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Poland is the fifth-most populous country of the [[European Union]] and the ninth-largest country in [[Europe]] by area. The territory of Poland covers approximately {{convert|312696|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}, of which 98.52% is land and 1.48% is water.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://stat.gov.pl/obszary-tematyczne/ludnosc/ludnosc/powierzchnia-i-ludnosc-w-przekroju-terytorialnym-w-2018-roku,7,15.html|title=Powierzchnia i ludność w przekroju terytorialnym w 2018 roku|website=stat.gov.pl}}</ref> The Polish coastline was estimated at {{convert|770|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} in length.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.paih.gov.pl/polska_w_liczbach/terytorium|title=PAIH &#124; Terytorium|website=www.paih.gov.pl|access-date=1 November 2020|archive-date=30 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730092455/https://www.paih.gov.pl/polska_w_liczbach/terytorium|url-status=dead}}</ref> Poland's highest point is [[Mount Rysy|Rysy]], at {{convert|2500|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wysokość szczytów w Tatrach do poprawki. Wyższe okazały się m.in. Rysy, Świnica czy Skrajny Granat |url=https://www.pap.pl/aktualnosci/news,1412132,wysokosc-szczytow-w-tatrach-do-poprawki-wyzsze-okazaly-sie-min-rysy |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=PAP - Polish Press Agency}}</ref> Geographically, Poland is a diverse country; although most of the central terrain is flat, there is an abundance of lakes, rivers, hills, swamps, beaches, islands and forests elsewhere. The Baltic coast has two natural [[harbour]]s, the larger situated in the [[Gdańsk]]-[[Gdynia]] region, and the smaller near [[Szczecin]] in the far northwest. The northeastern region, also known as the [[Masurian Lake District]] with more than 2,000 lakes,<ref name="mazury.info">[http://mazury.info.pl/ Masurian Lake District, at mazury.info.pl]&nbsp;{{in lang|pl}}</ref> is densely wooded and sparsely populated. To the south of the lake district, and across central Poland a vast region of plains stretches all the way to the [[Sudeten mountains|Sudetes]] on the [[Czech Republic|Czech]] and [[Germany|German]] borders southwest, and to the [[Carpathian Mountains|Carpathians]] on the Czech, [[Slovakia|Slovak]] and [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] borders southeast. The central lowlands had been formed by [[Glacier#Glacial deposits|glacial erosion]] in the [[Pleistocene]] [[ice age]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wpływ zlodowaceń na rzeźbę Polski - Zintegrowana Platforma Edukacyjna |url=https://zpe.gov.pl/a/wplyw-zlodowacen-na-rzezbe-polski/D16rvISjX |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814001030/https://zpe.gov.pl/a/wplyw-zlodowacen-na-rzezbe-polski/D16rvISjX |archive-date=2022-08-14 |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=zpe.gov.pl}}</ref> The country's longest and most prominent river is the [[Vistula]] at {{convert|1047|km|0|abbr=off}} in length, also the ninth-longest in Europe.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://pomorskie.travel/en/Discover-Cultural_heritage-Others/5502/Wis_a|title= Vistula River|website= pomorskie.travel|access-date= 13 August 2018|quote= Vistula - the most important and the longest river in Poland, and the largest river in the area of the Baltic Sea. The length of Vistula is 1047 km.|archive-date= 13 August 2018|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180813074958/http://pomorskie.travel/en/Discover-Cultural_heritage-Others/5502/Wis_a|url-status= dead}}</ref> Other notable rivers within the administrative borders are [[Warta]] at {{convert|808|km|mi|abbr=on}}, and the [[Oder]] at {{convert|741|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-24 |title=Najdłuższe rzeki w Polsce. Która rzeka w Polsce jest najdłuższa? |url=https://podroze.gazeta.pl/podroze/7,114158,27636738,najdluzsze-rzeki-w-polsce-ktora-rzeka-w-polsce-jest-najdluzsza.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607223312/https://podroze.gazeta.pl/podroze/7,114158,27636738,najdluzsze-rzeki-w-polsce-ktora-rzeka-w-polsce-jest-najdluzsza.html |archive-date=2023-06-07 |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=gazetapl |language=pl}}</ref> Poland's largest lake is [[Śniardwy]] with the surface area of {{convert|113.4|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}, followed by [[Mamry]] with {{convert|102.8|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Największe jeziora w Polsce |url=https://www.naukowiec.org/tablice/geografia/najwieksze-jeziora-w-polsce_796.html |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=Naukowiec.org}}</ref> ==Topography== The country extends 649 kilometers from north to south and 689 kilometers from east to west. The total area is {{convert|311,888|km2|sqmi}}, including inland waters.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Polska w liczbach - Generalna Dyrekcja Ochrony Środowiska - Portal Gov.pl |url=https://www.gov.pl/web/gdos/polska-w-liczbach |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=Generalna Dyrekcja Ochrony Środowiska |language=pl-PL}}</ref> The average [[elevation]] is {{Convert|173|m|ft}}; around 25% of Polish territory is above this average elevation and 3% lies above {{Convert|500|m|ft}}.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Environment 2020 |url=https://stat.gov.pl/files/gfx/portalinformacyjny/pl/defaultaktualnosci/5484/1/21/1/ochrona_srodowiska_2020.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113232557/https://stat.gov.pl/files/gfx/portalinformacyjny/pl/defaultaktualnosci/5484/1/21/1/ochrona_srodowiska_2020.pdf |archive-date=2023-11-13 |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=Statistics Poland}}</ref> The country's highest peak is [[Rysy]], which rises 2,501 meters in the [[Tatra Mountains|Tatra]] Range of the Carpathian Mountains, 95 kilometers south of [[Kraków]]. Poland has an [[exclusive economic zone]] of {{convert|30,533|km2|sqmi}} within the [[Baltic Sea]].<ref name=emsagg>{{cite web | title=Exploration and extraction of sand and gravel resources in the Polish Exclusive Economical Zone of the Baltic Sea | first1=Sz. | last1=Uscinowicz | first2=R. | last2=Kramarska | first3=M. | last3=Maslowska | first4=J. | last4=Zachowicz | url=http://www.ciria.org.uk/emsagg/pdf/suscinowicz_polish_sand_gravel.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040323200612/http://www.ciria.org.uk/emsagg/pdf/suscinowicz_polish_sand_gravel.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 March 2004 |publisher=Advanced Solutions International Inc. |access-date=11 November 2023 }}</ref> ===Topographic regions=== Poland is traditionally divided into five [[topography|topographic]] zones from north to south. The largest, the central lowlands or "Polish Plain" ({{langx|pl|Niż Polski}} or ''Nizina Polska''), is narrow in the west, then expands to the north and south as it extends eastward. Along the eastern border, this zone reaches from the far northeast to within 200 kilometers of the southern border. The terrain in the central lowlands is quite flat, and earlier [[Glacier#Glacial deposits|glacial lakes]] have been filled by sediment. The region is cut by several major rivers, including the [[Oder River|Oder]] (Odra), which defines the [[Silesian Lowlands]] in the southwest, and the [[Vistula River|Vistula]] ({{langx|pl|Wisła}}), which defines the lowland areas of east-central Poland. To the south of the lowlands are the lesser Poland uplands, a belt varying in width from 90 to 200 [[kilometers]], formed by the gently sloping foothills of the Sudeten and Carpathian mountain ranges and the uplands that connect the ranges in south-central Poland. The topography of this region is divided transversely into higher and lower elevations, reflecting its underlying [[geology|geological]] structure. In the western section, the Silesia-Kraków Upthrust contains rich [[coal]] deposits. {{further|List of mountains in Poland}} The third topographic area is located on either side of Poland's southern border and is formed by the Sudeten and Carpathian ranges. Within Poland, neither of these ranges is forbidding enough to prevent substantial habitation; the Carpathians are not densely populated. The rugged form of the Sudeten range derives from the geological shifts that formed the later Carpathian uplift. The highest elevation in the Sudeten is [[Śnieżka]] (1,602 meters) in the [[Karkonosze Mountains]]. The Carpathians in Poland, formed as a discrete topographical unit in the relatively recent [[Tertiary|Tertiary Era]], are the highest mountains in the country. They are the northernmost edge of a much larger range that extends into the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Ukraine, [[Hungary]], and [[Romania]]. Within Poland the range includes two major basins, the [[Oświęcim]] and [[Sandomierz]], which are rich in several minerals and [[natural gas]]. To the north of the central lowlands, the lake region includes [[Białowieża Forest|primeval forests]] - one of the last remaining in Europe and much of Poland's shrinking unspoiled natural habitat. Glacial action in this region formed lakes and low hills in the otherwise flat terrain adjacent to Lithuania and the Baltic Sea. Small lakes dot the entire northern half of Poland, and the glacial formations that characterize the lake region extend as much as 200 kilometers inland in western Poland. Wide river valleys divide the lake region into three parts. In the northwest, [[Pomerania]] is located south of the Baltic coastal region and north of the [[Warta River|Warta]] and [[Noteć]] rivers. [[Masuria]] occupies the remainder of northern Poland and features a string of larger lakes. Most of Poland's 9,300 lakes that are more than 10,000 square metres in area are located in the northern part of the lake region, where they occupy about 10% of the surface area. The Baltic coastal plains are a low-lying region formed of sediments deposited by the sea. The coastline was shaped by the action of the rising sea after the [[Scandinavia]]n ice sheet retreated. The two major inlets in the smooth coast are the [[Pomeranian Bay]] on the German border in the far northwest and the Gulf of Gdańsk in the east. The Oder River empties into the former, and the Vistula forms a large delta at the head of the latter. Sandbars with large dunes form lagoons and coastal lakes along much of the coast. ==Geology== [[File:Śląskie Kamienie - Dívči Kameny.JPG|thumb|left|[[Granite]] [[outcrop]] [[Śląskie Kamienie|Silesian Rocks]] in the [[Giant Mountains]] in the [[Sudetes]], south-western Poland]] The geological structure of Poland has been shaped by the [[continental collision]] of [[Europe]] and [[Africa]] over the past 60&nbsp;million years on the one hand and the other by the [[Quaternary]] [[glacier|glaciations]] of northern Europe. Both processes shaped the [[Sudetes]] and the [[Carpathian Mountains]]. The moraine landscape of northern Poland contains soils made up mostly of sand or [[loam]], while the ice age [[river valley]]s of the south often contain [[loess]]. The Kraków-Częstochowa Upland, the [[Pieniny]], and the [[Western Tatras]] consist of [[limestone]], while the [[High Tatras]], the [[Beskids]], and the [[Karkonosze]] are made up mainly of [[granite]] and [[basalt]]s. The [[Polish Jura Chain]] is one of the oldest [[mountain range]]s on earth. [[File:Giewont z Zakopanego.jpg|thumb|[[Giewont]] in the [[Tatra Mountains]]; the mountainous south is a popular destination for hikers]] Poland has 70 mountains over {{convert|2,000|m|ft|abbr=off}} in elevation, all in the [[Tatras]]. The Polish Tatras, which consist of the High Tatras and the Western Tatras, is the highest mountain group of Poland and of the entire Carpathian range. In the High Tatras lies Poland's highest point, the north-western [[summit]] of [[Rysy]], {{convert|2500|m|ft|0}} in elevation.<ref name="Siwicki 2020">{{cite web |last=Siwicki |first=Michał |date=2020 |title=Nowe ustalenia dotyczące wysokości szczytów w Tatrach |url=https://geoforum.pl/news/29549/nowe-ustalenia-dotyczace-wysokosci-szczytow-w-tatrach%20Nowe%20ustalenia%20dotycz%C4%85ce%20wysoko%C5%9Bci%20szczyt%C3%B3w%20w%20Tatrach |access-date=9 October 2021 |website=geoforum.pl |language=pl |archive-date=9 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009034150/https://geoforum.pl/news/29549/nowe-ustalenia-dotyczace-wysokosci-szczytow-w-tatrach%20Nowe%20ustalenia%20dotycz%C4%85ce%20wysoko%C5%9Bci%20szczyt%C3%B3w%20w%20Tatrach |url-status=dead }}</ref> At its foot lies the mountain lakes of [[Czarny Staw pod Rysami]] (Black Lake below Mount Rysy), and [[Morskie Oko]] (the Marine Eye). The second highest mountain group in Poland are the Beskids, whose highest peak is [[Babia Góra]], at {{convert|1725|m|ft|0}}. The next highest mountain group are the [[Giant Mountains]] in the [[Sudetes]], whose highest point is [[Sněžka|Śnieżka]], at {{convert|1603|m|ft|0}}; [[Śnieżnik Mountains]] whose highest point is [[Králický Sněžník|Śnieżnik]], at {{convert|1425|m|ft|0}}. Tourists also frequent the [[Bieszczady Mountains]] in the far southeast of Poland, whose highest point in Poland is [[Tarnica]], with an elevation of {{convert|1346|m|ft|0}}, [[Gorce Mountains]] in [[Gorce National Park]], whose highest point is [[Turbacz]], with elevations {{convert|1310|m|ft|0}}, and the [[Pieniny National Park (Poland)|Pieniny National Park]] in the [[Pieniny|Pieniny Mountains]], whose highest point is [[Trzy Korony]] with elevations of {{convert|982|m|ft|0}} (the highest mountain of this range, Wysokie Skałki (Wysoka), with elevations {{convert|1050|m|ft|0}}, is located outside of the national park). The lowest point in Poland – at {{convert|2|m|ft|1}} below sea level – is at Raczki Elbląskie, near [[Elbląg]] in the Vistula Delta. [[File:Słowiński Park Narodowy 3.jpg|thumb|left|Dunes in [[Słowiński National Park]]]] The only [[desert]] located in Poland stretches over the [[Zagłębie Dąbrowskie]] (the Coal Fields of [[Dąbrowa Górnicza|Dąbrowa]]) region. It is called the [[Błędów Desert]], located in the [[Silesian Voivodeship]] in southern Poland. It has a total area of {{convert|32|km2|sqmi|0}}. It is one of only five natural [[List of deserts#Europe|deserts in Europe]]. But also, it is the warmest desert that appears at this [[latitude]]. Błędów Desert was created thousands of years ago by a [[melting glacier]]. The specific geological structure has been of great importance with the average thickness of the sand layer {{convert|40|m|ft|0}}, with a maximum of {{convert|70|m|ft|0}}, which made the fast and deep [[drainage]] very easy. The Baltic Sea activity in [[Słowiński National Park]] created [[sand dunes]] which in the course of time separated [[Gdańsk Bay|the bay]] from the sea. As waves and wind carry sand inland the dunes slowly move, at a speed of {{convert|3|to|10|m|ft|1}} meters per year. Some dunes are quite high – up to {{convert|30|m|ft|0}}. The highest peak of the park – Rowokol ({{convert|115|m|ft|0|disp=or}} [[above mean sea level|above sea level]]) — is also an excellent [[observation point]]. ==Land use== [[File:Biała Ręka Ojcowski PN.jpg|thumb|left|Forests of the [[Ojców National Park]]]] Forests cover around 29.6% of Poland's territory as of 2021, making it the seventh most forested country in the EU,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Polskie lasy |url=https://www.lasy.gov.pl/pl/nasze-lasy/polskie-lasy |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=Lasy Państwowe |language=pl}}</ref> though the forest cover continues to increase year-on-year.<ref name=":0" /> The Polish government is carrying out a plan to increase forest coverage to 33% in 2050.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Krajowy program zwiększania lesistości kraju |url=https://www.lasy.gov.pl/pl/edukacja/slownik/k/krajowy-program-zwiekszania-lesistosci-kraju |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=Lasy Państwowe |language=pl}}</ref> The richness of Polish forests (per SoEF 2011 statistics) is more than twice as high as the European average (with German and French forests being at the top), containing 2.304 billion cubic metres of trees.<ref name="ref name=rapBIP">{{Citation | url=http://bip.lasy.gov.pl/pl/bip/px_~raport_o_stanie_lasow_2011.pdf?page_opener=http%3A%2F%2Fbip.lasy.gov.pl%2Fpl%2Fbip%2Fraporty_i_prognozy | title=Raport o stanie lasów w Polsce (Report on the Status of Forests in Poland) | publisher=Dyrekcja Generalna Lasów Państwowych (Main Directorate of State Forest) | date=June 2012 | access-date=14 September 2013 | author=Centrum Informacyjne Lasów Państwowych | page=8 | quote=Określona według standardu międzynarodowego lesistość Polski na koniec roku 2011 wynosiła 30,5%. | format=PDF file, direct download 4.12 MB | language=pl}}</ref> The largest forest complex in Poland is [[Lower Silesian Wilderness]]. More than 1% of Poland's territory, {{convert|3145|km2|sqmi}}, is protected within 23 [[List of national parks of Poland|Polish national parks]]. In addition, many [[wetland]]s along lakes and rivers in central Poland are legally protected, as are coastal areas in the north. There are over 120 areas designated as [[Landscape Park (Poland)|landscape parks]], along with numerous [[nature reserve]]s and other [[Protected areas of Poland|protected areas]] (e.g. [[Natura 2000]]). Present-day Poland is a country with favorable agricultural prospects, and over two million private farms. It is the leading producer of [[potatoes]] and [[rye]] in Europe,<ref name="countrystudies">{{cite journal |url=http://countrystudies.us/poland/57.htm |title=Poland: A Country Study |author=Glenn E. Curtis |journal=Library of Congress Country Studies |year=1992 |issue=GPO Country Studies Index, Washington}}</ref> the world's largest producer of [[triticale]],<ref name="Gabrielyan">Gnel Gabrielyan, ''[http://www.impact.wsu.edu/MarshFiles/AAEA%20Domestic%20and%20International%20Price%20Formation%20of%20US%20Hops.pdf Domestic and Export Price Formation of U.S. Hops] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426215451/http://www.impact.wsu.edu/MarshFiles/AAEA%20Domestic%20and%20International%20Price%20Formation%20of%20US%20Hops.pdf |date=April 26, 2014 }}'' School of Economic Sciences at Washington State University. PDF file, direct download 220 KB. Retrieved 4 May 2014.</ref> and one of the more important producers of barley, oats, [[sugar beets]], flax, and various fruits.<ref name="countrystudies"/> It is also the [[European Union]]'s fourth largest supplier of pork after Germany, Spain and France.<ref name="ec.europa.eu">{{cite web |url=http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/statistics/agricultural/2011/pdf/full-report_en.pdf |title=Agriculture in the European Union. Statistical and Economic Information 2011 |publisher=European Union. Directorate-General for Agriculture and Rural Development |work=World production and gross domestic production of main pigmeat-producing or exporting countries |access-date=4 May 2014 |page=307 |quote=EU: official slaughter only. Source: FAO. |format=PDF file, direct download 6.24 MB }}</ref> ==Biodiversity== [[File:WhiteStorkFamily.jpg|thumb|Family of [[white stork]]. Poland hosts the largest white stork population.<ref name="Poland.pl – White Stork – About White Stork">{{cite web|url=http://storks.poland.pl/about_stork/index.htm |title=Poland.pl – White Stork – About White Stork |publisher=Storks.poland.pl |access-date=6 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090208220427/http://storks.poland.pl/about_stork/index.htm |archive-date=February 8, 2009 }}</ref>]] [[Phytogeography|Phytogeographically]], Poland belongs to the Central European province of the [[Circumboreal Region]] within the [[Boreal Kingdom]]. According to the [[World Wide Fund for Nature]], the territory of [[Ecoregions in Poland|Poland belongs to three Palearctic Ecoregions]] of the continental forest spanning Central and Northern European [[temperate broadleaf and mixed forest]] ecoregions as well as the Carpathian [[Montane ecology|montane]] conifer forest. [[File:2020 żubry 03.jpg|thumb|left|A herd of [[wisent]]s in [[Białowieża Forest|Białowieża]]]] Many animals that have since died out in other parts of Europe still survive in Poland, such as the [[wisent]] in the [[ancient woodland]] of the [[Białowieża Forest]] and in [[Podlaskie]]. Other such species include the [[brown bear]] in [[Białowieża]], in the Tatras, and in the Beskids, the [[gray wolf]] and the [[Eurasian lynx]] in various forests, the [[moose]] in northern Poland, and the [[beaver]] in Masuria, Pomerania, and Podlaskie. In the forests, one also encounters game animals, such as [[red deer]], [[roe deer]] and [[wild boar]]s. In eastern Poland there are a number of ancient woodlands, like [[Białowieża forest]], that have never been cleared by people. There are also large forested areas in the mountains, Masuria, Pomerania, [[Lubusz Land]] and [[Lower Silesia]]. Poland is the most important breeding ground for a variety of European [[migratory birds]].<ref name="poland.gov.pl-Fauna">{{cite journal |url=http://en.poland.gov.pl/Fauna,309.html |title=Kingdom of birds |author=Ministry of Foreign Affairs |journal=Experience Poland » Geography » Environment » Fauna |year=2011 |quote=A real kingdom of birds is the Biebrza Basin, its wildlife making it one of the most unique areas in Poland. It is Europe's most valuable peatland/marshland and an important wildfowl breeding area on the continent, providing refuge for 263 bird species, including 185 nesting species.}}</ref> Out of all of the migratory birds who come to Europe for the summer, one quarter of the global population of [[white stork]]s (40,000 breeding pairs) live in Poland,<ref name="Hillstrom-34">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dMexywMD_okC&q=%2240%2C000+breeding+pairs%22 |title=Europe: A Continental Overview of Environmental Issues, Volume 4 |publisher=ABC-CLIO World geography |author=Kevin Hillstrom, Laurie Collier Hillstrom |year=2003 |page=34 |isbn=1-57607-686-5}}</ref> particularly in the lake districts and the wetlands along the [[Biebrza]], the [[Narew]], and the [[Warta]], which are part of nature reserves or national parks. ==Hydrology== {{see also|Rivers of Poland|Category:Lakes of Poland|Category:Waterfalls of Poland}} [[File:Exterior of the Wawel Castle seen across the Vistula River, Kraków.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Vistula]] river in [[Kraków]]]] The longest rivers are the [[Vistula River|Vistula]] ({{langx|pl|Wisła}}), {{convert|1047|km|mi}} long; the [[Oder River|Oder]] ({{langx|pl|Odra}}) which forms part of Poland's western border, {{convert|854|km|mi}} long; its tributary, the [[Warta]], {{convert|808|km|mi}} long; and the [[Bug River|Bug]], a tributary of the Vistula, {{convert|772|km|mi}} long. The Vistula and the Oder flow into the Baltic Sea, as do numerous smaller rivers in Pomerania. The [[Łyna River|Łyna]] and the [[Angrapa River|Angrapa]] flow by way of the [[Pregolya]] to the Baltic, and the [[Czarna Hańcza]] flows into the Baltic through the [[Neman River|Neman]]. While the great majority of Poland's rivers drain into the Baltic Sea, Poland's Beskids are the source of some of the upper tributaries of the [[Orava River|Orava]], which flows via the [[Váh]] and the [[Danube]] to the [[Black Sea]]. The eastern Beskids are also the source of some streams that drain through the [[Dniester]] to the Black Sea. Poland's rivers have been used since early times for navigation. The [[Viking]]s, for example, traveled up the Vistula and the Oder in their [[longship]]s. In the Middle Ages and in early modern times, when the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was the breadbasket of Europe;<ref name="Snyder-111">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QJhMhTKw-vgC&q=%22Commonwealth+became+the+breadbasket%22 |title=The Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569-1999 |publisher=Yale University Press |author=Timothy Snyder|author-link=Timothy Snyder |year=2003 |page=111 |isbn=0-300-12841-X |quote=Commonwealth became the breadbasket of Western Europe, wrote Timothy Snyder, thanks to the presence of fertile southeastern regions of Podolia and east Galicia.}}</ref> the shipment of grain and other agricultural products down the Vistula toward [[Gdańsk]] and onward to other parts of Europe took on great importance.<ref name="Snyder-111"/> [[File:20161001 Kurtkowiec i Czerwone Stawy Gąsienicowe 1730.jpg|thumb|''Kurtkowiec'', [[oligotrophic lake]] in southeastern Poland]] With almost ten thousand closed bodies of water covering more than {{convert|1|ha|acre|2}} each, Poland has one of the highest numbers of lakes in the world. In Europe, only [[Finland]] has a greater density of lakes.<ref name="Walske-28">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9dx2AgAAQBAJ&q=%22a+higher+density+of+lakes+than+Poland%22 |title=Poland |publisher=ABDO Publishing |author=Christine Zuchora-Walske |year=2013 |page=28 |isbn=978-1-61480-877-0 |chapter=The Lakes Region |quote=''Insert:'' Poland is home to 9,300 lakes. Finland is the only European nation with a higher density of lakes than Poland.}}</ref> The largest lakes, covering more than {{convert|100|km2|sqmi|0}}, are [[Śniardwy|Lake Śniardwy]] and [[Lake Mamry]] in [[Masuria]], and [[Łebsko Lake|Lake Łebsko]] and [[Drawsko Lake|Lake Drawsko]] in [[Pomerania]]. In addition to the lake districts in the north (in Masuria, Pomerania, [[Kashubians|Kashubia]], Lubuskie, and [[Greater Poland]]), there is also a large number of mountain lakes in the Tatras, of which the Morskie Oko is the largest in area. The lake with the greatest depth—of more than {{convert|100|m|ft|0}}—is [[Hańcza|Lake Hańcza]] in the Wigry Lake District, east of Masuria in [[Podlaskie Voivodeship]]. [[File:Solina Poland.jpg|thumb|left|[[Lake Solina]] near [[Lesko]] in southeastern Poland]] Among the first lakes whose shores were settled are those in the Greater Polish Lake District. The [[stilt house]] settlement of [[Biskupin]], occupied by more than one thousand residents, was founded before the 7th century BC by people of the [[Lusatian culture]]. Lakes have always played an important role in Polish history and continue to be of great importance to today's modern Polish society. The ancestors of today's Poles, the [[Polans (western)|Polanie]], built their first fortresses on islands in these lakes. The legendary Prince [[Popiel]] ruled from [[Kruszwica]] tower erected on the [[Gopło|Lake Gopło]].<ref name="Chronicles-93">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m8_rUrXWSsUC&q=Gop%C5%82o-Kruszwica+Popiel |title=Jewish Poland &ndash; legends of Origin: Ethnopoetics and Legendary Chronicles |publisher=Wayne State University Press |author=Ḥayah Bar-Yitsḥaḳ |year=2001 |page=93 |isbn=0-8143-2789-3}}</ref> The first historically documented ruler of Poland, Duke [[Mieszko I of Poland|Mieszko I]], had his palace on an island in the Warta River in [[Poznań]]. Nowadays the Polish lakes provide a location for the pursuit of water sports such as [[yachting]] and [[wind-surfing]]. [[File:Bay Gdansk 2006.jpg|thumb|[[Baltic Sea|Baltic]] beaches of the [[Gdańsk Bay]], one of Poland's popular destinations<ref name="tripadvisor">{{cite web |url=http://www.tripadvisor.ca/TravelersChoice-Destinations-cTop-g274723 |title=Top 10 Destinations &ndash; Poland |publisher=TripAdvisor.ca The world largest travel site |work=Travelers' Choice 2013 (winners) |access-date=25 August 2014 |author=TripAdvisor |pages=1 of 10}}</ref>]] The Polish Baltic coast is approximately {{convert|528|km|mi|0}} long and extends from [[Świnoujście]] on the islands of [[Usedom]] and [[Wolin]] in the west to [[Krynica Morska]] on the Vistula Spit in the east. For the most part, Poland has a smooth coastline, which has been shaped by the continual movement of sand by currents and winds. This continual [[erosion]] and [[deposition (geology)|deposition]] has formed cliffs, dunes, and spits, many of which have migrated landwards to close off former lagoons, such as Łebsko Lake in Słowiński National Park. Prior to the end of the [[Second World War]] and subsequent [[Territorial changes of Poland immediately after World War II|change in national borders]], Poland had only a very small coastline; this was situated at the end of the '[[Polish Corridor]]', the only internationally recognised Polish territory which afforded the country access to the sea. However, after World War II, the redrawing of Poland's borders and resulting 'shift' of the country's borders left it with a greatly expanded coastline, thus allowing for far greater access to the sea than was ever previously possible. The significance of this event, and importance of it to Poland's future as a major industrialised nation, was alluded to by the 1945 [[Poland's Wedding to the Sea|Wedding to the Sea]]. The largest spits are [[Hel Peninsula]] and the [[Vistula Spit]]. The largest Polish Baltic island is [[Wolin]]. The largest sea [[harbour]]s are [[Port of Szczecin|Szczecin]], [[Port of Świnoujście|Świnoujście]], [[Port of Gdańsk|Gdańsk]], [[Port of Gdynia|Gdynia]], [[Port of Police|Police]] and [[Port of Kołobrzeg|Kołobrzeg]]. The main coastal resorts are [[Świnoujście]], [[Międzyzdroje]] (Misdroy), [[Kołobrzeg]], [[Łeba]], [[Sopot]], [[Władysławowo]] and the Hel Peninsula. ===Drainage=== [[File:Most Długi w Szczecinie, 2017.jpg|right|thumb|The [[Oder]] river in [[Szczecin]]]] Nearly all of Poland is swirled northward into the Baltic Sea by the [[Vistula River|Vistula]], the [[Oder River|Oder]], and the tributaries of these two major rivers. About half the country is drained by the Vistula, which originates in the [[Silesian Beskids]] in far south-central Poland. The [[Vistula Basin]] includes most of the eastern half of the country and is drained by a system of rivers that mainly join the Vistula from the east. One of the tributaries, the [[Bug River|Bug]], defines 280 kilometers of Poland's eastern border with Ukraine and Belarus. The Oder and its major tributary, the [[Warta River|Warta]], and a few smaller rivers as [[Kłodnica]], [[Mała Panew]], [[Bóbr]], [[Lusatian Neisse]] (Nysa Łużycka) and [[Ina (river)|Ina]], form a basin that drains the western third of Poland into the [[Bay of Szczecin]]. The drainage effect on a large part of Polish terrain is weak, however, especially in the lake region and the inland areas to its south. The predominance of [[swamp]]land, level terrain, and small, shallow lakes hinders large-scale movement of water. The rivers have two high-water periods per year. The first is caused by melting snow and ice dams in spring adding to the volume of lowland rivers; the second is caused by heavy rains in July. ==Climate== [[File:Koppen-Geiger Map POL present.svg|thumb|[[Köppen climate classification]] types of Poland]] [[File:Plaża w Pucku - kitesurfers - beach in Puck (4).jpg|thumb|The average daytime summer temperature at sea level along the Baltic coast is {{convert|22|°C|°F|1}}.<ref name="zalewszczecinski">{{cite web|url = http://zalewszczecinski.net/akweny/wybrzeze-morza-baltyckiego|title = Wybrzeże Morza Bałtyckiego|work = www.zalewszczecinski.net|access-date = 16 November 2009|language=pl}}</ref> [[Bay of Puck]] (''Zatoka Pucka'')]] Poland's long-term and short-term weather patterns are made transitional and variable by the collision of diverse air masses above the country's surface. Maritime air moves across [[Western Europe]], [[Arctic]] air sweeps down from the [[North Atlantic Ocean]], and subtropical air arrives from the [[South Atlantic Ocean]]. Although the Polar air dominates for much of the year, its conjunction with warmer currents generally moderates temperatures and generates considerable [[Precipitation (meteorology)|precipitation]], clouds, and fog. When the moderating influences are lacking, winter temperatures in mountain valleys may drop to a minimum of {{convert|-20|°C}}. The spring arrives slowly in March or April, bringing mainly sunny days after a period of alternating wintertime and springtime conditions. Summer, which extends from June to August, is generally less humid than winter. Showers and thunderstorms alternate with dry sunny weather that is generated when southern and eastern winds prevail. Early autumn is generally sunny and warm before a period of rainy, colder weather in November begins the transition into winter. Winter, which may last from one to three months, brings frequent snowstorms but relatively low total precipitation. [[File:Tarnow Rynek 20080708 4153.jpg|thumb|left|A sunny morning in [[Tarnów]]]] The range of mean temperatures is {{convert|6|°C|1}} in the northeast to {{convert|10|°C}} in the southwest, but individual readings in Poland's regions vary widely by season. On the highest mountain peaks, the mean temperature is below {{convert|0|°C}}. The Baltic coast, influenced by moderating west winds, mostly in [[Świnoujście]], [[Międzyzdroje]], [[Dziwnów]], [[Nowe Warpno]], [[Police, West Pomeranian Voivodeship|Police]] and [[Szczecin]], has cooler summers and warmer winters. The other temperature extreme is in the southeast along the border with Ukraine, where the greatest seasonal differences occur and winter temperatures average 4.5&nbsp;°C below those in western Poland. The hottest cities in Poland are [[Tarnów]], [[Wrocław]] and [[Słubice]]. [[File:Park zdrojowy, 1827, 1939, po 1945 (73).JPG|thumb|Summer in the Spa-Park in the resort of [[Świnoujście]]]] The average temperatures are rising.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ekoedu.uw.edu.pl/rep/pdf/22fe31f808780c906db3ae3df0bb1728.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2014-01-09 |archive-date=2014-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109230623/http://www.ekoedu.uw.edu.pl/rep/pdf/22fe31f808780c906db3ae3df0bb1728.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> In the period of 1980 to 2010, there were 19 Decembers without snow, and in the period of 2000 to 2010 seven. December 2006 was the warmest one in Poland since 1779. In most of Poland, average temperatures rose by 3-5 degrees Celsius during the last three decades.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.twojapogoda.pl/artykuly/113139,grudnie-coraz-mniej-sniezne-i-cieplejsze |title=Grudnie coraz mniej śnieżne i cieplejsze &#124; TwojaPogoda.pl |access-date=2014-01-09 |archive-date=2014-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109232122/http://www.twojapogoda.pl/artykuly/113139,grudnie-coraz-mniej-sniezne-i-cieplejsze |url-status=dead }}</ref> These changes can be attributed to [[Climate change in Poland|climate change]]. The average annual precipitation for the whole country is {{convert|600|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}, but isolated mountain areas receive as much as {{convert|1300|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} per year. The total is slightly higher in the southern uplands than in the central plains. A few areas, notably along the Vistula between [[Warsaw]] and the Baltic Sea and in the far northwest, average less than {{convert|500|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}. In winter about half the precipitation in the lowlands and the entire amount in the mountains falls as snow. On average, precipitation in summer is twice of that in winter, providing a dependable supply of water for crops. The growing season is about 40 days longer in the southwest than in the northeast, where spring arrives latest. {| |- | {{climate chart | [[Warsaw]] | -6.1 | 0.1 | 21 | -5.5 | 0.9 | 25 | -1.3 | 4.7 | 24 | 4.2 | 12.2 | 33 | 8.6 | 19.4 | 44 | 13.5 | 21.7 | 62 | 14.8 | 23.8 | 73 | 13.6 | 23.0 | 63 | 9.7 | 18.3 | 42 | 3.5 | 12.9 | 37 | 0.8 | 5.0 | 38 | -3.1 | 2.1 | 33 |float=none |clear=none |source = <ref name="imgw.pl">{{cite web | url=http://www.imgw.pl/index.php | title=Strona główna &#124; Instytut Meteorologii i Gospodarki Wodnej - Państwowy Instytut Badawczy }}</ref> }} | {{climate chart | [[Wrocław]] | -3.7 | 3.0 | 31 | -2.8 | 4.3 | 30 | 0.2 | 9.0 | 39 | 5.2 | 14.5 | 36 | 10.0 | 20.0 | 48 | 14.4 | 22.8 | 69 | 16.1 | 26.1 | 75 | 15.1 | 26.3 | 65 | 11.3 | 21.1 | 46 | 5.9 | 14.4 | 33 | 2.3 | 7.7 | 38 | -2.0 | 3.9 | 38 |float=none |clear=none |source = <ref name="imgw.pl">{{cite web | url=http://www.imgw.pl/index.php | title=Strona główna &#124; Instytut Meteorologii i Gospodarki Wodnej - Państwowy Instytut Badawczy }}</ref> }} | {{climate chart | [[Szczecin]] | -3.6 | 3.6 | 40 | -3.0 | 3.8 | 31 | -0.1 | 8.7 | 42 | 6.2 | 12.5 | 38 | 9.8 | 18.2 | 55 | 13.3 | 20.2 | 63 | 14.0 | 22.5 | 65 | 13.8 | 22.3 | 56 | 10.9 | 17.5 | 49 | 6.4 | 12.8 | 40 | 2.5 | 6.5 | 43 | -1.4 | 4.4 | 42 |float=none |clear=none |source = <ref name="imgw.pl">{{cite web | url=http://www.imgw.pl/index.php | title=Strona główna &#124; Instytut Meteorologii i Gospodarki Wodnej - Państwowy Instytut Badawczy }}</ref> }} |} {{Weather box | location = Poland | collapsed = | metric first = Y | single line = Y | Jan record high C = 18.9 | Feb record high C = 22.1 | Mar record high C = 25.6 | Apr record high C = 32.5 | May record high C = 36.2 | Jun record high C = 38.3 | Jul record high C = 40.2 | Aug record high C = 39 | Sep record high C = 36.8 | Oct record high C = 28.9 | Nov record high C = 26.2 | Dec record high C = 20.4 | year record high C = 40.2 | Jan record low C = −41 | Feb record low C = -40.6 | Mar record low C = −34.7 | Apr record low C = −21.8 | May record low C = −9 | Jun record low C = −4.6 | Jul record low C = −5.5 | Aug record low C = −3.2 | Sep record low C = −9.2 | Oct record low C = −18.5 | Nov record low C = −29 | Dec record low C = −40 | year record low C = −41 | date = March 2021 | source = }} The highest temperature recorded in Poland occurred on 29 July 1921 at Prószków.<ref name="klimat.geo.uj.edu.pl heat">{{cite web |url=http://www.klimat.geo.uj.edu.pl/tematyczne/rekordyklimatyczne/polska.htm |title=Rekordy klimatyczne w Polsce |language=pl |publisher=Zakład Klimatologii – [[Uniwersytet Jagielloński]], Kraków |work=Klimat.Geo.UJ.edu.pl |access-date=20 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529040418/http://www.klimat.geo.uj.edu.pl/tematyczne/rekordyklimatyczne/polska.htm |archive-date=29 May 2010 }}</ref> The lowest temperature ever recorded in Poland occurred on 11 January 1940 in Siedlce.<ref name="klimat.geo.uj.edu.pl heat" /> The highest winter temperature in Poland was recorded occurred on 25 February 2021 and lowest in summer was recorded on 21 July 1996. The highest temperature in January, 18.9&nbsp;°C, was reported in Warsaw on 1 January 2022, at 11:30 AM.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Padł styczniowy rekord, Warszawa najcieplejsza. Pogodowe anomalie w pierwszy dzień nowego roku |url=https://tvn24.pl/tvnmeteo/polska/rekordy-ciepla-w-polsce-warszawa-imgw-padl-styczniowy-rekord-rekordowo-cieply-sylwester-20222023-pogoda-w-sylwestra-i-nowy-rok-2023-6559433 |access-date=2023-01-02 |website=TVN Meteo |language=pl}}</ref> The New Year's Eve night was also among the warmest winter nights in history of the region, with temperatures reaching 17&nbsp;°C in Słubice around midnight. ==Political geography== {{main|Administrative divisions of Poland}} Poland's current [[Voivodeships of Poland|voivodeships]] (provinces) are largely based on the country's historic regions, whereas those of the past two decades (to 1998) had been centred on and named for individual cities. The new units range in area from less than {{convert|10000|km2|sqmi}} for Opole Voivodeship to more than {{convert|35000|km2|sqmi}} for Masovian Voivodeship. Administrative authority at voivodeship level is shared between a government-appointed [[voivode]] (governor), an elected regional assembly (''[[Voivodeship sejmik|sejmik]]'') and an executive elected by that assembly. The voivodeships are subdivided into ''[[powiat]]s'' (often referred to in English as counties), and these are further divided into ''[[gmina]]s'' (also known as communes or municipalities). Major cities normally have the status of both ''gmina'' and ''powiat''. Poland has 16 voivodeships, 379 powiats (including 65 cities with ''powiat'' status), and 2,478 ''gminas''. {| style="width:98%;" |- | {{Polish Voivodeships|options=float:left; border:3px; max-width:460px;}} | {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-size:85%;" |- !colspan="2"| [[Voivodeship]] !!rowspan="2"| [[List of cities and towns in Poland|Capital city or cities]] |- ! style="width:30%;"| ''[[English language|in English]]'' !! style="width:30%;"| ''[[Polish language|in Polish]]'' |- | [[Greater Poland Voivodeship|Greater Poland]]|| ''Wielkopolskie''|| [[Poznań]] |- | [[Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship|Kuyavian-Pomeranian]]|| ''Kujawsko-Pomorskie''|| [[Bydgoszcz]]&nbsp;/ [[Toruń]] |- | [[Lesser Poland Voivodeship|Lesser Poland]]|| ''Małopolskie''|| [[Kraków]] |- | [[Łódź Voivodeship|Łódź]]|| ''Łódzkie''|| [[Łódź]] |- | [[Lower Silesian Voivodeship|Lower Silesian]]|| ''Dolnośląskie''|| [[Wrocław]] |- | [[Lublin Voivodeship|Lublin]]|| ''Lubelskie''|| [[Lublin]] |- | [[Lubusz Voivodeship|Lubusz]]|| ''Lubuskie''|| [[Gorzów Wielkopolski]]&nbsp;/ [[Zielona Góra]] |- | [[Masovian Voivodeship|Masovian]]|| ''Mazowieckie''|| [[Warsaw]] |- | [[Opole Voivodeship|Opole]]|| ''Opolskie''|| [[Opole]] |- | [[Podlaskie Voivodeship|Podlaskie]]|| ''Podlaskie''|| [[Białystok]] |- | [[Pomeranian Voivodeship|Pomeranian]]|| ''Pomorskie''|| [[Gdańsk]] |- | [[Silesian Voivodeship|Silesian]]|| ''Śląskie''|| [[Katowice]] |- | [[Subcarpathian Voivodeship|Subcarpathian]]|| ''Podkarpackie''|| [[Rzeszów]] |- | [[Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship|Świętokrzyskie]]<br />(Holy Cross)|| ''Świętokrzyskie''|| [[Kielce]] |- | [[Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship|Warmian-Masurian]]|| ''Warmińsko-Mazurskie''|| [[Olsztyn]] |- | [[West Pomeranian Voivodeship|West Pomeranian]]|| ''Zachodniopomorskie''|| [[Szczecin]] |- |} |- | |} == Statistics == *Area - comparative: slightly larger than [[Oman]]. *Land boundaries: ''total:'' {{convert|2,888|km|mi|abbr=on}}. *Border countries and length: [[Belarus]]: {{convert|416|km|mi|abbr=on}}, [[Czech Republic]]: {{convert|790|km|mi|abbr=on}}, [[Germany]]: {{convert|467|km|mi|abbr=on}}, [[Lithuania]]: {{convert|103|km|mi|abbr=on}}, [[Russia]] (via [[Kaliningrad Oblast]]): {{convert|210|km|mi|abbr=on}}, [[Slovakia]]: {{convert|541|km|mi|abbr=on}}, and [[Ukraine]]: {{convert|528|km|mi|abbr=on}} *Coastline: {{convert|770|km|mi|abbr=on}}. *Maritime claims: ''[[exclusive economic zone]]'' is {{convert|30,533|km2|sqmi}} and defined by international treaties. *Territorial sea: {{convert|12|nmi|km mi|1|abbr=on|lk=in}} *Elevation extremes: ''lowest point'' [[Raczki Elbląskie]] {{convert|-1.8|m|ft|abbr=on}}; ''highest point:'' [[Rysy]] {{convert|2,499|m|ft|abbr=on}} *Sea islands: [[Wolin]], eastern part of [[Usedom|Uznam (Usedom)]] ==Environmental concerns== [[File:Europe landforms - North European Plain.svg|thumb|right|300px|North European Plain colored in {{color|green|green}}]] Natural hazards: Occasional flooding [[National parks (Poland)|National parks]] Environment - current issues: The situation has improved since 1989 due to decline in heavy industry and increased environmental concern by [[communism|postcommunist]] governments{{citation needed|date=August 2009}}; [[air pollution]] nonetheless remains serious because of [[sulfur dioxide]] emissions from [[power station|coal-fired power plants]], and the resulting [[acid rain]] has caused forest damage; [[water pollution]] from industrial and municipal sources is also a problem, as is disposal of hazardous wastes. Disposal of the country's coal ash is aided by [[revegetation]].<ref name="Uzarowicz-et-al-2021">{{cite journal | last1=Uzarowicz | first1=Łukasz | last2=Charzyński | first2=Przemysław | last3=Greinert | first3=Andrzej | last4=Hulisz | first4=Piotr | last5=Kabała | first5=Cezary | last6=Kusza | first6=Grzegorz | last7=Kwasowski | first7=Wojciech | last8=Pędziwiatr | first8=Artur | title=Studies of technogenic soils in Poland: past, present, and future perspectives | journal=[[Soil Science Annual]] | publisher=[[Soil Science Society of Poland]] | volume=71 | issue=4 | date=2021-01-14 | issn=2300-4967 | doi=10.37501/soilsa/131615 | pages=281–299| s2cid=234214694 | doi-access=free }}</ref> Żołnierz ''et al.'', 2016 find the return of bush species is naturally [[phytoremediation of fly ash|phytoremediating fly ash]] dumps.<ref name="Uzarowicz-et-al-2021" /> Environment - international agreements: ''party to:'' Air Pollution, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands ''signed, but not ratified:'' Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 1994, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol Geography - note: historically, an area of conflict because of flat terrain and the lack of natural barriers on the [[North European Plain]] ==See also== {{colbegin}} *[[Administrative division of Poland]] *[[Borders of Poland]] *[[Extreme points of Poland]] *[[Tourism in Poland]] *[[List of caves in Poland]] *[[List of cities in Poland]] *[[List of forests in Poland]] *[[List of islands of Poland]] *[[List of rivers of Poland]] *[[List of mountains in Poland]] *[[Poland A and B]] {{colend}} ==References== {{Reflist}} *{{Country study}} *{{CIA World Factbook}} ==External links== * 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