CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"/> <title>Ray Peat - RationalWiki</title> <script>document.documentElement.className="client-js";RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":!1,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"Z-rXPEzf8ipXtqKLGoMAaQAAAIA","wgCSPNonce":!1,"wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":!1,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Ray_Peat","wgTitle":"Ray Peat","wgCurRevisionId":2726218,"wgRevisionId":2726218,"wgArticleId":221540,"wgIsArticle":!0,"wgIsRedirect":!1,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using DynamicPageList parser function","Food woo","Cholesterol and statin denialists","Conspiracy theorists","Food woo promoters","Pseudoscience promoters","War on science"],"wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Ray_Peat","wgRelevantArticleId":221540, "wgIsProbablyEditable":!0,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":!0,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgMediaViewerOnClick":!0,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":!0};RLSTATE={"site.styles":"ready","noscript":"ready","user.styles":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles.legacy":"ready","mediawiki.toc.styles":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","site","mediawiki.page.startup","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.legacy.js","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","mmv.head","mmv.bootstrap.autostart"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.implement("user.options@1hzgi",function($,jQuery,require,module){/*@nomin*/mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); });});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cmediawiki.toc.styles%7Cskins.vector.styles.legacy&only=styles&skin=vector"/> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""/> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector"/> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.35.6"/> <meta name="description" content="Raymond "Ray" Peat (1936–2022)&#91;2&#93; was an American conspiracy theorist,&#91;3&#93; quack, and cholesterol denialist&#91;4&#93; who promoted pseudoscientific views about nutrition. His most bizarre claim was that essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3 and omega-6, found in e.g. certain fish&#91;5&#93;) are harmful to human health and should be reduced in the diet to the lowest amount possible.&#91;6&#93; Peat delusionally argued that a tablespoon of sucrose in honey can cure animals and emergency patients with fatal injuries, but was unaware that honey only contains between 0.8-5% sucrose.&#91;7&#93; He made many other ridiculous claims such as avocados causing cancer.&#91;8&#93;"/> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Ray_Peat&action=edit"/> <link rel="edit" title="Edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Ray_Peat&action=edit"/> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico"/> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/opensearch_desc.php" title="RationalWiki (en)"/> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="https://rationalwiki.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"/> <link rel="license" href="/wiki/RationalWiki:Copyrights"/> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="RationalWiki Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"/> <meta property="og:type" content="article"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="RationalWiki"/> <meta property="og:title" content="Ray Peat"/> <meta property="og:description" content="Raymond "Ray" Peat (1936–2022)&#91;2&#93; was an American conspiracy theorist,&#91;3&#93; quack, and cholesterol denialist&#91;4&#93; who promoted pseudoscientific views about nutrition. His most bizarre claim was that essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3 and omega-6, found in e.g. certain fish&#91;5&#93;) are harmful to human health and should be reduced in the diet to the lowest amount possible.&#91;6&#93; Peat delusionally argued that a tablespoon of sucrose in honey can cure animals and emergency patients with fatal injuries, but was unaware that honey only contains between 0.8-5% sucrose.&#91;7&#93; He made many other ridiculous claims such as avocados causing cancer.&#91;8&#93;"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Ray_Peat"/>  </head> <body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Ray_Peat rootpage-Ray_Peat skin-vector action-view minerva--history-page-action-enabled skin-vector-legacy"> <div id="mw-page-base" class="noprint"></div> <div id="mw-head-base" class="noprint"></div> <div id="content" class="mw-body" role="main"> <a id="top"></a> <div id="siteNotice" class="mw-body-content"><div id="localNotice" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div id="2025_RationalWiki_.27Oregon_Plan.27_Fundraiser"> <table role="presentation" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto; width: 100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width: 60%; text-align: left;"><big><center><b><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:Fundraiser" title="RationalWiki:Fundraiser">2025 RationalWiki 'Oregon Plan' Fundraiser</a></b></center></big> <p><b>There is no RationalWiki without you.</b> We are a small non-profit with no staff—we are hundreds of volunteers who document pseudoscience and crankery around the world every day. We will never allow ads because we must remain independent. We cannot rely on big donors with corresponding big agendas. We are not the largest website around, but <a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:Fundraiser" title="RationalWiki:Fundraiser">we believe we play an important role in defending truth and objectivity</a>. </p> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;"><big><b><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:Fundraiser" title="RationalWiki:Fundraiser">Fighting pseudoscience isn't free</a>.<br />We are 100% user-supported! Help and donate $5, $10, $20 or whatever you can today with <img alt="PayPal Logo.png" src="/w/images/thumb/f/fb/PayPal_Logo.png/61px-PayPal_Logo.png" decoding="async" width="61" height="17" srcset="/w/images/thumb/f/fb/PayPal_Logo.png/92px-PayPal_Logo.png 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/f/fb/PayPal_Logo.png/122px-PayPal_Logo.png 2x" data-file-width="883" data-file-height="244" />!</b></big><a href="https://www.paypal.com/donate/?hosted_button_id=67BJMQC85CUFW" title="Donate via PayPal" rel="nofollow"><img alt="" src="/w/images/thumb/1/10/DonateButton.png/100px-DonateButton.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="32" srcset="/w/images/thumb/1/10/DonateButton.png/150px-DonateButton.png 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/1/10/DonateButton.png/200px-DonateButton.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="241" /></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div role="progressbar" style="width: 100%; border: 2px solid black; position: relative; padding: 2px; border-radius: 18px;"> <a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:Fundraiser" title="RationalWiki:Fundraiser"><span style="text-shadow: -1px -1px 0 #FFFFFF, 1px -1px 0 #FFFFFF, -1px 1px 0 #FFFFFF, 1px 1px 0 #FFFFFF; color: black; font-size: 125%; position: absolute; left: 0%; margin: 0 0 0 10px"><b>Donations so far: $8765.50</b></span></a><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:Fundraiser" title="RationalWiki:Fundraiser"><span style="text-shadow: -1px -1px 0 #FFFFFF, 1px -1px 0 #FFFFFF, -1px 1px 0 #FFFFFF, 1px 1px 0 #FFFFFF; color: black; font-size: 125%; position: absolute; right: 0%; margin: 0 10px 0 0"><b>Goal: $10000</b></span></a><div style="height: 28px; border-radius: 14px; background-color: hsl(70.124,100%,45%); width: 87.655%;"></div> </div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-indicators mw-body-content"> </div> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Ray Peat</h1> <div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content"> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From RationalWiki</div> <div id="contentSub"></div> <div id="contentSub2"></div> <div id="jump-to-nav"></div> <a class="mw-jump-link" href="#mw-head">Jump to navigation</a> <a class="mw-jump-link" href="#searchInput">Jump to search</a> <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:167px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ray_Peat.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="/w/images/thumb/4/4c/Ray_Peat.png/165px-Ray_Peat.png" decoding="async" width="165" height="138" class="thumbimage" srcset="/w/images/thumb/4/4c/Ray_Peat.png/248px-Ray_Peat.png 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/4/4c/Ray_Peat.png/330px-Ray_Peat.png 2x" data-file-width="618" data-file-height="517" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Ray_Peat.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Ray Peat, <a href="/wiki/Quackery" title="Quackery">Quack</a></div></div></div> <table class="infobox" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="float: right; margin: 0 0 0.5em 0.5em; text-align:left; border: 1px solid #47374a; width:175px;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; text-align:center; color:White; background-color:#47374a"><b>Potentially edible!</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Food_woo" title="Food woo"><font size="4" color="White"><b>Food woo</b></font></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#f8feff;" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Category:Food_woo" title="Category:Food woo"><img alt="Icon food.svg" src="/w/images/thumb/c/c2/Icon_food.svg/100px-Icon_food.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" srcset="/w/images/thumb/c/c2/Icon_food.svg/150px-Icon_food.svg.png 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/c/c2/Icon_food.svg/200px-Icon_food.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:White; background-color:#47374a; text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Food_woo" title="Category:Food woo"><font color="white">Fabulous food!</font></a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#f8feff;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gluten-free" title="Gluten-free">Gluten-free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raw_honey" title="Raw honey">Raw honey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_paradox" title="French paradox">French paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neti_pot" title="Neti pot">Neti pot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Davis" title="William Davis">William Davis</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:White; background-color:#47374a; text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Diet_woo" title="Category:Diet woo"><font color="white">Delectable diets!</font></a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#f8feff;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Errol_Denton" title="Errol Denton">Errol Denton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_living_movement" title="Clean living movement">Clean living movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helminthic_therapy" title="Helminthic therapy">Helminthic therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_diet" title="Mediterranean diet">Mediterranean diet</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:White; background-color:#47374a; text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Bodybuilding_woo" title="Category:Bodybuilding woo"><font color="white">Bodacious bods!</font></a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#f8feff;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Gym" title="Anti-Gym">Anti-Gym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodybuilding_woo" title="Bodybuilding woo">Bodybuilding woo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broscience" title="Broscience">Broscience</a></li></ul> <div class="vte plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Foodnav" title="Template:Foodnav">v</a> - <a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Foodnav" title="Template talk:Foodnav">t</a> - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Foodnav&action=edit">e</a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="margin: auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="padding:4px 50px;position:relative;"><span style="position:absolute;left:10px;top:-6px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">“</span><span style="position:absolute;right:10px;bottom:-20px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">”</span>Unsaturated fats cause aging, clotting, inflammation, cancer, and weight gain.</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:4px 10px 8px;font-size:smaller;line-height:1.6em;text-align:right;"><cite style="font-style:normal;position:relative;z-index:2">—Ray Peat (without providing any scientific evidence)<sup id="cite_ref-Oils_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oils-1">[1]</a></sup></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Raymond "Ray" Peat</b> (1936–2022)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> was an American <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theorist" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy theorist">conspiracy theorist</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-CTY_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CTY-3">[3]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Quack" class="mw-redirect" title="Quack">quack</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cholesterol_denialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Cholesterol denialist">cholesterol denialist</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> who promoted <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscientific" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudoscientific">pseudoscientific</a> views about nutrition. His most bizarre claim was that essential <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/polyunsaturated_fatty_acids" class="extiw" title="wp:polyunsaturated fatty acids" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: polyunsaturated fatty acids">polyunsaturated fatty acids</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> (omega-3 and omega-6, found in e.g. certain fish<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup>) are harmful to human health and should be reduced in the diet to the lowest amount possible.<sup id="cite_ref-Quack_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quack-6">[6]</a></sup> Peat <a href="/wiki/Delusion" title="Delusion">delusionally</a> argued that a tablespoon of sucrose in honey can cure animals and emergency patients with fatal injuries, but was unaware that honey only contains between 0.8-5% sucrose.<sup id="cite_ref-Coke_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coke-7">[7]</a></sup> He made many other ridiculous claims such as avocados causing <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Vegetables_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vegetables-8">[8]</a></sup> </p><p>Peat's dietary views have been embraced by some people on the <a href="/wiki/Far_right" title="Far right">far right</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-GNET1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GNET1-9">[9]</a></sup> notably <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Pervert" title="Bronze Age Pervert">Bronze Age Pervert</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup> Some of Peat's other followers found this somewhat baffling,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup> and in January 2021, he himself reported receiving a surge in "really insane sounding people" emailing him within those past few weeks about things like <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuits</a> purportedly inventing <a href="/wiki/Numerology" title="Numerology">numerology</a> "than all 20 years that I've used the Internet".<sup id="cite_ref-CTY_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CTY-3">[3]</a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:16:04</sup> Some of Peat's statements also coded more <a href="/wiki/Far_left" class="mw-redirect" title="Far left">far left</a>, such as his belief that militarism is the "biggest 'anti-civilization' factor",<sup id="cite_ref-DR32_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DR32-12">[12]</a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:59:45</sup> and his praise for <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a> as an alternative to <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DR32_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DR32-12">[12]</a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:1:07:55</sup> </p><p>In 2022, about 8 months before his death, much to the dismay of his followers, Peat contradicted his own dietary advice and admitted that he was eating oatmeal and putting oat bran on his food.<sup id="cite_ref-Interview_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Interview-13">[13]</a></sup> </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Overview"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Overview</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Coconut_oil"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Coconut oil</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Nuts_and_seeds"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Nuts and seeds</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Polyunsaturated_fatty_acids"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Polyunsaturated fatty acids</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Coca_Cola"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Coca Cola</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Orange_juice"><span class="tocnumber">1.5</span> <span class="toctext">Orange juice</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Sucrose"><span class="tocnumber">1.6</span> <span class="toctext">Sucrose</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Avocados"><span class="tocnumber">1.7</span> <span class="toctext">Avocados</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Meat"><span class="tocnumber">1.8</span> <span class="toctext">Meat</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Macular_degeneration"><span class="tocnumber">1.9</span> <span class="toctext">Macular degeneration</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Brain_size"><span class="tocnumber">1.10</span> <span class="toctext">Brain size</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Diabetes"><span class="tocnumber">1.11</span> <span class="toctext">Diabetes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Tobacco"><span class="tocnumber">1.12</span> <span class="toctext">Tobacco</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#The_Ray_Peat_diet"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">The Ray Peat diet</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Ray_Peat_Forum"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Ray Peat Forum</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Overview">Overview</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ray_Peat&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <table style="margin: auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="padding:4px 50px;position:relative;"><span style="position:absolute;left:10px;top:-6px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">“</span><span style="position:absolute;right:10px;bottom:-20px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">”</span>Working through the articles on Peat’s website is like doing an ultramarathon through quicksand. Actually, the ultramarathon would be preferable to reading Peat’s solid text block word salads with outdated research and lots of scientific mumbo jumbo. The vast majority of the citations Peat uses to back up his claims are rat and cell studies, and most are extremely outdated (many from the 1960’s).</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:4px 10px 8px;font-size:smaller;line-height:1.6em;text-align:right;"><cite style="font-style:normal;position:relative;z-index:2">—Dietitian Abby Langer on Ray Peat's pseudoscience.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Peat held a Ph.D. in biology from the University of Oregon, but had absolutely no training in nutrition, yet used to spend much of his time writing ridiculous essays about the health effects of different foods on his website.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup> None of his ideas on nutrition were published in <a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">peer review</a>. Peat argued against the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_consensus" title="Scientific consensus">scientific consensus</a> by claiming that foods high in <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a> and saturated fat are not harmful in excess. He has been cited as encouraging people to eat ice cream and Mexican Coca-Cola.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Coconut_oil">Coconut oil</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ray_Peat&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Coconut oil">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Peat argued that <a href="/wiki/Coconut_oil" title="Coconut oil">coconut oil</a> is a health food because it contains saturated fat, whilst all seed and vegetable oils are "<a href="/wiki/Toxin" title="Toxin">toxic</a>" because they contain polyunsaturated fat.<sup id="cite_ref-Oils_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oils-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Coconut_oil_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coconut_oil-17">[17]</a></sup> However, the high saturated fatty acids in coconut oil significantly increase LDL-c. According to a review of clinical trials "coconut oil should not be viewed as healthy oil for cardiovascular disease risk reduction, and limiting coconut oil consumption because of its high saturated fat content is warranted."<sup id="cite_ref-Neela_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neela-18">[18]</a></sup> In his essays, Peat did not cite any reviews of clinical trials and based most of his research on animal studies. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Nuts_and_seeds">Nuts and seeds</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ray_Peat&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Nuts and seeds">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Peat argued that nuts and seeds are toxic to humans because they contain high amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids and plant chemicals which protect themselves from predators.<sup id="cite_ref-Nuts_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nuts-19">[19]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup> Peat said there is only one exception, the macadamia nut because it is higher in saturated fat.<sup id="cite_ref-Nuts_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nuts-19">[19]</a></sup> Despite what Peat believed, there is strong evidence from clinical trials and epidemiological studies that consumption of nuts and seeds (which are good sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids) improves the lipid profile and lowers the risk of atrial fibrillation, cardiovascular disease and stroke.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup> A 2022 review noted that "there is a substantial amount of evidence that supports that consuming nuts will have a positive impact on primary and secondary prevention of CVD".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Polyunsaturated_fatty_acids">Polyunsaturated fatty acids</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ray_Peat&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Polyunsaturated fatty acids">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>On his website, Peat embarrassed himself by trying to dispute the fact that polyunsaturated fats are essential fatty acids and argued they are "toxic" and cause atherosclerosis.<sup id="cite_ref-Quack_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quack-6">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup> He was notorious for <a href="/wiki/Cherry-picking" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherry-picking">cherry-picking</a> animal studies (mostly mice and rats), whilst ignoring all clinical research.<sup id="cite_ref-Quack_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quack-6">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup> The opposite to what Peat claimed is true. For example, clinical trials have shown that polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3 and omega-6) improve blood lipids and reduce incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD).<sup id="cite_ref-AMA_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMA-30">[30]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></sup> Similar to <a href="/wiki/James_DiNicolantonio" title="James DiNicolantonio">James DiNicolantonio</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theorists" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy theorists">conspiracy theorists</a>, Peat promoted the false idea that linoleic acid from vegetable oils is toxic to health.<sup id="cite_ref-Oils_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oils-1">[1]</a></sup> In reality, clinical trials have shown that by lowering the intake of dietary saturated fat in the diet and and replacing it with polyunsaturated vegetable oil it can reduce CVD to around 30%.<sup id="cite_ref-AMA_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMA-30">[30]</a></sup> </p><p>Peat claimed that the more polyunsaturated fat consumed in the diet the higher incidence of cancer there will be. Like all of his health claims, he failed to back this up with scientific evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></sup> Few clinical trials have been done but epidemiological studies have found that marine omega-3 PUFA consumption is associated with a lower breast cancer risk and a lower mortality in patients with ovarian cancer.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Coca_Cola">Coca Cola</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ray_Peat&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Coca Cola">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Peat defended Mexican Coca-Cola because it contains cane sugar rather than the high-fructose corn syrup of American Coca-Cola but there is no evidence that he consumed it personally.<sup id="cite_ref-Coke_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coke-7">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></sup> On his website, Peat said that Coca-Cola can be used to relieve hypoglycemia symptoms (this is one of the few things he got correct).<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Orange_juice">Orange juice</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ray_Peat&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Orange juice">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Peat was a big fan of orange juice which he said is "anti-estrogenic".<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></sup> He also claimed that orange juice is good because it raises people's cholesterol.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></sup> There is not any evidence in the medical literature that shows orange juice consumption raises cholesterol. Studies have found the opposite, as it lows LDL-c and total cholesterol.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></sup> A 2022 review of clinical trials found that orange juice significantly reduces circulating total cholesterol levels.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></sup> Everything Peat said about foods should be fact-checked because in most cases he was entirely wrong in what he had claimed. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Sucrose">Sucrose</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ray_Peat&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sucrose">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Peat argued that sucrose is a great therapeutic agent and could cure many diseases, including fatally injured animals and human patients in emergency wards. He said that there are stories of dying dogs, ducks, sheep and emergency patients who were fed a tablespoon of honey and all their symptoms miraculously disappeared.<sup id="cite_ref-Coke_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coke-7">[7]</a></sup> He said that this convinced him that in an "emergency of any sort" a big dose of sucrose is "very important". Peat was unaware that honey only contains between 0.8-5% sucrose.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Avocados">Avocados</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ray_Peat&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Avocados">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Peat claimed that avocados are carcinogenic because they contain a lot of unsaturated fat.<sup id="cite_ref-Vegetables_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vegetables-8">[8]</a></sup> Like all the other nonsense he spouted, he failed to back up this ridiculous claim with any scientific evidence. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Meat">Meat</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ray_Peat&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Meat">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Peat said that beef and lamb are the best meats to eat because they are high in saturated fat and that chicken, pork and turkey should be avoided because they are high in unsaturated fat.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></sup> He said he consumed chicken if the fat was trimmed off (see below). </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Macular_degeneration">Macular degeneration</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ray_Peat&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Macular degeneration">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <table style="margin: auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="padding:4px 50px;position:relative;"><span style="position:absolute;left:10px;top:-6px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">“</span><span style="position:absolute;right:10px;bottom:-20px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">”</span>Polyunsaturated fats which accumulate in the brain and retina damage <a href="/wiki/Mitochondria" title="Mitochondria">mitochondria</a>.</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:4px 10px 8px;font-size:smaller;line-height:1.6em;text-align:right;"><cite style="font-style:normal;position:relative;z-index:2">—Ray Peat, nutcase.<sup id="cite_ref-Nutcase_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nutcase-49">[49]</a></sup></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Peat who had bad eyesight and wore glasses for decades of his life claimed without providing any evidence that consuming polyunsaturated fatty acids in foods damages the retina and causes cataracts and macular degeneration.<sup id="cite_ref-Nutcase_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nutcase-49">[49]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></sup> The opposite is true as there is high-quality evidence that DHA and EPA reduce the risk of early to late macular degeneration.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></sup> </p><p>High levels of DHA are present in the retina, specifically in the disk membranes of the outer segments of photoreceptor cells.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></sup> DHA is the most abundant omega-3 fatty acid in the brain and the retina, representing about 97% and 93% of omega-3 fatty acids.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></sup> There is not any evidence in the medical literature that consuming polyunsaturated fatty acids such as DHA in foods or supplements causes cataracts or oxidative damage to the retina.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a></sup> </p><p>Peat was wrong about polyunsaturated fats damaging the mitochondria. A 2017 review concluded "a great body of evidences obtained from experimental studies shows the promising role of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on mitochondrial function and dynamics".<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Brain_size">Brain size</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ray_Peat&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Brain size">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Peat claimed that polyunsaturated fats can reduce brain size at birth.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></sup> There is no evidence for this in the medical literature. Lower PUFA concentrations in fetal life are associated with less brain volume in childhood.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Diabetes">Diabetes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ray_Peat&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Diabetes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <table style="margin: auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="padding:4px 50px;position:relative;"><span style="position:absolute;left:10px;top:-6px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">“</span><span style="position:absolute;right:10px;bottom:-20px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">”</span>Diabetes is just one of the "terminal" diseases that can be caused by the polyunsaturated vegetable oils.</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:4px 10px 8px;font-size:smaller;line-height:1.6em;text-align:right;"><cite style="font-style:normal;position:relative;z-index:2">—Ray Peat, talking out of his arse.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a></sup></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Contrary to what Peat claimed, there is no reliable evidence in the medical literature that polyunsaturated fats in vegetable oils cause diabetes.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></sup> A recent review of clinical trials found that PUFA has no effect on diabetes or glucose metabolism.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></sup> Another review suggested that plant-derived polyunsaturated fatty acids offer a "protective effect of total PUFA or omega-6 PUFA on diabetes risk in non-diabetic populations".<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Tobacco">Tobacco</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ray_Peat&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Tobacco">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Peat argued that <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a> lowers incidence of Alzheimer’s disease. </p> <table style="margin: auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="padding:4px 50px;position:relative;"><span style="position:absolute;left:10px;top:-6px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">“</span><span style="position:absolute;right:10px;bottom:-20px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">”</span>People who take aspirin, drink coffee, and use tobacco, have a much lower incidence of Alzheimer’s disease than people who don’t use those things.</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:4px 10px 8px;font-size:smaller;line-height:1.6em;text-align:right;"><cite style="font-style:normal;position:relative;z-index:2">—Ray Peat getting his facts wrong.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></sup></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There is strong evidence that smoking increases Alzheimer’s disease and dementia risk.<sup id="cite_ref-American_Heart_Association_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-American_Heart_Association-63">[63]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a></sup> Overall, systematic reviews have estimated that smoking increases risk of dementia by 30% and Alzheimer's disease by 40% respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-American_Heart_Association_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-American_Heart_Association-63">[63]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></sup> This is another case of Peat having no idea what he was talking about. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="The_Ray_Peat_diet">The Ray Peat diet</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ray_Peat&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: The Ray Peat diet">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <table style="margin: auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="padding:4px 50px;position:relative;"><span style="position:absolute;left:10px;top:-6px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">“</span><span style="position:absolute;right:10px;bottom:-20px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">”</span>Ray Peat said that the soluble fiber in oats caused cancer. I am noticing Ray Peat contradicts himself on many of his positions. One day he says something and the next day he changes his mind.</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:4px 10px 8px;font-size:smaller;line-height:1.6em;text-align:right;"><cite style="font-style:normal;position:relative;z-index:2">—A pissed off Ray Peat follower noticing Peat's dietary contradictions after he added oatmeal to his diet.<sup id="cite_ref-Ray_Peat_Forum_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ray_Peat_Forum-69">[69]</a></sup></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Ray Peat said that everyday he normally ate gelatinous tail (<span title="short for: id est (Latin phrase that means 'in other words', 'that is', or 'which means')" style="border-bottom:1px dotted">i.e.</span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/oxtail" class="extiw" title="wp:oxtail" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: oxtail">oxtail</span></a>)<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> or chicken soup (with all the fat trimmed off) and would also drink up to a gallon of <a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">milk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Diet_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diet-70">[70]</a></sup> He would eat one large egg a day, fried in butter. He also drank 1 pint of orange juice and once a week would eat liver and oysters.<sup id="cite_ref-Diet_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diet-70">[70]</a></sup> His diet also included ice cream and a large amount of coconut oil.<sup id="cite_ref-Coconut_oil_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coconut_oil-17">[17]</a></sup> That was it. Peat's diet was extremely bland and restricted. He said he did not eat grains, legumes, nuts or seeds. However, Peat later confessed to eating oatmeal and oat bran.<sup id="cite_ref-Interview_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Interview-13">[13]</a></sup> This has confused and pissed off some of his fanatical followers.<sup id="cite_ref-Ray_Peat_Forum_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ray_Peat_Forum-69">[69]</a></sup> </p><p>Because his diet was restricted, his followers have created large lists of foods that you can eat on the "Ray Peat diet", however, there is no evidence that Peat actually ate these foods. For example, a Ray Peat diet list has bananas and many other fruits on it but there is no evidence he consumed these.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Ray_Peat_Forum">Ray Peat Forum</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ray_Peat&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Ray Peat Forum">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>The Ray Peat Forum is a crazy forum for alt-righters, <a href="/wiki/Crackpot" class="mw-redirect" title="Crackpot">crackpots</a> and science-haters who promote all kinds of irrational <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy theories">conspiracy theories</a> about nutrition. They have a thread about this <a href="/wiki/RationalWiki" title="RationalWiki">RationalWiki</a> article but not one user has been able to refute any of the evidence on it.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ray_Peat&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Berg" title="Eric Berg">Eric Berg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Saladino" title="Paul Saladino">Paul Saladino</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ray_Peat&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://raypeat.com/">Raypeat.com</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ray_Peat&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; font-size:80%;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Oils-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Oils_1-0">1.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Oils_1-1">1.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Oils_1-2">1.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://raypeat.com/articles/articles/unsaturated-oils.shtml">Unsaturated Vegetable Oils: Toxic</a>. raypeat.com.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://im1776.com/2022/12/14/ray-peat-obituary/">Obituary: Ray Peat</a> (December 2022) <i>IM-1776</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CTY-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CTY_3-0">3.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CTY_3-1">3.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Danny Roddy (January 22, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=De0fXmRnunU">"#47: The Power Elite | Vaccines | Hair Loss | UFOs | Surviving The Great Reset with Ray Peat, PhD"</a>. <i>YouTube</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://raypeat.com/articles/articles/cholesterol-longevity.shtml">Cholesterol, longevity, intelligence, and health</a>. raypeat.com.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heart.org/en/healthy-living/healthy-eating/eat-smart/fats/polyunsaturated-fats">"Polyunsaturated Fats"</a>. <i>American Heart Association</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Quack-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Quack_6-0">6.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Quack_6-1">6.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Quack_6-2">6.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://raypeat.com/articles/articles/unsaturatedfats.shtml">Unsaturated fatty acids: Nutritionally essential, or toxic?</a>. raypeat.com.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coke-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Coke_7-0">7.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Coke_7-1">7.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Coke_7-2">7.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KE-PEJ9Uu50">Ray Peat's Defense of Mexican Coke (Sucrose, Coca Leaf, Caffeine)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vegetables-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Vegetables_8-0">8.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Vegetables_8-1">8.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://raypeat.com/articles/articles/vegetables.shtml">"Vegetables"</a>. raypeat.com.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GNET1-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-GNET1_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Joshua Molloy and Dr. Eviane Leidig (October 10, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gnet-research.org/2022/10/10/the-emerging-raw-food-movement-and-the-great-reset/">The Emerging Raw Food Movement and the ‘Great Reset’</a>. Global Network on Extremism & Technology</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240109093942/https://twitter.com/bronzeagemantis/status/899175058513563648">Bronze Age Pervert on Twitter</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.ph/Lkemr">Archived</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">(June 14, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reddit.com/r/raypeat/comments/vc8sur/why_is_there_a_connection_between_peating_and/">"why is there a connection between peating and being right wing"</a>, r/raypeat (Reddit).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DR32-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-DR32_12-0">12.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-DR32_12-1">12.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Danny Roddy (July 24, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=famOF8GYlbg">"#32: Hormonal Imprinting | Fake History | Aristotelian Philosophy | Marx, Lenin, Stalin, and Lysenko"</a>. <i>YouTube</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Interview-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Interview_13-0">13.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Interview_13-1">13.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Patrick Timpone (March 23, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://soundcloud.com/oneradionetwork/032322-peat-ray">03.23.22 Peat Ray</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">(September 23, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/Rzmud">Ray Peat Carrot Salad: Can It Fix Your Hormones?</a>. Abby Langer Nutrition.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://raypeat.com/about.shtml">About Ray Peat</a>. raypeat.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/vONfR">RIP Ray Peat: Death of Diet Pioneer 86 Sees Fanbase Pay Tribute</a>. <i>HITC</i> (archived).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coconut_oil-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Coconut_oil_17-0">17.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Coconut_oil_17-1">17.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://raypeat.com/articles/articles/coconut-oil.shtml">Coconut Oil</a>. raypeat.com.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neela-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Neela_18-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2708880">/* Errors processing stylesheet [[:Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css]] (rev 2708880): • Invalid or unsupported value for property ⧼code⧽background⧼/code⧽ at line 44 character 14. • Invalid or unsupported value for property ⧼code⧽background⧼/code⧽ at line 50 character 14. • Invalid or unsupported value for property ⧼code⧽background⧼/code⧽ at line 55 character 14. • Invalid or unsupported value for property ⧼code⧽background⧼/code⧽ at line 64 character 14. • Invalid or unsupported value for property ⧼code⧽color⧼/code⧽ at line 96 character 9. • Invalid or unsupported value for property ⧼code⧽color⧼/code⧽ at line 100 character 9. • Invalid media query at line 138 character 8. */ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNeelakantanSeahvan_Dam2020" class="citation journal cs1">Neelakantan, Nithya; Seah, Jowy Yi Hoong; van Dam, Rob M. (2020-03-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.043052">"The effect of coconut oil consumption on cardiovascular risk factors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials"</a>. <i>Circulation</i>. <b>141</b> (10): <span class="nowrap">803–</span>814. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1161%2Fcirculationaha.119.043052">10.1161/circulationaha.119.043052</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0009-7322">0009-7322</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31928080">31928080</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:210195904">210195904</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Circulation&rft.atitle=The+effect+of+coconut+oil+consumption+on+cardiovascular+risk+factors%3A+A+Systematic+Review+and+Meta-Analysis+of+Clinical+Trials&rft.volume=141&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E803-%3C%2Fspan%3E814&rft.date=2020-03-10&rft.issn=0009-7322&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A210195904%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31928080&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1161%2Fcirculationaha.119.043052&rft.aulast=Neelakantan&rft.aufirst=Nithya&rft.au=Seah%2C+Jowy+Yi+Hoong&rft.au=van+Dam%2C+Rob+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahajournals.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1161%2FCIRCULATIONAHA.119.043052&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Frationalwiki.org%3ARay+Peat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nuts-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Nuts_19-0">19.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Nuts_19-1">19.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sLGfr0gCztI">Ray Peat on nuts, macadamia</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WLk3LO_afVQ">Ray Peat on eating seeds, tomato seeds, toxic effect of seeds</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FiAAqEB1fjw">Ray Peat on sprouted grains, toxic effects of seeds</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9930735/">Nuts and seeds consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and their risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9964942/">Nuts and Cardiovascular Disease Outcomes: A Review of the Evidence and Future Directions</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/advances/article/13/6/2136/6679279">Consumption of Nuts and Seeds and Health Outcomes Including Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, Cancer, and Mortality: An Umbrella Review</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.118.314316">Nut Consumption in Relation to Cardiovascular Disease Incidence and Mortality Among Patients With Diabetes Mellitus</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35912883/">Walnut consumption and health outcomes with public health relevance-a systematic review of cohort studies and randomized controlled trials published from 2017 to present</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/15/4/911">Nuts and Cardiovascular Disease Outcomes: A Review of the Evidence and Future Directions</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U2EMk-pDtvc">Ray Peat on PUFA link to atherosclerosis</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://raypeat.com/articles/nutrition/oils-in-context.shtml">Oils in context</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AMA-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-AMA_30-0">30.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-AMA_30-1">30.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000510">Dietary Fats and Cardiovascular Disease: A Presidential Advisory From the American Heart Association</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcvm.2022.904250/full">Effects of ω-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Coronary Atherosclerosis and Inflammation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thelancet.com/journals/eclinm/article/PIIS2589-5370(21)00277-7/fulltext">Effect of omega-3 fatty acids on cardiovascular outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD011737.pub3/full">Reduction in saturated fat intake for cardiovascular disease</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/13/7/2421">Beneficial Outcomes of Omega-6 and Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Human Health: An Update for 2021</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4yI3MgxblD0">Ray Peat on more PUFA in the diet more cancer research</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bmj.com/content/346/bmj.f3706">Intake of fish and marine n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and risk of breast cancer: meta-analysis of data from 21 independent prospective cohort studies</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01635581.2020.1779321">Dietary Intake of N-3 and N-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Risk of Cancer: Meta-Analysis of Data from 32 Studies</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35068276/">Dietary fish and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids intake and cancer survival: A systematic review and meta-analysis</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NmRh7oaZgOg">Ray Peat on Mexican coke, HCFS.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://raypeat.com/articles/aging/eclampsia.shtml">Eclampsia</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R3zRPDWbjiw">Ray Peat on orange juice being anti-estrogenic</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tbqiSJha80c">Ray Peat on how to increase cholesterol</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3750609/">Long-term orange juice consumption is associated with low LDL-cholesterol and apolipoprotein B in normal and moderately hypercholesterolemic subjects</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0271531710001818">Orange juice decreases low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic subjects and improves lipid transfer to high-density lipoprotein in normal and hypercholesterolemic subjects</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34060162/">Effects of orange juice intake on cardiovascular risk factors: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://capilanohoney.com/gb/learn/what-sugars-is-honey-made-up-of/">What sugars is honey made up of?</a>. Capilano Honey Ltd.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6218329/">Physical and chemical screening of honey samples available in the Saudi market: An important aspect in the authentication process and quality assessment</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IOOJhG0VXXw">Ray Peat on the best meat to eat</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nutcase-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Nutcase_49-0">49.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Nutcase_49-1">49.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://raypeat.com/articles/articles/aging-eyes.shtml">Aging Eyes, Infant Eyes, and Excitable Tissues</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/RayPeatQuotes/status/1625243162934407181">Ray Peat Quotes</a>. Twitter.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/aos.15191">What did we learn in 35 years of research on nutrition and supplements for age-related macular degeneration: a systematic review</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-52">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK11888/">Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Eye Health: Summary</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-53">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/docosahexaenoic-acid">Docosahexaenoic Acid</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-54">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6024720/">The Eye, Oxidative Damage and Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-55">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0924224416306045">Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and mitochondria, back to the future</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-56">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/RayPeatQuotes/status/1622748474910310401">Ray Peat Quotes</a>. Twitter.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-57">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article/114/1/124/6179030">Maternal polyunsaturated fatty acids during pregnancy and offspring brain development in childhood</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-58">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/RayPeatQuotes/status/1615686567116374021">Ray Peat Quotes</a>. Twitter.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-59">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1003347">Intake of dietary fats and fatty acids and the incidence of type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective observational studies</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-60">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31434641/">Omega-3, omega-6, and total dietary polyunsaturated fat for prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-61">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://drc.bmj.com/content/7/1/e000585">Plant-derived polyunsaturated fatty acids and markers of glucose metabolism and insulin resistance: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled feeding trials</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-62">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/RayPeatQuotes/status/1619715489629880321">Ray Peat Quotes</a>. Twitter.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-American_Heart_Association-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-American_Heart_Association_63-0">63.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-American_Heart_Association_63-1">63.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Laura Williamson (July 6, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heart.org/en/news/2021/07/06/smoking-harms-the-brain-raises-dementia-risk-but-not-if-you-quit">"Smoking harms the brain, raises dementia risk – but not if you quit"</a>. <i>American Heart Association News</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-64">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">(November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ash.org.uk/resources/view/smoking-and-dementia">"Smoking and Dementia"</a>. <i>Action on Smoking and Health</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-65">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)30367-6/fulltext">Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2020 report of the Lancet Commission</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-66">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0118333">Smoking Is Associated with an Increased Risk of Dementia: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies with Investigation of Potential Effect Modifiers</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-67">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alzheimers.org.uk/about-dementia/risk-factors-and-prevention/smoking-and-dementia">"Smoking and dementia"</a>. <i>Alzheimer's Society</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-68">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Katie Puckering (January 13, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alzheimersresearchuk.org/blog/all-you-need-to-know-about-smoking-and-dementia">"All you need to know about smoking and dementia"</a>. <i>Alzheimer's Research UK</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ray_Peat_Forum-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Ray_Peat_Forum_69-0">69.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Ray_Peat_Forum_69-1">69.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/march-23-2022-one-radio-network.45690/">Ray Peat Interview</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Diet-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Diet_70-0">70.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Diet_70-1">70.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iSlgnvswjdU">Ray Peat on what he normally eats</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-71">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/FUg0S">Ray Peat Sample Diet</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-72">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://raypeatforum.com/community/threads/ray-peat-labeled-quack-for-white-supremacists.49790/">Ray Peat labeled ´quack for white supremacists</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div></div><div class="printfooter">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Ray_Peat&oldid=2726218">https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Ray_Peat&oldid=2726218</a>"</div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Food_woo" title="Category:Food woo">Food woo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cholesterol_and_statin_denialists" title="Category:Cholesterol and statin denialists">Cholesterol and statin denialists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conspiracy_theorists" title="Category:Conspiracy theorists">Conspiracy theorists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Food_woo_promoters" title="Category:Food woo promoters">Food woo promoters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pseudoscience_promoters" title="Category:Pseudoscience promoters">Pseudoscience promoters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:War_on_science" title="Category:War on science">War on science</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden category: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_DynamicPageList_parser_function" title="Category:Pages using DynamicPageList parser function">Pages using DynamicPageList parser function</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </div> <div id="mw-navigation"> <h2>Navigation menu</h2> <div id="mw-head">  <nav id="p-personal" class="vector-menu" aria-labelledby="p-personal-label" role="navigation" > <h3 id="p-personal-label"> <span>Personal tools</span> </h3>  <div class="body vector-menu-content">  <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="pt-anonuserpage">Not logged in</li><li id="pt-anontalk"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li><li id="pt-anoncontribs"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Ray+Peat" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory">Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Ray+Peat" title="You are encouraged to log in; however, it is not mandatory [o]" accesskey="o">Log in</a></li></ul> </div> </nav> <div id="left-navigation">  <nav id="p-namespaces" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs vectorTabs" aria-labelledby="p-namespaces-label" role="navigation" > <h3 id="p-namespaces-label"> <span>Namespaces</span> </h3>  <div class="body vector-menu-content">  <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected"><a href="/wiki/Ray_Peat" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Page</a></li><li id="ca-talk"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Ray_Peat" rel="discussion" title="Discussion about the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li></ul> </div> </nav>  <nav id="p-variants" class="vector-menu-empty emptyPortlet vector-menu vector-menu-dropdown vectorMenu" aria-labelledby="p-variants-label" role="navigation" > <input type="checkbox" class="vector-menu-checkbox vectorMenuCheckbox" aria-labelledby="p-variants-label" /> <h3 id="p-variants-label"> <span>Variants</span> </h3>  <div class="body vector-menu-content">  <ul class="menu vector-menu-content-list"></ul> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation">  <nav id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs vectorTabs" aria-labelledby="p-views-label" role="navigation" > <h3 id="p-views-label"> <span>Views</span> </h3>  <div class="body vector-menu-content">  <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="ca-view" class="collapsible selected"><a href="/wiki/Ray_Peat">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ray_Peat&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="collapsible"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ray_Peat&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">Fossil record</a></li></ul> </div> </nav>  <nav id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu-empty emptyPortlet vector-menu vector-menu-dropdown vectorMenu" aria-labelledby="p-cactions-label" role="navigation" > <input type="checkbox" class="vector-menu-checkbox vectorMenuCheckbox" aria-labelledby="p-cactions-label" /> <h3 id="p-cactions-label"> <span>More</span> </h3>  <div class="body vector-menu-content">  <ul class="menu vector-menu-content-list"></ul> </div> </nav> <div id="p-search" role="search"> <h3 > <label for="searchInput">Search</label> </h3> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform"> <div id="simpleSearch"> <input type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search RationalWiki" title="Search RationalWiki [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput"/> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> <input type="submit" name="fulltext" value="Search" title="Search the pages for this text" id="mw-searchButton" class="searchButton mw-fallbackSearchButton"/> <input type="submit" name="go" value="Go" title="Go to a page with this exact name if it exists" id="searchButton" class="searchButton"/> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div id="mw-panel"> <div id="p-logo" role="banner"> <a title="Visit the main page" class="mw-wiki-logo" href="/wiki/Main_Page"></a> </div>  <nav id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu vector-menu-portal portal portal-first" aria-labelledby="p-navigation-label" role="navigation" > <h3 id="p-navigation-label"> <span>Navigation</span> </h3>  <div class="body vector-menu-content">  <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="n-mainpage-description"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes in the wiki [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-randompage"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Load a random mainspace article [x]" accesskey="x">Random page</a></li><li id="n-New-pages"><a href="/wiki/Special:NewPages">New pages</a></li><li id="n-All-logs"><a href="/wiki/Special:Log">All logs</a></li><li id="n-help"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="RTFM">Help</a></li></ul> </div> </nav>  <nav id="p-support" class="vector-menu vector-menu-portal portal" aria-labelledby="p-support-label" role="navigation" > <h3 id="p-support-label"> <span>Support</span> </h3>  <div class="body vector-menu-content">  <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="n-Donate"><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:Site_support">Donate</a></li></ul> </div> </nav>  <nav id="p-community" class="vector-menu vector-menu-portal portal" aria-labelledby="p-community-label" role="navigation" > <h3 id="p-community-label"> <span>Community</span> </h3>  <div class="body vector-menu-content">  <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="n-Saloon-bar"><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:Saloon_bar">Saloon bar</a></li><li id="n-To-do-list"><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:To_do_list">To do list</a></li><li id="n-What-is-going-on.3F"><a href="/wiki/WIGO">What is going on?</a></li><li id="n-Best-of-RationalWiki"><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:Contents">Best of RationalWiki</a></li><li id="n-About-RationalWiki"><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki">About RationalWiki</a></li><li id="n-Technical-support"><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:Technical_support">Technical support</a></li><li id="n-Mod-noticeboard"><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki_talk:All_things_in_moderation">Mod noticeboard</a></li><li id="n-RMF-noticeboard"><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki_talk:RationalMedia_Foundation">RMF noticeboard</a></li></ul> </div> </nav>  <nav id="p-Social media" class="vector-menu vector-menu-portal portal" aria-labelledby="p-Social media-label" role="navigation" > <h3 id="p-Social media-label"> <span>Social media</span> </h3>  <div class="body vector-menu-content">  <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="n-Twitter"><a href="https://twitter.com/RationalWiki" rel="nofollow">Twitter</a></li><li id="n-Mastodon"><a href="https://mstdn.social/@rationalwiki" rel="nofollow">Mastodon</a></li><li id="n-Facebook"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/pages/Rationalwiki/226614404019306" rel="nofollow">Facebook</a></li><li id="n-Discord"><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:Discord">Discord</a></li><li id="n-Reddit"><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:Reddit">Reddit</a></li></ul> </div> </nav>  <nav id="p-tb" class="vector-menu vector-menu-portal portal" aria-labelledby="p-tb-label" role="navigation" > <h3 id="p-tb-label"> <span>Tools</span> </h3>  <div class="body vector-menu-content">  <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="t-whatlinkshere"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Ray_Peat" title="A list of all wiki pages that link here [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Ray_Peat" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-specialpages"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-print"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li><li id="t-permalink"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ray_Peat&oldid=2726218" title="Permanent link to this revision of the page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ray_Peat&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li></ul> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" role="contentinfo" > <ul id="footer-info" > <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 19 March 2025, at 19:01.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Unless explicitly noted otherwise, all content licensed as indicated by <a name="Copyright" href="//rationalwiki.org/wiki/RationalWiki:Copyrights">RationalWiki:Copyrights</a>. <br> For concerns on copyright infringement please see: <a name="Copyright infringement" href="//rationalwiki.org/wiki/RationalWiki:Copyright_violations">RationalWiki:Copyright violations</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" > <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:Privacy_policy" title="RationalWiki:Privacy policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:About" class="mw-redirect" title="RationalWiki:About">About RationalWiki</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimer"><a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:General_disclaimer" title="RationalWiki:General disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"><img src="/w/88x31.png" alt="CC-BY-SA 3.0, or any later version" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"/></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki_88x31.png" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"/></a></li> </ul> <div style="clear: both;"></div> </footer> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.191","walltime":"0.893","ppvisitednodes":{"value":1590,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":18495,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":4196,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":10,"limit":40},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":100},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":37302,"limit":5000000},"timingprofile":["100.00% 761.961 1 -total"," 49.90% 380.190 1 Template:Reflist"," 46.57% 354.816 1 Template:Cite_journal"," 26.46% 201.607 1 Template:Foodnav"," 23.56% 179.502 1 Template:Navsidebar"," 17.47% 133.110 3 Template:Randomarticles"," 14.09% 107.352 2 Template:Navsidebar2"," 13.94% 106.239 1 Template:IdEst"," 5.66% 43.089 1 Template:Hint"," 2.49% 18.990 1 Template:Vte"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.080","limit":"7"},"limitreport-virtmemusage":{"value":7491584,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-estmemusage":0},"cachereport":{"origin":"apache5","timestamp":"20250331154840","ttl":86400,"transientcontent":false}}});mw.config.set({"wgBackendResponseTime":83,"wgHostname":"apache5"});});</script></body></html>