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tertiary sources</a>. <br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Research+Papers+in+Economics%22">"Research Papers in Economics"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Research+Papers+in+Economics%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Research+Papers+in+Economics%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Research+Papers+in+Economics%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Research+Papers+in+Economics%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Research+Papers+in+Economics%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2012</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Research Papers in Economics</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Producer</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left">IDEAS: private<br /> EconPapers: <a href="/wiki/%C3%96rebro_University" title="Örebro University">Örebro University</a> School of Business</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left">1997–present</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Access</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cost</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left">Free</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Coverage</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Disciplines</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left">Economics</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Record depth</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left">Index, abstract, and full text</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Format coverage</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left">Working papers, journals, books</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Links</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repec.org/">repec<wbr />.org</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Research Papers in Economics</b> (<b>RePEc</b>) is a collaborative effort of hundreds of volunteers in many countries to enhance the dissemination of research in <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a>. The heart of the project is a decentralized database of <a href="/wiki/Working_paper" title="Working paper">working papers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Preprint" title="Preprint">preprints</a>, <a href="/wiki/Academic_journal" title="Academic journal">journal</a> articles, and <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a> components.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The project started in 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its precursor NetEc dates back to 1993. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Research_Papers_in_Economics&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>RePEc provides links to over 4,400,000 full-text articles, working papers, books, book chapters and software components. Most contributions are freely downloadable, but copyright remains with the author or copyright holder. It is among the largest internet repositories of academic material in the world. the collected data is leveraged by several services, the main ones being the websites IDEAS<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and EconPapers<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for exploration of the bibliographic data, and the RePEc Author Service<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for author profiles and <a href="/wiki/Authority_control" title="Authority control">authority control</a>. Many bibliographic providers also use all or part of the data. </p><p>Materials to RePEc can be added through a department or institutional <a href="/wiki/Archive" title="Archive">archive</a> or, if no institutional archive is available, through the Munich Personal RePEc Archive.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Institutions are welcome to join and contribute their materials by establishing and maintaining their own RePEc archive.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Leading publishers, such as <a href="/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier">Elsevier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer</a>, have their economics material listed in RePEc. RePEc collaborates with the <a href="/wiki/American_Economic_Association" title="American Economic Association">American Economic Association</a>'s <a href="/wiki/EconLit" title="EconLit">EconLit</a> database to provide content from leading universities' working paper or preprint series to EconLit. Over 4000 journals and over 5600 working paper series have registered, for a total of over 4.8 million works, the majority of which are online. </p><p>The information in the database is used to create online profiles and rank about 70,000 registered economists.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This allows also to rank institutions<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and regions<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also many other rankings, including cohorts, sub-disciplines and graduate programs.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>RePEc also indexes worldwide economics institutions through its Economic Departments, Institutes and Research Centers in the World (EDIRC) database.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>RePEc promotes open-access journals and also benefits from <a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="Open access">open access</a> for its own <a href="/wiki/Citation_analysis" title="Citation analysis">citation analysis</a> efforts.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 2018, RePEc has used <a href="/w/index.php?title=NamSor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NamSor (page does not exist)">NamSor</a> gender classifier to estimate female representation in Economics.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of August 2024, 18351 of 69211 economists are female, or a proportion of 26.5%.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Research_Papers_in_Economics&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_academic_databases_and_search_engines" title="List of academic databases and search engines">List of academic databases and search engines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Science_Research_Network" title="Social Science Research Network">Social Science Research Network</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Research_Papers_in_Economics&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fmwww.bc.edu/repec/repec.html.B407">"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics"</a>. <i>fmwww.bc.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fmwww.bc.edu&rft.atitle=RePEc%3A+Research+Papers+in+Economics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffmwww.bc.edu%2Frepec%2Frepec.html.B407&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResearch+Papers+in+Economics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ideas.repec.org/p/bng/wpaper/11005.html">A brief business history of an on-line distribution system for academic research called NEP, 1998–2010</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ideas.repec.org/">Economics and Finance Research IDEAS/RePEc</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://econpapers.repec.org/">EconPapers</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authors.repec.org/">RePEc Author Service</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de">Munich Personal RePEc Archive</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ideas.repec.org/stepbystep.html">RePEc archive step-by-step tutorial</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ideas.repec.org/top/top.person.all.html">Top authors</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ideas.repec.org/top/top.inst.all.html">Top institutions</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ideas.repec.org/top/top.country.all.html">Country and state rankings</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ideas.repec.org/top/">Economics rankings IDEAS/RePEc</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edirc.repec.org/">EDIRC database</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.repec.org/2012/10/26/about-open-access/">About Open Access - The RePEc Blog</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.repec.org/2018/11/08/repec-in-october-2018/">RePEc in October 2018</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ideas.repec.org/top/female.html">Female representation in Economics</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Research_Papers_in_Economics&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristian_Zimmermann2007" class="citation journal cs1">Christian Zimmermann (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120105163303/http://www.econ.uconn.edu/working/2007-36r.pdf">"Academic Rankings with RePEc"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>University of Connecticut, Department of Economics</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.econ.uconn.edu/working/2007-36r.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2012-01-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=University+of+Connecticut%2C+Department+of+Economics&rft.atitle=Academic+Rankings+with+RePEc&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Christian+Zimmermann&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.econ.uconn.edu%2Fworking%2F2007-36r.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResearch+Papers+in+Economics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristian_Zimmermann2013" class="citation journal cs1">Christian Zimmermann (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Feconometrics1030249">"Academic Rankings with RePEc"</a>. <i>Econometrics</i>. <b>1</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">249–</span>280. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Feconometrics1030249">10.3390/econometrics1030249</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10419%2F103628">10419/103628</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Econometrics&rft.atitle=Academic+Rankings+with+RePEc&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E249-%3C%2Fspan%3E280&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10419%2F103628&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Feconometrics1030249&rft.au=Christian+Zimmermann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Feconometrics1030249&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResearch+Papers+in+Economics" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Research_Papers_in_Economics&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 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