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Thomas Paine - Viquipèdia, l'enciclopèdia lliure

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cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Biografia</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Biografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Els_inicis_a_la_Gran_Bretanya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Els_inicis_a_la_Gran_Bretanya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Els inicis a la Gran Bretanya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Els_inicis_a_la_Gran_Bretanya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-A_Amèrica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A_Amèrica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>A Amèrica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A_Amèrica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retorn_a_la_Gran_Bretanya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retorn_a_la_Gran_Bretanya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Retorn a la Gran Bretanya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retorn_a_la_Gran_Bretanya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-A_França" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A_França"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>A França</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A_França-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retorn_als_Estats_Units" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retorn_als_Estats_Units"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Retorn als Estats Units</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retorn_als_Estats_Units-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pensament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pensament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Pensament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pensament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Principals_obres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Principals_obres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Principals obres</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Principals_obres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Homenatges_i_posteritat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Homenatges_i_posteritat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Homenatges i posteritat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Homenatges_i_posteritat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referències" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referències"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Referències</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referències-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enllaços_externs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enllaços_externs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Enllaços externs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enllaços_externs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contingut" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Commuta la taula de continguts." > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Commuta la taula de continguts.</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Thomas Paine</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vés a un article en una altra llengua. Disponible en 85 llengües" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-85" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">85 llengües</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine - aragonès" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Thomas Paine" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86" title="توماس بين - àrab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="توماس بين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="àrab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86" title="توماس بين - àrab egipci" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="توماس بين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="àrab egipci" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine - asturià" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Thomas Paine" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomas_Peyn" title="Tomas Peyn - azerbaidjanès" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tomas Peyn" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaidjanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%86" title="توماس پین - South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="توماس پین" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Томас Пейн - belarús" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Томас Пейн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarús" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Томас Пейн - búlgar" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Томас Пейн" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="búlgar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="थॉमस पेन - Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="थॉमस पेन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8" title="টমাস পেইন - bengalí" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="টমাস পেইন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine - bretó" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Thomas Paine" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine - bosnià" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Thomas Paine" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosnià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D9%BE%DB%95%DB%8C%D9%86" title="تۆماس پەین - kurd central" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تۆماس پەین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurd central" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine - txec" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Thomas Paine" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine - gal·lès" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Thomas Paine" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gal·lès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine - danès" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Thomas Paine" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine - alemany" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Thomas Paine" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemany" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine - Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Thomas Paine" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%A0%CE%AD%CE%B9%CE%BD" title="Τόμας Πέιν - grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τόμας Πέιν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine - anglès" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Thomas Paine" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Thomas Paine" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine - espanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Thomas Paine" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine - estonià" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Thomas Paine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine - basc" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Thomas Paine" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%86" title="توماس پین - persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="توماس پین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine - finès" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Thomas Paine" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine - francès" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Thomas Paine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine - gallec" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Thomas Paine" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="gallec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A1_%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9F" title="תומאס פיין - hebreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תומאס פיין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="थॉमस पेन - hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="थॉमस पेन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine - croat" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Thomas Paine" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine - hongarès" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Thomas Paine" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongarès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BD_%D5%93%D5%A5%D5%B5%D5%B6" title="Թոմաս Փեյն - armeni" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թոմաս Փեյն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine - indonesi" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Thomas Paine" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine - ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Thomas Paine" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine - islandès" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Thomas Paine" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine - italià" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Thomas Paine" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9A%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3" title="トマス・ペイン - japonès" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トマス・ペイン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ტომას პეინი - georgià" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტომას პეინი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Томас Пейн - kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Томас Пейн" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%86%A0%EB%A8%B8%EC%8A%A4_%ED%8E%98%EC%9D%B8" title="토머스 페인 - coreà" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="토머스 페인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine - kurd" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Thomas Paine" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurd" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine - llatí" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Thomas Paine" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="llatí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine - lituà" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Thomas Paine" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomass_Peins" title="Tomass Peins - letó" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tomass Peins" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="थोमस पेन - maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="थोमस पेन" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine - malgaix" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Thomas Paine" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaix" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D%E0%B5%BB" title="തൊമസ് പെയ്ൻ - malaiàlam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തൊമസ് പെയ്ൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malaiàlam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="थॉमस पेन - marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="थॉमस पेन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine - malai" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Thomas Paine" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="थोमस पेन - nepalès" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="थोमस पेन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine - neerlandès" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Thomas Paine" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine - noruec nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Thomas Paine" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="noruec nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine - noruec bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Thomas Paine" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="noruec bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A8" title="ਥਾਮਸ ਪੇਨ - panjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਥਾਮਸ ਪੇਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="panjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine - polonès" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Thomas Paine" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B3_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%86" title="تھامس پین - Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تھامس پین" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D9%BE%DB%90%D9%86" title="توماس پېن - paixtu" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="توماس پېن" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paixtu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine - portuguès" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Thomas Paine" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portuguès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine - romanès" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Thomas Paine" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD,_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Пейн, Томас - rus" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пейн, Томас" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine - escocès" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Thomas Paine" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="escocès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine - serbocroat" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Thomas Paine" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbocroat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Thomas Paine" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine - eslovac" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Thomas Paine" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine - eslovè" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Thomas Paine" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="eslovè" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine - albanès" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Thomas Paine" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%BD" title="Томас Пејн - serbi" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Томас Пејн" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine - suec" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Thomas Paine" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="தாமஸ் பெய்ன் - tàmil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தாமஸ் பெய்ன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tàmil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="థామస్ పైన్ - telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="థామస్ పైన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Томас Пейн - tadjik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Томас Пейн" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadjik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%99" title="ทอมัส เพน - tai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทอมัส เพน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine - tagal" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Thomas Paine" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine - turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Thomas Paine" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Томас Пейн - ucraïnès" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Томас Пейн" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraïnès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B3_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%86" title="تھامس پین - urdú" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تھامس پین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdú" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine - vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thomas Paine" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine - waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Thomas Paine" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%BD%98%E6%81%A9" title="托马斯·潘恩 - xinès wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="托马斯·潘恩" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="xinès wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ტომას პეინი - mingrelià" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ტომას პეინი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mingrelià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine - ioruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Thomas Paine" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="ioruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%BD%98%E6%81%A9" title="托马斯·潘恩 - xinès" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="托马斯·潘恩" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="xinès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Paine" title="Tom Paine - xinès min del sud" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tom Paine" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="xinès min del sud" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B9%AF%E7%91%AA%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%BD%98%E6%81%A9" title="湯瑪斯·潘恩 - cantonès" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="湯瑪斯·潘恩" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q126462#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifica enllaços interlingües" class="wbc-editpage">Modifica els enllaços</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espais de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Vegeu el contingut de la pàgina [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Pàgina</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discussi%C3%B3:Thomas_Paine" rel="discussion" title="Discussió sobre el contingut d&#039;aquesta pàgina [t]" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Simpleicons_Interface_user-outline.svg/20px-Simpleicons_Interface_user-outline.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Simpleicons_Interface_user-outline.svg/30px-Simpleicons_Interface_user-outline.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Simpleicons_Interface_user-outline.svg/40px-Simpleicons_Interface_user-outline.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="485" data-file-height="485" /></a></span></span><span class="fn">Thomas Paine</span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Thomas_Paine_rev1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Thomas_Paine_rev1.jpg/223px-Thomas_Paine_rev1.jpg" decoding="async" width="223" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Thomas_Paine_rev1.jpg/334px-Thomas_Paine_rev1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Thomas_Paine_rev1.jpg/445px-Thomas_Paine_rev1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2562" data-file-height="3451" /></a></span><br /> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126462?uselang=ca#P18" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header infobox_headerclass" style="text-align:center">Biografia</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Naixement</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start">29 gener 1737 <sup>(Julià) <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126462?uselang=ca#P569" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></sup><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q237250" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q237250">Thetford (Anglaterra)</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126462?uselang=ca#P19" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Mort</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start">8 juny 1809 <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126462?uselang=ca#P570" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> (72 anys)<br /><a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Village" title="Greenwich Village">Greenwich Village (Nova York)</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126462?uselang=ca#P20" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Sepultura</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a href="/wiki/New_Rochelle" title="New Rochelle">New Rochelle</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126462?uselang=ca#P119" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;text-align:start"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox_center_BG"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Logo_de_l%27Assembl%C3%A9e_nationale_fran%C3%A7aise.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Logo_de_l%27Assembl%C3%A9e_nationale_fran%C3%A7aise.svg/25px-Logo_de_l%27Assembl%C3%A9e_nationale_fran%C3%A7aise.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Logo_de_l%27Assembl%C3%A9e_nationale_fran%C3%A7aise.svg/38px-Logo_de_l%27Assembl%C3%A9e_nationale_fran%C3%A7aise.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Logo_de_l%27Assembl%C3%A9e_nationale_fran%C3%A7aise.svg/50px-Logo_de_l%27Assembl%C3%A9e_nationale_fran%C3%A7aise.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="838" data-file-height="741" /></a></span> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3044918" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q3044918">Diputat a l'Assemblea Nacional</a> </th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"> 6 setembre 1792&#160;– 26 octubre 1795 <br /><div style="float: left;font-size:smaller;">Circumscripció electoral: <a href="/wiki/Pas_de_Calais" title="Pas de Calais">Pas de Calais</a></div> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126462?uselang=ca#P39" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header infobox_headerclass" style="text-align:center">Dades personals</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Religió</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start">cap valor i <a href="/wiki/Deisme" title="Deisme">Deisme</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126462?uselang=ca#P140" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Formació</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7783567" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q7783567">Thetford Grammar School</a> <sup>(en)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7783567?uselang=ca" title="Tradueix"><img alt="Tradueix" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span> <small> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126462?uselang=ca#P69" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></small></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header infobox_headerclass" style="text-align:center">Activitat</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Lloc de treball </span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a href="/wiki/Par%C3%ADs" title="París">París</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126462?uselang=ca#P937" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Ocupació</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a href="/wiki/Fil%C3%B2sof" title="Filòsof">filòsof</a>,&#32;<a href="/wiki/Periodista" title="Periodista">periodista</a>,&#32;<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q12144794" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q12144794">prosista</a>,&#32;<a href="/wiki/Emprenedor" title="Emprenedor">emprenedor</a>,&#32;<a href="/wiki/Pol%C3%ADtic" title="Polític">polític</a>,&#32;<a href="/wiki/Escriptor" title="Escriptor">escriptor</a>,&#32;<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6051619" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q6051619">periodista d'opinió</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126462?uselang=ca#P106" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Membre de</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><div style="text-align:start;"><a href="/wiki/Societat_Filos%C3%B2fica_Americana" title="Societat Filosòfica Americana">Societat Filosòfica Americana</a> <br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3374773" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q3374773">Pennsylvania Abolition Society</a> <sup>(en)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3374773?uselang=ca" title="Tradueix"><img alt="Tradueix" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126462?uselang=ca#P463" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header infobox_headerclass" style="text-align:center">Obra</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;text-align:start"><div class="infobox-label" style="text-align:start;"><b>Obres destacables</b></div><div style="text-align:start;"><ul><li><small>(1776)</small> <a href="/wiki/Sentit_com%C3%BA_(Thomas_Paine)" title="Sentit comú (Thomas Paine)">Sentit comú</a></li><li><small>(1791)</small> <a href="/wiki/Els_drets_de_l%27home" title="Els drets de l&#39;home">Els drets de l'home</a></li><li><small>(1794)</small> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1983019" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q1983019">L'edat de la raó</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126462?uselang=ca#P800" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header infobox_headerclass" style="text-align:center">Família</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Cònjuge</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q108668999" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q108668999">Mary Lambert</a> <br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q108669005" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q108669005">Elizabeth Ollive</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126462?uselang=ca#P26" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;text-align:start"><div class="infobox_coa"><b> Signatura </b><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Thomas_Paine_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Thomas_Paine_Signature.svg/220px-Thomas_Paine_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Thomas_Paine_Signature.svg/330px-Thomas_Paine_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Thomas_Paine_Signature.svg/440px-Thomas_Paine_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="133" /></a></span> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126462?uselang=ca#P109" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;text-align:start"><hr /></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;text-align:start"><hr /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/7ba63333-fd3c-48e1-8e35-d126f135e879" title="Musicbrainz: 7ba63333-fd3c-48e1-8e35-d126f135e879" rel="nofollow"><img alt="Musicbrainz: 7ba63333-fd3c-48e1-8e35-d126f135e879" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/MusicBrainz_Logo_%282016%29.svg/19px-MusicBrainz_Logo_%282016%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/MusicBrainz_Logo_%282016%29.svg/29px-MusicBrainz_Logo_%282016%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/MusicBrainz_Logo_%282016%29.svg/39px-MusicBrainz_Logo_%282016%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="127" data-file-height="144" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/57639" title="Goodreads author: 57639" rel="nofollow"><img alt="Goodreads author: 57639" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Goodreads_%27g%27_logo.svg/20px-Goodreads_%27g%27_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Goodreads_%27g%27_logo.svg/30px-Goodreads_%27g%27_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Goodreads_%27g%27_logo.svg/40px-Goodreads_%27g%27_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/2698" title="Find a Grave: 2698" rel="nofollow"><img alt="Find a Grave: 2698" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Creative-Tail-Halloween-grave.svg/22px-Creative-Tail-Halloween-grave.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Creative-Tail-Halloween-grave.svg/33px-Creative-Tail-Halloween-grave.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Creative-Tail-Halloween-grave.svg/44px-Creative-Tail-Halloween-grave.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="140" data-file-height="140" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/91" title="Project Gutenberg: 91" rel="nofollow"><img alt="Project Gutenberg: 91" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Latin_capital_letter_script_G_with_hook.svg/15px-Latin_capital_letter_script_G_with_hook.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Latin_capital_letter_script_G_with_hook.svg/23px-Latin_capital_letter_script_G_with_hook.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Latin_capital_letter_script_G_with_hook.svg/30px-Latin_capital_letter_script_G_with_hook.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="411" data-file-height="510" /></a></span> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126462?uselang=ca#identifiers" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Thomas Paine</b> (<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q237250" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q237250">Thetford</a>,<span style="white-space:nowrap;">&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/29_de_gener" title="29 de gener">29 de gener</a> de <a href="/wiki/1737" title="1737">1737</a> <sup>(Julià)</sup><span style="white-space:nowrap;">&#160;</span>- <a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Village" title="Greenwich Village">Greenwich Village</a>,<span style="white-space:nowrap;">&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/8_de_juny" title="8 de juny">8 de juny</a> de <a href="/wiki/1809" title="1809">1809</a>) va ser un intel·lectual, polític, revolucionari, escriptor i inventor anglès i nord-americà.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>És conegut pel seu compromís durant la <a href="/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3_Americana" title="Revolució Americana">Revolució americana</a> a favor de la independència de les <a href="/wiki/Tretze_Col%C3%B2nies" title="Tretze Colònies">tretze colònies britàniques a Amèrica del Nord</a>. Va exposar les seves posicions en un famós <a href="/wiki/Pamflet" title="Pamflet">pamflet</a> titulat <i><a href="/wiki/Sentit_com%C3%BA_(Thomas_Paine)" title="Sentit comú (Thomas Paine)">Common Sense</a></i>, publicat uns mesos abans de la signatura de la <a href="/wiki/Declaraci%C3%B3_d%27Independ%C3%A8ncia_dels_Estats_Units_d%27Am%C3%A8rica" title="Declaració d&#39;Independència dels Estats Units d&#39;Amèrica">Declaració d’Independència dels Estats Units</a> el 1776. </p><p>Els seus escrits, entre ells <i><a href="/wiki/Els_drets_de_l%27home" title="Els drets de l&#39;home">Rights of Man</a></i> (1791), també van tenir una gran influència en els implicats en la <a href="/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3_Francesa" title="Revolució Francesa">Revolució Francesa</a>.: va ser elegit diputat a l'Assemblea Nacional el 1792. Considerat pels Montagnards com un aliat dels girondins, va ser deixat de banda, sobretot per Robespierre.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Va ser empresonat el <a href="/wiki/Desembre" title="Desembre">desembre</a> de 1793 a petició de Vadier. </p><p>Després del <a href="/wiki/Regnat_del_Terror" title="Regnat del Terror">terror</a>, va ser alliberat i va tenir cert èxit gràcies al seu llibre L’<i>edat de la raó</i> (1793–1794), que analitzava <a href="/wiki/Cristianisme" title="Cristianisme">el cristianisme</a> i advocava pel <a href="/wiki/Deisme" title="Deisme">deisme</a>. A <i>Justícia Agrària</i> (1795),<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> analitza els orígens dels drets de propietat i introdueix el concepte de <a href="/wiki/Renda_b%C3%A0sica" title="Renda bàsica">renda bàsica</a>, propera al <a href="/wiki/Salari_social" title="Salari social">salari social</a>. </p><p>Thomas Paine va romandre a França fins al 1802, temps durant el qual va criticar l'ascens de <a href="/wiki/Napole%C3%B3_Bonaparte" title="Napoleó Bonaparte">Napoleó Bonaparte</a>, anomenant el primer cònsol «el xarlatà més perfecte que ha existit mai». Per invitació del president <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>, va tornar als Estats Units i hi va morir el 1809, als 72 anys. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biografia">Biografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Paine&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Modifica la secció: Biografia"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Va ser defensor de la llibertat i dels drets de les persones, de formació autodidacta. Va estar influït per les idees de <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a>, el qual li va recomanar que emigrés a Amèrica. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Els_inicis_a_la_Gran_Bretanya">Els inicis a la Gran Bretanya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Paine&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Modifica la secció: Els inicis a la Gran Bretanya"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Thomas_Paines_Lewes_home.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Thomas_Paines_Lewes_home.jpg/220px-Thomas_Paines_Lewes_home.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Thomas_Paines_Lewes_home.jpg/330px-Thomas_Paines_Lewes_home.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Thomas_Paines_Lewes_home.jpg/440px-Thomas_Paines_Lewes_home.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1840" data-file-height="1232" /></a><figcaption> La casa de Thomas Paine a Lewes.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Statue_of_Thomas_Paine,_Thetford,_Norfolk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Statue_of_Thomas_Paine%2C_Thetford%2C_Norfolk.jpg/220px-Statue_of_Thomas_Paine%2C_Thetford%2C_Norfolk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Statue_of_Thomas_Paine%2C_Thetford%2C_Norfolk.jpg/330px-Statue_of_Thomas_Paine%2C_Thetford%2C_Norfolk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Statue_of_Thomas_Paine%2C_Thetford%2C_Norfolk.jpg/440px-Statue_of_Thomas_Paine%2C_Thetford%2C_Norfolk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="471" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption> Estàtua de Thomas Paine a Thetford (Norfolk).</figcaption></figure> <p>Thomas Paine va néixer el 1737 a Thetford, una ciutat de Norfolk, Anglaterra. El seu pare, Joseph Pain, era <a href="/wiki/Societat_Religiosa_d%27Amics" title="Societat Religiosa d&#39;Amics">quàquer</a> i la seva mare, Frances Cocke Pain, <a href="/wiki/Anglicanisme" title="Anglicanisme">anglicana</a>. Malgrat les afirmacions que Thomas va canviar l'ortografia del seu cognom quan va emigrar a Amèrica el 1774, el 1769 estava fent servir <i>Paine</i>, mentre encara era a Lewes, Sussex. Va créixer en un entorn rural modest<sup id="cite_ref-Caron_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caron-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> i va deixar l'escola als dotze anys. La seva formació intel·lectual és, doncs, la d'un autodidacte. Aleshores es converteix en aprenent del seu pare. Va treballar durant un temps com a comerciant, després va obrir una botiga <a href="/wiki/Cotilla" title="Cotilla">de cotilles</a> a <a href="/wiki/Sandvitx" title="Sandvitx">Sandwich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a>. Es va casar amb Mary Lambert el 27 de setembre de 1759 i el seu negoci va fer fallida poc després. La seva dona va morir mentre estava embarassada. Després va treballar en diverses feines i es va traslladar sovint (Thetford, Gantham, Alford, Diss, Kensington, Moorfields, Grampound). </p><p>En 1767, va treballar com a mestre d'escola a Londres. El 1768, s'instal·la a <a href="/wiki/Lewes" title="Lewes">Lewes</a> en un hotel el segle XV. El 26 de març de 1771, a l'edat de 34 anys, es va casar amb Elizabeth Ollive, la filla del seu propietari. El 1772 va publicar el seu primer escrit polític <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Case_of_the_Officers_of_Excise&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="The Case of the Officers of Excise (encara no existeix)">The Case of the Officers of Excise</a></i>, un pamflet de 21 pàgines que va distribuir als membres del Parlament. Endeutat, separat de la seva dona, va conèixer <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a> a Londres el setembre 1774 que el va convèncer de marxar a les Tretze Colònies i li va escriure una carta de recomanació. Va sortir d'Anglaterra a l'octubre i va agafar <a href="/wiki/Tifus" title="Tifus">tifus</a> mentre creuava l'Atlàntic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="A_Amèrica"><span id="A_Am.C3.A8rica"></span>A Amèrica</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Paine&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Modifica la secció: A Amèrica"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Commonsense.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commonsense.jpg/220px-Commonsense.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="345" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commonsense.jpg/330px-Commonsense.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commonsense.jpg/440px-Commonsense.jpg 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption> <i><a href="/wiki/Sentit_com%C3%BA_(Thomas_Paine)" title="Sentit comú (Thomas Paine)">Sentit comú</a></i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Gràcies a la carta de recomanació de Franklin, el llibreter Robert Aitken el va contractar per col·laborar en el llançament de la <i>revista Pennsylvania</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> diari del qual després esdevingué redactor en cap. El 30 de novembre de 1774, va fer costat als <a href="/wiki/Guerra_de_la_Independ%C3%A8ncia_dels_Estats_Units" title="Guerra de la Independència dels Estats Units">insurgents</a> americans. El seu pamflet <i><a href="/wiki/Sentit_com%C3%BA_(Thomas_Paine)" title="Sentit comú (Thomas Paine)">Common Sense</a></i> (publicat anònimament el gener de 1776) va tenir un gran èxit (al voltant de <span style="white-space:nowrap">500.000&#160;exemplars</span> a Amèrica i Europa.).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Era un pamflet per trencar amb <a href="/wiki/Gran_Bretanya" title="Gran Bretanya">Gran Bretanya</a> i establir una República. Es diu que va inspirar <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>, Benjamin Rush i <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a>. Cap altre pamflet d'aquest període va despertar tant entusiasme entre els patriotes i l'oposició dels lleialistes,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> sobretot de James Chalmers. <i>El sentit comú</i> es considera sovint un dels desencadenants de la revolució americana.<sup id="cite_ref-Caron_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caron-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> La seva forma senzilla i l'estil concís i clar el van convertir en una eficaç arma de <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a>. Thomas Paine creu que la revolució americana donarà lloc al «naixement d'un món nou». Veu en el govern un mal necessari destinat a frenar els vicis humans. Però per a un poble virtuós com el poble nord-americà, les petites institucions han de ser suficients. Creu que les institucions massa sofisticades dificulten la consecució del bé públic.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>L’abril 1776 va deixar la direcció de la revista per dedicar-se a respondre a les crítiques al <i>sentit comú</i>. Va enviar quatre cartes als diaris de Filadèlfia sota 'el pseudònim de Le Forestier. En el tercer publicat pel <i>Pennsylvania Packet</i> el 22 d'abril de 1776, va mostrar als nord-americans tots els avantatges de ser independents. La independència portarà la felicitat als nord-americans perquè «és un full en blanc per omplir»<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Per a ell, els americans són un poble lliure i virtuós que es pot alliberar del passat. La idea d'independència esdevé el mitjà per accedir a una vida basada en la virtut, ideal suprem de molts patriotes. </p><p>A <i>The American Crisis</i> (1776–1783), una sèrie de pamflets seguint <i>Common Sense</i>, Thomas Paine va animar els nord-americans a resistir i continuar la guerra contra la monarquia anglesa. El comandant de l'exèrcit continental, George Washington, va ordenar<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> que aquests fullets fossin llegits als soldats per donar-los coratge. Thomas Paine va exercir durant un temps com a secretari del Comitè d'Afers Exteriors als Estats Units;<sup id="cite_ref-Caron_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caron-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> va ser destituït d'aquesta funció perquè havia esmentat les negociacions secretes amb França en un dels seus pamflets. No obstant això, va acompanyar John Laurens durant la seva missió a França el 1780. Com a recompensa pels seus serveis, l’<a href="/wiki/Estat_de_Nova_York" title="Estat de Nova York">estat de Nova York</a> va donar a Thomas Paine una finca a <a href="/wiki/New_Rochelle" title="New Rochelle">New Rochelle</a>, Nova York. També va ser pagat per Pennsilvània i el Congrés dels Estats Units. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Retorn_a_la_Gran_Bretanya">Retorn a la Gran Bretanya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Paine&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Modifica la secció: Retorn a la Gran Bretanya"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Després de la independència dels Estats Units, Thomas Paine tornà a Europa. Primer anà a la Gran Bretanya el 1787, d'on fou expulsat en publicar <i>Els drets de l'home</i> (publicat el 1791-1792) en el qual critica la monarquia britànica i proposa una reforma fiscal per la qual cosa es creà l'enemistat del conservador <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a>. </p><p>Va ser condemnat el 1792 i obligat a exiliar-se a França<sup id="cite_ref-Caron_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caron-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="A_França"><span id="A_Fran.C3.A7a"></span>A França</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Paine&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Modifica la secció: A França"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Plaque_Thomas_Paine,_10_rue_de_l%27Od%C3%A9on,_Paris_6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Plaque_Thomas_Paine%2C_10_rue_de_l%27Od%C3%A9on%2C_Paris_6.jpg/220px-Plaque_Thomas_Paine%2C_10_rue_de_l%27Od%C3%A9on%2C_Paris_6.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Plaque_Thomas_Paine%2C_10_rue_de_l%27Od%C3%A9on%2C_Paris_6.jpg/330px-Plaque_Thomas_Paine%2C_10_rue_de_l%27Od%C3%A9on%2C_Paris_6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Plaque_Thomas_Paine%2C_10_rue_de_l%27Od%C3%A9on%2C_Paris_6.jpg/440px-Plaque_Thomas_Paine%2C_10_rue_de_l%27Od%C3%A9on%2C_Paris_6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2190" data-file-height="2105" /></a><figcaption> Placa al n 10, rue de l'Odéon on Paine va viure de 1797 a 1802.</figcaption></figure> <p>Estava entusiasmat amb la Revolució Francesa i compromès amb la República. Thomas Paine va ser proclamat ciutadà francès el 26 agost 1792 i elegit diputat pel <a href="/wiki/Pas_de_Calais" title="Pas de Calais">Pas-de-Calais</a> a la <a href="/wiki/Convenci%C3%B3_Nacional" title="Convenció Nacional">Convenció</a> el 6 de setembre de 1792.<sup id="cite_ref-Caron_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caron-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Durant el judici de Lluís XVI (gener 1793), no va votar a favor de la mort, proposant-se l'exili als Estats Units, per dos motius: Lluís XVI va ajudar els <i>Insurgents</i> durant la Guerra de la Independència; i ell mateix s'oposava a la pena de mort. </p><p>Considerat un aliat dels <a href="/wiki/Girond%C3%AD" title="Girondí">Girondins</a>, va ser vist amb creixent recel pels <a href="/wiki/Montagnards" title="Montagnards">montagnards</a>, que ara eren al poder. Thomas Paine també va estar sota vigilància per les autoritats perquè era un adversari personal del Gouverneur Morris, l’ambaixador nord-americà a França.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> El govern revolucionari, tant el <a href="/wiki/Comit%C3%A8_de_Salvaci%C3%B3_P%C3%BAblica" title="Comitè de Salvació Pública">Comitè de Salvació Pública</a> com el Comitè de Seguretat General, van intentar guanyar-se el favor de l'ambaixador nord-americà, sense voler posar en perill l'aliança amb els Estats Units. per tant, estan més inclinats a centrar-se en Thomas Paine.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-L’Américain_de_la_convention:_Thomas_Paine,_professeur_de_révolutions,_député_du_Pas-de-Calais_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L’Américain_de_la_convention:_Thomas_Paine,_professeur_de_révolutions,_député_du_Pas-de-Calais-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Finalment va ser empresonat com a pres polític el 28 de desembre de 1793 per Vadier.<sup id="cite_ref-Caron_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caron-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-L’Américain_de_la_convention:_Thomas_Paine,_professeur_de_révolutions,_député_du_Pas-de-Calais_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L’Américain_de_la_convention:_Thomas_Paine,_professeur_de_révolutions,_député_du_Pas-de-Calais-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Vadier defensa llavors el seu empresonament pel fet que no és nord-americà sinó anglès perquè va néixer al <a href="/wiki/Regne_Unit" title="Regne Unit">Regne Unit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-L’Américain_de_la_convention:_Thomas_Paine,_professeur_de_révolutions,_député_du_Pas-de-Calais_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L’Américain_de_la_convention:_Thomas_Paine,_professeur_de_révolutions,_député_du_Pas-de-Calais-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Paine es va sentir abandonat, sobretot per part dels Estats Units, que no van fer res per ajudar-lo, tot i que finalment va ser alliberat gràcies a l'ambaixador Monroe. El <a href="/wiki/1800" title="1800">1800</a>, va conèixer <a href="/wiki/Napole%C3%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleó">Napoleó</a>, del qual es proclamà admirador, però després adoptà una postura molt crítica quan la seva política va evolucionar cap a la dictadura. </p><p>El <a href="/wiki/1802" title="1802">1802</a>, tornà a Amèrica convidat pel president <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>, però aquest retorn coincidí amb un mal moment per a les seves idees, ja que era una època de revifalla dels moviments religiosos, que se li oposaren per la seva defensa del <a href="/wiki/Deisme" title="Deisme">deisme</a>. A més, les seves idees polítiques despertaren l'oposició dels federalistes. Així, es trobà en la misèria i en l'abandó, i al seu funeral hi assistiren només sis persones, dues d'elles antics esclaus negres. </p><p>Durant la seva estada a la presó, va completar la redacció de <i>L'edat de la raó</i>, llibre on expressava la seva professió de fe <a href="/wiki/Deisme" title="Deisme">deista</a>. Nega ser anglès i apel·la a l'ambaixador nord-americà Gouverneur Morris, que, però, no fa res perquè l'alliberin. Posteriorment, Thomas Paine també va criticar George Washington per no haver intervingut en el seu nom. Malgrat tot, s'escapà de ser executat i no fou alliberat per les noves autoritats fins l’octubre 1794, gairebé tres mesos després de la caiguda de Robespierre. </p><p>El juliol 1795, Thomas Paine va ser readmès a la Convenció i per tant va participar en els debats sobre la <a href="/wiki/Constituci%C3%B3_de_l%27Any_III" title="Constitució de l&#39;Any III">nova Constitució</a>, a l'origen del Directori. és l'únic diputat que s'ha pronunciat, en va, contra el conservadorisme del text <i>retrògrad</i><sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> portat per Boissy d'Anglas, en particular sobre la qüestió de la creació d'una ciutadania molt restrictiva (dret a vot)<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> i reservada als més rics, que nega el poble (<i>és una cosa fàcil [...] sobre el paper treure els drets de ciutadania a la meitat de la gent</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> i corre el risc d'extingir el foc revolucionari sagrat refusant la recerca de la veritable felicitat comuna en favor de la felicitat dels rics. </p><p>Quan <a href="/wiki/Napole%C3%B3_Bonaparte" title="Napoleó Bonaparte">Napoleó Bonaparte</a> va arribar al poder el 1799, esperava que difongués els ideals revolucionaris a Europa, especialment al seu país natal.<sup id="cite_ref-Caron_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caron-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Però es desenganya quan s'adona que el <a href="/wiki/Napole%C3%B3_Bonaparte" title="Napoleó Bonaparte">primer cònsol</a> estableix un règim autoritari. </p><p>Paine va romandre a França fins a la signatura del <a href="/wiki/Tractat_d%27Amiens" title="Tractat d&#39;Amiens">Tractat d'Amiens</a> amb Anglaterra (25 març 1802), que li va permetre sortir de França per unir-se als Estats Units, per invitació de <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Retorn_als_Estats_Units">Retorn als Estats Units</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Paine&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Modifica la secció: Retorn als Estats Units"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:01_Thomas_Paine.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/01_Thomas_Paine.JPG/220px-01_Thomas_Paine.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/01_Thomas_Paine.JPG/330px-01_Thomas_Paine.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/01_Thomas_Paine.JPG/440px-01_Thomas_Paine.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption> Monument a Thomas Paine, a <a href="/wiki/New_Rochelle" title="New Rochelle">New Rochelle</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>El 1802, Thomas Paine va arribar a un país agitat pels conflictes polítics entre federalistes i republicans, i en un context del Gran Despertar religiós (<i><a href="/wiki/Segon_Gran_Despertar" title="Segon Gran Despertar">Segon Gran Despertar</a></i>). Va ser atacat pels federalistes que el van criticar per la seva participació en la Revolució Francesa i la seva amistat amb Thomas Jefferson. Els religiosos condemnen les tesis que va desenvolupar a <i>l'Edat de la Raó</i>. El 1804, va col·laborar en una revista deista publicada a Nova York.<sup id="cite_ref-Caron_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caron-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Aïllat progressivament, acusat d’<a href="/wiki/Ateisme" title="Ateisme">ateisme</a> i radicalisme, Thomas Paine va morir sol en la pobresa,<sup id="cite_ref-Caron_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caron-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> als 72 anys, el 8 juny 1809 a <a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Village" title="Greenwich Village">Greenwich Village</a> (Nova York). L'edifici ja no existeix, però una placa recorda que Thomas Paine va morir al 59 de Grove Street. Només sis persones van assistir al seu funeral, inclosos dos negres alliberats. Uns anys més tard, William Cobbett va desenterrar les seves restes i les va enviar a Anglaterra. Però mai van trobar una <a href="/wiki/Sepultura" title="Sepultura">tomba</a> i van romandre en poder de Cobbett durant uns vint anys. No està clar on són avui les seves restes. </p><p>Una cançó escrita per Bob Dylan el 1967, titulada <i>As I Went Out One Morning</i> i publicada a l'àlbum <i>John Wesley Harding</i>, fa referència a <i>Tommy</i> Paine. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pensament">Pensament</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Paine&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Modifica la secció: Pensament"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Encara que no era francmaçó, també és conegut pel seu treball relacionat amb <a href="/wiki/Francma%C3%A7oneria" title="Francmaçoneria">la maçoneria</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> i la seva correspondència (cartes a Jefferson del qual era amic,<sup id="cite_ref-Caron_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caron-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> carta a George Washington). </p><p>El pensament de Thomas Paine pot haver estat influenciat pel quaquerisme del seu pare.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Thomas Paine va participar en la promoció dels drets humans mitjançant l'organització de nous governs, fet que el situa en la filosofia de la Il·lustració.<sup id="cite_ref-Caron_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caron-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Favorable a la República, al sufragi universal i al dret de vot, també va considerar la renovació de la religió i la societat. Va proposar reformes considerades radicals en aquell moment com una renda mínima i un sistema educatiu gratuït. Estava en contra del tràfic d'esclaus i de l'esclavitud, però no va criticar les deficiències de la Constitució americana sobre aquest tema.<sup id="cite_ref-Caron_4-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caron-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>Va escriure un article titulat <i>L'esclavitud africana a Amèrica</i> publicat el 8 març 1775 al <i>Postscript to the Pennsylvania Journal and Weekly Advertiser.</i><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Principals_obres">Principals obres</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Paine&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Modifica la secció: Principals obres"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sentit_com%C3%BA_(Thomas_Paine)" title="Sentit comú (Thomas Paine)">Common sense</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Sentit_com%C3%BA_(Thomas_Paine)" title="Sentit comú (Thomas Paine)">Sentit comú</a></i>): pamflet propagandista a favor de la independència de les colònies americanes, publicat anònimament el 1776, abans de la revolució americana. Es va fer molt popular i va influir en la Declaració d'Independència dels Estats Units.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_man" class="mw-redirect" title="Rights of man">Rights of man</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Els_drets_de_l%27home" title="Els drets de l&#39;home">Els drets de l'home</a></i>): publicat el <a href="/wiki/1791" title="1791">1791</a>, és una defensa de la Revolució Francesa i de la llibertat.</li> <li><i>The Age of Reason</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/L%27edat_de_la_ra%C3%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="L&#39;edat de la raó">L'edat de la raó</a></i>): començada a escriure quan estava empresonat a França i publicada el <a href="/wiki/1794" title="1794">1794</a>, és sobretot una crítica i un rebuig de totes les formes de cristianisme i de qualsevol religió revelada. Publicada en un moment de renaixement religiós, va ser l'obra que li va fer perdre el favor de l'opinió pública nord-americana.</li> <li><i>Agrarian Justice</i> (<i>Justícia agrària</i>): publicada el <a href="/wiki/1797" title="1797">1797</a>, defensa idees de justícia social, incloent-hi les pensions de vellesa i el repartiment equitatiu dels recursos naturals.<sup id="cite_ref-Caron_4-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caron-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>The American Crisis</i>: 13 textos publicats entre 1776 i 1783 que completen el <i>Sentit comú</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Caron_4-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caron-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Homenatges_i_posteritat">Homenatges i posteritat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Paine&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Modifica la secció: Homenatges i posteritat"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:01_2015_Paine_Cottage.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/01_2015_Paine_Cottage.png/220px-01_2015_Paine_Cottage.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/01_2015_Paine_Cottage.png/330px-01_2015_Paine_Cottage.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/01_2015_Paine_Cottage.png/440px-01_2015_Paine_Cottage.png 2x" data-file-width="5876" data-file-height="3827" /></a><figcaption> La casa de Thomas Paine a <a href="/wiki/New_Rochelle" title="New Rochelle">New Rochelle</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Thomas Paine és avui considerat un dels pares fundadors dels <a href="/wiki/Estats_Units_d%27Am%C3%A8rica" title="Estats Units d&#39;Amèrica">Estats Units</a>. <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> va llegir els seus escrits amb interès. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Alva_Edison" title="Thomas Alva Edison">Thomas Edison</a> va recordar el seu paper com a inventor essencial. El filòsof <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a> li rendeix un homenatge en el seu llibre <i>Why I am not a Christian</i> dedicant un capítol sencer (<i>8. The Fate of Thomas Paine</i>) al seu destí, i als riscos que comporta mostrar massa «esperit d'independència». </p><p>Hi ha un museu dedicat a Thomas Paine a <a href="/wiki/New_Rochelle" title="New Rochelle">New Rochelle</a> i la seva casa (Thomas Paine Cottage) ha estat designada com a Monument històric nacional. Es va erigir una estàtua al carrer King, a Thetford, el seu poble natal. Ella el representa amb una ploma a la mà i la seva obra <i>Rights of Man</i>. La <a href="/wiki/Universitat_de_Nova_York" title="Universitat de Nova York">Universitat de Nova York</a> també té un bust d'ell. Altres estàtues es poden trobar a <a href="/wiki/Morristown_(Nova_Jersey)" title="Morristown (Nova Jersey)">Morristown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bordentown" title="Bordentown">Bordentown</a>, París, etc. Un petit carrer de Diss porta el seu nom. Cada any, el 14 juliol, l'Ajuntament de <a href="/wiki/Lewes" title="Lewes">Lewes</a> organitza un festival en honor a Thomas Paine. A París, rue de l'Odéon, una placa marca el lloc on va viure entre 1797 i 1802. </p><p>Thomas Paine va rebre la nacionalitat francesa durant la <a href="/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3_Francesa" title="Revolució Francesa">Revolució Francesa</a>, de l’<a href="/wiki/Assemblea_Constituent" title="Assemblea Constituent">Assemblea Nacional</a>, per les seves lluites a favor de la llibertat i contra el despotisme. La seva nacionalitat li fou conferida pel decret de l'Assemblea Nacional del 26 d'agost de 1792 que atorgava el títol de ciutadà francès a diversos estrangers.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Un monument en homenatge a Thomas Paine va ser inaugurat l'any 1948 al <a href="/wiki/Parc_Montsouris" title="Parc Montsouris">Parc Montsouris</a> (París 14), a partir d'un bronze de <a href="/wiki/Gutzon_Borglum" title="Gutzon Borglum">Gutzon Borglum</a> fos per Alexis Rudier<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>El poeta francès Manuel Joseph es refereix a Thomas Paine al seu llibre <i>Heroes are heroes are heroes</i> (1994) de la següent manera: «Thomas Paine va escriure fa molts anys que hi ha / moments de moments / que intenten les ànimes dels homes aquestes paraules tan conegudes són tan certes». </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referències"><span id="Refer.C3.A8ncies"></span>Referències</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Paine&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Modifica la secció: Referències"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist &#123;&#123;#if: &#124; references-column-count references-column-count-&#123;&#123;&#123;col&#125;&#125;&#125;" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Foner</span>, Philip S.&#32;«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170915162723/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Thomas-Paine">Thomas Paine</a>».&#32;<i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Thomas-Paine">original</a> el 15 de setembre 2017&#32;[Consulta: 4 juny 2017].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal">Michel Biard, Pierre Serna, Bernard Gainot et Paul Pasteur. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.openedition.org/pur/126840"><i>«&#160;Extrême&#160;»&#160;? Identités partisanes et stigmatisation des gauches en Europe (XVIIIe-XXe siècle)</i></a>&#32;(en français). Presses universitaires de Rennes,&#32;2012,&#32;p.&#160;P. 245-256. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-2-7535-6875-4" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-2-7535-6875-4">ISBN 978-2-7535-6875-4</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=%C2%AB+Extr%C3%AAme+%C2%BB+%3F+Identit%C3%A9s+partisanes+et+stigmatisation+des+gauches+en+Europe+%28XVIIIe-XXe+si%C3%A8cle%29&amp;rft.au=Michel+Biard%2C+Pierre+Serna%2C+Bernard+Gainot+et+Paul+Pasteur&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.edition=Presses+universitaires+de+Rennes&amp;rft.place=Rennes&amp;rft.pages=P.+245-256&amp;rft.isbn=978-2-7535-6875-4&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.openedition.org%2Fpur%2F126840"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240601092058/https://books.openedition.org/pur/126840">Arxivat</a> 2024-06-01 a <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Agrarian Justice</i>, 1795, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lanredec.free.fr/polis/agjustice_tr.html">version traduite par Michel Roudot</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140320200537/http://lanredec.free.fr/polis/agjustice_tr.html">Arxivat</a> 2014-03-20 a <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Caron-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Caron_4-0">4,00</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Caron_4-1">4,01</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Caron_4-2">4,02</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Caron_4-3">4,03</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Caron_4-4">4,04</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Caron_4-5">4,05</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Caron_4-6">4,06</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Caron_4-7">4,07</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Caron_4-8">4,08</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Caron_4-9">4,09</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Caron_4-10">4,10</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Caron_4-11">4,11</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Caron_4-12">4,12</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Caron_4-13">4,13</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">Nathalie Caron.&#32;«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120715122257/http://transatlantica.revues.org/document1145.html">Thomas Paine et l’éloge des révolutions</a>»&#32;(en francès).&#32; Transatlantica,&#32;07-07-2006. Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://transatlantica.revues.org/document1145.html">original</a> el 2012-07-15.&#32;[Consulta: 17 febrer 2008].</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Eric Lane, Michael Oreskes, <i>Le Génie de l'Amérique</i>, Odile Jacob, 2008, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">N. Bacharan, <i>Faut-il avoir peur de l’Amérique&#160;?</i>, 2005, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">John Keane, <i>Tom Paine: A Political Life</i>, Londres, Bloomsbury, 1995, p. 128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Eric Lane, Michael Oreskes, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Eric Lane, Michael Oreskes, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191020025835/http://www.indiana.edu/~liblilly/history/american-crisis.html">Thomas Paine. The American Crisis. Philadelphie, Styner and Cist, 1776-77.</a>»&#32;(en anglès).&#32; Indiana University. Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indiana.edu/~liblilly/history/american-crisis.html">original</a> el 2019-10-20.&#32;[Consulta: 15 novembre 2007].</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-0">11,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-1">11,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFSagnac1900"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Sagnac</span>, Philippe&#32;«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221023133547/https://www.persee.fr/doc/rhmc_0996-2743_1900_num_2_4_4185_t1_0429_0000_1">Moncure Daniel Conway, Thomas Paine (1737-1809) et la Révolution dans les deux mondes, Paris, 1900</a>».&#32;<i>Revue d’Histoire Moderne &amp; Contemporaine</i>,&#32;2,&#32;4,&#32;1900,&#32;pàg.&#160;429–436. Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/rhmc_0996-2743_1900_num_2_4_4185_t1_0429_0000_1">original</a> el 2022-10-23&#32;[Consulta: 4 octubre 2023].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-L’Américain_de_la_convention:_Thomas_Paine,_professeur_de_révolutions,_député_du_Pas-de-Calais-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-L’Américain_de_la_convention:_Thomas_Paine,_professeur_de_révolutions,_député_du_Pas-de-Calais_12-0">12,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-L’Américain_de_la_convention:_Thomas_Paine,_professeur_de_révolutions,_député_du_Pas-de-Calais_12-1">12,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-L’Américain_de_la_convention:_Thomas_Paine,_professeur_de_révolutions,_député_du_Pas-de-Calais_12-2">12,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFLessay1987"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Lessay</span>, Jean. <i>L’Américain de la convention: Thomas Paine, professeur de révolutions, député du Pas-de-Calais</i>. Libr. Acad. Perrin,&#32;1987. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-2-262-00453-8" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-2-262-00453-8">ISBN 978-2-262-00453-8</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=L%E2%80%99Am%C3%A9ricain+de+la+convention%3A+Thomas+Paine%2C+professeur+de+r%C3%A9volutions%2C+d%C3%A9put%C3%A9+du+Pas-de-Calais&amp;rft.aulast=Lessay&amp;rft.aufirst=Jean&amp;rft.date=1987&amp;rft.edition=Libr.+Acad.+Perrin&amp;rft.isbn=978-2-262-00453-8"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231004221622/https://www.ushistory.org/Paine/reason/reason16.htm">Thomas Paine: Age of Reason</a>».&#32;<i>www.ushistory.org</i>. Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ushistory.org/Paine/reason/reason16.htm">original</a> el 2023-10-04.&#32;[Consulta: 3 octubre 2023].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFClark2018"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Clark</span>, J. C. D.&#32;«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231230044502/https://academic.oup.com/book/27822/chapter-abstract/198115945?redirectedFrom=fulltext">The Unexpected Revolution</a>».&#32;<i>Oxford Scholarship Online</i>,&#32;15-02-2018. Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198816997.003.0006">original</a> el 2023-12-30. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Foso%2F9780198816997.003.0006">10.1093/oso/9780198816997.003.0006</a>&#32;[Consulta: 26 maig 2024].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-0">15,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-1">15,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">Thomas Paine&#32;«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ceditec.u-pec.fr/medias/fichier/paine-discours-19-messidor-an-iii_1303820675504.pdf">Discours à la Convention</a>».&#32;<i>Le Moniteur</i>,&#32;7 juliol 1795 (tome 25),&#32;pp. 171-172.</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title="&#160;since d’agost 2024" style="white-space: nowrap;"><i>&#91;<a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Enlla%C3%A7os_externs#Manteniment_d&#39;enllaços_externs" title="Viquipèdia:Enllaços externs">Enllaç no actiu</a>&#93;</i></span></sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marc_Belissa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Marc Belissa (encara no existeix)">Marc Belissa</a>, Yannick Bosc, <a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%A9mi_Dalisson&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Rémi Dalisson (encara no existeix)">Rémi Dalisson</a>, Marc Deleplace, <i>Citoyenneté, République, Démocratie en France 1789-1899</i>, Paris, Ellipses, 2014, I-6 p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas Paine, <i>De l'origine de la Franc-Maçonnerie</i>, Paris, Patris, 1812, IV-51 p., traduction de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Bonnevile&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicolas Bonnevile (encara no existeix)">Nicolas Bonnevile</a>, rééd. Hachette 1976, disponible sur <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k852789">Gallica</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240601092100/https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k852789">Arxivat</a> 2024-06-01 a <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., et À L'Orient, 2007, coll. Trait d'union, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r33711417">.mw-parser-output .languageicon{font-size:0.95em;color:#555;background-color:inherit}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .languageicon{background-color:inherit;color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .languageicon{background-color:inherit;color:white}}</style><span class="languageicon" title="En anglès">(anglès)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/history/paine_t.html">freemasonry.bcy.ca</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gregory Claeys, <i>Thomas Paine: Social and Political Thought</i>, 1989, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bernard Cottret, <i>La Révolution américaine: La quête du bonheur 1763-1787</i>, Paris, Perrin, 2003 <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/2-262-01821-9" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/2-262-01821-9">ISBN 2-262-01821-9</a>, p. 186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">William M. Van der Weyde (éd.) <i>The Life and Works of Thomas Paine</i>, New York: Thomas Paine National Historical Society, 1925, p. 19-20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFNollez-Goldbach2015"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Nollez-Goldbach</span>, Raphaëlle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.cat/books?id=yhZ4CAAAQBAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;pg=PT172&amp;dq=France+accorde+citoyennet%C3%A9+Washington&amp;hl=ca"><i>Quel homme pour les droits&#160;?</i></a>&#32;(en francès). CNRS Editions,&#32;2015-04-23. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-2-271-08620-4" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-2-271-08620-4">ISBN 978-2-271-08620-4</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Quel+homme+pour+les+droits+%3F&amp;rft.aulast=Nollez-Goldbach&amp;rft.aufirst=Rapha%C3%ABlle&amp;rft.date=2015-04-23&amp;rft.edition=CNRS+Editions&amp;rft.isbn=978-2-271-08620-4&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cat%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyhZ4CAAAQBAJ%26newbks%3D0%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26pg%3DPT172%26dq%3DFrance%2Baccorde%2Bcitoyennet%25C3%25A9%2BWashington%26hl%3Dca"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240601092107/https://books.google.cat/books?id=yhZ4CAAAQBAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;pg=PT172&amp;dq=France+accorde+citoyennet%C3%A9+Washington&amp;hl=ca">Arxivat</a> 2024-06-01 a <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://e-monumen.net/patrimoine-monumental/monument-a-thomas-paine-parc-montsouris-paris-75014/">Monument à Thomas Paine – Parc Montsouris – Paris (75014) | E-monumen</a>»&#32;(en francès),&#32;24-02-2019.&#32;[Consulta: 30 maig 2024].</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Enllaços_externs"><span id="Enlla.C3.A7os_externs"></span>Enllaços externs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Paine&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Modifica la secció: Enllaços externs"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" align="right" style="margin:5px; padding: 5px; border:1px solid #aaaaaa; text-align:left;" class="infobox noprint plainlinks"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%">En altres projectes de <a href="/wiki/Fundaci%C3%B3_Wikimedia" title="Fundació Wikimedia">Wikimedia</a>: </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Commons"><img alt="Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/17px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/26px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/34px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a><figcaption>Commons</figcaption></figure></td> <td><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Paine" class="extiw" title="commons:Thomas Paine"><b>Commons</b></a><span style="font-size:70%;"> (Galeria)</span> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126462?uselang=ca#sitelinks-special" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Commons"><img alt="Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/17px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/26px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/34px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a><figcaption>Commons</figcaption></figure></td> <td><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Thomas_Paine" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Thomas Paine"><b>Commons</b></a><span style="font-size:70%;"> (Categoria)</span> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126462?uselang=ca#sitelinks-special" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Viquidites"><img alt="Viquidites" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/17px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/26px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a><figcaption>Viquidites</figcaption></figure></td> <td><b><a href="https://ca.wikiquote.org/wiki/Thomas_Paine" class="extiw" title="q:Thomas Paine">Viquidites</a></b> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thomaspainesocietyuk.org.uk/">Thomas Paine Society UK</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r33711417"><span class="languageicon" title="En anglès">(anglès)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/author/Thomas_Paine">Obres de <b>Thomas Paine</b></a> al <a href="/wiki/Projecte_Gutenberg" title="Projecte Gutenberg">Projecte Gutenberg</a>.</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Control_d%27autoritats" title="Control d&#39;autoritats">Registres d'autoritat</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n79-021666">WorldCat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CANTIC" class="mw-redirect" title="CANTIC">CANTIC</a> <span class="uid"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058530540106706">1</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblioteca Nacional de 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