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id="social-redesign-work-container"><div class="upload-header"><h2 class="ds2-5-heading-sans-serif-xs">Uploads</h2></div><div class="documents-container backbone-social-profile-documents" style="width: 100%;"><div class="u-taCenter"></div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane active" id="all"><div class="profile--tab_heading_container js-section-heading" data-section="Papers" id="Papers"><h3 class="profile--tab_heading_container">Papers by rutuja kharde</h3></div><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="74490867"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/74490867/Detection_of_coronaviruses_in_Pteropus_Rousettus_species_of_bats_from_different_States_of_India"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Detection of coronaviruses in Pteropus Rousettus species of bats from different States of India" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/82624974/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/74490867/Detection_of_coronaviruses_in_Pteropus_Rousettus_species_of_bats_from_different_States_of_India">Detection of coronaviruses in Pteropus Rousettus species of bats from different States of India</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Indian Journal of Medical Research</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Background & objectives: Bats are considered to be the natural reservoir for many viruses, of whi...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Background & objectives: Bats are considered to be the natural reservoir for many viruses, of which some are potential human pathogens. In India, an association of Pteropus medius bats with the Nipah virus was reported in the past. It is suspected that the recently emerged severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) also has its association with bats. To assess the presence of CoVs in bats, we performed identification and characterization of bat CoV (BtCoV) in P. medius and Rousettus species from representative States in India, collected during 2018 and 2019. Methods: Representative rectal swab (RS) and throat swab specimens of Pteropus and Rousettus spp. bats were screened for CoVs using a pan-CoV reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) targeting the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) gene. A single-step RT-PCR was performed on the RNA extracted from the bat specimens. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) was performed on a few representative bat specimens that were tested positive. Phylogenetic analysis was carried out on the partial sequences of RdRp gene sequences retrieved from both the bat species and complete viral genomes recovered from Rousettus spp. Results: Bat samples from the seven States were screened, and the RS specimens of eight Rousettus spp. and 21 Pteropus spp. were found positive for CoV RdRp gene. Among these, by Sanger sequencing, partial RdRp sequences could be retrieved from three Rousettus and eight Pteropus bat specimens. Phylogenetic analysis of the partial RdRp region demonstrated distinct subclustering of the BtCoV sequences retrieved from these Rousettus and Pteropus spp. bats. NGS led to the recovery of four sequences covering approximately 94.3 per cent of the whole genome of the BtCoVs from Rousettus bats. Three BtCoV sequences had 93.69 per cent identity to CoV BtRt-BetaCoV/GX2018. The fourth BtCoV sequence was 96.8 per cent identical to BtCoV HKU9-1. Interpretation & conclusions: This study was a step towards understanding the CoV circulation in Indian bats. Detection of potentially pathogenic CoVs in Indian bats stresses the need for enhanced screening for novel viruses in them. One Health approach with collaborative activities by the animal health and human health sectors in these surveillance activities shall be of use to public health. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="74490853"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/74490853/Molecular_Diversity_among_the_Isolates_of_Xanthomonas_axonopodis_pv_citri_Causing_Bacterial_Canker_in_Citrus"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Molecular Diversity among the Isolates of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri Causing Bacterial Canker in Citrus" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/82624965/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/74490853/Molecular_Diversity_among_the_Isolates_of_Xanthomonas_axonopodis_pv_citri_Causing_Bacterial_Canker_in_Citrus">Molecular Diversity among the Isolates of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri Causing Bacterial Canker in Citrus</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="2363a4f9f043da120b12002d6e7d6c2f" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":82624965,"asset_id":74490853,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/82624965/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="74490853"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="74490853"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 74490853; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=74490853]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=74490853]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 74490853; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='74490853']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="67589400"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/67589400/Quasispecies_analysis_of_the_SARS_CoV_2_from_representative_clinical_samples_A_preliminary_analysis"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Quasispecies analysis of the SARS-CoV-2 from representative clinical samples: A preliminary analysis" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/67589400/Quasispecies_analysis_of_the_SARS_CoV_2_from_representative_clinical_samples_A_preliminary_analysis">Quasispecies analysis of the SARS-CoV-2 from representative clinical samples: A preliminary analysis</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>The Indian Journal of Medical Research</span><span>, 2020</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The current pandemic situation on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The current pandemic situation on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is expanding since its first report on December 2019. To date, 14,667,659 people are infected from SARS-CoV-2 all over the world, and India has reported on July 20, 2020, a total of 1,119,412 SARSCoV-2 cases1,2. SARS-CoV-2 is a single-stranded, positive-sense, poly-A-tailed RNA belonging to the family Coronaviridae. Its genome size ranges from 27 to 34 kb, which encodes for non-structural proteins, structural proteins and accessory proteins3. To limit the spread of the virus, guidelines related to preventive measures are published by the World Health Organization as well as the Indian government4,5 as no vaccines or drugs are currently available. Processes for the identification of suitable antiviral drugs and vaccines have been initiated. Vaccine peptides based on the B-cell and T-cell epitope-inactivated6 and attenuated virus vaccines7, subunit vaccine, DNA vaccines and mRNA vaccine8 are...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="67589400"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="67589400"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 67589400; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=67589400]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=67589400]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 67589400; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='67589400']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); 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</script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="67589399"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/67589399/Natural_Selection_Plays_an_Important_Role_in_Shaping_the_Codon_Usage_of_Structural_Genes_of_the_Viruses_Belonging_to_the_Coronaviridae_Family"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Natural Selection Plays an Important Role in Shaping the Codon Usage of Structural Genes of the Viruses Belonging to the Coronaviridae Family" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/78351401/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/67589399/Natural_Selection_Plays_an_Important_Role_in_Shaping_the_Codon_Usage_of_Structural_Genes_of_the_Viruses_Belonging_to_the_Coronaviridae_Family">Natural Selection Plays an Important Role in Shaping the Codon Usage of Structural Genes of the Viruses Belonging to the Coronaviridae Family</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Viruses</span><span>, 2020</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Viruses belonging to the Coronaviridae family have a single-stranded positive-sense RNA with a po...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Viruses belonging to the Coronaviridae family have a single-stranded positive-sense RNA with a poly-A tail. The genome has a length of ~29.9 kbps, which encodes for genes that are essential for cell survival and replication. Different evolutionary constraints constantly influence the codon usage bias (CUB) of different genes. A virus optimizes its codon usage to fit the host environment on which it savors. This study is a comprehensive analysis of the CUB for the different genes encoded by viruses of the Coronaviridae family. Different methods including relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU), an Effective number of codons (ENc), parity plot 2, and Neutrality plot, were adopted to analyze the factors responsible for the genetic evolution of the Coronaviridae family. Base composition and RSCU analyses demonstrated the presence of A-ended and U-ended codons being preferred in the 3rd codon position and are suggestive of mutational selection. The lesser ENc value for the spike ‘S’ gene ...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="131a2c049428c01edf225124796c5f21" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":78351401,"asset_id":67589399,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/78351401/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="67589399"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="67589399"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 67589399; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=67589399]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=67589399]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 67589399; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='67589399']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "131a2c049428c01edf225124796c5f21" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=67589399]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":67589399,"title":"Natural Selection Plays an Important Role in Shaping the Codon Usage of Structural Genes of the Viruses Belonging to the Coronaviridae Family","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/67589399/Natural_Selection_Plays_an_Important_Role_in_Shaping_the_Codon_Usage_of_Structural_Genes_of_the_Viruses_Belonging_to_the_Coronaviridae_Family","owner_id":16669659,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":16669659,"first_name":"rutuja","middle_initials":"","last_name":"kharde","page_name":"rutujakharde","domain_name":"mkuniversity","created_at":"2014-09-15T02:08:37.624-07:00","display_name":"rutuja kharde","url":"https://mkuniversity.academia.edu/rutujakharde"},"attachments":[{"id":78351401,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/78351401/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"pdf.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/78351401/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Natural_Selection_Plays_an_Important_Rol.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/78351401/pdf-libre.pdf?1641633931=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DNatural_Selection_Plays_an_Important_Rol.pdf\u0026Expires=1739808782\u0026Signature=WM4YbvJp4JDdnAn11lzquENBI~FmOLqIxbIvp2OIu761lCkHVI8-UK-OgbLetluhK70e4~JZCzmoMN1OWCZuPJfRzyFlYwjNTCOoaPXGKRoI~EGBGvQLapkx4Y-ZF5oQLmhHz3afQAmAWUhPnW6VEuGzeJM4QMaiauRlbapIkq3auNz4PuxaWT4HyixEC5ST584rNsTlFx8RlFbDG8KZaZiYZmYsQsgRShIHgX13UwHjzHFMevP21sZtLxjsk6tsbmuDWR4TX5qNXcuu8X2klt2qFL1i3TtSXdq0eX3XHVyYDv8b0pmNDCpvqJbKuHudRyNK2GnhzsOyGCiTfMClgA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="67589377"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/67589377/Detection_of_coronaviruses_in_Pteropus_Rousettus_species_of_bats_from_different_States_of_India"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Detection of coronaviruses in Pteropus Rousettus species of bats from different States of India" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/67589377/Detection_of_coronaviruses_in_Pteropus_Rousettus_species_of_bats_from_different_States_of_India">Detection of coronaviruses in Pteropus Rousettus species of bats from different States of India</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Indian Journal of Medical Research</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Background &amp; objectives: Bats are considered to be the natural reservoir for many viruses, of...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Background &amp; objectives: Bats are considered to be the natural reservoir for many viruses, of which some are potential human pathogens. In India, an association of Pteropus medius bats with the Nipah virus was reported in the past. It is suspected that the recently emerged severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) also has its association with bats. To assess the presence of CoVs in bats, we performed identification and characterization of bat CoV (BtCoV) in P. medius and Rousettus species from representative States in India, collected during 2018 and 2019. Methods: Representative rectal swab (RS) and throat swab specimens of Pteropus and Rousettus spp. bats were screened for CoVs using a pan-CoV reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) targeting the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) gene. A single-step RT-PCR was performed on the RNA extracted from the bat specimens. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) was performed on a few representative bat specimens that were tested positive. Phylogenetic analysis was carried out on the partial sequences of RdRp gene sequences retrieved from both the bat species and complete viral genomes recovered from Rousettus spp. Results: Bat samples from the seven States were screened, and the RS specimens of eight Rousettus spp. and 21 Pteropus spp. were found positive for CoV RdRp gene. Among these, by Sanger sequencing, partial RdRp sequences could be retrieved from three Rousettus and eight Pteropus bat specimens. Phylogenetic analysis of the partial RdRp region demonstrated distinct subclustering of the BtCoV sequences retrieved from these Rousettus and Pteropus spp. bats. NGS led to the recovery of four sequences covering approximately 94.3 per cent of the whole genome of the BtCoVs from Rousettus bats. Three BtCoV sequences had 93.69 per cent identity to CoV BtRt-BetaCoV/GX2018. The fourth BtCoV sequence was 96.8 per cent identical to BtCoV HKU9-1. Interpretation &amp; conclusions: This study was a step towards understanding the CoV circulation in Indian bats. Detection of potentially pathogenic CoVs in Indian bats stresses the need for enhanced screening for novel viruses in them. One Health approach with collaborative activities by the animal health and human health sectors in these surveillance activities shall be of use to public health. This would help in the development of diagnostic assays for novel viruses with outbreak potential and be useful in disease interventions. Proactive surveillance remains crucial for identifying the emerging novel viruses with epidemic potential and measures for risk mitigation.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="67589377"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="67589377"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 67589377; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=67589377]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=67589377]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 67589377; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='67589377']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=67589377]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":67589377,"title":"Detection of coronaviruses in Pteropus Rousettus species of bats from different States of India","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/67589377/Detection_of_coronaviruses_in_Pteropus_Rousettus_species_of_bats_from_different_States_of_India","owner_id":16669659,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":16669659,"first_name":"rutuja","middle_initials":"","last_name":"kharde","page_name":"rutujakharde","domain_name":"mkuniversity","created_at":"2014-09-15T02:08:37.624-07:00","display_name":"rutuja kharde","url":"https://mkuniversity.academia.edu/rutujakharde"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="37276617"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/37276617/Molecular_Diversity_among_the_Isolates_of_Xanthomonas_axonopodis_pv_citri_Causing_Bacterial_Canker_in_Citrus"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Molecular Diversity among the Isolates of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri Causing Bacterial Canker in Citrus" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/57231180/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/37276617/Molecular_Diversity_among_the_Isolates_of_Xanthomonas_axonopodis_pv_citri_Causing_Bacterial_Canker_in_Citrus">Molecular Diversity among the Isolates of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri Causing Bacterial Canker in Citrus</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://mkuniversity.academia.edu/rutujakharde">rutuja kharde</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://uasd-us.academia.edu/shivajilavale">shivaji lavale</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Citrus has an important value as fruit crop. Present day citrus is delectable, juicy, and seedles...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Citrus has an important value as fruit crop. Present day citrus is delectable, juicy, and seedless is of great nutritional significance as well, additionally, it possesses enormous therapeutic qualities. Citrus canker caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv.citri is a damaging disease of acid lime. The bacterium infects the twigs, petioles, fruit stalks and fruits, resulting in both qualitative and quantitative loss in acid lime. The isolations and identification were made from the symptomatic samples collected from different districts, viz. Ahmednagar (XacI), Pune (XacII), solapur (XacIII), Nashik (XacIV), Belgaum (XacV), and grouped as per agro-ecological zones. The growth characteristics of all the isolates were studied on nutrient agar medium.Through morphological, biochemical and pathogenicity test isolates were identified and confirmed as Xanthomonas axonopodis pv.citri.The variability was studied among the five isolates of Xac by using 14 RAPD and 08 ISSR primers.Level of polymorphism was 100%. The RAPD UPGMA analysis showed that the isolate Xac III (Solapur) was found to have higher value of similarity coefficient (0.4000) with Xac V (Balgaon) whereas Xac I (Ahmednagar) was found to have lower value of similarity coefficient (0.1304) with Xac II (Pune), and for the ISSR UPGMA analysis showed that the isolate Xac II (Pune) was found to have higher value of similarity coefficient (1.000) with Xac V (Balgaon) whereas Xac I (Ahmednagar) was found to have lower value of similarity coefficient (0.00) with Xac II (Pune).Efficacy of different combination of chemicals, oils against Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri was assessed in vitro by measuring the growth by paper disc method and turbidiometrically method. Maximum zone of inhibition was recorded in chemical treatments. i.e. bronopol ranges from 18-26 mm zone of inhibition. Among the oils clove oil (18mm) exhibited maximum zone of inhibition followed by Eucalyptus oil (14 mm) in 5µl concentration by paper disc diffusion method.The antibiotic sensitivity against Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri was tested using seven Hi-media hexa discs The causal pathogen Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri showed sensitivity to most of the antibiotic tested. Antibiotic Ofloxacin (OF) (5mg) showed maximum zone of inhibition (39mm), following Norfloxacin (NX) (10mg), Levofoxacin (LE) (5mg) showed zone of inhibition (35mm) (35mm) respectively. However, resistant of antibiotics i.e., Aztreonam (AT), Cefuroximeaxetil (CXM) observed against Xac.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="610919b19e7db9bf12ecdb86816a9083" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":57231180,"asset_id":37276617,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57231180/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="37276617"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="37276617"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 37276617; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> </div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane" data-section-id="8547884" id="papers"><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="74490867"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/74490867/Detection_of_coronaviruses_in_Pteropus_Rousettus_species_of_bats_from_different_States_of_India"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Detection of coronaviruses in Pteropus Rousettus species of bats from different States of India" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/82624974/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/74490867/Detection_of_coronaviruses_in_Pteropus_Rousettus_species_of_bats_from_different_States_of_India">Detection of coronaviruses in Pteropus Rousettus species of bats from different States of India</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Indian Journal of Medical Research</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Background & objectives: Bats are considered to be the natural reservoir for many viruses, of whi...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Background & objectives: Bats are considered to be the natural reservoir for many viruses, of which some are potential human pathogens. In India, an association of Pteropus medius bats with the Nipah virus was reported in the past. It is suspected that the recently emerged severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) also has its association with bats. To assess the presence of CoVs in bats, we performed identification and characterization of bat CoV (BtCoV) in P. medius and Rousettus species from representative States in India, collected during 2018 and 2019. Methods: Representative rectal swab (RS) and throat swab specimens of Pteropus and Rousettus spp. bats were screened for CoVs using a pan-CoV reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) targeting the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) gene. A single-step RT-PCR was performed on the RNA extracted from the bat specimens. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) was performed on a few representative bat specimens that were tested positive. Phylogenetic analysis was carried out on the partial sequences of RdRp gene sequences retrieved from both the bat species and complete viral genomes recovered from Rousettus spp. Results: Bat samples from the seven States were screened, and the RS specimens of eight Rousettus spp. and 21 Pteropus spp. were found positive for CoV RdRp gene. Among these, by Sanger sequencing, partial RdRp sequences could be retrieved from three Rousettus and eight Pteropus bat specimens. Phylogenetic analysis of the partial RdRp region demonstrated distinct subclustering of the BtCoV sequences retrieved from these Rousettus and Pteropus spp. bats. NGS led to the recovery of four sequences covering approximately 94.3 per cent of the whole genome of the BtCoVs from Rousettus bats. Three BtCoV sequences had 93.69 per cent identity to CoV BtRt-BetaCoV/GX2018. The fourth BtCoV sequence was 96.8 per cent identical to BtCoV HKU9-1. Interpretation & conclusions: This study was a step towards understanding the CoV circulation in Indian bats. Detection of potentially pathogenic CoVs in Indian bats stresses the need for enhanced screening for novel viruses in them. One Health approach with collaborative activities by the animal health and human health sectors in these surveillance activities shall be of use to public health. This would help in</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="cc163e1ec296d869d6e66e9387476937" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":82624974,"asset_id":74490867,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/82624974/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="74490867"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="74490867"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 74490867; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="74490853"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/74490853/Molecular_Diversity_among_the_Isolates_of_Xanthomonas_axonopodis_pv_citri_Causing_Bacterial_Canker_in_Citrus"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Molecular Diversity among the Isolates of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri Causing Bacterial Canker in Citrus" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/82624965/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/74490853/Molecular_Diversity_among_the_Isolates_of_Xanthomonas_axonopodis_pv_citri_Causing_Bacterial_Canker_in_Citrus">Molecular Diversity among the Isolates of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri Causing Bacterial Canker in Citrus</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="2363a4f9f043da120b12002d6e7d6c2f" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":82624965,"asset_id":74490853,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/82624965/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="74490853"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="74490853"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 74490853; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=74490853]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=74490853]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 74490853; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='74490853']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="67589400"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/67589400/Quasispecies_analysis_of_the_SARS_CoV_2_from_representative_clinical_samples_A_preliminary_analysis"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Quasispecies analysis of the SARS-CoV-2 from representative clinical samples: A preliminary analysis" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/67589400/Quasispecies_analysis_of_the_SARS_CoV_2_from_representative_clinical_samples_A_preliminary_analysis">Quasispecies analysis of the SARS-CoV-2 from representative clinical samples: A preliminary analysis</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>The Indian Journal of Medical Research</span><span>, 2020</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The current pandemic situation on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The current pandemic situation on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is expanding since its first report on December 2019. To date, 14,667,659 people are infected from SARS-CoV-2 all over the world, and India has reported on July 20, 2020, a total of 1,119,412 SARSCoV-2 cases1,2. SARS-CoV-2 is a single-stranded, positive-sense, poly-A-tailed RNA belonging to the family Coronaviridae. Its genome size ranges from 27 to 34 kb, which encodes for non-structural proteins, structural proteins and accessory proteins3. To limit the spread of the virus, guidelines related to preventive measures are published by the World Health Organization as well as the Indian government4,5 as no vaccines or drugs are currently available. Processes for the identification of suitable antiviral drugs and vaccines have been initiated. Vaccine peptides based on the B-cell and T-cell epitope-inactivated6 and attenuated virus vaccines7, subunit vaccine, DNA vaccines and mRNA vaccine8 are...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="67589400"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="67589400"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 67589400; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=67589400]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=67589400]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 67589400; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='67589400']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); 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</script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="67589399"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/67589399/Natural_Selection_Plays_an_Important_Role_in_Shaping_the_Codon_Usage_of_Structural_Genes_of_the_Viruses_Belonging_to_the_Coronaviridae_Family"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Natural Selection Plays an Important Role in Shaping the Codon Usage of Structural Genes of the Viruses Belonging to the Coronaviridae Family" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/78351401/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/67589399/Natural_Selection_Plays_an_Important_Role_in_Shaping_the_Codon_Usage_of_Structural_Genes_of_the_Viruses_Belonging_to_the_Coronaviridae_Family">Natural Selection Plays an Important Role in Shaping the Codon Usage of Structural Genes of the Viruses Belonging to the Coronaviridae Family</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Viruses</span><span>, 2020</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Viruses belonging to the Coronaviridae family have a single-stranded positive-sense RNA with a po...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Viruses belonging to the Coronaviridae family have a single-stranded positive-sense RNA with a poly-A tail. The genome has a length of ~29.9 kbps, which encodes for genes that are essential for cell survival and replication. Different evolutionary constraints constantly influence the codon usage bias (CUB) of different genes. A virus optimizes its codon usage to fit the host environment on which it savors. This study is a comprehensive analysis of the CUB for the different genes encoded by viruses of the Coronaviridae family. Different methods including relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU), an Effective number of codons (ENc), parity plot 2, and Neutrality plot, were adopted to analyze the factors responsible for the genetic evolution of the Coronaviridae family. Base composition and RSCU analyses demonstrated the presence of A-ended and U-ended codons being preferred in the 3rd codon position and are suggestive of mutational selection. The lesser ENc value for the spike ‘S’ gene ...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="131a2c049428c01edf225124796c5f21" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":78351401,"asset_id":67589399,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/78351401/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="67589399"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="67589399"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 67589399; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=67589399]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=67589399]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 67589399; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='67589399']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "131a2c049428c01edf225124796c5f21" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=67589399]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":67589399,"title":"Natural Selection Plays an Important Role in Shaping the Codon Usage of Structural Genes of the Viruses Belonging to the Coronaviridae Family","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/67589399/Natural_Selection_Plays_an_Important_Role_in_Shaping_the_Codon_Usage_of_Structural_Genes_of_the_Viruses_Belonging_to_the_Coronaviridae_Family","owner_id":16669659,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":16669659,"first_name":"rutuja","middle_initials":"","last_name":"kharde","page_name":"rutujakharde","domain_name":"mkuniversity","created_at":"2014-09-15T02:08:37.624-07:00","display_name":"rutuja kharde","url":"https://mkuniversity.academia.edu/rutujakharde"},"attachments":[{"id":78351401,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/78351401/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"pdf.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/78351401/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Natural_Selection_Plays_an_Important_Rol.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/78351401/pdf-libre.pdf?1641633931=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DNatural_Selection_Plays_an_Important_Rol.pdf\u0026Expires=1739808782\u0026Signature=WM4YbvJp4JDdnAn11lzquENBI~FmOLqIxbIvp2OIu761lCkHVI8-UK-OgbLetluhK70e4~JZCzmoMN1OWCZuPJfRzyFlYwjNTCOoaPXGKRoI~EGBGvQLapkx4Y-ZF5oQLmhHz3afQAmAWUhPnW6VEuGzeJM4QMaiauRlbapIkq3auNz4PuxaWT4HyixEC5ST584rNsTlFx8RlFbDG8KZaZiYZmYsQsgRShIHgX13UwHjzHFMevP21sZtLxjsk6tsbmuDWR4TX5qNXcuu8X2klt2qFL1i3TtSXdq0eX3XHVyYDv8b0pmNDCpvqJbKuHudRyNK2GnhzsOyGCiTfMClgA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="67589377"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/67589377/Detection_of_coronaviruses_in_Pteropus_Rousettus_species_of_bats_from_different_States_of_India"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Detection of coronaviruses in Pteropus Rousettus species of bats from different States of India" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/67589377/Detection_of_coronaviruses_in_Pteropus_Rousettus_species_of_bats_from_different_States_of_India">Detection of coronaviruses in Pteropus Rousettus species of bats from different States of India</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Indian Journal of Medical Research</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Background &amp; objectives: Bats are considered to be the natural reservoir for many viruses, of...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Background &amp; objectives: Bats are considered to be the natural reservoir for many viruses, of which some are potential human pathogens. In India, an association of Pteropus medius bats with the Nipah virus was reported in the past. It is suspected that the recently emerged severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) also has its association with bats. To assess the presence of CoVs in bats, we performed identification and characterization of bat CoV (BtCoV) in P. medius and Rousettus species from representative States in India, collected during 2018 and 2019. Methods: Representative rectal swab (RS) and throat swab specimens of Pteropus and Rousettus spp. bats were screened for CoVs using a pan-CoV reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) targeting the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) gene. A single-step RT-PCR was performed on the RNA extracted from the bat specimens. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) was performed on a few representative bat specimens that were tested positive. Phylogenetic analysis was carried out on the partial sequences of RdRp gene sequences retrieved from both the bat species and complete viral genomes recovered from Rousettus spp. Results: Bat samples from the seven States were screened, and the RS specimens of eight Rousettus spp. and 21 Pteropus spp. were found positive for CoV RdRp gene. Among these, by Sanger sequencing, partial RdRp sequences could be retrieved from three Rousettus and eight Pteropus bat specimens. Phylogenetic analysis of the partial RdRp region demonstrated distinct subclustering of the BtCoV sequences retrieved from these Rousettus and Pteropus spp. bats. NGS led to the recovery of four sequences covering approximately 94.3 per cent of the whole genome of the BtCoVs from Rousettus bats. Three BtCoV sequences had 93.69 per cent identity to CoV BtRt-BetaCoV/GX2018. The fourth BtCoV sequence was 96.8 per cent identical to BtCoV HKU9-1. Interpretation &amp; conclusions: This study was a step towards understanding the CoV circulation in Indian bats. Detection of potentially pathogenic CoVs in Indian bats stresses the need for enhanced screening for novel viruses in them. One Health approach with collaborative activities by the animal health and human health sectors in these surveillance activities shall be of use to public health. This would help in the development of diagnostic assays for novel viruses with outbreak potential and be useful in disease interventions. Proactive surveillance remains crucial for identifying the emerging novel viruses with epidemic potential and measures for risk mitigation.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="67589377"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="67589377"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 67589377; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=67589377]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=67589377]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 67589377; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='67589377']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=67589377]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":67589377,"title":"Detection of coronaviruses in Pteropus Rousettus species of bats from different States of India","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/67589377/Detection_of_coronaviruses_in_Pteropus_Rousettus_species_of_bats_from_different_States_of_India","owner_id":16669659,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":16669659,"first_name":"rutuja","middle_initials":"","last_name":"kharde","page_name":"rutujakharde","domain_name":"mkuniversity","created_at":"2014-09-15T02:08:37.624-07:00","display_name":"rutuja kharde","url":"https://mkuniversity.academia.edu/rutujakharde"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="37276617"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/37276617/Molecular_Diversity_among_the_Isolates_of_Xanthomonas_axonopodis_pv_citri_Causing_Bacterial_Canker_in_Citrus"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Molecular Diversity among the Isolates of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri Causing Bacterial Canker in Citrus" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/57231180/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/37276617/Molecular_Diversity_among_the_Isolates_of_Xanthomonas_axonopodis_pv_citri_Causing_Bacterial_Canker_in_Citrus">Molecular Diversity among the Isolates of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri Causing Bacterial Canker in Citrus</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://mkuniversity.academia.edu/rutujakharde">rutuja kharde</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://uasd-us.academia.edu/shivajilavale">shivaji lavale</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Citrus has an important value as fruit crop. Present day citrus is delectable, juicy, and seedles...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Citrus has an important value as fruit crop. Present day citrus is delectable, juicy, and seedless is of great nutritional significance as well, additionally, it possesses enormous therapeutic qualities. Citrus canker caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv.citri is a damaging disease of acid lime. The bacterium infects the twigs, petioles, fruit stalks and fruits, resulting in both qualitative and quantitative loss in acid lime. The isolations and identification were made from the symptomatic samples collected from different districts, viz. Ahmednagar (XacI), Pune (XacII), solapur (XacIII), Nashik (XacIV), Belgaum (XacV), and grouped as per agro-ecological zones. The growth characteristics of all the isolates were studied on nutrient agar medium.Through morphological, biochemical and pathogenicity test isolates were identified and confirmed as Xanthomonas axonopodis pv.citri.The variability was studied among the five isolates of Xac by using 14 RAPD and 08 ISSR primers.Level of polymorphism was 100%. The RAPD UPGMA analysis showed that the isolate Xac III (Solapur) was found to have higher value of similarity coefficient (0.4000) with Xac V (Balgaon) whereas Xac I (Ahmednagar) was found to have lower value of similarity coefficient (0.1304) with Xac II (Pune), and for the ISSR UPGMA analysis showed that the isolate Xac II (Pune) was found to have higher value of similarity coefficient (1.000) with Xac V (Balgaon) whereas Xac I (Ahmednagar) was found to have lower value of similarity coefficient (0.00) with Xac II (Pune).Efficacy of different combination of chemicals, oils against Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri was assessed in vitro by measuring the growth by paper disc method and turbidiometrically method. Maximum zone of inhibition was recorded in chemical treatments. i.e. bronopol ranges from 18-26 mm zone of inhibition. Among the oils clove oil (18mm) exhibited maximum zone of inhibition followed by Eucalyptus oil (14 mm) in 5µl concentration by paper disc diffusion method.The antibiotic sensitivity against Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri was tested using seven Hi-media hexa discs The causal pathogen Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri showed sensitivity to most of the antibiotic tested. Antibiotic Ofloxacin (OF) (5mg) showed maximum zone of inhibition (39mm), following Norfloxacin (NX) (10mg), Levofoxacin (LE) (5mg) showed zone of inhibition (35mm) (35mm) respectively. However, resistant of antibiotics i.e., Aztreonam (AT), Cefuroximeaxetil (CXM) observed against Xac.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="610919b19e7db9bf12ecdb86816a9083" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":57231180,"asset_id":37276617,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57231180/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="37276617"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="37276617"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 37276617; 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