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1-.355-.508h-.016.016Zm.641-2.935c.136 1.057.403 1.913.878 2.497.442.544 1.134.938 2.344.938 1.573 0 2.292-.337 2.657-.751.384-.435.558-1.15.558-2.361 0-1.14-.243-1.847-.705-2.319-.477-.488-1.319-.862-2.824-1.025-1.487-.161-2.192.138-2.533.529-.269.307-.437.808-.438 1.578v.021c0 .265.021.562.063.893Zm-1.626 0c.042-.331.063-.628.063-.894v-.02c-.001-.77-.169-1.271-.438-1.578-.341-.391-1.046-.69-2.533-.529-1.505.163-2.347.537-2.824 1.025-.462.472-.705 1.179-.705 2.319 0 1.211.175 1.926.558 2.361.365.414 1.084.751 2.657.751 1.21 0 1.902-.394 2.344-.938.475-.584.742-1.44.878-2.497Z"></path><path d="M14.5 14.25a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v2a1 1 0 0 1-2 0v-2a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Zm-5 0a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v2a1 1 0 0 1-2 0v-2a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z"></path> </svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">GitHub Copilot</div> Write better code with AI </div> </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary d-flex flex-items-center Link--has-description pb-lg-3" 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1.75h-9.69l-3.573 3.573A1.458 1.458 0 0 1 5 21.043V18.5H3.25a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.75-1.75ZM3.25 4a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v3.19l3.72-3.72a.749.749 0 0 1 .53-.22h10a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V4.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path> </svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Code Review</div> Manage code changes </div> </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary d-flex flex-items-center Link--has-description pb-lg-3" data-analytics-event="{"location":"navbar","action":"discussions","context":"product","tag":"link","label":"discussions_link_product_navbar"}" href="https://github.com/features/discussions"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-comment-discussion color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M1.75 1h12.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v9.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 14H8.061l-2.574 2.573A1.458 1.458 0 0 1 3 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12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path> </svg> </a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="HeaderMenu-item position-relative flex-wrap flex-justify-between flex-items-center d-block d-lg-flex flex-lg-nowrap flex-lg-items-center js-details-container js-header-menu-item"> <button type="button" class="HeaderMenu-link border-0 width-full width-lg-auto px-0 px-lg-2 py-lg-2 no-wrap d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-between js-details-target" aria-expanded="false"> Solutions <svg opacity="0.5" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-chevron-down HeaderMenu-icon ml-1"> <path d="M12.78 5.22a.749.749 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.06 0L3.22 6.28a.749.749 0 1 1 1.06-1.06L8 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Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{"location":"navbar","action":"view_all_industries","context":"solutions","tag":"link","label":"view_all_industries_link_solutions_navbar"}" href="/solutions/industry"> View all industries </a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="HeaderMenu-trailing-link rounded-bottom-2 flex-shrink-0 mt-lg-4 px-lg-4 py-4 py-lg-3 f5 text-semibold"> <a href="/solutions"> View all solutions <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-chevron-right HeaderMenu-trailing-link-icon"> <path d="M6.22 3.22a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0l4.25 4.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L9.94 8 6.22 4.28a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path> </svg> </a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="HeaderMenu-item position-relative flex-wrap flex-justify-between flex-items-center d-block d-lg-flex flex-lg-nowrap flex-lg-items-center js-details-container js-header-menu-item"> <button type="button" class="HeaderMenu-link border-0 width-full width-lg-auto px-0 px-lg-2 py-lg-2 no-wrap d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-between js-details-target" aria-expanded="false"> Resources <svg opacity="0.5" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-chevron-down HeaderMenu-icon ml-1"> <path d="M12.78 5.22a.749.749 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.06 0L3.22 6.28a.749.749 0 1 1 1.06-1.06L8 8.939l3.72-3.719a.749.749 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path> </svg> </button> <div class="HeaderMenu-dropdown dropdown-menu rounded m-0 p-0 pt-2 pt-lg-4 position-relative position-lg-absolute left-0 left-lg-n3 pb-2 pb-lg-4 d-lg-flex flex-wrap dropdown-menu-wide"> <div class="HeaderMenu-column px-lg-4 border-lg-right mb-4 mb-lg-0 pr-lg-7"> <div class="border-bottom pb-3 pb-lg-0 border-lg-bottom-0"> <span class="d-block h4 color-fg-default my-1" id="resources-topics-heading">Topics</span> <ul 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data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-link-external HeaderMenu-external-icon color-fg-subtle"> <path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path> </svg> </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{"location":"navbar","action":"executive_insights","context":"resources","tag":"link","label":"executive_insights_link_resources_navbar"}" href="https://github.com/solutions/executive-insights"> Executive Insights </a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="HeaderMenu-item position-relative flex-wrap flex-justify-between flex-items-center d-block d-lg-flex flex-lg-nowrap flex-lg-items-center js-details-container js-header-menu-item"> <button type="button" class="HeaderMenu-link border-0 width-full width-lg-auto px-0 px-lg-2 py-lg-2 no-wrap d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-between js-details-target" aria-expanded="false"> Open Source <svg opacity="0.5" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-chevron-down HeaderMenu-icon ml-1"> <path d="M12.78 5.22a.749.749 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.06 0L3.22 6.28a.749.749 0 1 1 1.06-1.06L8 8.939l3.72-3.719a.749.749 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path> </svg> </button> <div class="HeaderMenu-dropdown dropdown-menu rounded m-0 p-0 pt-2 pt-lg-4 position-relative position-lg-absolute left-0 left-lg-n3 pb-2 pb-lg-4 px-lg-4"> <div class="HeaderMenu-column"> <div class="border-bottom pb-3 pb-lg-0 pb-lg-3 mb-3 mb-lg-0 mb-lg-3"> <ul class="list-style-none f5" > <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary d-flex flex-items-center Link--has-description" data-analytics-event="{"location":"navbar","action":"github_sponsors","context":"open_source","tag":"link","label":"github_sponsors_link_open_source_navbar"}" href="/sponsors"> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">GitHub Sponsors</div> Fund open source developers </div> </a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="border-bottom pb-3 pb-lg-0 pb-lg-3 mb-3 mb-lg-0 mb-lg-3"> <ul class="list-style-none f5" > <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary d-flex flex-items-center Link--has-description" data-analytics-event="{"location":"navbar","action":"the_readme_project","context":"open_source","tag":"link","label":"the_readme_project_link_open_source_navbar"}" href="https://github.com/readme"> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">The ReadME Project</div> GitHub community articles </div> </a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="border-bottom pb-3 pb-lg-0 border-bottom-0"> <span class="d-block h4 color-fg-default my-1" id="open-source-repositories-heading">Repositories</span> <ul class="list-style-none f5" aria-labelledby="open-source-repositories-heading"> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{"location":"navbar","action":"topics","context":"open_source","tag":"link","label":"topics_link_open_source_navbar"}" href="https://github.com/topics"> Topics </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{"location":"navbar","action":"trending","context":"open_source","tag":"link","label":"trending_link_open_source_navbar"}" href="https://github.com/trending"> Trending </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" 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</div> </modal-dialog></div> </div> <div data-action="click:qbsearch-input#retract" class="dark-backdrop position-fixed" hidden data-target="qbsearch-input.darkBackdrop"></div> <div class="color-fg-default"> <dialog-helper> <dialog data-target="qbsearch-input.feedbackDialog" data-action="close:qbsearch-input#handleDialogClose cancel:qbsearch-input#handleDialogClose" id="feedback-dialog" aria-modal="true" aria-labelledby="feedback-dialog-title" aria-describedby="feedback-dialog-description" data-view-component="true" class="Overlay Overlay-whenNarrow Overlay--size-medium Overlay--motion-scaleFade Overlay--disableScroll"> <div data-view-component="true" class="Overlay-header"> <div class="Overlay-headerContentWrap"> <div class="Overlay-titleWrap"> <h1 class="Overlay-title " id="feedback-dialog-title"> Provide feedback </h1> </div> <div class="Overlay-actionWrap"> <button data-close-dialog-id="feedback-dialog" aria-label="Close" type="button" data-view-component="true" class="close-button 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seriously.</p> <textarea name="feedback" class="form-control width-full mb-2" style="height: 120px" id="feedback"></textarea> <input name="include_email" id="include_email" aria-label="Include my email address so I can be contacted" class="form-control mr-2" type="checkbox"> <label for="include_email" style="font-weight: normal">Include my email address so I can be contacted</label> </form></div> </scrollable-region> <div data-view-component="true" class="Overlay-footer Overlay-footer--alignEnd"> <button data-close-dialog-id="feedback-dialog" type="button" data-view-component="true" class="btn"> Cancel </button> <button form="code-search-feedback-form" data-action="click:qbsearch-input#submitFeedback" type="submit" data-view-component="true" class="btn-primary btn"> Submit feedback </button> </div> </dialog></dialog-helper> <custom-scopes data-target="qbsearch-input.customScopesManager"> <dialog-helper> <dialog data-target="custom-scopes.customScopesModalDialog" 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href=\"/belozierov/SwiftCoroutine/blob/master/Sources/logo.png\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"/belozierov/SwiftCoroutine/raw/master/Sources/logo.png\" alt=\"Swift Coroutine\" style=\"max-width: 100%;\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https://github.com/belozierov/SwiftCoroutine/workflows/macOS/badge.svg?branch=master\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://github.com/belozierov/SwiftCoroutine/workflows/macOS/badge.svg?branch=master\" alt=\"macOS\" style=\"max-width: 100%;\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https://github.com/belozierov/SwiftCoroutine/workflows/Ubuntu/badge.svg?branch=master\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://github.com/belozierov/SwiftCoroutine/workflows/Ubuntu/badge.svg?branch=master\" alt=\"Ubuntu\" style=\"max-width: 100%;\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"https://codecov.io/gh/belozierov/SwiftCoroutine\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://camo.githubusercontent.com/d1c720c72d7c055a1b9ee100e6fe92970761823b121349dae2b08002de1f405c/68747470733a2f2f636f6465636f762e696f2f67682f62656c6f7a6965726f762f5377696674436f726f7574696e652f6272616e63682f6d61737465722f67726170682f62616467652e737667\" alt=\"codecov\" data-canonical-src=\"https://codecov.io/gh/belozierov/SwiftCoroutine/branch/master/graph/badge.svg\" style=\"max-width: 100%;\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"https://codebeat.co/projects/github-com-belozierov-swiftcoroutine-master\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://camo.githubusercontent.com/b290ea24fd60413583b29423a7ea3bba0ba115db8abb990de3c11723bdada933/68747470733a2f2f636f6465626561742e636f2f6261646765732f37343864363461352d656662632d343336662d396161362d326138343333646531386161\" alt=\"codebeat badge\" data-canonical-src=\"https://codebeat.co/badges/748d64a5-efbc-436f-9aa6-2a8433de18aa\" style=\"max-width: 100%;\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eMany languages, such as Kotlin, Go, JavaScript, Python, Rust, C#, C++ and others, already have \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coroutine\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ecoroutines\u003c/a\u003e support that makes the \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Async/await\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003easync/await\u003c/a\u003e pattern implementation possible. This feature is not yet supported in Swift, but this can be improved by a framework without the need to change the language.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch4 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eMain features\u003c/h4\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-main-features\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Main features\" href=\"#main-features\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIt is the first implementation of \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coroutine\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ecoroutines\u003c/a\u003e for Swift with iOS, macOS and Linux support.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIt includes \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futures_and_promises\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003efutures\u003c/a\u003e and \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_(programming)\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003echannels\u003c/a\u003e that supplement coroutines for more flexibility.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIt is completely \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-blocking_algorithm\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003elock-free\u003c/a\u003e and uses only \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compare-and-swap\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eatomic\u003c/a\u003e primitives for synchronizations.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eMotivation\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-motivation\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Motivation\" href=\"#motivation\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAsynchronous programming is usually associated with callbacks. It is quite convenient until there are too many of them and they start nesting. Then it's called a \u003cstrong\u003epyramid of doom\u003c/strong\u003e or even \u003cstrong\u003ecallback hell\u003c/strong\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAnother problem of asynchronous programming is \u003cstrong\u003eerror handling\u003c/strong\u003e, because Swift's natural error handling mechanism cannot be used.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch4 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eWhat about Rx and other such frameworks?\u003c/h4\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-what-about-rx-and-other-such-frameworks\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: What about Rx and other such frameworks?\" href=\"#what-about-rx-and-other-such-frameworks\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThere are many other frameworks that make it easy to use asynchronous code, such as Combine, RxSwift, PromiseKit and so on. They use other approaches that have some drawbacks:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSimilar to callbacks, you also need to create chained calls, that’s why you can’t normally use loops, exception handling, etc.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eUsually you need to learn a complex new API with hundreds of methods.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eInstead of working with the actual data, you need to operate with some wrappers all the time.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChaining of errors can be really complicated to handle.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eAsync/await\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-asyncawait\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Async/await\" href=\"#asyncawait\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Async/await\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003easync/await\u003c/a\u003e pattern is an alternative that allows an asynchronous, non-blocking function to be structured in a way similar to an ordinary synchronous function.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIt is already well-established in other programming languages and is an evolution in asynchronous programming. The implementation of this pattern is possible thanks to coroutines.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eLet’s have a look at the example with coroutine inside of which \u003ccode\u003eawait()\u003c/code\u003e suspends it and resumes when the result is available without blocking the thread.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-swift notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"//executes coroutine on the main thread\nDispatchQueue.main.startCoroutine {\n \n //extension that returns CoFuture\u0026lt;(data: Data, response: URLResponse)\u0026gt;\n let dataFuture = URLSession.shared.dataTaskFuture(for: imageURL)\n \n //await CoFuture result that suspends coroutine and doesn't block the thread\n let data: Data = try dataFuture.await().data\n\n //create UIImage from the data\n guard let image = UIImage(data: data) else { return }\n \n //execute heavy task on global queue and await the result without blocking the thread\n let thumbnail: UIImage = try DispatchQueue.global().await { image.makeThumbnail() }\n\n //set image in UIImageView on the main thread\n self.imageView.image = thumbnail\n \n}\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e//executes coroutine on the main thread\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003eDispatchQueue\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003emain\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003estartCoroutine\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e\n \n //extension that returns CoFuture\u0026lt;(data: Data, response: URLResponse)\u0026gt;\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003elet\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003edataFuture\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003eURLSession\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003eshared\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003edataTaskFuture\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003efor\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e imageURL\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\n \n //await CoFuture result that suspends coroutine and doesn't block the thread\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003elet\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003edata\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003eData\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003etry\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e dataFuture\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eawait\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003edata\n\n //create UIImage from the data\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eguard\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003elet\u003c/span\u003e image \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eUIImage\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003edata\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e data\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eelse\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003ereturn\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\n \n //execute heavy task on global queue and await the result without blocking the thread\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003elet\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003ethumbnail\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003eUIImage\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003etry\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003eDispatchQueue\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eglobal\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eawait\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e image\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003emakeThumbnail\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\n\n //set image in UIImageView on the main thread\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003eself\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003eimageView\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003eimage \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e thumbnail\n \n\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eDocumentation\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-documentation\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Documentation\" href=\"#documentation\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://belozierov.github.io/SwiftCoroutine\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eAPI documentation\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eRequirements\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-requirements\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Requirements\" href=\"#requirements\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSupport only 64-bit architectures\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eiOS 10+ / macOS 10.12+ / Ubuntu\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eXcode 10.4+\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSwift 5.2+\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eInstallation\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-installation\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Installation\" href=\"#installation\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIt's available through the \u003ca href=\"https://swift.org/package-manager\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eSwift Package Manager\u003c/a\u003e for iOS, macOS and Linux.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIt's available through \u003ca href=\"https://cocoapods.org/pods/swiftcoroutine\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eCocoaPods\u003c/a\u003e for iOS and macOS.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eWorking with SwiftCoroutine\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-working-with-swiftcoroutine\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Working with SwiftCoroutine\" href=\"#working-with-swiftcoroutine\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eCoroutines\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-coroutines\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Coroutines\" href=\"#coroutines\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eA \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coroutine\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ecoroutine\u003c/a\u003e is a computation that can be suspended and resumed at a later time without blocking a thread. Coroutines build upon regular functions and can be executed on any scheduler with a possibility to switch among them during execution.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch4 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eKey benefits\u003c/h4\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-key-benefits\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Key benefits\" href=\"#key-benefits\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSuspend instead of block\u003c/strong\u003e. The main advantage of coroutines is the ability to suspend their execution at some point without blocking a thread and resuming later on.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFast context switching\u003c/strong\u003e. Switching between coroutines is much faster than switching between threads as it does not require the involvement of operating system.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAsynchronous code in synchronous manner\u003c/strong\u003e. The use of coroutines allows an asynchronous, non-blocking function to be structured in a manner similar to an ordinary synchronous function. And even though coroutines can run in multiple threads, your code will still look consistent and therefore easy to understand.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch4 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eUsage\u003c/h4\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-usage\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Usage\" href=\"#usage\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe coroutines API design is as minimalistic as possible. It consists of the \u003ccode\u003eCoroutineScheduler\u003c/code\u003e protocol that describes how to schedule coroutines (\u003ccode\u003eDispatchQueue\u003c/code\u003e already conforms it), and the \u003ccode\u003eCoroutine\u003c/code\u003e structure with utility methods. This API is enough to do amazing things.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe following example shows the usage of \u003ccode\u003eawait()\u003c/code\u003e inside a coroutine to wrap asynchronous calls.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-swift notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"//execute coroutine on the main thread\nDispatchQueue.main.startCoroutine {\n \n //await URLSessionDataTask response without blocking the thread\n let (data, response, error) = try Coroutine.await { callback in\n URLSession.shared.dataTask(with: url, completionHandler: callback).resume()\n }\n \n . . . use response on the main thread . . . \n}\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e//execute coroutine on the main thread\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003eDispatchQueue\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003emain\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003estartCoroutine\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e\n \n //await URLSessionDataTask response without blocking the thread\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003elet\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003edata\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e response\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e error\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003etry\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003eCoroutine\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eawait\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e callback \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003ein\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003eURLSession\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003eshared\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003edataTask\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003ewith\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e url\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e completionHandler\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e callback\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eresume\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\n \n \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e use response on the main thread \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e \n\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eHere's how we can conform \u003ccode\u003eNSManagedObjectContext\u003c/code\u003e to \u003ccode\u003eCoroutineScheduler\u003c/code\u003e for launching coroutines on it.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-swift notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"extension NSManagedObjectContext: CoroutineScheduler {\n\n func scheduleTask(_ task: @escaping () -\u0026gt; Void) {\n perform(task)\n }\n \n}\n\n//execute coroutine on the main thread\nDispatchQueue.main.startCoroutine {\n let context: NSManagedObjectContext //context with privateQueueConcurrencyType\n let request: NSFetchRequest\u0026lt;NSDictionary\u0026gt; //some complex request\n\n //execute request on the context without blocking the main thread\n let result: [NSDictionary] = try context.await { try context.fetch(request) }\n}\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eextension\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003eNSManagedObjectContext\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003eCoroutineScheduler\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e\n\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003efunc\u003c/span\u003e scheduleTask\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e_ task\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003e@escaping\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e-\u0026gt;\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003eVoid\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eperform\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003etask\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\n \n\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\n\n//execute coroutine on the main thread\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003eDispatchQueue\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003emain\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003estartCoroutine\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003elet\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003econtext\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003eNSManagedObjectContext\u003c/span\u003e //context with privateQueueConcurrencyType\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003elet\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003erequest\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003eNSFetchRequest\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e\u0026lt;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003eNSDictionary\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e\u0026gt;\u003c/span\u003e //some complex request\n\n //execute request on the context without blocking the main thread\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003elet\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eresult\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e[\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003eNSDictionary\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e]\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003etry\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e context\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eawait\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003etry\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e context\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003efetch\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003erequest\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eFutures and Promises\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-futures-and-promises\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Futures and Promises\" href=\"#futures-and-promises\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eA future is a read-only holder for a result that will be provided later and the promise is the provider of this result. They represent the eventual completion or failure of an asynchronous operation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futures_and_promises\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003efutures and promises\u003c/a\u003e approach itself has become an industry standart. It is a convenient mechanism to synchronize asynchronous code. But together with coroutines, it takes the usage of asynchronous code to the next level and has become a part of the async/await pattern. If coroutines are a skeleton, then futures and promises are its muscles.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch4 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eMain features\u003c/h4\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-main-features-1\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Main features\" href=\"#main-features-1\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePerformance\u003c/strong\u003e. It is much faster than most of other futures and promises implementations.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAwaitable\u003c/strong\u003e. You can await the result inside the coroutine.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCancellable\u003c/strong\u003e. You can cancel the whole chain as well as handle it and complete the related actions.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch4 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eUsage\u003c/h4\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-usage-1\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Usage\" href=\"#usage-1\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eFutures and promises are represented by the corresponding \u003ccode\u003eCoFuture\u003c/code\u003e class and its \u003ccode\u003eCoPromise\u003c/code\u003e subclass.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-swift notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"//wraps some async func with CoFuture\nfunc makeIntFuture() -\u0026gt; CoFuture\u0026lt;Int\u0026gt; {\n let promise = CoPromise\u0026lt;Int\u0026gt;()\n someAsyncFunc { int in\n promise.success(int)\n }\n return promise\n}\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e//wraps some async func with CoFuture\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003efunc\u003c/span\u003e makeIntFuture\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e-\u0026gt;\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003eCoFuture\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e\u0026lt;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003eInt\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e\u0026gt;\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003elet\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003epromise\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003eCoPromise\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e\u0026lt;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003eInt\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e\u0026gt;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003esomeAsyncFunc\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e int \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003ein\u003c/span\u003e\n promise\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003esuccess\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003eint\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003ereturn\u003c/span\u003e promise\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIt allows to start multiple tasks in parallel and synchronize them later with \u003ccode\u003eawait()\u003c/code\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-swift notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"//create CoFuture\u0026lt;Int\u0026gt; that takes 2 sec. from the example above \nlet future1: CoFuture\u0026lt;Int\u0026gt; = makeIntFuture()\n\n//execute coroutine on the global queue and returns CoFuture\u0026lt;Int\u0026gt; with future result\nlet future2: CoFuture\u0026lt;Int\u0026gt; = DispatchQueue.global().coroutineFuture {\n try Coroutine.delay(.seconds(3)) //some work that takes 3 sec.\n return 6\n}\n\n//execute coroutine on the main thread\nDispatchQueue.main.startCoroutine {\n let sum: Int = try future1.await() + future2.await() //will await for 3 sec.\n self.label.text = \u0026quot;Sum is \\(sum)\u0026quot;\n}\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e//create CoFuture\u0026lt;Int\u0026gt; that takes 2 sec. from the example above \n\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003elet\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003efuture1\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003eCoFuture\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e\u0026lt;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003eInt\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e\u0026gt;\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003emakeIntFuture\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\n\n//execute coroutine on the global queue and returns CoFuture\u0026lt;Int\u0026gt; with future result\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003elet\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003efuture2\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003eCoFuture\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e\u0026lt;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003eInt\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e\u0026gt;\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003eDispatchQueue\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eglobal\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003ecoroutineFuture\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003etry\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003eCoroutine\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003edelay\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003eseconds\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e //some work that takes 3 sec.\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003ereturn\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\n\n//execute coroutine on the main thread\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003eDispatchQueue\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003emain\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003estartCoroutine\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003elet\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003esum\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003eInt\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003etry\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e future1\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eawait\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e+\u003c/span\u003e future2\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eawait\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e //will await for 3 sec.\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003eself\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003elabel\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003etext \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003eSum is \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e\\(\u003c/span\u003esum\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIt's very easy to transform or compose \u003ccode\u003eCoFuture\u003c/code\u003es into a new one.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-swift notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"let array: [CoFuture\u0026lt;Int\u0026gt;]\n\n//create new CoFuture\u0026lt;Int\u0026gt; with sum of future results\nlet sum = CoFuture { try array.reduce(0) { try $0 + $1.await() } }\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003elet\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003earray\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e[\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003eCoFuture\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e\u0026lt;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003eInt\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e\u0026gt;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e]\u003c/span\u003e\n\n//create new CoFuture\u0026lt;Int\u0026gt; with sum of future results\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003elet\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003esum\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eCoFuture\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003etry\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e array\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003ereduce\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003etry\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e $0 \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e+\u003c/span\u003e $1\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eawait\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eChannels\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-channels\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Channels\" href=\"#channels\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eFutures and promises provide a convenient way to transfer a single value between coroutines. \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_(programming)\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eChannels\u003c/a\u003e provide a way to transfer a stream of values. Conceptually, a channel is similar to a queue that allows to suspend a coroutine on receive if it is empty, or on send if it is full.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThis non-blocking primitive is widely used in such languages as Go and Kotlin, and it is another instrument that improves working with coroutines.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch4 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eUsage\u003c/h4\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-usage-2\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Usage\" href=\"#usage-2\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eTo create channels, use the \u003ccode\u003eCoChannel\u003c/code\u003e class.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-swift notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"//create a channel with a buffer which can store only one element\nlet channel = CoChannel\u0026lt;Int\u0026gt;(capacity: 1)\n\nDispatchQueue.global().startCoroutine {\n for i in 0..\u0026lt;100 {\n //imitate some work\n try Coroutine.delay(.seconds(1))\n //sends a value to the channel and suspends coroutine if its buffer is full\n try channel.awaitSend(i)\n }\n \n //close channel when all values are sent\n channel.close()\n}\n\nDispatchQueue.global().startCoroutine {\n //receives values until closed and suspends a coroutine if it's empty\n for i in channel.makeIterator() {\n print(\u0026quot;Receive\u0026quot;, i)\n }\n \n print(\u0026quot;Done\u0026quot;)\n}\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e//create a channel with a buffer which can store only one element\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003elet\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003echannel\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003eCoChannel\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e\u0026lt;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003eInt\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e\u0026gt;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003ecapacity\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\n\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003eDispatchQueue\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eglobal\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003estartCoroutine\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003efor\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003ei\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003ein\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e..\u0026lt;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e100\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e\n //imitate some work\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003etry\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003eCoroutine\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003edelay\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003eseconds\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\n //sends a value to the channel and suspends coroutine if its buffer is full\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003etry\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e channel\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eawaitSend\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003ei\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\n \n //close channel when all values are sent\n channel\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eclose\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\n\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003eDispatchQueue\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eglobal\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003estartCoroutine\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e\n //receives values until closed and suspends a coroutine if it's empty\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003efor\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003ei\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003ein\u003c/span\u003e channel\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003emakeIterator\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eprint\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003eReceive\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e i\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\n \n \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eprint\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003eDone\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eScope\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-scope\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Scope\" href=\"#scope\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAll launched coroutines, \u003ccode\u003eCoFuture\u003c/code\u003es and \u003ccode\u003eCoChannel\u003c/code\u003es, usually do not need to be referenced. They are deinited after their execution. But often there is a need to complete them earlier, when they are no longer needed. For this, \u003ccode\u003eCoFuture\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode\u003eCoChannel\u003c/code\u003e have methods for canceling.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eCoScope\u003c/code\u003e makes it easier to manage the life cycle of these objects. It allows you to keep weak references to them and cancel if necessary or on deinit.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch4 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eUsage\u003c/h4\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-usage-3\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Usage\" href=\"#usage-3\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eYou can add coroutines, \u003ccode\u003eCoFuture\u003c/code\u003es, \u003ccode\u003eCoChannel\u003c/code\u003es and other \u003ccode\u003eCoCancellable\u003c/code\u003e to \u003ccode\u003eCoScope\u003c/code\u003e to cancel them when they are no longer needed or on deinit.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-swift notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"class ViewController: UIViewController {\n\n let scope = CoScope() //will cancel all objects on `cancel()` or deinit\n \n func performSomeWork() {\n //create new `CoChannel` and add to `CoScope`\n let channel = makeSomeChannel().added(to: scope)\n \n //execute coroutine and add to `CoScope`\n DispatchQueue.main.startCoroutine(in: scope) { [weak self] in\n for item in channel.makeIterator() {\n try self?.performSomeWork(with: item)\n }\n }\n }\n \n func performSomeWork(with item: Item) throws {\n //create new `CoFuture` and add to `CoScope`\n let future = makeSomeFuture(item).added(to: scope)\n \n let result = try future.await()\n . . . do some work using result . . .\n }\n\n}\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eclass\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003eViewController\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003eUIViewController\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e\n\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003elet\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003escope\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eCoScope\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e //will cancel all objects on `cancel()` or deinit\n \n \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003efunc\u003c/span\u003e performSomeWork\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e\n //create new `CoChannel` and add to `CoScope`\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003elet\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003echannel\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003emakeSomeChannel\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eadded\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003eto\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e scope\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\n \n //execute coroutine and add to `CoScope`\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003eDispatchQueue\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003emain\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003estartCoroutine\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003ein\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e scope\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e[\u003c/span\u003eweak self\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e]\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003ein\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003efor\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eitem\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003ein\u003c/span\u003e channel\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003emakeIterator\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003etry\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003eself\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e?\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eperformSomeWork\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003ewith\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e item\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\n \n \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003efunc\u003c/span\u003e performSomeWork\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003ewith item\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003eItem\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003ethrows\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e{\u003c/span\u003e\n //create new `CoFuture` and add to `CoScope`\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003elet\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003efuture\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003emakeSomeFuture\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003eitem\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eadded\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003eto\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e scope\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\n \n \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003elet\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eresult\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003etry\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e future\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eawait\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e do\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003esome\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003ework\u003c/span\u003e using result \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\n\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/article\u003e","loaded":true,"timedOut":false,"errorMessage":null,"headerInfo":{"toc":[{"level":4,"text":"Main features","anchor":"main-features","htmlText":"Main features"},{"level":3,"text":"Motivation","anchor":"motivation","htmlText":"Motivation"},{"level":4,"text":"What about Rx and other such frameworks?","anchor":"what-about-rx-and-other-such-frameworks","htmlText":"What about Rx and other such frameworks?"},{"level":3,"text":"Async/await","anchor":"asyncawait","htmlText":"Async/await"},{"level":3,"text":"Documentation","anchor":"documentation","htmlText":"Documentation"},{"level":3,"text":"Requirements","anchor":"requirements","htmlText":"Requirements"},{"level":3,"text":"Installation","anchor":"installation","htmlText":"Installation"},{"level":2,"text":"Working with SwiftCoroutine","anchor":"working-with-swiftcoroutine","htmlText":"Working with SwiftCoroutine"},{"level":3,"text":"Coroutines","anchor":"coroutines","htmlText":"Coroutines"},{"level":4,"text":"Key benefits","anchor":"key-benefits","htmlText":"Key benefits"},{"level":4,"text":"Usage","anchor":"usage","htmlText":"Usage"},{"level":3,"text":"Futures and Promises","anchor":"futures-and-promises","htmlText":"Futures and Promises"},{"level":4,"text":"Main features","anchor":"main-features-1","htmlText":"Main features"},{"level":4,"text":"Usage","anchor":"usage-1","htmlText":"Usage"},{"level":3,"text":"Channels","anchor":"channels","htmlText":"Channels"},{"level":4,"text":"Usage","anchor":"usage-2","htmlText":"Usage"},{"level":3,"text":"Scope","anchor":"scope","htmlText":"Scope"},{"level":4,"text":"Usage","anchor":"usage-3","htmlText":"Usage"}],"siteNavLoginPath":"/login?return_to=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fbelozierov%2FSwiftCoroutine"}},{"displayName":"LICENCE","repoName":"SwiftCoroutine","refName":"master","path":"LICENCE","preferredFileType":"license","tabName":"MIT","richText":null,"loaded":false,"timedOut":false,"errorMessage":null,"headerInfo":{"toc":null,"siteNavLoginPath":"/login?return_to=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fbelozierov%2FSwiftCoroutine"}}],"overviewFilesProcessingTime":0}},"appPayload":{"helpUrl":"https://docs.github.com","findFileWorkerPath":"/assets-cdn/worker/find-file-worker-7d7eb7c71814.js","findInFileWorkerPath":"/assets-cdn/worker/find-in-file-worker-96e76d5fdb2c.js","githubDevUrl":null,"enabled_features":{"copilot_workspace":null,"code_nav_ui_events":false,"overview_shared_code_dropdown_button":false,"react_blob_overlay":false,"accessible_code_button":true,"github_models_repo_integration":false}}}}</script> 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js-snippet-clipboard-copy-unpositioned undefined" data-hpc="true"><article class="markdown-body entry-content container-lg" itemprop="text"> <p dir="auto"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="/belozierov/SwiftCoroutine/blob/master/Sources/logo.png"><img src="/belozierov/SwiftCoroutine/raw/master/Sources/logo.png" alt="Swift Coroutine" style="max-width: 100%;"></a></p> <h2 dir="auto"></h2> <p dir="auto"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://github.com/belozierov/SwiftCoroutine/workflows/macOS/badge.svg?branch=master"><img src="https://github.com/belozierov/SwiftCoroutine/workflows/macOS/badge.svg?branch=master" alt="macOS" style="max-width: 100%;"></a> <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://github.com/belozierov/SwiftCoroutine/workflows/Ubuntu/badge.svg?branch=master"><img src="https://github.com/belozierov/SwiftCoroutine/workflows/Ubuntu/badge.svg?branch=master" alt="Ubuntu" style="max-width: 100%;"></a> <a 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Go, JavaScript, Python, Rust, C#, C++ and others, already have <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coroutine" rel="nofollow">coroutines</a> support that makes the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Async/await" rel="nofollow">async/await</a> pattern implementation possible. This feature is not yet supported in Swift, but this can be improved by a framework without the need to change the language.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h4 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Main features</h4><a id="user-content-main-features" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Main features" href="#main-features"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <ul dir="auto"> <li>It is the first implementation of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coroutine" rel="nofollow">coroutines</a> for Swift with iOS, macOS and Linux support.</li> <li>It includes <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futures_and_promises" rel="nofollow">futures</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_(programming)" rel="nofollow">channels</a> that supplement coroutines for more flexibility.</li> <li>It is completely <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-blocking_algorithm" rel="nofollow">lock-free</a> and uses only <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compare-and-swap" rel="nofollow">atomic</a> primitives for synchronizations.</li> </ul> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Motivation</h3><a id="user-content-motivation" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Motivation" href="#motivation"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Asynchronous programming is usually associated with callbacks. It is quite convenient until there are too many of them and they start nesting. Then it's called a <strong>pyramid of doom</strong> or even <strong>callback hell</strong>.</p> <p dir="auto">Another problem of asynchronous programming is <strong>error handling</strong>, because Swift's natural error handling mechanism cannot be used.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h4 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">What about Rx and other such frameworks?</h4><a id="user-content-what-about-rx-and-other-such-frameworks" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: What about Rx and other such frameworks?" href="#what-about-rx-and-other-such-frameworks"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">There are many other frameworks that make it easy to use asynchronous code, such as Combine, RxSwift, PromiseKit and so on. They use other approaches that have some drawbacks:</p> <ul dir="auto"> <li>Similar to callbacks, you also need to create chained calls, that’s why you can’t normally use loops, exception handling, etc.</li> <li>Usually you need to learn a complex new API with hundreds of methods.</li> <li>Instead of working with the actual data, you need to operate with some wrappers all the time.</li> <li>Chaining of errors can be really complicated to handle.</li> </ul> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Async/await</h3><a id="user-content-asyncawait" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Async/await" href="#asyncawait"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Async/await" rel="nofollow">async/await</a> pattern is an alternative that allows an asynchronous, non-blocking function to be structured in a way similar to an ordinary synchronous function.</p> <p dir="auto">It is already well-established in other programming languages and is an evolution in asynchronous programming. The implementation of this pattern is possible thanks to coroutines.</p> <p dir="auto">Let’s have a look at the example with coroutine inside of which <code>await()</code> suspends it and resumes when the result is available without blocking the thread.</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-swift notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="//executes coroutine on the main thread DispatchQueue.main.startCoroutine { //extension that returns CoFuture<(data: Data, response: URLResponse)> let dataFuture = URLSession.shared.dataTaskFuture(for: imageURL) //await CoFuture result that suspends coroutine and doesn't block the thread let data: Data = try dataFuture.await().data //create UIImage from the data guard let image = UIImage(data: data) else { return } //execute heavy task on global queue and await the result without blocking the thread let thumbnail: UIImage = try DispatchQueue.global().await { image.makeThumbnail() } //set image in UIImageView on the main thread self.imageView.image = thumbnail }"><pre>//executes coroutine on the main thread <span class="pl-smi">DispatchQueue</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span>main<span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">startCoroutine</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> //extension that returns CoFuture<(data: Data, response: URLResponse)> <span class="pl-k">let</span> <span class="pl-s1">dataFuture</span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> <span class="pl-smi">URLSession</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span>shared<span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">dataTaskFuture</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span>for<span class="pl-kos">:</span> imageURL<span class="pl-kos">)</span> //await CoFuture result that suspends coroutine and doesn't block the thread <span class="pl-k">let</span> <span class="pl-s1">data</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span> <span class="pl-smi">Data</span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> <span class="pl-c1"><span class="pl-k">try</span></span> dataFuture<span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">await</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span>data //create UIImage from the data <span class="pl-k">guard</span> <span class="pl-k">let</span> image <span class="pl-c1">=</span> <span class="pl-en">UIImage</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span>data<span class="pl-kos">:</span> data<span class="pl-kos">)</span> <span class="pl-k">else</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-k">return</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span> //execute heavy task on global queue and await the result without blocking the thread <span class="pl-k">let</span> <span class="pl-s1">thumbnail</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span> <span class="pl-smi">UIImage</span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> <span class="pl-c1"><span class="pl-k">try</span></span> <span class="pl-smi">DispatchQueue</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">global</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">await</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> image<span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">makeThumbnail</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span> //set image in UIImageView on the main thread <span class="pl-smi">self</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span>imageView<span class="pl-kos">.</span>image <span class="pl-c1">=</span> thumbnail <span class="pl-kos">}</span></pre></div> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Documentation</h3><a id="user-content-documentation" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Documentation" href="#documentation"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto"><a href="https://belozierov.github.io/SwiftCoroutine" rel="nofollow">API documentation</a></p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Requirements</h3><a id="user-content-requirements" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Requirements" href="#requirements"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <ul dir="auto"> <li>Support only 64-bit architectures</li> <li>iOS 10+ / macOS 10.12+ / Ubuntu</li> <li>Xcode 10.4+</li> <li>Swift 5.2+</li> </ul> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Installation</h3><a id="user-content-installation" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Installation" href="#installation"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <ul dir="auto"> <li>It's available through the <a href="https://swift.org/package-manager" rel="nofollow">Swift Package Manager</a> for iOS, macOS and Linux.</li> <li>It's available through <a href="https://cocoapods.org/pods/swiftcoroutine" rel="nofollow">CocoaPods</a> for iOS and macOS.</li> </ul> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Working with SwiftCoroutine</h2><a id="user-content-working-with-swiftcoroutine" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Working with SwiftCoroutine" href="#working-with-swiftcoroutine"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Coroutines</h3><a id="user-content-coroutines" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Coroutines" href="#coroutines"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">A <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coroutine" rel="nofollow">coroutine</a> is a computation that can be suspended and resumed at a later time without blocking a thread. Coroutines build upon regular functions and can be executed on any scheduler with a possibility to switch among them during execution.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h4 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Key benefits</h4><a id="user-content-key-benefits" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Key benefits" href="#key-benefits"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <ul dir="auto"> <li><strong>Suspend instead of block</strong>. The main advantage of coroutines is the ability to suspend their execution at some point without blocking a thread and resuming later on.</li> <li><strong>Fast context switching</strong>. Switching between coroutines is much faster than switching between threads as it does not require the involvement of operating system.</li> <li><strong>Asynchronous code in synchronous manner</strong>. The use of coroutines allows an asynchronous, non-blocking function to be structured in a manner similar to an ordinary synchronous function. And even though coroutines can run in multiple threads, your code will still look consistent and therefore easy to understand.</li> </ul> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h4 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Usage</h4><a id="user-content-usage" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Usage" href="#usage"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">The coroutines API design is as minimalistic as possible. It consists of the <code>CoroutineScheduler</code> protocol that describes how to schedule coroutines (<code>DispatchQueue</code> already conforms it), and the <code>Coroutine</code> structure with utility methods. This API is enough to do amazing things.</p> <p dir="auto">The following example shows the usage of <code>await()</code> inside a coroutine to wrap asynchronous calls.</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-swift notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="//execute coroutine on the main thread DispatchQueue.main.startCoroutine { //await URLSessionDataTask response without blocking the thread let (data, response, error) = try Coroutine.await { callback in URLSession.shared.dataTask(with: url, completionHandler: callback).resume() } . . . use response on the main thread . . . }"><pre>//execute coroutine on the main thread <span class="pl-smi">DispatchQueue</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span>main<span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">startCoroutine</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> //await URLSessionDataTask response without blocking the thread <span class="pl-k">let</span> <span class="pl-kos">(</span>data<span class="pl-kos">,</span> response<span class="pl-kos">,</span> error<span class="pl-kos">)</span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> <span class="pl-c1"><span class="pl-k">try</span></span> <span class="pl-smi">Coroutine</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">await</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> callback <span class="pl-k">in</span> <span class="pl-smi">URLSession</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span>shared<span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">dataTask</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span>with<span class="pl-kos">:</span> url<span class="pl-kos">,</span> completionHandler<span class="pl-kos">:</span> callback<span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">resume</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span> <span class="pl-kos">.</span> <span class="pl-kos">.</span> <span class="pl-kos">.</span> use response on the main thread <span class="pl-kos">.</span> <span class="pl-kos">.</span> <span class="pl-kos">.</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span></pre></div> <p dir="auto">Here's how we can conform <code>NSManagedObjectContext</code> to <code>CoroutineScheduler</code> for launching coroutines on it.</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-swift notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="extension NSManagedObjectContext: CoroutineScheduler { func scheduleTask(_ task: @escaping () -> Void) { perform(task) } } //execute coroutine on the main thread DispatchQueue.main.startCoroutine { let context: NSManagedObjectContext //context with privateQueueConcurrencyType let request: NSFetchRequest<NSDictionary> //some complex request //execute request on the context without blocking the main thread let result: [NSDictionary] = try context.await { try context.fetch(request) } }"><pre><span class="pl-k">extension</span> <span class="pl-smi">NSManagedObjectContext</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span> <span class="pl-smi">CoroutineScheduler</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-en">func</span> scheduleTask<span class="pl-kos">(</span>_ task<span class="pl-kos">:</span> <span class="pl-k">@escaping</span> <span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span> <span class="pl-c1">-></span> <span class="pl-smi">Void</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-en">perform</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span>task<span class="pl-kos">)</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span> //execute coroutine on the main thread <span class="pl-smi">DispatchQueue</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span>main<span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">startCoroutine</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-k">let</span> <span class="pl-s1">context</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span> <span class="pl-smi">NSManagedObjectContext</span> //context with privateQueueConcurrencyType <span class="pl-k">let</span> <span class="pl-s1">request</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span> <span class="pl-smi">NSFetchRequest</span><span class="pl-c1"><</span><span class="pl-smi">NSDictionary</span><span class="pl-c1">></span> //some complex request //execute request on the context without blocking the main thread <span class="pl-k">let</span> <span class="pl-s1">result</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span> <span class="pl-kos">[</span><span class="pl-smi">NSDictionary</span><span class="pl-kos">]</span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> <span class="pl-c1"><span class="pl-k">try</span></span> context<span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">await</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1"><span class="pl-k">try</span></span> context<span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">fetch</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span>request<span class="pl-kos">)</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span></pre></div> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Futures and Promises</h3><a id="user-content-futures-and-promises" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Futures and Promises" href="#futures-and-promises"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">A future is a read-only holder for a result that will be provided later and the promise is the provider of this result. They represent the eventual completion or failure of an asynchronous operation.</p> <p dir="auto">The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futures_and_promises" rel="nofollow">futures and promises</a> approach itself has become an industry standart. It is a convenient mechanism to synchronize asynchronous code. But together with coroutines, it takes the usage of asynchronous code to the next level and has become a part of the async/await pattern. If coroutines are a skeleton, then futures and promises are its muscles.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h4 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Main features</h4><a id="user-content-main-features-1" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Main features" href="#main-features-1"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <ul dir="auto"> <li><strong>Performance</strong>. It is much faster than most of other futures and promises implementations.</li> <li><strong>Awaitable</strong>. You can await the result inside the coroutine.</li> <li><strong>Cancellable</strong>. You can cancel the whole chain as well as handle it and complete the related actions.</li> </ul> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h4 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Usage</h4><a id="user-content-usage-1" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Usage" href="#usage-1"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Futures and promises are represented by the corresponding <code>CoFuture</code> class and its <code>CoPromise</code> subclass.</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-swift notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="//wraps some async func with CoFuture func makeIntFuture() -> CoFuture<Int> { let promise = CoPromise<Int>() someAsyncFunc { int in promise.success(int) } return promise }"><pre>//wraps some async func with CoFuture <span class="pl-en">func</span> makeIntFuture<span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span> <span class="pl-c1">-></span> <span class="pl-smi">CoFuture</span><span class="pl-c1"><</span><span class="pl-smi">Int</span><span class="pl-c1">></span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-k">let</span> <span class="pl-s1">promise</span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> <span class="pl-smi">CoPromise</span><span class="pl-c1"><</span><span class="pl-smi">Int</span><span class="pl-c1">></span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span> <span class="pl-en">someAsyncFunc</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> int <span class="pl-k">in</span> promise<span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">success</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span>int<span class="pl-kos">)</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span> <span class="pl-k">return</span> promise <span class="pl-kos">}</span></pre></div> <p dir="auto">It allows to start multiple tasks in parallel and synchronize them later with <code>await()</code>.</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-swift notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="//create CoFuture<Int> that takes 2 sec. from the example above let future1: CoFuture<Int> = makeIntFuture() //execute coroutine on the global queue and returns CoFuture<Int> with future result let future2: CoFuture<Int> = DispatchQueue.global().coroutineFuture { try Coroutine.delay(.seconds(3)) //some work that takes 3 sec. return 6 } //execute coroutine on the main thread DispatchQueue.main.startCoroutine { let sum: Int = try future1.await() + future2.await() //will await for 3 sec. self.label.text = "Sum is \(sum)" }"><pre>//create CoFuture<Int> that takes 2 sec. from the example above <span class="pl-k">let</span> <span class="pl-s1">future1</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span> <span class="pl-smi">CoFuture</span><span class="pl-c1"><</span><span class="pl-smi">Int</span><span class="pl-c1">></span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> <span class="pl-en">makeIntFuture</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span> //execute coroutine on the global queue and returns CoFuture<Int> with future result <span class="pl-k">let</span> <span class="pl-s1">future2</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span> <span class="pl-smi">CoFuture</span><span class="pl-c1"><</span><span class="pl-smi">Int</span><span class="pl-c1">></span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> <span class="pl-smi">DispatchQueue</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">global</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">coroutineFuture</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1"><span class="pl-k">try</span></span> <span class="pl-smi">Coroutine</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">delay</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span>seconds<span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-c1">3</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span> //some work that takes 3 sec. <span class="pl-k">return</span> <span class="pl-c1">6</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span> //execute coroutine on the main thread <span class="pl-smi">DispatchQueue</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span>main<span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">startCoroutine</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-k">let</span> <span class="pl-s1">sum</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span> <span class="pl-smi">Int</span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> <span class="pl-c1"><span class="pl-k">try</span></span> future1<span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">await</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span> <span class="pl-c1">+</span> future2<span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">await</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span> //will await for 3 sec. <span class="pl-smi">self</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span>label<span class="pl-kos">.</span>text <span class="pl-c1">=</span> <span class="pl-s">"</span><span class="pl-s">Sum is </span><span class="pl-kos">\(</span>sum<span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-s">"</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span></pre></div> <p dir="auto">It's very easy to transform or compose <code>CoFuture</code>s into a new one.</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-swift notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="let array: [CoFuture<Int>] //create new CoFuture<Int> with sum of future results let sum = CoFuture { try array.reduce(0) { try $0 + $1.await() } }"><pre><span class="pl-k">let</span> <span class="pl-s1">array</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span> <span class="pl-kos">[</span><span class="pl-smi">CoFuture</span><span class="pl-c1"><</span><span class="pl-smi">Int</span><span class="pl-c1">></span><span class="pl-kos">]</span> //create new CoFuture<Int> with sum of future results <span class="pl-k">let</span> <span class="pl-s1">sum</span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> <span class="pl-en">CoFuture</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1"><span class="pl-k">try</span></span> array<span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">reduce</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-c1">0</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1"><span class="pl-k">try</span></span> $0 <span class="pl-c1">+</span> $1<span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">await</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span></pre></div> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Channels</h3><a id="user-content-channels" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Channels" href="#channels"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Futures and promises provide a convenient way to transfer a single value between coroutines. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_(programming)" rel="nofollow">Channels</a> provide a way to transfer a stream of values. Conceptually, a channel is similar to a queue that allows to suspend a coroutine on receive if it is empty, or on send if it is full.</p> <p dir="auto">This non-blocking primitive is widely used in such languages as Go and Kotlin, and it is another instrument that improves working with coroutines.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h4 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Usage</h4><a id="user-content-usage-2" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Usage" href="#usage-2"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">To create channels, use the <code>CoChannel</code> class.</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-swift notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="//create a channel with a buffer which can store only one element let channel = CoChannel<Int>(capacity: 1) DispatchQueue.global().startCoroutine { for i in 0..<100 { //imitate some work try Coroutine.delay(.seconds(1)) //sends a value to the channel and suspends coroutine if its buffer is full try channel.awaitSend(i) } //close channel when all values are sent channel.close() } DispatchQueue.global().startCoroutine { //receives values until closed and suspends a coroutine if it's empty for i in channel.makeIterator() { print("Receive", i) } print("Done") }"><pre>//create a channel with a buffer which can store only one element <span class="pl-k">let</span> <span class="pl-s1">channel</span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> <span class="pl-smi">CoChannel</span><span class="pl-c1"><</span><span class="pl-smi">Int</span><span class="pl-c1">></span><span class="pl-kos">(</span>capacity<span class="pl-kos">:</span> <span class="pl-c1">1</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span> <span class="pl-smi">DispatchQueue</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">global</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">startCoroutine</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-k">for</span> <span class="pl-s1">i</span> <span class="pl-k">in</span> <span class="pl-c1">0</span><span class="pl-c1">..<</span><span class="pl-c1">100</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> //imitate some work <span class="pl-c1"><span class="pl-k">try</span></span> <span class="pl-smi">Coroutine</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">delay</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span>seconds<span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-c1">1</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span> //sends a value to the channel and suspends coroutine if its buffer is full <span class="pl-c1"><span class="pl-k">try</span></span> channel<span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">awaitSend</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span>i<span class="pl-kos">)</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span> //close channel when all values are sent channel<span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">close</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span> <span class="pl-smi">DispatchQueue</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">global</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">startCoroutine</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> //receives values until closed and suspends a coroutine if it's empty <span class="pl-k">for</span> <span class="pl-s1">i</span> <span class="pl-k">in</span> channel<span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">makeIterator</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-en">print</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s">"</span><span class="pl-s">Receive</span><span class="pl-s">"</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> i<span class="pl-kos">)</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span> <span class="pl-en">print</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-s">"</span><span class="pl-s">Done</span><span class="pl-s">"</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span></pre></div> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Scope</h3><a id="user-content-scope" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Scope" href="#scope"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">All launched coroutines, <code>CoFuture</code>s and <code>CoChannel</code>s, usually do not need to be referenced. They are deinited after their execution. But often there is a need to complete them earlier, when they are no longer needed. For this, <code>CoFuture</code> and <code>CoChannel</code> have methods for canceling.</p> <p dir="auto"><code>CoScope</code> makes it easier to manage the life cycle of these objects. It allows you to keep weak references to them and cancel if necessary or on deinit.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h4 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Usage</h4><a id="user-content-usage-3" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Usage" href="#usage-3"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">You can add coroutines, <code>CoFuture</code>s, <code>CoChannel</code>s and other <code>CoCancellable</code> to <code>CoScope</code> to cancel them when they are no longer needed or on deinit.</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-swift notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="class ViewController: UIViewController { let scope = CoScope() //will cancel all objects on `cancel()` or deinit func performSomeWork() { //create new `CoChannel` and add to `CoScope` let channel = makeSomeChannel().added(to: scope) //execute coroutine and add to `CoScope` DispatchQueue.main.startCoroutine(in: scope) { [weak self] in for item in channel.makeIterator() { try self?.performSomeWork(with: item) } } } func performSomeWork(with item: Item) throws { //create new `CoFuture` and add to `CoScope` let future = makeSomeFuture(item).added(to: scope) let result = try future.await() . . . do some work using result . . . } }"><pre><span class="pl-k">class</span> <span class="pl-smi">ViewController</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span> <span class="pl-smi">UIViewController</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-k">let</span> <span class="pl-s1"><span class="pl-c1">scope</span></span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> <span class="pl-en">CoScope</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span> //will cancel all objects on `cancel()` or deinit <span class="pl-en">func</span> performSomeWork<span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> //create new `CoChannel` and add to `CoScope` <span class="pl-k">let</span> <span class="pl-s1">channel</span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> <span class="pl-en">makeSomeChannel</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">added</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span>to<span class="pl-kos">:</span> scope<span class="pl-kos">)</span> //execute coroutine and add to `CoScope` <span class="pl-smi">DispatchQueue</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span>main<span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">startCoroutine</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span>in<span class="pl-kos">:</span> scope<span class="pl-kos">)</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-kos">[</span>weak self<span class="pl-kos">]</span> <span class="pl-k">in</span> <span class="pl-k">for</span> <span class="pl-s1">item</span> <span class="pl-k">in</span> channel<span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">makeIterator</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> <span class="pl-c1"><span class="pl-k">try</span></span> <span class="pl-smi">self</span><span class="pl-c1"><span class="pl-c1">?</span></span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">performSomeWork</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span>with<span class="pl-kos">:</span> item<span class="pl-kos">)</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span> <span class="pl-en">func</span> performSomeWork<span class="pl-kos">(</span>with item<span class="pl-kos">:</span> <span class="pl-smi">Item</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span> <span class="pl-k">throws</span> <span class="pl-kos">{</span> //create new `CoFuture` and add to `CoScope` <span class="pl-k">let</span> <span class="pl-s1">future</span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> <span class="pl-en">makeSomeFuture</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span>item<span class="pl-kos">)</span><span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">added</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span>to<span class="pl-kos">:</span> scope<span class="pl-kos">)</span> <span class="pl-k">let</span> <span class="pl-s1">result</span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> <span class="pl-c1"><span class="pl-k">try</span></span> future<span class="pl-kos">.</span><span class="pl-en">await</span><span class="pl-kos">(</span><span class="pl-kos">)</span> <span class="pl-kos">.</span> <span class="pl-kos">.</span> <span class="pl-kos">.</span> do<span class="pl-k"></span> <span class="pl-k">some</span> <span class="pl-smi">work</span> using result <span class="pl-kos">.</span> <span class="pl-kos">.</span> <span class="pl-kos">.</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span> <span class="pl-kos">}</span></pre></div> </article></div></div></div></div></div> <!-- --> <!-- --> <script type="application/json" id="__PRIMER_DATA_:R0:__">{"resolvedServerColorMode":"day"}</script></div> </react-partial> <input type="hidden" data-csrf="true" value="Wj9fNWgbNsRFm2MW5ggZ5dJrgbKr1bYiL/4aGqVLpbsv5XOxCdFYCp+nZekJMpH9cG7ZdmlLFMjxUKLfH1dZmw==" /> </div> <div data-view-component="true" class="Layout-sidebar"> <div class="BorderGrid about-margin" data-pjax> <div class="BorderGrid-row"> <div class="BorderGrid-cell"> <div class="hide-sm hide-md"> <h2 class="mb-3 h4">About</h2> <p class="f4 my-3"> Swift coroutines for iOS, macOS and Linux. </p> <div class="my-3 d-flex flex-items-center"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" 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