rome">March on Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfu_incident" title="Corfu incident">Corfu incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acerbo_Law" title="Acerbo Law">Acerbo Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_Hall_Putsch" title="Beer Hall Putsch">Beer Hall Putsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aventine_Secession_(20th_century)" title="Aventine Secession (20th century)">Aventine Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_economic_battles" title="Italian economic battles">Italian economic battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Faisceau" title="Le Faisceau">Le Faisceau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/28_May_1926_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="28 May 1926 coup d'état">28 May 1926 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_genocide_(1929%E2%80%931934)" title="Libyan genocide (1929–1934)">Libyan genocide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1930s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_of_the_Iron_Will" title="March of the Iron Will">March of the Iron Will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1932_German_federal_election" title="November 1932 German federal election">November 1932 German federal election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1933_German_federal_election" title="March 1933 German federal election">March 1933 German federal election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enabling_Act_of_1933" title="Enabling Act of 1933">Enabling Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Civil_War" title="Austrian Civil War">Austrian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_Putsch" title="July Putsch">July Putsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_Montreux_Fascist_conference" title="1934 Montreux Fascist conference">1934 Montreux Fascist conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_Holocaust" title="Romani Holocaust">Romani Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_of_August_Regime" title="4th of August Regime">4th of August Regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1940s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_crimes_against_the_Polish_nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi crimes against the Polish nation">Nazi crimes against the Polish nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy" title="Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy">End in Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg Trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">Tokyo Trials</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Lists116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lists</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_by_or_about_Adolf_Hitler" class="mw-redirect" title="List of books by or about Adolf Hitler">Books about Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_fascist_parties" title="List of British fascist parties">British fascist parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fascist_movements_by_country" title="List of fascist movements by country">Fascist movements by country</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_fascist_movements_by_country_A%E2%80%93F" title="List of fascist movements by country A–F">A-F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fascist_movements_by_country_G%E2%80%93M" title="List of fascist movements by country G–M">G-M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fascist_movements_by_country_N%E2%80%93T" title="List of fascist movements by country N–T">N-T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fascist_movements_by_country_U%E2%80%93Z" title="List of fascist movements by country U–Z">U-Z</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_ideologues" title="List of Nazi ideologues">Nazi ideologues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_Party_leaders_and_officials" title="List of Nazi Party leaders and officials">Nazi leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_secretaries_of_Italian_fascist_parties" title="List of secretaries of Italian fascist parties">Secretaries of Italian fascist parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_speeches_given_by_Adolf_Hitler" title="List of speeches given by Adolf Hitler">Speeches by Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SS_personnel" title="List of SS personnel">SS personnel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Related_topics116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_conservatism" title="Authoritarian conservatism">Authoritarian conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain#Francoism" title="Francoist Spain">Francoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Maurrassisme" title="Maurrassisme">Maurrassisme</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinochetism" title="Pinochetism">Pinochetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putinism" title="Putinism">Putinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziaism" title="Ziaism">Ziaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt-right" title="Alt-right">Alt-right</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alt-lite" title="Alt-lite">Alt-lite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt-right_pipeline" title="Alt-right pipeline">Alt-right pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt-tech" title="Alt-tech">Alt-tech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identitarian_movement" title="Identitarian movement">Identitarian movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahutu_Manifesto" title="Bahutu Manifesto">Bahutu Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlusconism" title="Berlusconism">Berlusconism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Revolution" title="Conservative Revolution">Conservative Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_fascism" title="Criticism of fascism">Criticism of fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europe_a_Nation" title="Europe a Nation">Europe a Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_(insult)" title="Fascist (insult)">Fascist (epithet)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_mysticism" title="Fascist mysticism">Fascist mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudal_fascism" title="Feudal fascism">Feudal fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-scale_(personality_test)" title="F-scale (personality test)">F-scale (personality test)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garveyism" title="Garveyism">Garveyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanisation" title="Germanisation">Germanisation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanisation_of_Poles_during_the_Partitions" title="Germanisation of Poles during the Partitions">of Poles during the Partitions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italianization" title="Italianization">Italianization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italianization_of_South_Tyrol" title="Italianization of South Tyrol">of South Tyrol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanization" title="Japanization">Japanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morenazi" title="Morenazi">Morenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neosocialism" title="Neosocialism">Neosocialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-fascism" title="Para-fascism">Para/semi-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-fascism" title="Post-fascism">Post-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-fascism" title="Proto-fascism">Proto-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_fascism" title="Red fascism">Red fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red%E2%80%93green%E2%80%93brown_alliance" title="Red–green–brown alliance">Red–green–brown alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_salute" title="Roman salute">Roman salute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffronisation" title="Saffronisation">Saffronisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sansepolcrismo" title="Sansepolcrismo">Sansepolcrismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aryanism" title="Aryanism">Aryanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordicism" title="Nordicism">Nordicism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_fascism" title="Social fascism">Social fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorelianism" title="Sorelianism">Sorelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synarchism" title="Synarchism">Synarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szeged_Idea" title="Szeged Idea">Szeged Idea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_and_fascism" title="Donald Trump and fascism">Donald Trump and fascism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_movement" title="Völkisch movement">Völkisch movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Women in Nazi Germany">Women in Nazi Germany</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fascism" title="Category:Fascism">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nazism434" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nazism" title="Template:Nazism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nazism" title="Template talk:Nazism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nazism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nazism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nazism434" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Ahnenerbe" title="Ahnenerbe">Ahnenerbe</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artaman_League" title="Artaman League">Artaman League</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Geheime Staatspolizei</i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Fichte-Bund" title="Deutscher Fichte-Bund">Deutscher Fichte-Bund</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Deutsches_Jungvolk" title="Deutsches Jungvolk">Deutsches Jungvolk</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Franz_Eher_Nachfolger" title="Franz Eher Nachfolger">Franz Eher Nachfolger</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler_Youth" title="Hitler Youth">Hitler Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_German_Girls" title="League of German Girls">League of German Girls</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Organisation_Todt" title="Organisation Todt">Organisation Todt</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_German_Doctors%27_League" title="National Socialist German Doctors' League">NSDÄB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_German_Students%27_League" title="National Socialist German Students' League">NSDStB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_League_of_the_Reich_for_Physical_Exercise" title="National Socialist League of the Reich for Physical Exercise">NSRL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Flyers_Corps" title="National Socialist Flyers Corps">NSFK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Motor_Corps" title="National Socialist Motor Corps">NSKK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Women%27s_League" title="National Socialist Women's League">NSF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Propaganda in Nazi Germany">Nazi media organizations</a> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Nationalsozialistische_Monatshefte" title="Nationalsozialistische Monatshefte">Nationalsozialistische Monatshefte</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neues_Volk" title="Neues Volk">Neues Volk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NS-Frauen-Warte" title="NS-Frauen-Warte">NS-Frauen-Warte</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Das_Reich_(newspaper)" title="Das Reich (newspaper)">Das Reich</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Das_Schwarze_Korps" title="Das Schwarze Korps">Das Schwarze Korps</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst">Sicherheitsdienst</a></i></span> (SD)</li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">Sturmabteilung</a></i></span> (SA)</li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel</a></i></span> (SS) <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/SS-Gefolge_(Women%27s_SS_Division)" title="SS-Gefolge (Women's SS Division)">SS Gefolge</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a></i></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany#History" title="Nazi Germany">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_timeline_of_Nazism" title="Early timeline of Nazism">Early timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Program" title="National Socialist Program">National Socialist Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_rise_to_power" title="Adolf Hitler's rise to power">Hitler's rise to power</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_rise_to_power#Seizure_of_control_(1931–1933)" title="Adolf Hitler's rise to power">Machtergreifung</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Gleichschaltung" title="Gleichschaltung">Gleichschaltung</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_rearmament" title="German rearmament">German rearmament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Kirchenkampf" title="Kirchenkampf">Kirchenkampf</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_cult_of_personality" title="Adolf Hitler's cult of personality">Adolf Hitler's cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enabling_Act_of_1933" title="Enabling Act of 1933">Enabling Act of 1933</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Long_Knives" title="Night of the Long Knives">Night of the Long Knives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_rallies" title="Nuremberg rallies">Nuremberg rallies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938%E2%80%931939_German_expedition_to_Tibet" title="1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet">1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Pact" title="Tripartite Pact">Tripartite Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denazification" title="Denazification">Denazification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></li> <p><a href="/wiki/Final_solution" class="mw-redirect" title="Final solution">Final solution</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Concentration camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportation" title="Deportation">Deportations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctors%27_Trial" title="Doctors' Trial">Doctors' Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Extermination camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_ghettos" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi ghettos">Ghettos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation" title="Nazi human experimentation">Human experimentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">Labour camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogroms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation#Germany" title="Racial segregation">Racial segregation</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nazism#Ideology_and_programme" title="Nazism">Ideology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticization_of_politics" title="Aestheticization of politics">Aestheticization of politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_and_ideology#Socialism_and_communism" title="Fascism and ideology">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism#Fascism" title="Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_and_ideology#Liberalism" title="Fascism and ideology">Anti-liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism#Criticism" title="Pacifism">Anti-pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_and_soil" title="Blood and soil">Blood and soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_collaboration" title="Class collaboration">Class collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">Conspiracism</a> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Dolchsto%C3%9Flegende" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolchstoßlegende">Dolchstoßlegende</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Jewish_conspiracy" title="International Jewish conspiracy">International Jewry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Bolshevism" title="Jewish Bolshevism">Judeo-Bolshevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrerprinzip" title="Führerprinzip">Führerprinzip</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_interventionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic interventionism">Economic interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_eugenics" title="Nazi eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Geopolitik" title="Geopolitik">Geopolitik</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Heimat" title="Heimat">Heimat</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="German imperialism">Imperialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Germanic_Reich" title="Greater Germanic Reich">Greater Germanic Reich</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Heim_ins_Reich" title="Heim ins Reich">Heim ins Reich</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Lebensraum" title="Lebensraum">Lebensraum</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Germanism" title="Pan-Germanism">Pan-Germanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_militarism" title="German militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_nationalism" title="German nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_nationalism" title="Racial nationalism">Racial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palingenetic_ultranationalism" title="Palingenetic ultranationalism">Palingenetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_nationalism" title="Revolutionary nationalism">Revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Man_(utopian_concept)#Fascist" title="New Man (utopian concept)">New Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Order_(Nazism)" title="New Order (Nazism)">New Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">One-party state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Propaganda in Nazi Germany">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussianism" title="Prussianism">Prussianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_policy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Racial policy of Nazi Germany">Racism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavic_sentiment" title="Anti-Slavic sentiment">Anti-Slavic sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryan_race#Nazism_and_Neo-Nazism" title="Aryan race">Aryan race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryanism" title="Aryanism">Aryanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_race" title="Master race">Master race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordicism" title="Nordicism">Nordicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Indo-Germanic_People#The_Third_Reich,_successor_of_the_Indogermans" title="Nordic Indo-Germanic People">Nordic Indo-Germanic people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renordification" title="Renordification">Renordification</a></li></ul></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Rassenschande" title="Rassenschande">Rassenschande</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Untermenschen" class="mw-redirect" title="Untermenschen">Untermenschen</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_equality" title="Völkisch equality">Völkisch equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_movement" title="Völkisch movement">Völkisch movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_modernism" title="Reactionary modernism">Reactionary modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism#Nazism,_eugenics,_fascism,_imperialism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_interventionism" title="Social interventionism">Social interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">Social order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">State capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretic_politics" title="Syncretic politics">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Volksgemeinschaft" title="Volksgemeinschaft">Volksgemeinschaft</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Volk_ohne_Raum" title="Volk ohne Raum">Volk ohne Raum</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Volksk%C3%B6rper" title="Volkskörper">Volkskörper</a></i></span></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_Party_leaders_and_officials" title="List of Nazi Party leaders and officials">Politicians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A4the_Bierbaumer" title="Käthe Bierbaumer">Bierbaumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Julius_Bloem" title="Walter Julius Bloem">Bloem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Bormann" title="Martin Bormann">Bormann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Daluege" title="Kurt Daluege">Daluege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_D%C3%B6nitz" title="Karl Dönitz">Dönitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Drexler" title="Anton Drexler">Drexler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann">Eichmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Esser" title="Hermann Esser">Esser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_Fischer" title="Eugen Fischer">Fischer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Frank" title="Hans Frank">Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Frick" title="Wilhelm Frick">Frick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hess" title="Rudolf Hess">Hess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich" title="Reinhard Heydrich">Heydrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Goebbels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Göring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Keller" title="Carlos Keller">Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Lammers" title="Hans Lammers">Lammers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Lutze" title="Viktor Lutze">Lutze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_Mitford" title="Unity Mitford">Mitford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_von_Neurath" title="Konstantin von Neurath">von Neurath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidkun_Quisling#Head_of_the_government" title="Vidkun Quisling">Quisling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop">von Ribbentrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_R%C3%B6hm" title="Ernst Röhm">Röhm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Schacht#Involvement_with_the_NSDAP_(Nazi_Party)_and_government" title="Hjalmar Schacht">Schacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldur_von_Schirach" title="Baldur von Schirach">von Schirach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrud_Scholtz-Klink" title="Gertrud Scholtz-Klink">Scholtz-Klink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Seldte" title="Franz Seldte">Seldte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Seyss-Inquart" title="Arthur Seyss-Inquart">Seyss-Inquart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer">Speer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregor_Strasser" title="Gregor Strasser">Strasser (Gregor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Strasser" title="Otto Strasser">Strasser (Otto)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Streicher" title="Julius Streicher">Streicher</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Nazis" title="Category:Nazis">Ideologues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <p>Pre-<i>Machtergreifung</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Moritz_Arndt" title="Ernst Moritz Arndt">Arndt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile-Louis_Burnouf" title="Émile-Louis Burnouf">Burnouf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Stewart_Chamberlain" title="Houston Stewart Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Drumont" title="Édouard Drumont">Drumont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Eckart" title="Dietrich Eckart">Eckart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Fritsch" title="Theodor Fritsch">Fritsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_de_Gobineau" title="Arthur de Gobineau">de Gobineau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_Grant" title="Madison Grant">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rg_Lanz_von_Liebenfels" title="Jörg Lanz von Liebenfels">von Liebenfels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_von_List" title="Guido von List">von List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_L%C3%B6ns#Reception_in_National_Socialist_Germany" title="Hermann Löns">Löns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Lueger" title="Karl Lueger">Lueger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Marr" title="Wilhelm Marr">Marr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence_and_reception_of_Friedrich_Nietzsche#Nietzsche_and_fascism" title="Influence and reception of Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(contentious)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Ratzel#Writings" title="Friedrich Ratzel">Ratzel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Heinrich_Riehl" title="Wilhelm Heinrich Riehl">Riehl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin#Politics_and_critique_of_political_economy" title="John Ruskin">Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner#Views" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner</a></li></ul> <p>Post-<i>Machtergreifung</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Anacker" title="Heinrich Anacker">Anacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Baeumler" title="Alfred Baeumler">Baeumler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Bergmann_(philosopher)" title="Ernst Bergmann (philosopher)">Bergmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred-Ingemar_Berndt" title="Alfred-Ingemar Berndt">Berndt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Walther_Darr%C3%A9" title="Richard Walther Darré">Darré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Eggers" title="Kurt Eggers">Eggers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_Eichrodt" title="Walther Eichrodt">Eichrodt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Feder" title="Gottfried Feder">Feder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford#Antisemitism_and_The_Dearborn_Independent" title="Henry Ford">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Grimm" title="Hans Grimm">Grimm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_F._K._G%C3%BCnther" title="Hans F. K. Günther">Günther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_Wilhelm_Hauer" title="Jakob Wilhelm Hauer">Hauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Haushofer" title="Karl Haushofer">Haushofer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger_and_Nazism" title="Martin Heidegger and Nazism">Heidegger</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(contentious)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willibald_Hentschel" title="Willibald Hentschel">Hentschel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hoche" title="Alfred Hoche">Hoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Husseini#Ties_with_the_Axis_Powers_during_World_War_II" title="Amin al-Husseini">al-Husseini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Jung" title="Rudolf Jung">Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Krannhals" title="Paul Krannhals">Krannhals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Krieck" title="Ernst Krieck">Kriek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh#Antisemitism_and_views_on_race" title="Charles Lindbergh">Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_M%C3%BCller" title="Ludwig Müller">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Plenge" title="Johann Plenge">Plenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Rahn" title="Otto Rahn">Rahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg" title="Alfred Rosenberg">Rosenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoun_Saadeh" title="Antoun Saadeh">Saadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Sch%C3%A4fer" title="Ernst Schäfer">Schäfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Schmalenbach" title="Herman Schmalenbach">Schmalenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(contentious)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_von_Sebottendorf" title="Rudolf von Sebottendorf">von Sebottendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Schwarz_(philosopher)" title="Hermann Schwarz (philosopher)">Schwarz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Stapel" title="Wilhelm Stapel">Stapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giselher_Wirsing" title="Giselher Wirsing">Wirsing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Zimmermann" title="Ferdinand Zimmermann">Zimmermann</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Nazi_war_crimes" title="Category:Nazi war crimes">Atrocities<br /> and war crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Aktion_T4" title="Aktion T4">Action T4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Nazi concentration camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Extermination camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Final_Solution" title="Final Solution">Final Solution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation" title="Nazi human experimentation">Human experimentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani genocide">Romani genocide</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outside<br />Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_in_the_Americas" title="Nazism in the Americas">Americas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_in_Brazil" title="Nazism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_in_Chile" title="Nazism in Chile">Chile</a></li></ul></li> <li>Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Nazism_in_Greece" title="Template:Nazism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_in_Sweden" title="Nazism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Category:Nazi_parties" title="Category:Nazi parties">Parties</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Nazi_Party" title="American Nazi Party">American Nazi Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrow_Cross_Party" title="Arrow Cross Party">Arrow Cross Party (Hungary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_American_Bund" title="German American Bund">German American Bund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_National_Movement_in_Liechtenstein" title="German National Movement in Liechtenstein">German National Movement in Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasjonal_Samling" title="Nasjonal Samling">Nasjonal Samling (Norway)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands"><span class="wrap">National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_of_Chile" title="National Socialist Movement of Chile">National Socialist Movement of Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_(United_States)" title="National Socialist Movement (United States)">National Socialist Movement<br />(United States)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Workers%27_Party_of_Denmark" title="National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark"><span class="wrap">National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Resistance_Movement" title="Nordic Resistance Movement">Nordic Resistance Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossewabrandwag" title="Ossewabrandwag">Ossewabrandwag (South Africa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SUMKA" title="SUMKA">SUMKA (Iran)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party" title="Syrian Social Nationalist Party">Syrian Social Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsagaan_Khas" title="Tsagaan Khas">Tsagaan Khas (Mongolia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Union_of_National_Socialists" title="World Union of National Socialists">World Union of National Socialists</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Bibliography of Adolf Hitler">Bibliography of Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_ideologues" title="List of Nazi ideologues">Nazi ideologues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_Party_leaders_and_officials" title="List of Nazi Party leaders and officials">NSDAP leaders and officials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazis" title="List of Nazis">Nazi Party members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_last_surviving_people_suspected_of_participation_in_Nazi_war_crimes" title="List of last surviving people suspected of participation in Nazi war crimes">Last surviving war crime suspects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_ideologues" title="List of Nazi ideologues">Party ideologues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_speeches_given_by_Adolf_Hitler" title="List of speeches given by Adolf Hitler">Speeches given by Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SS_personnel" title="List of SS personnel">SS personnel</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Role and impact in <br /> German society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_and_the_Wehrmacht" title="Nazism and the Wehrmacht">The Wehrmacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Economy of Nazi Germany">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_German_nobility_in_the_Nazi_Party" title="Former German nobility in the Nazi Party">Nobility</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related<br />topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Bolshevist_League#Historical_interpretation" title="Anti-Bolshevist League">Anti-Bolshevist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Art in Nazi Germany">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_architecture" title="Nazi architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_and_cinema" title="Nazism and cinema">Cinema</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ats%C4%B1zism" title="Atsızism">Atsızism</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Beefsteak_Nazi" title="Beefsteak Nazi">Beefsteak Nazi</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Economy of Nazi Germany">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denordification" title="Denordification">Denordification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renordification" title="Renordification">Renordification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Glossary of Nazi Germany">Glossary</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Drang_nach_Osten" title="Drang nach Osten">Drang nach Osten</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Generalplan_Ost" title="Generalplan Ost">Generalplan Ost</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_American_Bund" title="German American Bund">German American Bund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horst-Wessel-Lied" title="Horst-Wessel-Lied">Horst-Wessel-Lied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_views_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Political views of Adolf Hitler">Political views of Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_propaganda_and_the_United_Kingdom" title="Nazi propaganda and the United Kingdom">Nazi propaganda and the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_racial_theories" title="Nazi racial theories">Racial theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strasserism" title="Strasserism">Strasserism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Women in Nazi Germany">Women</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Nazism" title="Category:Nazism">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Schutzstaffel_(SS)228" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#d7d7d7;;background:#c3c3c3;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:SS_organizations" title="Template:SS organizations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:SS_organizations" title="Template talk:SS organizations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:SS_organizations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:SS organizations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Schutzstaffel_(SS)228" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel</a></i> (SS)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%">Branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allgemeine_SS" title="Allgemeine SS">Allgemeine SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS-Totenkopfverb%C3%A4nde" title="SS-Totenkopfverbände">SS-Totenkopfverbände</a> (SS-TV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding:0 0.3em 2.2em;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Schutzstaffel.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="SS insignia"><img alt="SS insignia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_the_Schutzstaffel.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_Schutzstaffel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_the_Schutzstaffel.svg/75px-Flag_of_the_Schutzstaffel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_the_Schutzstaffel.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_Schutzstaffel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%">Leadership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reichsf%C3%BChrer-SS" title="Reichsführer-SS">Reichsführer-SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_and_police_leader" title="SS and police leader">SS and police leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Units_and_commands_of_the_Schutzstaffel" title="Units and commands of the Schutzstaffel">SS commands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allgemeine-SS_regional_commands" title="Allgemeine-SS regional commands">Allgemeine-SS regional commands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Schreck" title="Julius Schreck">Julius Schreck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Berchtold" title="Joseph Berchtold">Joseph Berchtold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erhard_Heiden" title="Erhard Heiden">Erhard Heiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Hanke" title="Karl Hanke">Karl Hanke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%">Main departments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personal_Staff_Reichsf%C3%BChrer-SS" title="Personal Staff Reichsführer-SS">Personal Staff Reichsführer-SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kommandostab_Reichsf%C3%BChrer-SS" title="Kommandostab Reichsführer-SS">Command Staff Reichsführer-SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Main_Office" title="SS Main Office">SS Main Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Medical_Corps" title="SS Medical Corps">SS Medical Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_F%C3%BChrungshauptamt" title="SS Führungshauptamt">Head Operational Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reich_Security_Main_Office" title="Reich Security Main Office">Reich Security Main Office</a> (RSHA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Main_Economic_and_Administrative_Office" title="SS Main Economic and Administrative Office">Economics and Administration Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Race_and_Settlement_Main_Office" title="SS Race and Settlement Main Office">Office of Race and Settlement (RuSHA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volksdeutsche_Mittelstelle" title="Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle">Main Office for Ethnic Germans (VOMI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reich_Commissioner_for_the_Consolidation_of_German_Nationhood" title="Reich Commissioner for the Consolidation of German Nationhood">Office of the Reich Commissioner for Germanic Resettlement (RKFDV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Court_Main_Office" title="SS Court Main Office">Courts Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Personnel_Main_Office" title="SS Personnel Main Office">Personnel Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Education_Office" title="SS Education Office">Education Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_SS" title="Ideology of the SS">Ideological institutions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahnenerbe" title="Ahnenerbe">Ahnenerbe</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Das_Schwarze_Korps" title="Das Schwarze Korps">Das Schwarze Korps</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS-Junker_Schools" title="SS-Junker Schools">SS-Junker Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebensborn" title="Lebensborn">Lebensborn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%">Police and security services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ordnungspolizei" title="Ordnungspolizei">Uniformed police (Orpo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schutzpolizei_(Nazi_Germany)" title="Schutzpolizei (Nazi Germany)">Schutzpolizei (Schupo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kriminalpolizei_(Nazi_Germany)" title="Kriminalpolizei (Nazi Germany)">Criminal police (Kripo)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Secret State Police (Gestapo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicherheitspolizei" title="Sicherheitspolizei">State Security Police (SiPo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst">SS Security Service (SD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zollgrenzschutz" title="Zollgrenzschutz">Customs Border Guards (ZGS)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%">Führer protection</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS-Begleitkommando_des_F%C3%BChrers" title="SS-Begleitkommando des Führers">SS-Begleitkommando des Führers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichssicherheitsdienst" title="Reichssicherheitsdienst">Reichssicherheitsdienst</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Waffen-SS_units" title="List of Waffen-SS units">Waffen-SS units</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;background:#c3c3c3;">Paramilitary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schutzmannschaft" title="Schutzmannschaft">Schutzmannschaft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Auxiliary_Police" title="Belarusian Auxiliary Police">Byelorussian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Auxiliary_Police" title="Latvian Auxiliary Police">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Auxiliary_Police_Battalions" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Auxiliary Police Battalions">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Auxiliary_Police" title="Ukrainian Auxiliary Police">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Auxiliary_Police" title="Estonian Auxiliary Police">Estonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollkommando_Hamann" title="Rollkommando Hamann">Rollkommando Hamann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arajs_Kommando" title="Arajs Kommando">Arajs Kommando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selbstschutz" title="Selbstschutz">Selbstschutz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volksdeutscher_Selbstschutz" title="Volksdeutscher Selbstschutz">Volksdeutscher</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trawniki_men" title="Trawniki men">Trawnikis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_Police_battalions" title="Order Police battalions">Order Police battalions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiwi_(volunteer)" title="Hiwi (volunteer)">Hiwi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_Battalions" title="Security Battalions">Security Battalions (Greece)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;background:#c3c3c3;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Waffen-SS_divisions" title="List of Waffen-SS divisions">Waffen-SS divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS-Verf%C3%BCgungstruppe" title="SS-Verfügungstruppe">SS-Verfügungstruppe</a> (SS-VT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1st_SS_Panzer_Division_Leibstandarte_SS_Adolf_Hitler" title="1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler">Leibstandarte (LSSAH)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_SS_Panzer_Division_Das_Reich" title="2nd SS Panzer Division Das Reich">SS Division Das Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_SS_Panzer_Division_Totenkopf" title="3rd SS Panzer Division Totenkopf">SS Division Totenkopf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_SS_Polizei_Panzergrenadier_Division" title="4th SS Polizei Panzergrenadier Division">SS Polizei Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_SS_Panzer_Division_Wiking" title="5th SS Panzer Division Wiking">SS Division Wiking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;background:#c3c3c3;"><a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS_foreign_volunteers_and_conscripts" title="Waffen-SS foreign volunteers and conscripts">Foreign SS units</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_SS" title="Austrian SS">Austrian SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic-SS" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic-SS">Germanic-SS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nederlandsche_SS" class="mw-redirect" title="Nederlandsche SS">Germaansche SS in Nederland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algemeene-SS_Vlaanderen" class="mw-redirect" title="Algemeene-SS Vlaanderen">Germaansche SS in Vlaanderen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanske_SS_Norge" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanske SS Norge">Germanske SS Norge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schalburg_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="Schalburg Corps">Schalburg Corps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Free_Corps" title="British Free Corps">British Free Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="Russian People's Liberation Army">Russian People's Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Volunteer_Battalion_of_the_Waffen-SS" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish Volunteer Battalion of the Waffen-SS">Finnish Volunteer Battalion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%">SS-controlled enterprises</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Wirtschaftsbetriebe" title="Deutsche Wirtschaftsbetriebe">Deutsche Wirtschaftsbetriebe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Earth_and_Stone_Works" title="German Earth and Stone Works">German Earth and Stone Works</a> (DEST)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostindustrie" title="Ostindustrie">Ostindustrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Equipment_Works" title="German Equipment Works">German Equipment Works</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klinker-Zement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klinker-Zement (page does not exist)">Klinker-Zement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allach_(porcelain)" title="Allach (porcelain)">Allach porcelain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollinaris_(water)" title="Apollinaris (water)">Apollinaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattoni" class="mw-redirect" title="Mattoni">Mattoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudetenquell" title="Sudetenquell">Sudetenquell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Loibl_GmbH" title="Anton Loibl GmbH">Anton Loibl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Holocaust17" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Holocaust" title="Template:The Holocaust"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Holocaust" title="Template talk:The Holocaust"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Holocaust" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Holocaust"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Holocaust17" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By territory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Albania" title="The Holocaust in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Austria" title="The Holocaust in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Belgium" title="The Holocaust in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Bulgaria" title="The Holocaust in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li>Czechoslovakia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="The Holocaust in Bohemia and Moravia">Bohemia and Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Slovakia" title="The Holocaust in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Sudetenland" title="The Holocaust in the Sudetenland">Sudetenland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_the_Danish_Jews" title="Rescue of the Danish Jews">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Estonia" title="The Holocaust in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_France" title="The Holocaust in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Germany" title="The Holocaust in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Greece" title="The Holocaust in Greece">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Bulgarian-occupied_Greece" title="The Holocaust in Bulgarian-occupied Greece">Bulgarian-occupied Greece</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Hungary" title="The Holocaust in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Italy" title="The Holocaust in Italy">Italy</a> and colonies <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Libya" title="The Holocaust in Libya">Libya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Latvia" title="The Holocaust in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Lithuania" title="The Holocaust in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Luxembourg" title="The Holocaust in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Netherlands" title="The Holocaust in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Norway" title="The Holocaust in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Poland" title="The Holocaust in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Romania" title="The Holocaust in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="The Holocaust in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Belarus" title="The Holocaust in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Russia" title="The Holocaust in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Ukraine" title="The Holocaust in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Yugoslavia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_North_Macedonia" title="The Holocaust in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_German-occupied_Serbia" title="The Holocaust in German-occupied Serbia">Serbia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evidence_and_documentation_for_the_Holocaust" title="Evidence and documentation for the Holocaust">Evidence and documentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_of_the_Holocaust_in_Nazi_Germany_and_German-occupied_Europe" title="Knowledge of the Holocaust in Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe">Contemporary knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_children_during_the_Holocaust" title="Hidden children during the Holocaust">Hidden children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Holocaust" title="Timeline of the Holocaust">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Response</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_response_to_the_Holocaust" title="International response to the Holocaust">International response</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_and_the_Holocaust" title="Japan and the Holocaust">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_and_the_Holocaust" title="Philippines and the Holocaust">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_and_the_Holocaust" title="Portugal and the Holocaust">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_and_the_Holocaust" title="Spain and the Holocaust">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_and_the_Holocaust" title="Sweden and the Holocaust">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_and_the_Holocaust" title="Turkey and the Holocaust">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_the_Holocaust" title="United States and the Holocaust">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_and_the_Holocaust" title="Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust">Vatican</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_Jews_during_the_Holocaust" title="Rescue of Jews during the Holocaust">Rescue of Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_Jews_by_Catholics_during_the_Holocaust" title="Rescue of Jews by Catholics during the Holocaust">by Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_Jews_by_Poles_during_the_Holocaust" title="Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust">by Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Righteous_Among_the_Nations" title="Righteous Among the Nations">Righteous Among the Nations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Camps_and_ghettos17" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Camps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nazi_ghettos" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi ghettos">ghettos</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Concentration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergen-Belsen_concentration_camp" title="Bergen-Belsen concentration camp">Bergen-Belsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buchenwald_concentration_camp" title="Buchenwald concentration camp">Buchenwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dachau_concentration_camp" title="Dachau concentration camp">Dachau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flossenb%C3%BCrg_concentration_camp" title="Flossenbürg concentration camp">Flossenbürg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gross-Rosen_concentration_camp" title="Gross-Rosen concentration camp">Gross-Rosen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herzogenbusch_concentration_camp" title="Herzogenbusch concentration camp">Herzogenbusch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinzert_concentration_camp" title="Hinzert concentration camp">Hinzert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiserwald_concentration_camp" title="Kaiserwald concentration camp">Kaiserwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kauen_concentration_camp" title="Kauen concentration camp">Kauen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w-P%C5%82asz%C3%B3w_concentration_camp" title="Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp">Kraków-Płaszów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majdanek_concentration_camp" title="Majdanek concentration camp">Majdanek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauthausen_concentration_camp" title="Mauthausen concentration camp">Mauthausen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gusen_concentration_camp" title="Gusen concentration camp">Gusen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mittelbau-Dora_concentration_camp" title="Mittelbau-Dora concentration camp">Mittelbau-Dora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natzweiler-Struthof_concentration_camp" title="Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp">Natzweiler-Struthof </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuengamme_concentration_camp" title="Neuengamme concentration camp">Neuengamme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravensbr%C3%BCck_concentration_camp" title="Ravensbrück concentration camp">Ravensbrück</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp" title="Sachsenhausen concentration camp">Sachsenhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stutthof_concentration_camp" title="Stutthof concentration camp">Stutthof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaivara_concentration_camp" title="Vaivara concentration camp">Vaivara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_concentration_camp" title="Warsaw concentration camp">Warsaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Extermination</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz II-Birkenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belzec_extermination_camp" title="Belzec extermination camp">Belzec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82mno_extermination_camp" title="Chełmno extermination camp">Chełmno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majdanek_concentration_camp" title="Majdanek concentration camp">Majdanek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobibor_extermination_camp" title="Sobibor extermination camp">Sobibor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treblinka_extermination_camp" title="Treblinka extermination camp">Treblinka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><span class="smallcaps">be</span></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Breendonk" title="Fort Breendonk">Breendonk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechelen_transit_camp" title="Mechelen transit camp">Mechelen</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Internment_camps_in_France" title="Internment camps in France"><span class="smallcaps">fr</span></a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurs_internment_camp" title="Gurs internment camp">Gurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drancy_internment_camp" title="Drancy internment camp">Drancy</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_concentration_camps" title="List of Italian concentration camps"><span class="smallcaps">it</span></a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolzano_Transit_Camp" title="Bolzano Transit Camp">Bolzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risiera_di_San_Sabba" title="Risiera di San Sabba">Risiera di San Sabba</a></li> <li><b><span class="smallcaps">nl</span></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amersfoort_concentration_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Amersfoort concentration camp">Amersfoort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamp_Schoorl" title="Kamp Schoorl">Schoorl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westerbork_transit_camp" title="Westerbork transit camp">Westerbork</a></li> <li><b><span class="smallcaps">sk</span></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sere%C4%8F_concentration_camp" title="Sereď concentration camp">Sereď</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_gas_van" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi gas van">Gas van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_chamber" title="Gas chamber">Gas chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extermination_through_labour" title="Extermination through labour">Extermination through labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation" title="Nazi human experimentation">Human experimentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_marches_during_the_Holocaust" title="Death marches during the Holocaust">Death marches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nazi units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS-Totenkopfverb%C3%A4nde" title="SS-Totenkopfverbände">SS-<i>Totenkopfverbände</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentration_Camps_Inspectorate" title="Concentration Camps Inspectorate">Concentration Camps Inspectorate</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Politische_Abteilung" title="Politische Abteilung">Politische Abteilung</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sanit%C3%A4tswesen" title="Sanitätswesen">Sanitätswesen</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_ghettos" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi ghettos">Ghettos</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_ghettos" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Nazi ghettos">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color: #202122;background:#eef;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ghettos_in_German-occupied_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok_Ghetto" title="Białystok Ghetto">Białystok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Kraków Ghetto">Kraków</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_Ghetto" title="Łódź Ghetto">Łódź</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lublin_Ghetto" title="Lublin Ghetto">Lublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Lwów Ghetto">Lwów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radom_Ghetto" title="Radom Ghetto">Radom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto" title="Warsaw Ghetto">Warsaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color: #202122;background:#eef;font-weight:normal;">Elsewhere</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_Ghetto" title="Budapest Ghetto">Budapest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kovno_Ghetto" title="Kovno Ghetto">Kovno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minsk_Ghetto" title="Minsk Ghetto">Minsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riga_Ghetto" title="Riga Ghetto">Riga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theresienstadt_Ghetto" title="Theresienstadt Ghetto">Theresienstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilna_Ghetto" title="Vilna Ghetto">Vilna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color: #202122;background:#eef;font-weight:normal;"><i><a href="/wiki/Judenrat" title="Judenrat">Judenrat</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Ghetto_Police" title="Jewish Ghetto Police">Jewish Ghetto Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reich_Association_of_Jews_in_Germany" title="Reich Association of Jews in Germany">Reich Association of Jews in Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Astred%C5%88a_%C5%BDidov" title="Ústredňa Židov">Ústredňa Židov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Victims17" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_victims" title="Holocaust victims">Victims</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_during_World_War_II" title="History of the Jews during World War II">Jews</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Roundup_(police_action)" title="Roundup (police action)">Roundups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Izieu" title="Izieu">Izieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marseille_roundup" title="Marseille roundup">Marseille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vel%27_d%27Hiv_Roundup" title="Vel' d'Hiv Roundup">Vel' d'Hiv</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Pogroms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legionnaires%27_rebellion_and_Bucharest_pogrom" title="Legionnaires' rebellion and Bucharest pogrom">Bucharest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorohoi_pogrom" title="Dorohoi pogrom">Dorohoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ia%C8%99i_pogrom" title="Iași pogrom">Iași</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_pogroms_in_eastern_Poland" title="1941 pogroms in eastern Poland">1941 pogroms in eastern Poland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jedwabne_pogrom" title="Jedwabne pogrom">Jedwabne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lviv_pogroms_(1941)" title="Lviv pogroms (1941)">Lviv</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_pogroms_in_Lithuania" title="1941 pogroms in Lithuania">in Lithuania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaunas_pogrom" title="Kaunas pogrom">Kaunas</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">"<a href="/wiki/Final_Solution" title="Final Solution">Final Solution</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wannsee_Conference" title="Wannsee Conference">Wannsee Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Reinhard" title="Operation Reinhard">Operation Reinhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_trains" title="Holocaust trains">Holocaust trains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Mass executions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babi_Yar" title="Babi Yar">Babi Yar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Harvest_Festival" title="Operation Harvest Festival">Harvest Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamianets-Podilskyi_massacre" title="Kamianets-Podilskyi massacre">Kamianets-Podilskyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maly_Trostenets" title="Maly Trostenets">Maly Trostenets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Fort" title="Ninth Fort">Ninth Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_Odessa_massacre" title="1941 Odessa massacre">Odesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_in_Pia%C5%9Bnica" title="Massacres in Piaśnica">Piaśnica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponary_massacre" title="Ponary massacre">Ponary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumbula_massacre" title="Rumbula massacre">Rumbula</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Resistance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_partisans" title="Jewish partisans">Jewish partisans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bielski_partisans" title="Bielski partisans">Bielski partisans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_uprisings" title="Ghetto uprisings">Ghetto uprisings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising" title="Warsaw Ghetto Uprising">Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok_Ghetto_uprising" title="Białystok Ghetto uprising">Białystok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa_Ghetto_uprising" title="Częstochowa Ghetto uprising">Częstochowa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_Jews_during_the_Holocaust" title="Rescue of Jews during the Holocaust">Rescue</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aid_and_Rescue_Committee" title="Aid and Rescue Committee">Aid and Rescue Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_the_twentieth_convoy" title="Attack on the twentieth convoy">Attack on the twentieth convoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kastner_train" title="Kastner train">Kastner train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Chambon-sur-Lignon" title="Le Chambon-sur-Lignon">Le Chambon-sur-Lignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_the_Danish_Jews" title="Rescue of the Danish Jews">Danish underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_Group_(resistance_organization)" title="Working Group (resistance organization)">Working Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBegota" title="Żegota">Żegota</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_victims" title="Holocaust victims">Others</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">Soviet POWs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_Plan" title="Hunger Plan">Soviet urban residents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_security_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi security warfare">Civilians targeted during anti-partisan warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Euthanasia in Nazi Germany">People with disabilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani genocide">Romani people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligenzaktion" title="Intelligenzaktion">Polish leaders and intellectuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_homosexuals_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany">Homosexuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nazi Germany">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Responsibility17" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Responsibility_for_the_Holocaust" title="Responsibility for the Holocaust">Responsibility</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_major_perpetrators_of_the_Holocaust" title="List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust">List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel"><i>Schutzstaffel</i> (SS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reich_Security_Main_Office" title="Reich Security Main Office">Reich Security Main Office</a> (RSHA) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reich_Security_Head_Office_Referat_IV_B4" title="Reich Security Head Office Referat IV B4">Referat IV B4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst">Sicherheitsdienst</a> (SD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordnungspolizei" title="Ordnungspolizei">Ordnungspolizei</a> (Orpo)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_Regiment_Centre" title="Police Regiment Centre">Police Regiments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_Police_battalions" title="Order Police battalions">Order Police battalions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany_and_Fascist_Italy" title="Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy">Collaborators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arajs_Kommando" title="Arajs Kommando">Arajs Kommando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Security_Police" title="Lithuanian Security Police">Lithuanian Security Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nederlandsche_SS" class="mw-redirect" title="Nederlandsche SS">Nederlandsche SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollkommando_Hamann" title="Rollkommando Hamann">Rollkommando Hamann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Brigades" title="Special Brigades">Special Brigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topf_and_Sons" title="Topf and Sons">Topf and Sons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trawniki_concentration_camp" title="Trawniki concentration camp">Trawnikis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Auxiliary_Police" title="Ukrainian Auxiliary Police">Ukrainian Auxiliary Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ypatingasis_b%C5%ABrys" title="Ypatingasis būrys">Ypatingasis būrys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Early_elementsAftermathRemembrance17" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Early elements</li><li>Aftermath</li><li>Remembrance</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em">Early elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racial_policy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Racial policy of Nazi Germany">Nazi racial policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_eugenics" title="Nazi eugenics">Nazi eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haavara_Agreement" title="Haavara Agreement">Haavara Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler%27s_prophecy" title="Hitler's prophecy">Hitler's prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_war_conspiracy_theory" title="Jewish war conspiracy theory">Jewish war conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_emigration_from_Nazi_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish emigration from Nazi Germany">Jewish emigration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kindertransport" title="Kindertransport">Kindertransport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar_Plan" title="Madagascar Plan">Madagascar Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisko_Plan" title="Nisko Plan">Nisko Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aktion_T4" title="Aktion T4">Forced euthanasia <span style="font-size:85%;">(Action T4)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_villages_and_towns_depopulated_of_Jews_during_the_Holocaust" title="List of villages and towns depopulated of Jews during the Holocaust">Depopulated shtetls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_survivors" title="Holocaust survivors">Holocaust survivors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sh%27erit_ha-Pletah" title="Sh'erit ha-Pletah">Sh'erit ha-Pletah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricha" title="Bricha">Bricha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Holocaust_survivors" title="List of Holocaust survivors">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Jewish_violence_in_Central_and_Eastern_Europe,_1944%E2%80%9346" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Jewish violence in Central and Eastern Europe, 1944–46">Postwar violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazis_and_Nazi_Collaborators_(Punishment)_Law" title="Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law">Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eichmann_trial" title="Eichmann trial">Eichmann trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_restitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust restitution">Holocaust restitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reparations_Agreement_between_Israel_and_West_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Reparations Agreement between Israel and West Germany">Reparations Agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_trivialization" title="Holocaust trivialization">trivialization</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em">History and memory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_studies" title="Holocaust studies">Academia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_The_Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliography of The Holocaust">Books and other resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_Memorial_Days" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust Memorial Days">Days of remembrance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_education" title="Holocaust education">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Holocaust_films" title="List of Holocaust films">Films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lessons_of_the_Holocaust" title="Lessons of the Holocaust">Lessons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Holocaust_memorials_and_museums" title="List of Holocaust memorials and museums">Memorials and museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_uniqueness_debate" title="Holocaust uniqueness debate">Uniqueness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_and_the_Holocaust" title="Armenian genocide and the Holocaust">Armenian genocide and the Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_humor" title="Holocaust humor">Humor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Righteous_Among_the_Nations" title="Righteous Among the Nations">Righteous Among the Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yizkor_books" title="Yizkor books">Yizkor books</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Never_again" title="Never again">Never again</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ranks,_uniforms_and_insignia_of_Nazi_Germany103" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#d7d7d7;;background:#c3c3c3;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ranks,_uniforms,_and_insignia_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Template:Ranks, uniforms, and insignia of Nazi Germany"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ranks,_uniforms,_and_insignia_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Template talk:Ranks, uniforms, and insignia of Nazi Germany"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ranks,_uniforms,_and_insignia_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ranks, uniforms, and insignia of Nazi Germany"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ranks,_uniforms_and_insignia_of_Nazi_Germany103" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Ranks, uniforms and insignia of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%">Uniforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_German_Army_(1935%E2%80%931945)" title="Uniforms of the German Army (1935–1945)">Heer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_Luftwaffe_(1935%E2%80%931945)" title="Uniforms of the Luftwaffe (1935–1945)">Luftwaffe</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uniforms_and_insignia_of_the_Kriegsmarine" title="Uniforms and insignia of the Kriegsmarine">Kriegsmarine</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniforms_and_insignia_of_the_Schutzstaffel" title="Uniforms and insignia of the Schutzstaffel">SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniforms_and_insignia_of_the_Sturmabteilung" title="Uniforms and insignia of the Sturmabteilung">SA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsches_Jungvolk#Uniform_and_emblems" title="Deutsches Jungvolk">DJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_German_Girls#Uniform_and_emblems" title="League of German Girls">League of German Girls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%">Ranks and insignia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_ranks_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Comparative ranks of Nazi Germany">Comparative ranks of Nazi Germany</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Wehrmacht17" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ranks_and_insignia_of_the_German_Army_(1935%E2%80%931945)" title="Ranks and insignia of the German Army (1935–1945)">Heer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ranks_and_insignia_of_the_Luftwaffe_(1935%E2%80%931945)" title="Ranks and insignia of the Luftwaffe (1935–1945)">Luftwaffe</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uniforms_and_insignia_of_the_Kriegsmarine" title="Uniforms and insignia of the Kriegsmarine">Kriegsmarine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Geheime_Feldpolizei#Ranks" title="Geheime Feldpolizei">Geheime Feldpolizei</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Uniforms_and_insignia_of_the_Schutzstaffel" title="Uniforms and insignia of the Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ranks_and_insignia_of_the_Waffen-SS" title="Ranks and insignia of the Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Allgemeine_SS#Ranks" title="Allgemeine SS">Allgemeine SS</a></i></li> <li>(see also <a href="/wiki/Esoteric_insignia_of_the_Schutzstaffel" title="Esoteric insignia of the Schutzstaffel">Esoteric insignia of the SS</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany_paramilitary_ranks" title="Nazi Germany paramilitary ranks">Nazi Paramilitary ranks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ranks_and_insignia_of_the_Nazi_Party" title="Ranks and insignia of the Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniforms_and_insignia_of_the_Sturmabteilung" title="Uniforms and insignia of the Sturmabteilung">SA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Flyers_Corps" title="National Socialist Flyers Corps">National Socialist Flyers Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Air_Sports_Association" title="German Air Sports Association">German Air Sports Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranks_and_insignia_of_the_National_Socialist_Motor_Corps" title="Ranks and insignia of the National Socialist Motor Corps">National Socialist Motor Corps</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ranks_and_insignia_of_the_Reichsluftschutzbund" title="Ranks and insignia of the Reichsluftschutzbund">Reichsluftschutzbund</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranks_and_insignia_of_the_Reichsarbeitsdienst" title="Ranks and insignia of the Reichsarbeitsdienst">Reich Labour Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranks_and_insignia_of_the_German_Red_Cross" title="Ranks and insignia of the German Red Cross">German Red Cross</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Volkssturm#Ranks" title="Volkssturm">Volkssturm</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranks_and_insignia_of_Organisation_Todt" title="Ranks and insignia of Organisation Todt">Organisation Todt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranks_and_insignia_of_the_Hitler_Youth" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranks and insignia of the Hitler Youth">Hitler Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranks_and_insignia_of_the_German_Women%27s_Auxiliary_Services" title="Ranks and insignia of the German Women's Auxiliary Services">Women's Auxiliary Services</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Ranks_and_insignia_of_the_Reichsbahn" title="Ranks and insignia of the Reichsbahn">Reichsbahn</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bahnschutzpolizei" title="Bahnschutzpolizei">Bahnschutzpolizei</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reich_Security_Main_Office" title="Reich Security Main Office">Reich Security Main Office</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kriminalpolizei_(Nazi_Germany)" title="Kriminalpolizei (Nazi Germany)">Kriminalpolizei</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gestapo</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst">Sicherheitsdienst</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zollgrenzschutz" title="Zollgrenzschutz">Zollgrenzschutz</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sicherheitspolizei" title="Sicherheitspolizei">Sicherheitspolizei</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Ranks_and_insignia_of_the_Ordnungspolizei" title="Ranks and insignia of the Ordnungspolizei">Ordnungspolizei</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_police_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Administrative police in Nazi Germany">Administrative police</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ordnungspolizei" title="Ordnungspolizei">Gendarmerie</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Feuerschutzpolizei" title="Feuerschutzpolizei">Feuerschutzpolizei</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Luftschutzpolizei" title="Luftschutzpolizei">Luftschutzpolizei</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Postschutz" title="Postschutz">Postschutz</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Schutzmannschaft" title="Schutzmannschaft">Schutzmannschaft</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Technische_Nothilfe" title="Technische Nothilfe">Technische Nothilfe</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%">Rosenberg</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reich_Ministry_for_the_Occupied_Eastern_Territories" title="Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories">RMBO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichsleiter_Rosenberg_Taskforce#Ranks" title="Reichsleiter Rosenberg Taskforce">Reichsleiter Rosenberg Taskforce</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%">Speer</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Transportflotte_Speer" title="Transportflotte Speer">Transportflotte</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Legion_Speer" title="Legion Speer">Legion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Transportkorps_Speer" title="Transportkorps Speer">Transportkorps</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ranks_and_insignia_of_the_German_Forest_Society_(Nazi_Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranks and insignia of the German Forest Society (Nazi Germany)">Forest Service</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Forest_Protection_Command" title="Forest Protection Command">Forstschutzkommando</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_J%C3%A4gerschaft" title="Deutsche Jägerschaft">Deutsche Jägerschaft</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany_and_Fascist_Italy" title="Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy">Collaborationist forces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Denmark <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ranks_and_insignia_of_the_National_Socialist_Workers%27_Party_of_Denmark" title="Ranks and insignia of the National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark">DNSAP</a></li></ul></li> <li>Vichy France <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Groupe_mobile_de_r%C3%A9serve#Ranks" title="Groupe mobile de réserve">Groupe mobile de réserve</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Milice#Ranks" title="Milice">Milice française</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Norway <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hirden#Ranks_and_rank_insignia" title="Hirden">Rikshirden</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Statspolitiet" title="Statspolitiet">Statspolitiet</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Italy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Brigades#Ranks" title="Black Brigades">Black Brigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_ranks_of_the_Italian_Social_Republic" title="Military ranks of the Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li>Poland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Police" title="Blue Police">Blue Police</a></li></ul></li> <li>Soviet Union <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Legion#Rank_insignia" title="Armenian Legion">Armenian Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_Home_Defence" class="mw-redirect" title="Byelorussian Home Defence">Byelorussian Home Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Liberation_Army#Ranks" title="Russian Liberation Army">Russian Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Sturmbrigade_RONA#Ranks_from_May,_1943_to_June,_1944" class="mw-redirect" title="SS Sturmbrigade RONA">RONA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trawniki_men#Organization" title="Trawniki men">Trawniki</a></li></ul></li> <li>Yugoslavia <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Einsatzstaffel_(Independent_State_of_Croatia)" title="Einsatzstaffel (Independent State of Croatia)">Einsatzstaffel</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_ranks_of_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Military ranks of the Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Protective_Corps#Rank_insignia" title="Russian Protective Corps">Russian Protective Corps in Serbia</a></li></ul></li> <li>Czechoslovakia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_ranks_of_Slovakia_(1939-1945)" class="mw-redirect" title="Military ranks of Slovakia (1939-1945)">Slovak Republic</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Government_Army_(Bohemia_and_Moravia)#Ranks" title="Government Army (Bohemia and Moravia)">Vládní vojsko</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%">Corps colours</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Corps_colours_of_the_German_Army_(1935%E2%80%931945)" title="Corps colours of the German Army (1935–1945)">Heer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Corps_colours_of_the_Luftwaffe_(1935%E2%80%931945)" title="Corps colours of the Luftwaffe (1935–1945)">Luftwaffe</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Corps_colours_(Waffen-SS)" title="Corps colours (Waffen-SS)">Waffen-SS</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corps_colours_of_the_Sturmabteilung" title="Corps colours of the Sturmabteilung">SA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%">Decorations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Nazi Germany">Orders, decorations, and medals of Nazi Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_decorations_of_the_Nazi_Party" title="Political decorations of the Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%">Flags</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_the_Wehrmacht_and_Heer_(1933%E2%80%931945)" title="List of flags of the Wehrmacht and Heer (1933–1945)"><i>Wehrmacht</i> and <i>Heer</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_the_Luftwaffe_(1933%E2%80%931945)" title="List of flags of the Luftwaffe (1933–1945)">Luftwaffe</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_the_German_Navy_(1935%E2%80%931945)" title="List of flags of the German Navy (1935–1945)">Kriegsmarine</a></i></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Blutfahne" title="Blutfahne">Blutfahne</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43250#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1244" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000123147150">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/134799226">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/2029665-4">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79043331">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11885210d">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11885210d">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007261497405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027496120">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6hq7tjg">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages\G\E\Gestapo">Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gestapo&oldid=1276114034">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gestapo&oldid=1276114034</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Gestapo" 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</div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-d8647bfd6-6vz98","wgBackendResponseTime":152,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.651","walltime":"2.954","ppvisitednodes":{"value":22846,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":1020650,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":260385,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":21,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":13,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":338788,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2348.588 1 -total"," 24.89% 584.532 1 Template:Navboxes"," 23.33% 547.889 28 Template:Navbox"," 19.76% 464.066 202 Template:Sfn"," 17.13% 402.260 1 Template:Nazism"," 16.52% 388.046 8 Template:Excerpt"," 16.31% 383.076 68 Template:Cite_book"," 12.08% 283.783 157 Template:Lang"," 11.81% 277.465 1 Template:Infobox_government_agency"," 11.58% 271.973 1 Template:Infobox"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.681","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":20373979,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAhlers2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAvalon_Project,_Nazi_Conspiracy_and_Aggression\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAyçoberry1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBanach2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBenz2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerben1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBernstein1947\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoeckl-KlamperMangNeugebauer2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBreitman2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBroucek2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrowder1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuchheim1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurleigh2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBönischWiegrefe2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChilders2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCraig1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrankshaw2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDamsStolle2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDelarue1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDelarue2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvans2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvans2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvans2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlaherty2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrei1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGellately1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGellately2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGerwarth2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGruchmann1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHesseKufekeSander2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHilberg1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHildebrand1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoffmann1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolbraad2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHöhne2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKershaw2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLemkin2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLongerich2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLongerich2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMallmannPaul1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManchester2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManvellFraenkel2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcDonough2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcDonough2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcNab2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMerson1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMollo1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOvery1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPadfield2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeukert1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRajsfus1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRees1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReitlinger1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRussell2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmid1947\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShirer1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkibińska2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSnyder1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpielvogel1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFState_of_Israel1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteigmann-Gall2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_National_Socialist_Document_Center_of_Cologne\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThurner2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrentmann2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTuchelSchattenfroh1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUSHMM,_\u0026quot;Gestapo\u0026quot;\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUSHMM,_\u0026quot;Law_and_Justice_in_the_Third_Reich\u0026quot;\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUS_National_Archives,_\u0026quot;German_Police_Records_Opened_at_the_National_Archives\u0026quot;\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWallbaum2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeale2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeale2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliamson2002\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"'\"] = 2,\n [\"Age in years and months\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Ayd\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 68,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 5,\n [\"Commons\"] = 1,\n [\"Coord\"] = 1,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 7,\n [\"End date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Estimation\"] = 1,\n [\"Fascism\"] = 1,\n [\"Flagcountry\"] = 1,\n [\"Heinrich Himmler\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 2,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 2,\n [\"In lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox government agency\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 125,\n [\"Langx\"] = 2,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Nazism\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 1,\n [\"Officeholder table\"] = 3,\n [\"Officeholder table end\"] = 1,\n [\"Officeholder table start\"] = 1,\n [\"Plain list\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-semi-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Ranks, uniforms and insignia of Nazi Germany\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"SS organizations\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 202,\n [\"SfnRef\"] = 5,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Start date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"The Holocaust\"] = 1,\n [\"Translation\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 1,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Use shortened footnotes\"] = 1,\n [\"White\"] = 3,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","400","22.0"],["?","180","9.9"],["recursiveClone 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type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Gestapo","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gestapo","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q43250","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q43250","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-11-30T16:16:19Z","dateModified":"2025-02-16T23:32:24Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/40\/Reichsadler_Deutsches_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg","headline":"official secret police of Nazi Germany"}</script> </body> </html>