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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Disyllabic laxing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disyllabic_laxing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monosyllabic_laxing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monosyllabic_laxing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Monosyllabic laxing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monosyllabic_laxing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Historic vowel shift</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This article contains <b><a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA)</b>. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ /</span> and ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"> </span>⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</div></div> </div> <p><b>Trisyllabic laxing</b>, or <b>trisyllabic shortening</b>, is any of three processes in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> in which tense vowels (long vowels or <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthongs</a>) become lax (short <a href="/wiki/Monophthong" title="Monophthong">monophthongs</a>) if they are followed by two or more syllables, at least the first of which is unstressed, for example, <i>grateful</i> vs <i>gratitude</i>, <i>profound</i> vs <i>profundity</i>. </p><p>By a different process, laxing is also found in disyllabic and monosyllabic words, for example, <i>shade</i> vs <i>shadow</i>, <i>lose</i> vs <i>lost</i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trisyllabic_laxing">Trisyllabic laxing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trisyllabic_laxing&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Trisyllabic laxing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Trisyllabic laxing is a process which has occurred at various periods in the history of English: </p> <ol><li>The earliest occurrence of trisyllabic laxing occurred in late <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> and caused stressed <a href="/wiki/Long_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Long vowel">long vowels</a> to become shortened before clusters of two consonants when two or more syllables followed.</li> <li>Later in <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a>, the process was expanded to all vowels when two or more syllables followed.</li> <li>The Middle English sound change remained in the language and is still a mostly-productive process in <a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a>, detailed in Chomsky and Halle's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sound_Pattern_of_English" title="The Sound Pattern of English">The Sound Pattern of English</a></i>.</li></ol> <p>The Middle English sound change occurred before the <a href="/wiki/Great_Vowel_Shift" title="Great Vowel Shift">Great Vowel Shift</a> and other changes to the nature of vowels. As a result of the changes, the pairs of vowels related by trisyllabic laxing often bear little resemblance to one another in Modern English; however, originally they always bore a consistent relationship. For example, tense <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aʊ/</span> was <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[uː]</span>, and lax <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʌ/</span> was <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[u]</span> at the time of trisyllabic laxing. </p><p>In some cases, trisyllabic laxing appears to take place when it should not have done so: for example, in "south" <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/aʊ/: 'ou' in 'mouth'">aʊ</span><span title="/θ/: 'th' in 'thigh'">θ</span></span>/</a></span></span> vs. "southern" <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ʌ/: 'u' in 'cut'">ʌ</span><span title="/ð/: 'th' in 'this'">ð</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span>. In such cases, the apparent anomaly is caused by later sound changes: "southern" (formerly <i>southerne</i>) was pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/suːðernə/</span> when trisyllabic laxing applied. </p><p>In the modern English language, there are systematic exceptions to the process, such as in words ending in <i>-ness</i>: "mindfulness, loneliness". There are also occasional, non-systematic exceptions such as "obese, obesity" (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span>, not *<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span>), although in this case the former was back-formed from the latter in the 19th century. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Tense <br />vowel </th> <th>→ </th> <th>Lax <br />vowel </th> <th>Change in <br /><a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> </th> <th>Example </th> <th>IPA </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">iː</span> </td> <td>→ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɛ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">eː<span class="wrap"> </span>→<span class="wrap"> </span>e</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɛː<span class="wrap"> </span>→<span class="wrap"> </span>e</span> </td> <td>ser<b>e</b>ne, ser<b>e</b>nity; <p>imp<b>e</b>de, imp<b>e</b>diment </p> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/sᵻˈr<b>iː</b>n,<span class="wrap"> </span>sᵻˈr<b>ɛ</b>nᵻti/</span>; <p><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɪmˈp<b>iː</b>d,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɪmˈp<b>ɛ</b>dᵻmənt/</span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">eɪ</span> </td> <td>→ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">æ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">aː<span class="wrap"> </span>→<span class="wrap"> </span>a</span> </td> <td>prof<b>a</b>ne, prof<b>a</b>nity; <p>gr<b>a</b>teful, gr<b>a</b>titude </p> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/prəˈf<b>eɪ</b>n,<span class="wrap"> </span>prəˈf<b>æ</b>nᵻti/</span> <p><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈɡr<b>eɪ</b>tfəl,<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈɡr<b>æ</b>tᵻtjuːd/</span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">aɪ</span> </td> <td>→ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɪ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">iː<span class="wrap"> </span>→<span class="wrap"> </span>i</span> </td> <td>div<b>i</b>ne, div<b>i</b>nity; <p>der<b>i</b>ve, der<b>i</b>vative </p> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dᵻˈv<b>aɪ</b>n,<span class="wrap"> </span>dᵻˈv<b>ɪ</b>nᵻti/</span>; <p><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dᵻˈr<b>aɪ</b>v,<span class="wrap"> </span>dᵻˈr<b>ɪ</b>vətᵻv/</span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">aʊ</span> </td> <td>→ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʌ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">uː<span class="wrap"> </span>→<span class="wrap"> </span>u</span> </td> <td>prof<b>ou</b>nd, prof<b>u</b>ndity; <p>pron<b>ou</b>nce, pron<b>u</b>nciation; </p> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/prəˈf<b>aʊ</b>nd,<span class="wrap"> </span>prəˈf<b>ʌ</b>ndᵻti/</span>; <p><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/prəˈn<b>aʊ</b>ns,<span class="wrap"> </span>prəˌn<b>ʌ</b>nsiˈeɪʃən/</span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">uː</span> </td> <td>→ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɒ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">oː<span class="wrap"> </span>→<span class="wrap"> </span>o</span> </td> <td colspan="2">(No longer part of the active vowel system of English)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">oʊ</span> </td> <td>→ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɒ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔː<span class="wrap"> </span>→<span class="wrap"> </span>o</span> </td> <td>prov<b>o</b>ke, prov<b>o</b>cative; <p>s<b>o</b>le, s<b>o</b>litude </p> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/prəˈv<b>oʊ</b>k,<span class="wrap"> </span>prəˈv<b>ɒ</b>k.ə.tɪv/</span>; <p><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈs<b>oʊ</b>l,<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈs<b>ɒ</b>lᵻtjuːd/</span> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disyllabic_laxing">Disyllabic laxing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trisyllabic_laxing&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Disyllabic laxing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several now-defunct Middle English phonological processes have created an irregular system of <i>disyllabic laxing</i>; unlike trisyllabic laxing which was one phonological change, apparent disyllabic laxing in Modern English is caused by many different sound changes: </p> <ul><li><i>pl<b>ea</b>se</i> → <i>pl<b>ea</b>sant</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈpl<b>iː</b>z,<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈpl<b>ɛ</b>zənt/</span></li> <li><i>sh<b>a</b>de</i> → <i>sh<b>a</b>dow</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈʃ<b>eɪ</b>d,<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈʃ<b>æ</b>doʊ/</span></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>p<b>a</b>le</i> → <i>p<b>a</b>llid</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈp<b>eɪ</b>l,<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈp<b>æ</b>lɪd/</span></dd></dl> <ul><li><i>ch<b>i</b>ld</i> → <i>ch<b>i</b>ldren</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈtʃ<b>aɪ</b>ld,<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈtʃ<b>ɪ</b>ldrən/</span></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>d<b>i</b>ne</i> → <i>d<b>i</b>nner</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈd<b>aɪ</b>n,<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈd<b>ɪ</b>nər/</span></dd> <dd><i>div<b>i</b>de</i> → <i>div<b>i</b>sion</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dɪˈv<b>aɪ</b>d,<span class="wrap"> </span>dɪˈv<b>ɪ</b>ʒən/</span></dd></dl> <ul><li><i>s<b>ou</b>th</i> → <i>s<b>ou</b>thern</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈs<b>aʊ</b>θ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈs<b>ʌ</b>ðərn/</span></li></ul> <dl><dd><i><b>ou</b>t</i> → <i><b>u</b>tter</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈ<b>aʊ</b>t,<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈ<b>ʌ</b>tər/</span></dd></dl> <ul><li><i>g<b>oo</b>se</i> → <i>g<b>o</b>sling</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈɡ<b>uː</b>s,<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈɡ<b>ɒ</b>zlɪŋ/</span></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>f<b>oo</b>l</i> → <i>f<b>o</b>lly</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈf<b>uː</b>l,<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈf<b>ɒ</b>li/</span></dd> <dd><i>f<b>oo</b>d</i> → <i>f<b>o</b>dder</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈf<b>uː</b>d,<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈf<b>ɒ</b>dər/</span></dd></dl> <ul><li><i>c<b>o</b>ne</i> → <i>c<b>o</b>nic</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈk<b>oʊ</b>n,<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈk<b>ɒ</b>nɪk/</span> (and other words in <i>-ic</i>)</li></ul> <dl><dd><i>dep<b>o</b>se</i> → <i>dep<b>o</b>sit</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dᵻˈp<b>oʊ</b>z,<span class="wrap"> </span>dᵻˈp<b>ɒ</b>zɪt/</span></dd></dl> <p>Many cases of disyllabic laxing are due, as in <i>southern</i> and <i>shadow</i> above, to Middle English having had more unstressed <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə/</span> sounds than Modern English: <i>sutherne</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/suðərnə/</span>, <i>schadowe</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃadəwə/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/ʃadou̯ə/</span>. Cases such as <i>please</i>, <i>pleasant</i> and <i>dine</i>, <i>dinner</i> come from how French words were adapted into Middle English: a stressed French vowel was borrowed into English as an equivalent long vowel. However, if the stressed English vowel was originally an unstressed vowel in French, the vowel was not lengthened;<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> examples of this which did not create an alteration are Old French <i>pitee</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/piˈte/</span> → Middle English <i>pite</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈpiteː/</span> and Old French <i>plais-</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/plɛz-/</span> (stem of <i>plaire</i>) → Middle English <i>plesen</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈplɛːzən/</span>, <i>plaisant</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/plɛˈzãnt/</span> → <i>plesaunt</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈplɛzau̯nt/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/ˈplɛzənt/</span>. </p><p>Some Latinate words, such as <i>Saturn</i>, have short vowels where from syllable structure one would expect a long vowel. Other cases differentiate <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_General_American_and_Received_Pronunciation" title="Comparison of General American and Received Pronunciation">British and American English</a>, with more frequent disyllabic laxing in American English – compare RP and GA pronunciations of <i>era</i>, <i>lever</i>, <i>patent</i>, <i>primer</i> (book) and <i>progress</i> (noun), though there are exceptions such as <i>leisure</i>, <i>produce</i> (noun), <i>Tethys</i>, <i>yogurt</i> and <i>zebra</i> that have a short vowel in RP. On the other hand, American English is <i>less</i> likely to have trisyllabic laxing, for example in words such as <i>dynasty</i>, <i>patronize</i>, <i>privacy</i> and <i>vitamin</i>. Much of this irregularity is due to <a href="/wiki/Morphological_leveling" title="Morphological leveling">morphological leveling</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Monosyllabic_laxing">Monosyllabic laxing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trisyllabic_laxing&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Monosyllabic laxing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Laxing also occurs in basic monosyllabic vocabulary, which presumably helps keep it active across generations. For example, the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iː/</span> → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ/</span> shift occurs in the past-tense forms of basic verbs such as <i>feel</i>, <i>keep</i>, <i>kneel</i>, <i>mean</i>, <i>sleep</i>, <i>sweep</i>, <i>weep</i> and – without a suffix <i>-t</i> – in <i>feed</i>, <i>lead</i>, <i>read</i>. Other shifts occur in <i>bite</i> → <i>bit</i>, <i>do</i> → <i>done</i>, <i>go</i> → <i>gone</i>, <i>hide</i> → <i>hid</i>, <i>lose</i> → <i>lost</i>, <i>shoot</i> → <i>shot</i>, etc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trisyllabic_laxing&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">April McMahon (2000) <i>Lexical Phonology and the History of English</i>, p. 112</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harrison, Thomas Carlton. <i>Robert Robinson's alphabet and seventeenth-century English phonetics</i> (1978), pg. 23</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trisyllabic_laxing&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBlake1992" class="citation book cs1">Blake, Norman, ed. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UlD3ksfXl5IC&pg=PA71"><i>The Cambridge history of the English language</i></a>. Vol. 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 71–73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521264754" title="Special:BookSources/9780521264754"><bdi>9780521264754</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+history+of+the+English+language&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=71-73&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780521264754&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUlD3ksfXl5IC%26pg%3DPA71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrisyllabic+laxing" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChomskyHalle1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky, Noam</a>; <a href="/wiki/Morris_Halle" title="Morris Halle">Halle, Morris</a> (1968). <i><a href="/wiki/The_sound_pattern_of_English" class="mw-redirect" title="The sound pattern of English">The sound pattern of English</a></i>. New York: Harper & Row.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+sound+pattern+of+English&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Chomsky&rft.aufirst=Noam&rft.au=Halle%2C+Morris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrisyllabic+laxing" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCummings1988" class="citation book cs1">Cummings, D. W. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1OVIqCV57pYC&pg=PA131"><i>American English Spelling: An Informal Description</i></a>. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 131–141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801834431" title="Special:BookSources/9780801834431"><bdi>9780801834431</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+English+Spelling%3A+An+Informal+Description&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+MD&rft.pages=131-141&rft.pub=The+Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9780801834431&rft.aulast=Cummings&rft.aufirst=D.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1OVIqCV57pYC%26pg%3DPA131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrisyllabic+laxing" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLahiriFikkert1999" class="citation journal cs1">Lahiri, Aditi; Fikkert, Paula (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ling-phil.ox.ac.uk/files/trisyllabic_shortening.pdf">"Trisyllabic shortening in English: past and present"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>English Language and Linguistics</i>. <b>3</b> (2): 229–267. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1360674399000234">10.1017/S1360674399000234</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:123063739">123063739</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=English+Language+and+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Trisyllabic+shortening+in+English%3A+past+and+present&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=229-267&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1360674399000234&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A123063739%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Lahiri&rft.aufirst=Aditi&rft.au=Fikkert%2C+Paula&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ling-phil.ox.ac.uk%2Ffiles%2Ftrisyllabic_shortening.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrisyllabic+laxing" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Myers, Scott (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4047504">"Vowel Shortening in English"</a>. <i>Natural Language & Linguistic Theory</i>, Vol. 5, No. 4 (Dec., 1987), pp. 485–518.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells1982" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/John_C._Wells" title="John C. Wells">Wells, John C.</a> (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ty5RoXyTKQsC&pg=SL20-PA87"><i>Accents of English</i></a>. Vol. 1: An introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 187–188. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521297196" title="Special:BookSources/9780521297196"><bdi>9780521297196</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Accents+of+English&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=187-188&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=9780521297196&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTy5RoXyTKQsC%26pg%3DSL20-PA87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrisyllabic+laxing" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">Proto-West-Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Frisian_languages" title="Anglo-Frisian languages">Anglo-Frisian languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kentish_Old_English" title="Kentish Old English">Kentish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercian_dialect" title="Mercian dialect">Mercian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northumbrian_Old_English" title="Northumbrian Old English">Northumbrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Saxon_dialect" title="West Saxon dialect">West Saxon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_language" title="Anglo-Norman language">Anglo-Norman language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_English" title="Early Modern English">Early Modern English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Phonological_history" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English" title="Phonological history of English">Phonological history</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_vowels" title="Phonological history of English vowels">Vowels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pronunciation_of_English_%E2%9F%A8a%E2%9F%A9" title="Pronunciation of English ⟨a⟩"><i>A</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English-language_vowel_changes_before_historic_/l/" title="English-language vowel changes before historic /l/">Changes before historic <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English-language_vowel_changes_before_historic_/r/" title="English-language vowel changes before historic /r/">Changes before historic <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_close_back_vowels" title="Phonological history of English close back vowels">Close back vowels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_close_front_vowels" title="Phonological history of English close front vowels">Close front vowels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_diphthongs" title="Phonological history of English diphthongs">Diphthongs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Vowel_Shift" title="Great Vowel Shift">Great Vowel Shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_open_back_vowels" title="Phonological history of English open back vowels">Open back vowels</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Trisyllabic laxing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_consonants" title="Phonological history of English consonants">Consonants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_consonant_clusters" title="Phonological history of English consonant clusters">Clusters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flapping" title="Flapping">Flapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H-dropping" title="H-dropping"><i>H</i>-dropping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-vocalization" title="L-vocalization"><i>L</i>-vocalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pronunciation_of_English_%E2%9F%A8ng%E2%9F%A9" title="Pronunciation of English ⟨ng⟩"><i>Ng</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhoticity_in_English" title="Rhoticity in English">Rhoticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-glottalization" title="T-glottalization"><i>T</i>-glottalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pronunciation_of_English_%E2%9F%A8th%E2%9F%A9" title="Pronunciation of English ⟨th⟩"><i>Th</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Th-fronting" title="Th-fronting">fronting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th-stopping" title="Th-stopping">stopping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pronunciation_of_English_%E2%9F%A8wh%E2%9F%A9" title="Pronunciation of English ⟨wh⟩"><i>Wh</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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