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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antika_Grekland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antika_Grekland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Antika Grekland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antika_Grekland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romarriket" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romarriket"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Romarriket</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romarriket-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medeltiden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medeltiden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Medeltiden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medeltiden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renässansen" class="vector-toc-list-item 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class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Genus deliberativum</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå till en artikel på ett annat språk. 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<i>genus</i>, "sort", <i>deliberare</i>, "överväga", från <i>libra</i>, våg; <a href="/wiki/Grekiska" title="Grekiska">grekiska</a>: <span lang="el">γένος συμβουλευτικόν</span>, génos symbouleutikón) är ett av de tre klassiska tal-genrerna inom <a href="/wiki/Retorik" title="Retorik">retoriken</a> och innefattar att råda eller avråda. Man säger också att det innefattar den politiska delen av talekonsten. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historia">Historia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genus_deliberativum&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitt: Historia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genus_deliberativum&action=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Historia"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antika_Grekland">Antika Grekland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genus_deliberativum&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitt: Antika Grekland" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genus_deliberativum&action=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Antika Grekland"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Den politiska talekonsten föddes tillsammans med den grekiska demokratin runt 500 år före Kristus. Det grekiska folket fick då föra sin egen talan i frågor som rörde hemstaden eller byn. Den tidigaste skriften man känner till som behandlar de retoriska genrerna är <a href="/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles">Aristoteles</a> <i>Retorik</i>. Tillsammans med att det fanns en efterfrågan att vara lärd i att tala inför en rådsförsamling uppstod <a href="/wiki/Sofister" title="Sofister">sofisterna</a>. De fungerade som en slags resande vise män som framförallt lärde ut talekonsten. Deras syn på retorisk moral var <a href="/wiki/Relativism" title="Relativism">relativistisk</a>, till skillnad från filosofer som <a href="/wiki/Platon" title="Platon">Platon</a> som ansåg att det fanns en absolut sanning. De lärde, ofta rikemanssöner, att tala väl mot en summa pengar. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romarriket">Romarriket</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genus_deliberativum&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitt: Romarriket" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genus_deliberativum&action=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Romarriket"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Cicero.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Cicero.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="229" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="229" /></a><figcaption>Cicero</figcaption></figure> <p>Under det romerska rikets blomstring hände mycket inom den politiska talekonsten. Genus deliberativum var då till stor del den <a href="/wiki/Genre" title="Genre">genre</a> som befann sig i fokus, eftersom det var viktigt att kunna tala för sig i rådssalarna på ett övertygande sätt. Men till skillnad från det antika <a href="/wiki/Grekland" title="Grekland">Grekland</a> fanns det en större prestige med att tala inför en politisk <a href="/wiki/F%C3%B6rsamling" title="Församling">församling</a>, då det nu bara var mäktiga, rika och skickliga talare som fanns bland rådsmedlemmarna. Det var också då termen <i>genus deliberativum</i> uppkom, som används än idag. En av historiens mest kända politiska talare var verksam under denna tid, <i>Marcus Tullius <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></i> (106-43 f.Kr). Under den romerska kejsartiden fanns det allt mindre plats för politiskt tal då ledare allt mer jobbade för att styra riket på egen hand. Runt 500 år e.Kr föll <a href="/wiki/Romarriket" class="mw-redirect" title="Romarriket">romarriket</a>, vilket sägs vara upptakten till <a href="/wiki/Medeltiden" title="Medeltiden">medeltiden</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medeltiden">Medeltiden</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genus_deliberativum&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitt: Medeltiden" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genus_deliberativum&action=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Medeltiden"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under medeltiden styrdes ofta de europeiska länderna av enväldiga kungar som inte tillät politisk talekonst som ifrågasatte den egna makten. I den kristna <a href="/wiki/Kyrkan" title="Kyrkan">kyrkan</a> inriktades den framtidsinriktade förkunnelsen mot omvändelsen för att vinna frälsningen. Retoriken fick ny inriktning då prästen sågs som Guds talesman, så exempelvis Augustinus. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renässansen"><span id="Ren.C3.A4ssansen"></span>Renässansen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genus_deliberativum&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitt: Renässansen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genus_deliberativum&action=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Renässansen"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tillsammans med den övriga retoriken så fick den politiska genren ett uppsving under renässansen och dess nya syn på de klassiska lärorna. Men inte ur ett demokratiskt perspektiv då det fortfarande var monarki som var det rådande statsskicket i västvärlden. Den politiska talekonsten var faktiskt så beroende av demokratin att den inte framträdde på folklig nivå, mer än strikt akademiskt fram till <a href="/wiki/1700-talet" title="1700-talet">1700-talet</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fram_till_idag">Fram till idag</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genus_deliberativum&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Redigera avsnitt: Fram till idag" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genus_deliberativum&action=edit&section=6" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Fram till idag"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>På grund av att kungahuset och kyrkan allt mer förlorat <a href="/wiki/Makt" title="Makt">makt</a> till regering och parlament, så skapades det allt större plats för det politiska talet. Det gamla konceptet om demokrati började sakta att återformas. I dagens <a href="/wiki/Samh%C3%A4lle_(sociologi)" title="Samhälle (sociologi)">samhälle</a> ses det som en självklarhet att folket uttalar sig i ärenden och <a href="/wiki/Argumentera" class="mw-redirect" title="Argumentera">argumenterar</a>, precis som högt uppsatta politiker gör när de vill råda eller avråda i en viss fråga. <a href="/wiki/Debatt" title="Debatt">Debatterna</a> som hålls idag är kontrollerade och sänds ofta ut via medier som <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a> och <a href="/wiki/TV" class="mw-redirect" title="TV">TV</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="De_tre_genrerna">De tre genrerna</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genus_deliberativum&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Redigera avsnitt: De tre genrerna" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genus_deliberativum&action=edit&section=7" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: De tre genrerna"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Utöver genus deliberativum finns det två andra genrer. Dessa är det prisande eller fördömande talet (genus demonstrativum) och det försvarande eller anklagande (genus judicale). Medan genus deliberativum hör hemma inom politiken, hör genus demonstrativum hemma inom festsammanhang och genus judicale hittar man inom juridiken. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Tabell över de tre genrerna och dess egenskaper </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Genus Deliberativum</th> <th>Genus Demonstrativum</th> <th>Genus Judicale </th></tr> <tr> <td>Innefattar politiken </td> <td>Innefattar panegyrik </td> <td>Innefattar juridiken </td></tr> <tr> <td>Råda </td> <td>Prisa </td> <td>Försvara </td></tr> <tr> <td>Avråda </td> <td>Fördöma </td> <td>Anklaga </td></tr> <tr> <td>Framtiden </td> <td>Nutiden </td> <td>Dåtiden </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Logos" title="Logos">Logos</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pathos" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathos">Pathos</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ethos" title="Ethos">Ethos</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Viktigt att veta är att genrerna oftast flyter samman, därmed är de sällan absoluta i ett tal. I en politisk situation kan ett tal där genus judicale är dominerande vara det mest övertygande och effektiva gällande just det sammanhanget. Likaså kan ett politiskt tal domineras av pathos. Tabellen är bara en generell överblick. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="I_Sverige">I Sverige</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genus_deliberativum&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Redigera avsnitt: I Sverige" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genus_deliberativum&action=edit&section=8" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: I Sverige"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Redan under <a href="/wiki/1500-talet" title="1500-talet">1500-talet</a> väckte den politiska talargenren intresse hos Sveriges dåvarande regent <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Vasa" title="Gustav Vasa">Gustav Vasa</a>. Efter hans övertagande av Sverige från <a href="/wiki/Kristian_II" title="Kristian II">Kristian II</a>, var det viktigt för Sverige att Vasa kunde övertyga den tyska <a href="/wiki/Hansan" title="Hansan">Hansan</a> om att han var en mer lämplig <a href="/wiki/Kung" title="Kung">kung</a>. Att vi idag kallar den danske kungen för <a href="/wiki/Kristian_Tyrann" class="mw-redirect" title="Kristian Tyrann">Kristian Tyrann</a> är på grund av att Vasa skapade det namnet åt honom, i ett retoriskt syfte. Han skrev många brev riktade till den tyska handelsnäringen där han i detalj framställde Kristian II som en blodtörstig vilde och sig själv i betydligt ljusare dager. Intresset för retorik inom det politiska området växte än mer hos hans efterkommande <a href="/wiki/Erik_XIV" title="Erik XIV">Erik XIV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johan_III" title="Johan III">Johan III</a> och <a href="/wiki/Gustav_II_Adolf" title="Gustav II Adolf">Gustav II Adolf</a>. I modern tid har vi haft politiker som <a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Branting" title="Hjalmar Branting">Hjalmar Branting</a> och <a href="/wiki/Thorbj%C3%B6rn_F%C3%A4lldin" title="Thorbjörn Fälldin">Thorbjörn Fälldin</a>, som båda ansetts som duktiga talare. Men den som av många ansetts som den störste politiske talaren var <a href="/wiki/Olof_Palme" title="Olof Palme">Olof Palme</a> som under sin tid höll många kontroversiella tal, som inte bara brukade rikta sig till svenska folket, utan också stormaktsledare och hela världens folk. Palme använde sig av mycket känslor inom områden där det annars anses vara förnuftet som ska råda. Han fick mycket kritik för detta då, men idag anses han ha varit en politisk talare med mycket effektiv och övertygad retorik. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Källor"><span id="K.C3.A4llor"></span>Källor</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genus_deliberativum&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Redigera avsnitt: Källor" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genus_deliberativum&action=edit&section=9" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Källor"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFThomas_O._Sloane2001">Thomas O. Sloane, red (2001). <i><span>Encyclopedia of rhetoric</span></i>. 198 Madison Avenue, New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/0-19-512595-9" title="Special:Bokkällor/0-19-512595-9">ISBN 0-19-512595-9</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 19 mars 2007</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+rhetoric&rft.date=2001&rft.place=198+Madison+Avenue%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genus_deliberativum"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <ul><li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFHellspong,_Lennart1994">Hellspong, Lennart (1994). <i><span>Konsten att tala - Handbok i praktisk retorik</span></i> (2). Lund, Sverige: Studentlitteratur. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/91-44-03634-5" title="Special:Bokkällor/91-44-03634-5">ISBN 91-44-03634-5</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 19 mars 2007</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Konsten+att+tala+-+Handbok+i+praktisk+retorik&rft.aulast=Hellspong%2C+Lennart&rft.au=Hellspong%2C+Lennart&rft.date=1994&rft.edition=2&rft.place=Lund%2C+Sverige&rft.pub=Studentlitteratur&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genus_deliberativum"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <ul><li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFJohannesson,_Kurt1998">Johannesson, Kurt (1998). <i><span>Retorik - Eller konsten att övertyga</span></i>. Stockholm, Sverige: Norstedts förlag. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/91-7263-368-9" title="Special:Bokkällor/91-7263-368-9">ISBN 91-7263-368-9</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 19 mars 2007</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Retorik+-+Eller+konsten+att+%C3%B6vertyga&rft.aulast=Johannesson%2C+Kurt&rft.au=Johannesson%2C+Kurt&rft.date=1998&rft.place=Stockholm%2C+Sverige&rft.pub=Norstedts+f%C3%B6rlag&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genus_deliberativum"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Externa_länkar"><span id="Externa_l.C3.A4nkar"></span>Externa länkar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genus_deliberativum&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Redigera avsnitt: Externa länkar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genus_deliberativum&action=edit&section=10" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Externa länkar"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929131926/http://hem.passagen.se/retoriken/klassiskRetorik_44.htm">Retoriken grunddelar. Tre grundläggande sätt att använda språket: Att försvara, att råda och att prisa.</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r56287950">.mw-parser-output table.navbox{border:#aaa 1px solid;width:100%;margin:auto;margin-top:1em;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output link+table.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output table.navbox th{text-align:center;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox-thlinkcolor .navbox-title button,.mw-parser-output .navbox-thlinkcolor .navbox-title .mw-collapsible-text,.mw-parser-output .navbox-thlinkcolor .navbox-title a{color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .nowraplinks a,.mw-parser-output .nowraplinks .selflink{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;font-weight:bold;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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color: inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Mall:Retorik" title="Mall:Retorik"><span title="Visa denna mall" style="border:none;;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a class="external text" href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mall:Retorik&action=edit"><span style="border:none;;" title="Redigera den här mallen">r</span></a></div></div><span style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Retorik" title="Retorik">Retorik</a></span></th></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Genrer</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Apologetik" title="Apologetik">Apologetik</a> · <a href="/wiki/Blixttal" title="Blixttal">Blixttal</a> · <a href="/wiki/Brandtal" title="Brandtal">Brandtal</a> · <a href="/wiki/Debatt" title="Debatt">Debatt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Filibuster" title="Filibuster">Filibuster</a>) · <a href="/wiki/Demagogi" title="Demagogi">Demagogi</a> · <a href="/wiki/Dialektik" title="Dialektik">Dialektik</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sokratisk_metod" title="Sokratisk metod">Sokratisk metod</a>) · <i><a href="/wiki/Exemplum" title="Exemplum">Exemplum</a></i> · <a href="/wiki/F%C3%B6rel%C3%A4sning" title="Föreläsning">Föreläsning</a> · <i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Genus deliberativum</a></i> · <i><a href="/wiki/Genus_demonstrativum" title="Genus demonstrativum">Genus demonstrativum</a></i> · <i><a href="/wiki/Genus_judiciale" title="Genus judiciale">Genus judiciale</a></i> · <a href="/wiki/Homiletik" title="Homiletik">Homiletik</a> · <a href="/wiki/Inledningsanf%C3%B6rande" title="Inledningsanförande">Inledningsanförande</a> · <a href="/wiki/Intr%C3%A4destal" title="Inträdestal">Inträdestal</a> · <a href="/wiki/Jungfrutal" title="Jungfrutal">Jungfrutal</a> · <a href="/wiki/Linjetal" title="Linjetal">Linjetal</a> · <a href="/wiki/Lovtal" title="Lovtal">Lovtal</a> · <a href="/wiki/Oration" title="Oration">Oration</a> · <a href="/wiki/Polemik" title="Polemik">Polemik</a> (<a href="/wiki/Diatrib" title="Diatrib">Diatrib</a> · <a href="/wiki/Eristik" title="Eristik">Eristik</a> · <a href="/wiki/Filippik" title="Filippik">Filippik</a>) · <a href="/wiki/Parentation" title="Parentation">Parentation</a> · <a href="/wiki/Predikan" title="Predikan">Predikan</a> · <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Agitation" title="Agitation">Agitation</a> · <a href="/wiki/Spin_(PR)" title="Spin (PR)">Spin</a>) · <i><a href="/wiki/Progymnasmata" title="Progymnasmata">Progymnasmata</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Ethopoeia" title="Ethopoeia">Ethopoeia</a></i>) · <a href="/wiki/%C3%84reminne" title="Äreminne">Äreminne</a></div></td><td style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;" rowspan="13"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg/90px-Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg/135px-Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg/180px-Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="2275" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Bust_of_Cicero_(1st-cent._BC)_-_Palazzo_Nuovo_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_Rome_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Bust_of_Cicero_%281st-cent._BC%29_-_Palazzo_Nuovo_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_Rome_2016.jpg/90px-Bust_of_Cicero_%281st-cent._BC%29_-_Palazzo_Nuovo_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_Rome_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Bust_of_Cicero_%281st-cent._BC%29_-_Palazzo_Nuovo_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_Rome_2016.jpg/135px-Bust_of_Cicero_%281st-cent._BC%29_-_Palazzo_Nuovo_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_Rome_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Bust_of_Cicero_%281st-cent._BC%29_-_Palazzo_Nuovo_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_Rome_2016.jpg/180px-Bust_of_Cicero_%281st-cent._BC%29_-_Palazzo_Nuovo_-_Musei_Capitolini_-_Rome_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a></span></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Termer</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/Aptum" title="Aptum">Aptum</a></i> · <i><a href="/wiki/Arete_(retorik)" title="Arete (retorik)">Arete</a></i> · <a href="/wiki/Argument_(retorik)" title="Argument (retorik)">Argument</a> (<a href="/wiki/Entymem" title="Entymem">Entymem</a> · <a href="/wiki/Epikirem" title="Epikirem">Epikirem</a> · <a href="/wiki/Argumentationsfel" title="Argumentationsfel">Fallasi</a> · <a href="/wiki/Paradigm_(retorik)" title="Paradigm (retorik)">Paradigm</a> · <i><a href="/wiki/Pro_et_contra" title="Pro et contra">Pro et contra</a></i>) · <i><a href="/wiki/Attentum" title="Attentum">Attentum</a></i> · <i><a href="/wiki/Benivolum" title="Benivolum">Benivolum</a></i> · <i><a href="/wiki/Copia" title="Copia">Copia</a></i> · <a href="/wiki/Dekorum" title="Dekorum">Dekorum</a> · <a href="/wiki/Dispositio" title="Dispositio">Disposition</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Exordium" title="Exordium">Exordium</a></i> · <i><a href="/wiki/Narratio" title="Narratio">Narratio</a></i> · <i><a href="/wiki/Propositio" title="Propositio">Propositio</a></i> · <i><a href="/wiki/Argumentatio" title="Argumentatio">Argumentatio</a></i> · <i><a href="/wiki/Conclusio" title="Conclusio">Conclusio</a></i>) · <i><a href="/wiki/Docilem" title="Docilem">Docilem</a></i> · <a href="/wiki/Doxa" title="Doxa">Doxa</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Endoxa" title="Endoxa">Endoxa</a></i>) · <i><a href="/wiki/Eunoia" title="Eunoia">Eunoia</a></i> · <a href="/wiki/Fronesis_(retorik)" title="Fronesis (retorik)">Fronesis</a> · <a href="/wiki/Identifikation_(retorik)" title="Identifikation (retorik)">Identifikation</a> · <i><a href="/wiki/Imitatio" title="Imitatio">Imitatio</a></i> · <i><a href="/wiki/Kairos" title="Kairos">Kairos</a></i> · <i><a href="/wiki/Locus_(retorik)" title="Locus (retorik)">Locus</a></i> · <a href="/wiki/Medel_f%C3%B6r_att_%C3%B6vertyga" title="Medel för att övertyga">Medel för att övertyga</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Ethos" title="Ethos">Ethos</a></i> · <i><a href="/wiki/Logos" title="Logos">Logos</a></i> · <i><a href="/wiki/Patos" title="Patos">Pathos</a></i>) · <a href="/wiki/Minnespalats" title="Minnespalats">Minnespalats</a> · <i><a href="/wiki/Partes" title="Partes">Partes</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Intellectio" title="Intellectio">Intellectio</a></i> · <i><a href="/wiki/Inventio" title="Inventio">Inventio</a></i> · <i><a href="/wiki/Dispositio" title="Dispositio">Dispositio</a></i> · <i><a href="/wiki/Elocutio" title="Elocutio">Elocutio</a></i> · <i><a href="/wiki/Memoria" title="Memoria">Memoria</a></i> · <i><a href="/wiki/Actio" title="Actio">Actio</a></i>) · <i><a href="/wiki/Persuasio" title="Persuasio">Persuasio</a></i> · <a href="/wiki/Pistis" title="Pistis">Pistis</a> · <a href="/wiki/Retor" title="Retor">Retor</a> · <a href="/wiki/Den_retoriska_situationen" title="Den retoriska situationen">Den retoriska situationen</a> · <a href="/wiki/Statusl%C3%A4ran" title="Statusläran">Statusläran</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Status_coniecturalis" title="Status coniecturalis">Coniecturalis</a></i> · <i><a href="/wiki/Status_definitionis" title="Status definitionis">Definitionis</a></i> · <i><a href="/wiki/Status_qualitatis" title="Status qualitatis">Qualitatis</a></i> · <i><a href="/wiki/Status_translationis" title="Status translationis">Translationis</a></i>) · <a href="/wiki/Facklitteratur#Stil" title="Facklitteratur">Stil</a> (<a href="/wiki/L%C3%A5gstil" title="Lågstil">Låg</a> · <a href="/wiki/Mellanstil" title="Mellanstil">Mellan</a> · <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6gstil" title="Högstil">Hög</a>) · <a href="/wiki/Stilfigur" title="Stilfigur">Stilfigur</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ornament_(stilistik)" title="Ornament (stilistik)">Ornament</a> · <a href="/wiki/Trop_(retorik)" title="Trop (retorik)">Trop</a>) · <a href="/wiki/Orator_(Cicero)" title="Orator (Cicero)">Talarens tre plikter</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Docere" title="Docere">Docere</a></i> · <i><a href="/wiki/Delectare" title="Delectare">Delectare</a></i> · <i><a href="/wiki/Movere" title="Movere">Movere</a></i>) · <i><a href="/wiki/Vir_bonus" title="Vir bonus">Vir bonus</a></i> · <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4ltalighet" title="Vältalighet">Vältalighet</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Retoriker</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r56287950"></div><table class="navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;;;;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Antiken</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles">Aristoteles</a> · <a href="/wiki/Aspasia" title="Aspasia">Aspasia</a> · <a href="/wiki/Augustinus" title="Augustinus">Augustinus</a> · <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a> · <a href="/wiki/Demosthenes" title="Demosthenes">Demosthenes</a> · <a href="/wiki/Gorgias" title="Gorgias">Gorgias</a> · <a href="/wiki/Isokrates" title="Isokrates">Isokrates</a> · <a href="/wiki/Lukianos" title="Lukianos">Lukianos</a> · <a href="/wiki/Lysias" title="Lysias">Lysias</a> · <a href="/wiki/Platon" title="Platon">Platon</a> · <a href="/wiki/Protagoras" title="Protagoras">Protagoras</a> · <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Fabius_Quintilianus" title="Marcus Fabius Quintilianus">Quintilianus</a> · <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a> ·</div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Medel- och tidigmodern tid</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a> · <a href="/wiki/Erasmus_av_Rotterdam" title="Erasmus av Rotterdam">Erasmus</a> · <a href="/wiki/Christine_de_Pizan" title="Christine de Pizan">Pizan</a> · <a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_la_Ram%C3%A9e" title="Pierre de la Ramée">Ramus</a> · <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a> · <a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Vico</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Modern tid</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Michail_Bachtin" title="Michail Bachtin">Bachtin</a> · <a href="/wiki/Wayne_Booth" title="Wayne Booth">Booth</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Burke" title="Kenneth Burke">Burke</a> · <a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Butler</a> · <a href="/wiki/Paul_de_Man" title="Paul de Man">de Man</a> · <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Derrida</a> · <a href="/wiki/Marshall_McLuhan" title="Marshall McLuhan">McLuhan</a> · <a href="/wiki/Walter_J._Ong" title="Walter J. Ong">Ong</a> · <a href="/wiki/Cha%C3%AFm_Perelman" title="Chaïm Perelman">Perelman</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ivor_Armstrong_Richards" title="Ivor Armstrong Richards">Richards</a> · <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Toulmin" title="Stephen Toulmin">Toulmin</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Verk</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;font-style:italic;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Dissoi_logoi" title="Dissoi logoi">Dissoi logoi</a> · <a href="/wiki/Faidros_(dialog)" title="Faidros (dialog)">Faidros</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ad_Herennium" title="Ad Herennium">Ad Herennium</a> · <a href="/wiki/Institutio_Oratoria" title="Institutio Oratoria">Institutio Oratoria</a> · <a href="/wiki/De_inventione" title="De inventione">De inventione</a> · <a href="/wiki/Orator_(Cicero)" title="Orator (Cicero)">Orator</a> · <a href="/wiki/De_Oratore" title="De Oratore">De Oratore</a> · <a href="/wiki/Panegyrici_Latini" title="Panegyrici Latini">Panegyrici Latini</a> · <a href="/wiki/Den_sublima_stilen" title="Den sublima stilen">Perì Hýpsous</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Analys</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Dramatismen" title="Dramatismen">Dramatismen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pentadanalys" title="Pentadanalys">Pentadanalys</a>) · <a href="/wiki/Fantasy-Themeanalys" title="Fantasy-Themeanalys">Fantasy-Themeanalys</a> · <a href="/wiki/Genreanalys" title="Genreanalys">Genreanalys</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ideologikritik" title="Ideologikritik">Ideologikritik</a> · <a href="/wiki/Klusteranalys" title="Klusteranalys">Klusteranalys</a> · <a href="/wiki/Metaforanalys" title="Metaforanalys">Metaforanalys</a> · <a href="/wiki/Neo-aristotelisk_analys" title="Neo-aristotelisk analys">Neo-aristotelisk analys</a> · <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A4rl%C3%A4sning" title="Närläsning">Närläsning</a> · <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Toulmin#Toulminmodellen" title="Stephen Toulmin">Toulminmodellen</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Historia</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/Ars_dictaminis" title="Ars dictaminis">Ars dictaminis</a></i> · <i><a href="/wiki/Ars_poetriae" title="Ars poetriae">Ars poetriae</a></i> · <i><a href="/wiki/Ars_praedicandi" title="Ars praedicandi">Ars praedicandi</a></i> · <a href="/wiki/Atticism" title="Atticism">Atticism</a> · <i><a href="/wiki/Studia_humanitatis" title="Studia humanitatis">Studia humanitatis</a></i> · <a href="/wiki/Rostra" title="Rostra">Rostra</a> · <a href="/wiki/Sofister" title="Sofister">Sofister</a> · <a href="/wiki/Trivium_(utbildning)" title="Trivium (utbildning)">Trivium</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Se även</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Etik_(retorik)" title="Etik (retorik)">Etik (retorik)</a> · <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4rskarteknik" title="Härskarteknik">Härskarteknik</a> · <a href="/wiki/Pedagogisk_retorik" title="Pedagogisk retorik">Pedagogisk retorik</a> · <a href="/wiki/Psychagogia" title="Psychagogia">Psychagogia</a> · <a href="/wiki/Retorikf%C3%B6rlaget" title="Retorikförlaget">Retorikförlaget</a> · <a href="/wiki/Stilistik" title="Stilistik">Stilistik</a> · <a href="/wiki/Stora_retorikpriset" title="Stora retorikpriset">Stora retorikpriset</a> · <a href="/wiki/Talskrivare" title="Talskrivare">Talskrivare</a> · <a href="/wiki/Tal%C3%A4ngslan" title="Talängslan">Talängslan</a> · <a href="/wiki/TED_(konferens)" title="TED (konferens)">TED</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vetenskapsretorik" title="Vetenskapsretorik">Vetenskapsretorik</a> · <a href="/wiki/Visuell_retorik" title="Visuell retorik">Visuell retorik</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latent_retorik" title="Latent retorik">Latent</a> · <a href="/wiki/Manifest_retorik" title="Manifest retorik">Manifest</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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