CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Wikipedia:Citing Wikipedia - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"571893f8-fafc-480c-842e-259e1fd151b3","wgCanonicalNamespace":"Project","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":4,"wgPageName":"Wikipedia:Citing_Wikipedia","wgTitle":"Citing Wikipedia","wgCurRevisionId":1239545596,"wgRevisionId":1239545596, "wgArticleId":317867,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Wikipedia:Citing_Wikipedia","wgRelevantArticleId":317867,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["autoconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":["sysop"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFMode":"stable","wgMFAmc":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachActive":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachUserEligible":false,"wgMFLazyLoadImages":true,"wgMFEditNoticesFeatureConflict":false,"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true}, "wgMFIsSupportedEditRequest":true,"wgMFScriptPath":"","wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":true,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgDiscussionToolsFeaturesEnabled":{"replytool":true,"newtopictool":true,"sourcemodetoolbar":true,"topicsubscription":false,"autotopicsub":false,"visualenhancements":false,"visualenhancements_reply":false,"visualenhancements_pageframe":false},"wgDiscussionToolsFallbackEditMode":"source","wgSectionTranslationTargetLanguages":["ace","ady","alt","am","ami","an","ang","ann","anp","ar","ary","arz","as","ast","av","avk","awa","ay","az","azb","ba","ban","bar","bbc","bcl","bdr","be","bew","bg","bho","bi","bjn","blk","bm","bn","bo","bpy","br","bs","btm","bug","ca","cdo","ce","ceb","ch","chr","ckb","co","cr","crh","cs","cu","cy","da","dag","de","dga","din","diq","dsb","dtp","dv","dz","ee","el","eml","eo","es","et","eu","fa","fat","ff","fi","fj","fo","fon","fr","frp","frr", "fur","fy","gag","gan","gcr","gl","glk","gn","gom","gor","gpe","gu","guc","gur","guw","gv","ha","hak","haw","he","hi","hif","hr","hsb","ht","hu","hy","hyw","ia","iba","ie","ig","igl","ilo","io","is","it","iu","ja","jam","jv","ka","kaa","kab","kbd","kbp","kcg","kg","kge","ki","kk","kl","km","kn","ko","koi","krc","ks","ku","kus","kv","kw","ky","lad","lb","lez","lg","li","lij","lld","lmo","ln","lo","lt","ltg","lv","mad","mai","map-bms","mdf","mg","mhr","mi","min","mk","ml","mn","mni","mnw","mos","mr","mrj","ms","mt","mwl","my","myv","mzn","nah","nan","nap","nb","nds","nds-nl","ne","new","nia","nl","nn","nqo","nr","nso","ny","oc","om","or","os","pa","pag","pam","pap","pcd","pcm","pdc","pl","pms","pnb","ps","pt","pwn","qu","rm","rn","ro","rsk","rue","rup","rw","sa","sah","sat","sc","scn","sco","sd","se","sg","sgs","sh","shi","shn","si","sk","skr","sl","sm","smn","sn","so","sq","sr","srn","ss","st","stq","su","sv","sw","szl","ta","tay","tcy","tdd","te","tet","tg","th","ti","tk","tl","tly", "tn","to","tpi","tr","trv","ts","tt","tum","tw","ty","tyv","udm","ur","uz","ve","vec","vep","vi","vls","vo","vro","wa","war","wo","wuu","xal","xh","xmf","yi","yo","yue","za","zgh","zh","zu"],"isLanguageSearcherCXEntrypointEnabled":false,"mintEntrypointLanguages":["ace","ast","azb","bcl","bjn","bh","crh","ff","fon","ig","is","ki","ks","lmo","min","sat","ss","tn","vec"],"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q5571583","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["architecture","bitness","brands","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false,"wgMinervaPermissions":{"watchable":true,"watch":false},"wgMinervaFeatures":{"beta":false,"donate":true,"mobileOptionsLink":true,"categories":false,"pageIssues":true,"talkAtTop":true,"historyInPageActions":false,"overflowSubmenu":false,"tabsOnSpecials":true,"personalMenu":false, "mainMenuExpanded":false,"echo":true,"nightMode":true},"wgMinervaDownloadNamespaces":[0]};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.pygments":"ready","ext.discussionTools.init.styles":"ready","oojs-ui-core.styles":"ready","oojs-ui.styles.indicators":"ready","mediawiki.widgets.styles":"ready","oojs-ui-core.icons":"ready","skins.minerva.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.content.styles.images":"ready","mediawiki.hlist":"ready","skins.minerva.codex.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.icons.wikimedia":"ready","skins.minerva.mainMenu.icons":"ready","skins.minerva.messageBox.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.amc.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","mobile.init.styles":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.pygments.view","site","mediawiki.page.ready", "skins.minerva.scripts","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","ext.popups","mobile.init","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.discussionTools.init","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.entrypoints.languagesearcher.init","mw.externalguidance.init","ext.checkUser.clientHints","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.discussionTools.init.styles%7Cext.pygments%2CwikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cmediawiki.hlist%7Cmediawiki.widgets.styles%7Cmobile.init.styles%7Coojs-ui-core.icons%2Cstyles%7Coojs-ui.styles.indicators%7Cskins.minerva.amc.styles%7Cskins.minerva.codex.styles%7Cskins.minerva.content.styles.images%7Cskins.minerva.icons.wikimedia%7Cskins.minerva.mainMenu.icons%7Cskins.minerva.messageBox.styles%7Cskins.minerva.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=minerva"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.3"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#eaecf0"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, user-scalable=yes, minimum-scale=0.25, maximum-scale=5.0"> <meta property="og:title" content="Wikipedia:Citing Wikipedia - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="manifest" href="/w/api.php?action=webapp-manifest"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_Wikipedia"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="ext-discussiontools-replytool-enabled ext-discussiontools-newtopictool-enabled ext-discussiontools-sourcemodetoolbar-enabled mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-4 ns-subject page-Wikipedia_Citing_Wikipedia rootpage-Wikipedia_Citing_Wikipedia stable skin-minerva action-view skin--responsive mw-mf-amc-disabled mw-mf"><div id="mw-mf-viewport"> <div id="mw-mf-page-center"> <a class="mw-mf-page-center__mask" href="#"></a> <header class="header-container header-chrome"> <div class="minerva-header"> <nav class="navigation-drawer toggle-list view-border-box"> <input type="checkbox" id="main-menu-input" class="toggle-list__checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-labelledby="mw-mf-main-menu-button"> <label role="button" for="main-menu-input" id="mw-mf-main-menu-button" aria-hidden="true" data-event-name="ui.mainmenu" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet toggle-list__toggle"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--menu"></span> <span></span> </label> <div id="mw-mf-page-left" class="menu view-border-box"> <ul id="p-navigation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--home" href="/wiki/Main_Page" data-mw="interface"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--home"></span> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">Home</span> </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--random" href="/wiki/Special:Random" data-mw="interface"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--die"></span> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">Random</span> </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--nearby" href="/wiki/Special:Nearby" data-event-name="menu.nearby" data-mw="interface"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--mapPin"></span> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">Nearby</span> </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="p-personal" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--login" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Wikipedia%3ACiting+Wikipedia" data-event-name="menu.login" data-mw="interface"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--logIn"></span> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">Log in</span> </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="pt-preferences" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--settings" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:MobileOptions&returnto=Wikipedia%3ACiting+Wikipedia" data-event-name="menu.settings" data-mw="interface"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--settings"></span> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">Settings</span> </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="p-donation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--donate" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en&utm_key=minerva" data-event-name="menu.donate" data-mw="interface"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--heart"></span> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">Donate</span> </a> </li> </ul> <ul class="hlist"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--about" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" data-mw="interface"> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">About Wikipedia</span> </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--disclaimers" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer" data-mw="interface"> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">Disclaimers</span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <label class="main-menu-mask" for="main-menu-input"></label> </nav> <div class="branding-box"> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page"> <span><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </span> </a> </div> <form action="/w/index.php" method="get" class="minerva-search-form"> <div class="search-box"> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"/> <input class="search skin-minerva-search-trigger" id="searchInput" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> <span class="search-box-icon-overlay"><span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--search"></span> </span> </div> <button id="searchIcon" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet skin-minerva-search-trigger"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </form> <nav class="minerva-user-navigation" aria-label="User navigation"> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-namespace">Wikipedia</span><span class="mw-page-title-separator">:</span><span class="mw-page-title-main">Citing Wikipedia</span></h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_Wikipedia" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Project page</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Citing_Wikipedia" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--language"></span> <span>Language</span> </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Wikipedia%3ACiting+Wikipedia" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--star"></span> <span>Watch</span> </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-viewsource" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Citing_Wikipedia&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.viewsource" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-viewsource"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--editLock"></span> <span>View source</span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Project page</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the policy page about citing Wikipedia within Wikipedia articles, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CIRCULAR" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CIRCULAR">WP:CIRCULAR</a>. For information about citing external sources in Wikipedia articles, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CITE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CITE">WP:CITE</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CT" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CT">WP:CT</a>. For the citation-generation tool to create a citation from any article, see <a href="/wiki/Special:CiteThisPage" title="Special:CiteThisPage">Special:CiteThisPage</a>. For the WikiProject, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Check_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Check Wikipedia">Wikipedia:WikiProject Check Wikipedia</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"WP:CW" redirects here. For policy about change war, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Edit_warring" title="Wikipedia:Edit warring">Wikipedia:Edit warring</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238436933">.mw-parser-output .ombox{margin:4px 0;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);box-sizing:border-box;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}.mw-parser-output .ombox.mbox-small{font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{border:2px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ombox-delete{border:2px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ombox-content{border:1px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ombox-style{border:1px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ombox-move{border:1px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ombox-protection{border:2px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.9em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-invalid-type{text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ombox{margin:4px 10%}.mw-parser-output .ombox.mbox-small{clear:right;float:right;margin:4px 0 4px 1em;width:238px}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.ombox img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}</style><table class="box-Warning plainlinks ombox ombox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40"></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size:120%"><b>Caution is advised when using Wikipedia as a source. In many academic institutions, references to Wikipedia are unacceptable for research papers. See also: <a href="/wiki/Reliability_of_Wikipedia" title="Reliability of Wikipedia">Reliability of Wikipedia</a>.</b><p><b>This does not mean that Wikipedia material should be used without citation: <a href="/wiki/Plagiarism" title="Plagiarism">plagiarism</a> of Wikipedia material is also academically unacceptable.</b></p></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238436933"><table class="plainlinks ombox ombox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Twemoji_1f527.svg/30px-Twemoji_1f527.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Twemoji_1f527.svg/45px-Twemoji_1f527.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Twemoji_1f527.svg/60px-Twemoji_1f527.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div style="padding-top: 6px; padding-bottom: 5px;"><b>This help page is a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Project_namespace#Wikipedia_how-to_and_information_pages" title="Wikipedia:Project namespace">how-to guide</a>.</b><br><div style="font-size: 90%;">It explains concepts or processes used by the Wikipedia community. It is not one of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Policies_and_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines">Wikipedia's policies or guidelines</a>, and may reflect varying levels of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Consensus" title="Wikipedia:Consensus">consensus</a>.</div></div></td><td class="mbox-imageright"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1252059228">.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain{float:right;margin:0 0 0 1em;border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);padding:0.3em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;text-align:center;font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxleft{float:left;margin:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutlist{display:inline-block;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);margin-bottom:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain ul{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutanchordiv{position:relative;top:-3em}.mw-parser-output li .module-shortcutanchordiv{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mbox-imageright .module-shortcutboxplain{padding:0.4em 1em 0.4em 1em;line-height:1.3;margin:0}</style><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:CW"></span><span id="WP:CITEWIKI"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:CW&redirect=no">WP:CW</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:CITEWIKI&redirect=no">WP:CITEWIKI</a></span></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238436933"><table class="plainlinks ombox ombox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/60px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/80px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620"></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text">Wikipedia has a tool to generate citations for particular articles. For the cite tool, see <b><a href="/wiki/Special:CiteThisPage" title="Special:CiteThisPage">Special:Cite</a></b>, or follow the "<b>Cite this page</b>" link in the toolbox on the left of the page in the article you wish to cite.</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Readers" title="Wikipedia:FAQ/Readers">Readers' FAQ</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-bottom:0.7em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Teahouse" title="alt=A link to a friendly place where you can ask questions to get help with using Wikipedia"><img alt="alt=A link to a friendly place where you can ask questions to get help with using Wikipedia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Question_Circle.svg/50px-Question_Circle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Question_Circle.svg/75px-Question_Circle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Question_Circle.svg/100px-Question_Circle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.4em;padding-bottom:0.4em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Administration" title="Wikipedia:Administration">Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:FAQ/Index">FAQs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Assessing_article_quality" title="Help:Assessing article quality">Assessing article quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_book_creator_status" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia book creator status">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Categories" title="Help:Categories">Categories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Censorship" title="Help:Censorship">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Copyright" title="Help:Copyright">Copyright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Disambiguation" title="Help:Disambiguation">Disambiguation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Viewing_media" title="Help:Viewing media">Images and multimedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:ISBN" title="Help:ISBN">ISBN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Microformats" title="Help:Microformats">Microformats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Mobile_access" title="Help:Mobile access">Mobile access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Database_download" title="Wikipedia:Database download">Offline access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Navigation" title="Help:Navigation">Navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Other_languages" title="Help:Other languages">Other languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Page_name" title="Help:Page name">Page names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Portals" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:Portals">Portals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Searching" title="Help:Searching">Searching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Student_help" title="Help:Student help">Student help</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.4em;padding-bottom:0.4em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Researching_with_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Researching with Wikipedia">Researching with Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Citing Wikipedia</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.4em;padding-bottom:0.4em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Glossary" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:Glossary">Readers' glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reader%27s_index_to_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Reader's index to Wikipedia">Readers' index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Wikipedia:_The_Missing_Manual/Appendixes/Reader%27s_guide_to_Wikipedia" title="Help:Wikipedia: The Missing Manual/Appendixes/Reader's guide to Wikipedia"><i>Reader's guide to Wikipedia</i></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Reader_help" title="Template:Reader help"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Reader_help" title="Template talk:Reader help"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Reader_help" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Reader help"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>We <b>advise special caution when using Wikipedia as a source for research projects</b>. Normal academic usage of Wikipedia is for getting the general facts of a problem and to gather keywords, references and bibliographical pointers, but not as a source in itself. Remember that Wikipedia is a <a href="/wiki/Wiki" title="Wiki">wiki</a>. Anyone in the world can edit an article, deleting accurate information or adding false information, which the reader may not recognize. Thus, you <i><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Researching_with_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Researching with Wikipedia">probably shouldn't be citing Wikipedia</a></b></i>. This is good advice for all <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_source" title="Tertiary source">tertiary sources</a> such as encyclopedias, which are designed to introduce readers to a topic, not to be the final point of reference. Wikipedia, like other encyclopedias, provides overviews of a topic and indicates sources of more extensive information. See <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Researching_with_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Researching with Wikipedia">researching with Wikipedia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Academic_use" title="Wikipedia:Academic use">academic use of Wikipedia</a> for more information. </p><p><b>If you do decide to cite Wikipedia</b>, remember that its articles are constantly changing: cite exact time, date, and the article version you are using. <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Page_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Page history">Page history</a> and toolbox features <b>"<a href="/wiki/Special:CiteThisPage" title="Special:CiteThisPage">cite this article</a>"</b> and <b>"<a href="/wiki/Help:Permanent_link" title="Help:Permanent link">permanent link</a>"</b> are very useful for finding that information. </p><p><b>If you decide to quote or paraphrase Wikipedia text</b> (despite all the warnings above applying to the <i>information</i> in Wikipedia), then you <b>must</b> cite Wikipedia appropriately; otherwise you <a href="/wiki/Plagiarism" title="Plagiarism">plagiarise</a>, which is against academic norms and may subject you to censure. Such failure also violates Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/CC_BY-SA" class="mw-redirect" title="CC BY-SA">CC BY-SA</a> <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a> license, which is a violation of copyright law. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Problems_with_citing_Wikipedia"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Problems with citing Wikipedia</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Alternatives_to_citing_Wikipedia"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Alternatives to citing Wikipedia</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Exceptions"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Exceptions</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Examples_of_how_to_cite_Wikipedia"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Examples of how to cite Wikipedia</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#APA_style"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">APA style</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#MLA_style"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">MLA style</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#MHRA_style"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">MHRA style</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Chicago_style"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Chicago style</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#CBE/CSE_Style"><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span> <span class="toctext">CBE/CSE Style</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Turabian_style"><span class="tocnumber">2.6</span> <span class="toctext">Turabian style</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">2.6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12"><a href="#Bibliography"><span class="tocnumber">2.6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliography</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><a href="#Parenthetical_reference"><span class="tocnumber">2.6.3</span> <span class="toctext">Parenthetical reference</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="#Reference_list"><span class="tocnumber">2.6.4</span> <span class="toctext">Reference list</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Legal_citation_styles"><span class="tocnumber">2.7</span> <span class="toctext">Legal citation styles</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#BibTeX_entry"><span class="tocnumber">2.8</span> <span class="toctext">BibTeX entry</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#AMA_style"><span class="tocnumber">2.9</span> <span class="toctext">AMA style</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Problems_with_citing_Wikipedia" data-mw-thread-id="h-Problems_with_citing_Wikipedia"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Problems_with_citing_Wikipedia"></span>Problems with citing Wikipedia<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Problems_with_citing_Wikipedia"></span></h2></div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p><i>As with any source, especially one of unknown authorship, you should be wary and independently verify the accuracy of Wikipedia information if possible</i>. For many purposes, but particularly in academia, Wikipedia may not be an acceptable source;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> indeed, some professors and teachers may reject Wikipedia-sourced material completely.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is especially true when it is used without corroboration. Most educators and professionals do not consider it appropriate to use <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_source" title="Tertiary source">tertiary sources</a> such as encyclopedias as a sole source for any information—citing an encyclopedia as an important reference in footnotes or bibliographies may result in censure or a failing grade. However, much of the content on Wikipedia is itself referenced, so an alternative is to cite the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_source" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Reliable source">reliable source</a> rather than the article itself. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Wiki" title="Wiki">wiki</a> is a non-traditional <a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">medium</a>, and as such doesn't conform well to the usual book-citation formats. <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/wiki_is_not_paper" class="extiw" title="m:wiki is not paper">Wiki is not paper</a>, so you will need to use an electronic-citation format instead. The exact format will depend upon the citation guide that you are following, but here are a few general principles to consider: </p> <ul><li>A special citation tool is available to assist you. On every article (either in the left or right sidebar, or under the "Tools" tab at the top) there is a "Cite this page" link. Clicking it will bring you to a listing of relevant information, as well as automatically generated citations in several styles. Note that it is still <i>your</i> responsibility to ensure the citation meets all requirements.</li> <li>You should <i>not</i> cite any particular author or authors for a Wikipedia article, in general. Wikipedia is collaboratively written. However, if you do need to find the list of authors of a particular article, you can check the <a href="/wiki/Help:Page_history" title="Help:Page history">Page history</a>. Authors are listed only by <a href="/wiki/IP_address" title="IP address">IP address</a> or chosen username; you normally cannot verify and often cannot even guess at their identities.</li> <li>Your citation should normally list both the article title and <i>Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia</i>, much as you would for an article in a paper publication. Every article should be a separate citation.</li> <li>Most citation styles will likely require the full article URL. You can click "Permanent link" in the toolbox (either in the left or right sidebar, or under the "Tools" tab at the top) of this page. This lets the URL include a unique identifier such that you can tie your reference back to the exact version of the article you are referencing. It may or may not be desirable to adopt this approach, depending upon the context of your reference. This lets you show what you saw and ignore any changes made after you accessed the page. If greater brevity is desired, you can use the regular URL, or optionally just the site URL (e.g. <a class="external free" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/">https://en.wikipedia.org/</a> for an English article), because an article URL can be inferred from an article title.</li> <li>The citation style may request the full date and time of the article revision you are using. If you use the permanent link feature, this may not be necessary. However, the date and time of the last revision can be found at the bottom of every page (above the copyright notice).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alternatives_to_citing_Wikipedia" data-mw-thread-id="h-Alternatives_to_citing_Wikipedia-Problems_with_citing_Wikipedia"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Alternatives_to_citing_Wikipedia-Problems_with_citing_Wikipedia"></span>Alternatives to citing Wikipedia<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Alternatives_to_citing_Wikipedia-Problems_with_citing_Wikipedia"></span></h3></div> <p>Information in Wikipedia is often accompanied by a reference. You can use Wikipedia to find the source of the information and cite that. Indeed, Wikipedia can often be a good starting point for research to other sources of information. </p><p>Some Wikipedia articles (<a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_published_in_peer-reviewed_literature" title="Category:Wikipedia articles published in peer-reviewed literature">list</a>) have been published in peer reviewed academic literature. In that case, it is possible to cite the published article. e.g.: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cerebellum" title="Cerebellum">Cerebellum</a> → <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWrightSkaggsÅrup_Nielsen2016" class="citation journal cs1">Wright, Marion; Skaggs, William; Årup Nielsen, Finn (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15347%2Fwjm%2F2016.001">"The Cerebellum"</a>. <i>WikiJournal of Medicine</i>. <b>3</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15347%2Fwjm%2F2016.001">10.15347/wjm/2016.001</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WikiJournal+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=The+Cerebellum&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15347%2Fwjm%2F2016.001&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Marion&rft.au=Skaggs%2C+William&rft.au=%C3%85rup+Nielsen%2C+Finn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.15347%252Fwjm%252F2016.001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3ACiting+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_permutation_in_proteins" title="Circular permutation in proteins">Circular permutation in proteins</a> → <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlivenPrlićWodak2012" class="citation journal cs1">Bliven, Spencer; Prlić, Andreas; Wodak, Shoshana (29 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3320104">"Circular Permutation in Proteins"</a>. <i>PLOS Computational Biology</i>. <b>8</b> (3): e1002445. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PLSCB...8E2445B">2012PLSCB...8E2445B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pcbi.1002445">10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002445</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3320104">3320104</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22496628">22496628</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Computational+Biology&rft.atitle=Circular+Permutation+in+Proteins&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=e1002445&rft.date=2012-03-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3320104%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22496628&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pcbi.1002445&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012PLSCB...8E2445B&rft.aulast=Bliven&rft.aufirst=Spencer&rft.au=Prli%C4%87%2C+Andreas&rft.au=Wodak%2C+Shoshana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3320104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3ACiting+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exceptions" data-mw-thread-id="h-Exceptions-Problems_with_citing_Wikipedia"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Exceptions-Problems_with_citing_Wikipedia"></span>Exceptions<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Exceptions-Problems_with_citing_Wikipedia"></span></h3></div> <p>If the topic under research is Wikipedia itself, then Wikipedia is the preferred source of information. For topics such as Wikipedia policies and policy-making, Wikipedia language edition growth, and Wikipedia editorial collaboration Wikipedia is not a tertiary source but a primary source. </p><p>If the topic under research is unavailable through other means, then Wikipedia might be an acceptable source. Wikipedia includes articles on relatively obscure topics that might not be covered in much depth elsewhere on the Internet or at a typical library. So a line referenced article such as <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Compi%C3%A8gne" title="Siege of Compiègne">Siege of Compiègne</a> could be the best information available to a particular researcher. Whenever this situation emerges, the best course of action is to report the dearth of sources in advance (to a teacher, professor, or boss) and request permission to cite Wikipedia. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_published_in_peer-reviewed_literature" title="Category:Wikipedia articles published in peer-reviewed literature">Some Wikipedia articles</a> are directly <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:J2W" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:J2W">adapted from peer reviewed academic papers</a>. In such cases the source page may be treated as any other source, but not the Wikipedia page. Note that the Wikipedia page may have diverged from the original source, so it is important to check before citing that the point being referenced was present in the peer reviewed article. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Examples_of_how_to_cite_Wikipedia" data-mw-thread-id="h-Examples_of_how_to_cite_Wikipedia"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Examples_of_how_to_cite_Wikipedia"></span>Examples of how to cite Wikipedia<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Examples_of_how_to_cite_Wikipedia"></span></h2></div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>Wikipedia has a tool to generate citations for particular articles. For the cite tool, see <b><a href="/wiki/Special:CiteThisPage" title="Special:CiteThisPage">Special:Cite</a></b>, or follow the "Cite this page" link in the toolbox on the left of the page in the article you wish to cite. </p><p>The following examples assume you are citing the Wikipedia article on <a href="/wiki/Plagiarism" title="Plagiarism">Plagiarism</a>, using the version that was submitted on July 22, 2004, at 10:55 <a href="/wiki/UTC" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC">UTC</a>, and that you retrieved the article on August 10, 2004, except as otherwise noted. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="APA_style" data-mw-thread-id="h-APA_style-Examples_of_how_to_cite_Wikipedia"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-APA_style-Examples_of_how_to_cite_Wikipedia"></span>APA style<span data-mw-comment-end="h-APA_style-Examples_of_how_to_cite_Wikipedia"></span></h3></div> <p>Citation in <a href="/wiki/APA_style" title="APA style">APA style</a>, as recommended by the <a href="/wiki/American_Psychological_Association" title="American Psychological Association">American Psychological Association</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Plagiarism. (n.d.). In <i>Wikipedia</i>. Retrieved August 10, 2004, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagiarism<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Note that in APA 5th Edition style, the following rules apply for the reference: </p> <ul><li>For reference books, which includes encyclopedias, dictionaries, and glossaries, the book title is preceded by the word In. It is not italicized, but the book title following it is.</li> <li>The book title appears in sentence case. You capitalize the first word, the first word after a colon, and proper nouns.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Uniform_resource_locator" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniform resource locator">URL</a> must go to the exact page that you reference.</li> <li>No punctuation follows the URL.</li> <li>The term or article title appears in the author position. Use sentence case for multiple-word terms or titles, where you capitalize the first word, the first word after a colon, and proper nouns.</li></ul> <p>The proper in-text citation is ("Plagiarism," 2004) for a paraphrased passage or ("Plagiarism," 2004, para. #) if you directly quote the material. Note that para. # represents the paragraph number in the page where the information appears. If there are multiple headings on the page, it is also acceptable to place the subheading and then a paragraph number within that heading. </p><p>For example, proper in-text citation for a direct quote of fewer than 40 words is: </p><p>"Plagiarism is the use of another person’s work (this could be his or her words, products or ideas) for personal advantage, without proper acknowledgment of the original work" ("Plagiarism," 2004, "Definition," para. 1). </p><p>If the quoted material is more than 40 words, use the block quote format instead. </p><p>As another example, the proper in-text citation for a paraphrased passage is: </p><p>Plagiarism is stealing the works of others ("Plagiarism," 2004). </p><p>APA Style requires that you provide a separate reference entry for each term you are citing in your paper because 1) you must provide a URL for each term that goes directly to the term, and 2) you must provide the publication date for each term separately. However, if you are discussing the "online encyclopedia" itself, not a term in the encyclopedia, you might need to reference the site itself. The proper citation of Wikipedia, the site, as referenced in APA 5th Edition Style is: </p> <ul><li><i>Wikipedia: The free encyclopedia</i>. (2004, July 22). FL: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. Retrieved August 10, 2004, from <a class="external free" href="https://www.wikipedia.org">https://www.wikipedia.org</a></li></ul> <p>The in-text citation formation would be (Wikipedia, 2004). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="MLA_style" data-mw-thread-id="h-MLA_style-Examples_of_how_to_cite_Wikipedia"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-MLA_style-Examples_of_how_to_cite_Wikipedia"></span>MLA style<span data-mw-comment-end="h-MLA_style-Examples_of_how_to_cite_Wikipedia"></span></h3></div> <p>Citation in <a href="/wiki/MLA_style" class="mw-redirect" title="MLA style">MLA style</a>, as recommended by the <a href="/wiki/Modern_Language_Association" title="Modern Language Association">Modern Language Association</a>, 8th edition: </p> <ul><li>"Plagiarism." <i>Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia</i>. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc, 22 July 2004, en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plagiarism&oldid=5139350. Accessed 10 Aug. 2004.</li></ul> <p>The eighth edition published in 2016 calls for urls to omit "http://" or "https://". </p><p>Note that MLA style calls for both the date of publication (or its latest update). The "Accessed date" is now optional but could be useful for general readership not familiar with permanent links in Wikipedia (old id). </p><p>Be sure to double check the exact syntax your institution requires. </p><p>For citation of Wikipedia as a site, use: </p> <ul><li><i>Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia</i>. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 22 July 2004. Web. 10 Aug. 2004.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="MHRA_style" data-mw-thread-id="h-MHRA_style-Examples_of_how_to_cite_Wikipedia"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-MHRA_style-Examples_of_how_to_cite_Wikipedia"></span>MHRA style<span data-mw-comment-end="h-MHRA_style-Examples_of_how_to_cite_Wikipedia"></span></h3></div> <p>Citation in <a href="/wiki/MHRA_Style_Guide" title="MHRA Style Guide">MHRA style</a>, as recommended by the <a href="/wiki/Modern_Humanities_Research_Association" title="Modern Humanities Research Association">Modern Humanities Research Association</a>: </p> <ul><li>Wikipedia contributors, 'Plagiarism', <i>Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia</i>, 22 July 2004, 10:55 UTC, <https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plagiarism&oldid=5139350> [accessed 10 August 2004]</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chicago_style" data-mw-thread-id="h-Chicago_style-Examples_of_how_to_cite_Wikipedia"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Chicago_style-Examples_of_how_to_cite_Wikipedia"></span>Chicago style<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Chicago_style-Examples_of_how_to_cite_Wikipedia"></span></h3></div> <p>Citation in <a href="/wiki/The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style" title="The Chicago Manual of Style">Chicago style</a>: </p> <ul><li><i>Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia</i>, s.v. "Plagiarism," (accessed August 10, 2004), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plagiarism&oldid=5139350</li></ul> <p>Note that the <i>Chicago Manual of Style</i> states that "Well-known reference books, such as major dictionaries and encyclopedias, are normally cited in notes rather than bibliographies." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="CBE/CSE_Style" data-mw-thread-id="h-CBE/CSE_Style-Examples_of_how_to_cite_Wikipedia"><span id="CBE.2FCSE_Style"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-CBE/CSE_Style-Examples_of_how_to_cite_Wikipedia"></span>CBE/CSE Style<span data-mw-comment-end="h-CBE/CSE_Style-Examples_of_how_to_cite_Wikipedia"></span></h3></div> <p>Citation in <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Science_Editors" title="Council of Science Editors">CBE/CSE style</a>, as recommended by the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Science_Editors" title="Council of Science Editors">Council of Science Editors</a>: </p> <ul><li>Wikipedia contributors. Plagiarism [Internet]. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia; 2004 Jul 22, 10:55 UTC [cited 2004 Aug 10]. Available from: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plagiarism&oldid=5139350.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turabian_style" data-mw-thread-id="h-Turabian_style-Examples_of_how_to_cite_Wikipedia"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Turabian_style-Examples_of_how_to_cite_Wikipedia"></span>Turabian style<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Turabian_style-Examples_of_how_to_cite_Wikipedia"></span></h3></div> <p>The following are examples of how to cite Wikipedia articles according to <i>A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations</i>, 6th edition, by <a href="/wiki/Kate_L._Turabian" title="Kate L. Turabian">Kate L. Turabian</a> (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226816265" title="Special:BookSources/0226816265">0226816265</a> (cloth), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226816273" title="Special:BookSources/0226816273">0226816273</a> (paper). </p><p><i>Note on Turabian style:</i> Please understand that Turabian does not have rules that cover anything like Wikipedia. These examples are based on "reading between the lines" and assimilating rules from various not-so-similar cases that Turabian does cover. If the party to which you are submitting your paper is particularly strict, you might want to find out if they have their own adaptation of Turabian that would apply in this case. Alternately, you could always consult with the party before the deadline to make sure it's acceptable. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Notes" data-mw-thread-id="h-Notes-Turabian_style"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Notes-Turabian_style"></span>Notes<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Notes-Turabian_style"></span></h4></div> <p><sup><small>1</small></sup>"Plagiarism," in <i>Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia</i>; (Wikimedia Foundation Inc., updated 22 July 2004, 10:55 UTC) [encyclopedia on-line]; available from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagiarism; Internet; retrieved 10 August 2004. </p><p><sup><small>2</small></sup>Wikipedia contributors, "Marketing."<i>Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia,</i> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing (Accessed August 10, 2004) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bibliography" data-mw-thread-id="h-Bibliography-Turabian_style"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Bibliography-Turabian_style"></span>Bibliography<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Bibliography-Turabian_style"></span></h4></div> <p><i>Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia</i>. Wikimedia Foundation Inc. Updated 22 July 2004, 10:55 UTC. Encyclopedia on-line. Available from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered Species. Internet. Retrieved 10 August 2004. </p> <dl><dd>(According to Turabian 6th edition, ¶9.8, for entries in the bibliography, "the first line of each entry is flush left, and any run over lines are indented five spaces". This presentation does not follow that rule.)</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Parenthetical_reference" data-mw-thread-id="h-Parenthetical_reference-Turabian_style"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Parenthetical_reference-Turabian_style"></span>Parenthetical reference<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Parenthetical_reference-Turabian_style"></span></h4></div> <p>("Plagiarism," <i>Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia</i>) </p> <dl><dd>or</dd></dl> <p>(<i>Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia</i>, s.v. "Plagiarism") </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reference_list" data-mw-thread-id="h-Reference_list-Turabian_style"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Reference_list-Turabian_style"></span>Reference list<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Reference_list-Turabian_style"></span></h4></div> <p>Plagiarism. 22 July 2004, 10:55 UTC. In <i>Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia</i>. Wikimedia Foundation Inc. Encyclopedia on-line. Available from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagiarism. Internet. Retrieved 10 August 2004. </p> <dl><dd>(Indenting is like that of the bibliography.)</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_citation_styles" data-mw-thread-id="h-Legal_citation_styles-Examples_of_how_to_cite_Wikipedia"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Legal_citation_styles-Examples_of_how_to_cite_Wikipedia"></span>Legal citation styles<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Legal_citation_styles-Examples_of_how_to_cite_Wikipedia"></span></h3></div> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Journal_of_Law_%26_Technology" title="Harvard Journal of Law & Technology">Harvard Journal of Law & Technology</a></i> has adopted the following format for citations to articles in Wikipedia: </p> <ul><li>[<i>Signal</i>] Wikipedia, [<i>article</i>], https://en.wikipedia/wiki/[article] [(optional other parenthetical)] (as of [date], [time] GMT).</li></ul> <p>Here is an example: </p> <ul><li><i>See</i> Wikipedia, <i>Bluebook</i>, https://en.wikipedia/wiki/Bluebook (describing history and application of the Bluebook) (as of Mar. 21, 2006, 20:50 GMT).</li></ul> <p>This format reflects Rule 18.2 of the 18th and 19th edition of the <i>Bluebook</i>, but uses "as of" rather than "last updated"/"last visited" in the date parenthetical. This change allows specification of the exact version of the article to which the author is referring. </p><p>The date and time used should correspond exactly to the latest version listed in the article's Wikipedia history page that states the proposition for which you are citing it. Use of GMT conforms to the timestamp format used in those history entries (e.g., use 24-hour notation to avoid AM/PM). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="BibTeX_entry" data-mw-thread-id="h-BibTeX_entry-Examples_of_how_to_cite_Wikipedia"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-BibTeX_entry-Examples_of_how_to_cite_Wikipedia"></span>BibTeX entry<span data-mw-comment-end="h-BibTeX_entry-Examples_of_how_to_cite_Wikipedia"></span></h3></div> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-bibtex mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">@misc</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nl">wiki:###</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="na">author</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">"{Wikipedia contributors}"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="na">title</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">"Plagiarism --- {W}ikipedia{,} The Free Encyclopedia"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="na">year</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">"2004"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="na">url</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plagiarism&oldid=5139350"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="na">note</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">"[Online; accessed 22-July-2004]"</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span> </pre></div> <p>The additional <a href="/wiki/Curly_bracket" class="mw-redirect" title="Curly bracket">curly brackets</a> are necessary to prevent the values from being interpreted depending on the style. In <a href="/wiki/BibTeX" title="BibTeX">BibTeX</a> syntax, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-latex mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">author = "Wikipedia contributors"</code> indicates an author with the first name <code>Wikipedia</code> and the last name <code>contributors</code>, and may then be formatted as, e.g., <code>contributors, W.</code>. </p><p>Some people like adding a field <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-latex mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">howpublished = "<span class="k">\url</span><span class="nb">{</span>https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plagiarism<span class="nb">&</span>oldid=5139350<span class="nb">}</span>"</code> which requires <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-latex mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="k">\usepackage</span><span class="nb">{</span>url<span class="nb">}</span></code>, but certain BibTeX styles and in particular <code>biblatex</code> will already use the <code>url</code> field itself, causing duplicate URLs. The URL field must not contain a <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-latex mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="k">\url</span></code> command (so that BibTeX styles can use the URL as link of the article title, and not only a standalone URL), and in general the use of <a href="/wiki/LaTeX" title="LaTeX">LaTeX</a> code within BibTeX should be avoided. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="AMA_style" data-mw-thread-id="h-AMA_style-Examples_of_how_to_cite_Wikipedia"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-AMA_style-Examples_of_how_to_cite_Wikipedia"></span>AMA style<span data-mw-comment-end="h-AMA_style-Examples_of_how_to_cite_Wikipedia"></span></h3></div> <p>Citation in <a href="/wiki/AMA_style" class="mw-redirect" title="AMA style">AMA style</a>, as recommended by the <a href="/wiki/American_Medical_Association" title="American Medical Association">American Medical Association</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Wikipedia contributors. Plagiarism. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. July 22, 2004, at 10:55 UTC. Available at: <a class="external free" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plagiarism&oldid=5139350">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plagiarism&oldid=5139350</a>. Accessed August 10, 2004.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also" data-mw-thread-id="h-See_also"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-See_also"></span>See also<span data-mw-comment-end="h-See_also"></span></h2></div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MediaWiki:Citethispage-content" title="MediaWiki:Citethispage-content">Mediawiki:citethispage-content</a> – Content of "Special:Cite" pages.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_as_an_academic_source" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia as an academic source">Wikipedia:Wikipedia as an academic source</a> – list of academic works citing Wikipedia as a source.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Reference resources</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Find_sources" title="Help:Find sources">Help:Find sources</a> – a place that helps access reliable sources. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Book_sources" title="Wikipedia:Book sources">Wikipedia:Book sources</a> – links to catalogs of libraries, booksellers, and other book sources where you can search for the book by its <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> identifier .</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Journal_sources" title="Wikipedia:Journal sources">Wikipedia:Journal sources</a> – links to library searches, online databases, and other venues to locate a journal article by title, or identifier (such as <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a> or <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_academic_databases_and_search_engines" title="List of academic databases and search engines">List of academic databases and search engines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_scientific_journals" title="List of scientific journals">List of scientific journals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reference_desk" title="Wikipedia:Reference desk">Wikipedia:Reference desk</a> – where you can ask questions about any worldly topic except Wikipedia itself. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_online_reference_desks" title="Wikipedia:List of online reference desks">Wikipedia:List of online reference desks</a>.</li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt>Disclaimers</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer" title="Wikipedia:General disclaimer">Wikipedia:General disclaimer</a> – describes how Wikipedia cannot guarantee the validity of the information found here.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Patent_nonsense" title="Wikipedia:Patent nonsense">Wikipedia:Patent nonsense</a> – describes how at any given time, a Wikipedia article may contain nonsense.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Point_of_view" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Point of view">Wikipedia:Point of view</a> – describes how at any given time, a Wikipedia article may not have a neutral point of view.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Related essays</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Administration" title="Wikipedia:Administration">Wikipedia:Administration</a> – discusses both the human administrative structure of Wikipedia, as well as its non-human components.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Evaluating_Wikipedia_as_an_encyclopedia" title="Wikipedia:Evaluating Wikipedia as an encyclopedia">Wikipedia:Evaluating Wikipedia as an encyclopedia</a> – discusses Wikipedia's success or failure as an encyclopedia, using the standard accepted criteria for all encyclopedias.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Why_Wikipedia_is_so_great" title="Wikipedia:Why Wikipedia is so great">Wikipedia:Why Wikipedia is so great</a> – discusses what accounts for Wikipedia's enormous growth and success.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Why_Wikipedia_is_not_so_great" title="Wikipedia:Why Wikipedia is not so great">Wikipedia:Why Wikipedia is not so great</a> – discusses many drawbacks of Wikipedia.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_is_a_tertiary_source" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia is a tertiary source">Wikipedia:Wikipedia is a tertiary source</a> – describes how Wikipedia is an encyclopedia and as such Wikipedia is a tertiary source.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References" data-mw-thread-id="h-References"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-References"></span>References<span data-mw-comment-end="h-References"></span></h2></div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bould, Dylan M., et al., <i>References that anyone can edit: review of Wikipedia citations in peer reviewed health science literature</i>, 2014, <a href="/wiki/British_Medical_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="British Medical Journal">British Medical Journal</a>, 6 March 2014, 348 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.g1585">DOI</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bmj.com/content/348/bmj.g1585">online from BMJ</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.arc.losrios.edu/~anthro/AnthroDepartment/documents/Anth333-Sp07Worley.pdf">"Anthropology 333 syllabus from American River College"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-02-07</span></span>. <q>Do NOT use Wikipedia or other online or print encyclopedias as a source for your paper.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anthropology+333+syllabus+from+American+River+College&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.arc.losrios.edu%2F~anthro%2FAnthroDepartment%2Fdocuments%2FAnth333-Sp07Worley.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3ACiting+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"></span> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2014">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apastyle.org/elecref.html">"APA Style Help"</a>. <i>APA Style</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=APA+Style&rft.atitle=APA+Style+Help&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apastyle.org%2Felecref.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3ACiting+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcAdoo" class="citation web cs1">McAdoo, Timothy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2009/10/how-to-cite-wikipedia-in-apa-style.html">"How to Cite Wikipedia in APA Style"</a>. <i>APA Style</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=APA+Style&rft.atitle=How+to+Cite+Wikipedia+in+APA+Style&rft.aulast=McAdoo&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.apastyle.org%2Fapastyle%2F2009%2F10%2Fhow-to-cite-wikipedia-in-apa-style.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3ACiting+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://healthlinks.washington.edu/hsl/styleguides/ama.html">"AMA Style Guide"</a>. University of Washington Health Sciences Libraries<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AMA+Style+Guide&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Health+Sciences+Libraries&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhealthlinks.washington.edu%2Fhsl%2Fstyleguides%2Fama.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3ACiting+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links" data-mw-thread-id="h-External_links"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-External_links"></span>External links<span data-mw-comment-end="h-External_links"></span></h2></div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://usingsources.fas.harvard.edu/whats-wrong-wikipedia">"What's Wrong with Wikipedia?"</a>. <i>Harvard guide to using sources</i>. 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Harvard+guide+to+using+sources&rft.atitle=What%27s+Wrong+with+Wikipedia%3F&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fusingsources.fas.harvard.edu%2Fwhats-wrong-wikipedia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3ACiting+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://guides.library.ucla.edu/wikipedia/citing-wikipedia">"Citing Wikipedia Articles in Writing or Not?"</a>. <i>UCLA Library</i>. 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UCLA+Library&rft.atitle=Citing+Wikipedia+Articles+in+Writing+or+Not%3F&rft.date=2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fguides.library.ucla.edu%2Fwikipedia%2Fciting-wikipedia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3ACiting+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffrey_R._Young2006" class="citation web cs1">Jeffrey R. Young (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chronicle.com/blogs/wiredcampus/wikipedia-founder-discourages-academic-use-of-his-creation/2305">"Wikipedia founder discourages academic use of his creation"</a>. <i>The Chronicle of Higher Education</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Chronicle+of+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=Wikipedia+founder+discourages+academic+use+of+his+creation&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Jeffrey+R.+Young&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chronicle.com%2Fblogs%2Fwiredcampus%2Fwikipedia-founder-discourages-academic-use-of-his-creation%2F2305&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3ACiting+Wikipedia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/education/2010/march/The-Top-10-Reasons-Students-Cannot-Cite-or-Rely-on-Wikipedia.htm">The Top 10 Reasons Students Cannot Cite or Rely On Wikipedia</a> . <i>findingDulcinea</i>, 2011</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Basic_information_on_Wikipedia_-_(Search)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Basic_information" title="Template:Basic information"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Basic_information" title="Template talk:Basic information"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Basic_information" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Basic information"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Basic_information_on_Wikipedia_-_(Search)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_basic_information" title="Category:Wikipedia basic information">Basic information on Wikipedia</a> - (<a href="/wiki/Help:Searching#Custom_search_boxes" title="Help:Searching">Search</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Help:Contents">Help</a></b> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Help:Directory" title="Help:Directory">directory</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Help:Menu" title="Help:Menu">menu</a></b></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Teahouse" title="Wikipedia:Teahouse">Teahouse</a></b> (interactive help for new editors)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reader%27s_index_to_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Reader's index to Wikipedia">Readers' index to Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Statistics" title="Wikipedia:Statistics">Statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Administration" title="Wikipedia:Administration">Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:FAQ/Index">FAQs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Purpose" title="Wikipedia:Purpose">Purpose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Who_writes_Wikipedia%3F" title="Wikipedia:Who writes Wikipedia?">Who writes Wikipedia?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Formal_organization" title="Wikipedia:Formal organization">Organization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Censorship" title="Help:Censorship">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_in_brief" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia in brief">In brief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer" title="Wikipedia:General disclaimer">General disclaimer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Readers" title="Wikipedia:FAQ/Readers">Readers' FAQ</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Student_help" title="Help:Student help">Student help</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Navigation" title="Help:Navigation">Navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Searching" title="Help:Searching">Searching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Viewing_media" title="Help:Viewing media">Viewing media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">Help</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Mobile_access" title="Help:Mobile access">Mobile access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Advice_for_parents" title="Wikipedia:Advice for parents">Parental advice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Other_languages" title="Help:Other languages">Other languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Researching_with_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Researching with Wikipedia">Researching with Wikipedia</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Citing Wikipedia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Copyright" title="Help:Copyright">Copyright</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contributing_to_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Contributing to Wikipedia">Introductions<br>to contributing </a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Help:Introduction">Main introduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Getting_started" title="Help:Getting started">List of tutorials and introductions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_answer_to_life,_the_universe,_and_everything" title="Wikipedia:The answer to life, the universe, and everything">The answer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Dos and don'ts">Dos and don'ts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Learning_the_ropes" title="Wikipedia:Learning the ropes">Learning the ropes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoiding_common_mistakes" title="Wikipedia:Avoiding common mistakes">Common mistakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:A_primer_for_newcomers" title="Wikipedia:A primer for newcomers">Newcomer primer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Simplified_ruleset" title="Wikipedia:Simplified ruleset">Simplified ruleset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Wikipedia:_The_Missing_Manual" title="Help:Wikipedia: The Missing Manual">The "Missing Manual"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Your_first_article" title="Help:Your first article">Your first article</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard" title="Wikipedia:Article wizard">Wizard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Guidance_for_younger_editors" title="Wikipedia:Guidance for younger editors">Young Wikipedians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Adventure" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Adventure">The Wikipedia Adventure</a></li> <li>Accounts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Why_create_an_account%3F" title="Wikipedia:Why create an account?">Why create an account?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Logging_in" title="Help:Logging in">Logging in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Email_confirmation" title="Help:Email confirmation">Email confirmation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Editing" title="Help:Editing">Editing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Edit_toolbar" title="Help:Edit toolbar">Toolbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Edit_conflict" title="Help:Edit conflict">Conflict</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:VisualEditor" title="Wikipedia:VisualEditor">VisualEditor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:VisualEditor/User_guide" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:VisualEditor/User guide">User guide</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Policies_and_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines">Pillars, policies<br> and guidelines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Five_pillars" title="Wikipedia:Five pillars">Five pillars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Manual of Style</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Simplified_Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Simplified Manual of Style">Simplified</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Etiquette" title="Wikipedia:Etiquette">Etiquette</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Expectations_and_norms_of_the_Wikipedia_community" title="Wikipedia:Expectations and norms of the Wikipedia community">Expectations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Editorial_oversight_and_control" title="Wikipedia:Editorial oversight and control">Oversight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Principles" title="Wikipedia:Principles">Principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Ignore_all_rules" title="Wikipedia:Ignore all rules">Ignore all rules</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_rules_are_principles" title="Wikipedia:The rules are principles">The rules are principles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Core_content_policies" title="Wikipedia:Core content policies">Core content policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_policies_and_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:List of policies and guidelines">Policies and guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vandalism" title="Wikipedia:Vandalism">Vandalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Guide_to_appealing_blocks" title="Wikipedia:Guide to appealing blocks">Appealing blocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">What Wikipedia is not</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Questions" title="Wikipedia:Questions">Getting help</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Menu" title="Help:Menu">Help menu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Help_desk" title="Wikipedia:Help desk">Help desk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reference_Desk" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Reference Desk">Reference Desk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Request_directory" title="Wikipedia:Request directory">Requests for help</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Dispute_resolution_requests" title="Wikipedia:Dispute resolution requests">Disputes resolution requests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IRC" title="Wikipedia:IRC">IRC live chat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IRC/Tutorial" title="Wikipedia:IRC/Tutorial">Tutorial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="Wikipedia:Contact us">Contact us</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_community" title="Wikipedia community">Wikipedia community</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Department_directory" title="Wikipedia:Department directory">Departments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Meetup" title="Wikipedia:Meetup">Meetups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProjects" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:WikiProjects">WikiProjects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Council/Guide#What_is_a_WikiProject?" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Council/Guide">Overview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2013-04-01/WikiProject_report" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2013-04-01/WikiProject report">FAQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Village_pump" title="Wikipedia:Village pump">Village pump</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Village_pump_(policy)" title="Wikipedia:Village pump (policy)">policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Village_pump_(technical)" title="Wikipedia:Village pump (technical)">technical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Village_pump_(proposals)" title="Wikipedia:Village pump (proposals)">proposals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Village_pump_(idea_lab)" title="Wikipedia:Village pump (idea lab)">idea lab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Village_pump_(WMF)" title="Wikipedia:Village pump (WMF)">wikimedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Village_pump_(miscellaneous)" title="Wikipedia:Village pump (miscellaneous)">misc</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:News" title="Wikipedia:News">Newsletters</a>: <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost">Signpost</a></i></li> <li><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/The_Wikipedia_Library/Newsletter" class="extiw" title="metawiki:The Wikipedia Library/Newsletter">Library Newsletter</a></li> <li><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/GLAM/Newsletter" class="extiw" title="meta:GLAM/Newsletter"> GLAM Newsletter</a></li></ul></li> <li>Informational: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="Wikipedia:Community portal">Community portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Dashboard" title="Wikipedia:Dashboard">Dashboard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Noticeboards" title="Wikipedia:Noticeboards">Noticeboards</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Maintenance" title="Wikipedia:Maintenance">Maintenance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Task_Center" title="Wikipedia:Task Center">Task Center</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Essays" title="Wikipedia:Essays">Essays</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Open_letters" title="Wikipedia:Open letters">Open letters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">Sourcing</a> <br>and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">referencing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library/Research_desk" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library/Research desk">Research desk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Wikipedia Library</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Resource_Exchange/Resource_Request" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Resource Exchange/Resource Request">Request Resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library/Free_resources" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library/Free resources">Free resources</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/">Request access to major databases</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Resource_Exchange" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Resource Exchange">WikiProject Resource Exchange</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Resource_Exchange/Shared_Resources" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Resource Exchange/Shared Resources">Shared resources</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Guidelines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Find_sources" title="Help:Find sources">Finding sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Combining_sources" title="Wikipedia:Combining sources">Combining sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">Referencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Citations_quick_reference" title="Help:Citations quick reference">Citations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1" title="Help:Citation Style 1">Citation Style 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_templates" title="Wikipedia:Citation templates">Citation templates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Footnotes" title="Help:Footnotes">Footnotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:References_and_page_numbers" title="Help:References and page numbers">Page numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors" title="Help:Cite errors">Cite errors</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_how-to" title="Category:Wikipedia how-to">How-to guides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_information_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia information pages">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tools" title="Wikipedia:Tools">Tools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Infobox" title="Help:Infobox">Infoboxes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Essays_in_a_nutshell/Article_writing" title="Wikipedia:Essays in a nutshell/Article writing">Writing articles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_development" title="Wikipedia:Article development">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">Better writing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Files" title="Help:Files">Files</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Images" title="Wikipedia:Images">Images</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Creation_and_usage_of_media_files" title="Help:Creation and usage of media files">Media files</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Uploading_images" title="Wikipedia:Uploading images">Uploading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Guide_to_image_deletion" title="Wikipedia:Guide to image deletion">Deletion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:User_contributions" title="Help:User contributions">User contribution pages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Editing" title="Help:Editing">Editing pages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Diff" title="Help:Diff">Diffs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Namespace" title="Wikipedia:Namespace">Namespaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Guide_to_deletion" title="Wikipedia:Guide to deletion">Deletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Merging" title="Wikipedia:Merging">Merging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:How_to_move_a_page" title="Help:How to move a page">Renaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Requested_moves" title="Wikipedia:Requested moves">Requests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Redirect" title="Help:Redirect">Redirecting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Reverting" title="Help:Reverting">Reverting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Simple_guide_to_vandalism_cleanup" title="Help:Simple guide to vandalism cleanup">Vandalism cleanup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Talk_pages" title="Help:Talk pages">Talk pages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Archiving_a_talk_page" title="Help:Archiving a talk page">Archiving</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Wiki markup</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Wikitext" title="Help:Wikitext">Wiki markup</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Cheatsheet" title="Help:Cheatsheet">Cheatsheet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Columns" title="Help:Columns">Columns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:HTML_in_wikitext" title="Help:HTML in wikitext">HTML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:List" title="Help:List">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Magic_words" title="Help:Magic words">Magic words</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Magic_words_for_beginners" title="Help:Magic words for beginners">For beginners</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Section" title="Help:Section">Sections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Sound_file_markup" title="Help:Sound file markup">Sounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Special_characters" title="Help:Special characters">Special Characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Table" title="Help:Table">Tables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Template" title="Help:Template">Templates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Template_documentation" title="Wikipedia:Template documentation">Documentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Template_index" title="Wikipedia:Template index">Index</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Substitution" title="Wikipedia:Substitution">Substitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Transclusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Transclusion">Transclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Visual_file_markup" title="Help:Visual file markup">Image and video markup</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Pictures" title="Help:Pictures">Tutorial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Link" title="Help:Link">Linking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Directories_and_indexes" title="Wikipedia:Directories and indexes">Directories</a> and glossaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_directories" title="Category:Wikipedia directories">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_abbreviations" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia abbreviations">Abbreviations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Wikipedia:Contents">Contents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Edit_summary_legend" title="Wikipedia:Edit summary legend">Edit summaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Essay_directory" title="Wikipedia:Essay directory">Essays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Glossary" title="Wikipedia:Glossary">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Editor%27s_index_to_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Editor's index to Wikipedia">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut_index" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut index">Shortcuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tips" title="Wikipedia:Tips">Tips</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div style="position:absolute; z-index:100; right:10px; top:0px;" class="metadata" id="refdesk-help-icon"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reference_desk" title="Wikipedia:Reference desk"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/P_question.svg/25px-P_question.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="23" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 25px;height: 23px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/P_question.svg/25px-P_question.svg.png" data-width="25" data-height="23" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/P_question.svg/38px-P_question.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/P_question.svg/50px-P_question.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </p> </div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Citing_Wikipedia&oldid=1239545596">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Citing_Wikipedia&oldid=1239545596</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Citing_Wikipedia&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="PK2" data-user-gender="male" data-timestamp="1723245795"> <span>Last edited on 9 August 2024, at 23:23</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE:%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="উইকিপিডিয়া:উইকিপিডিয়ার উদ্ধৃতিদান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উইকিপিডিয়া:উইকিপিডিয়ার উদ্ধৃতিদান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedie:Citov%C3%A1n%C3%AD_Wikipedie" title="Wikipedie:Citování Wikipedie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Wikipedie:Citování Wikipedie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Refer%C3%A9r_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Referér Wikipedia – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Wikipedia:Referér Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citar_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Citar Wikipedia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Wikipedia:Citar Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipedio:Citado_kaj_reuzado_de_la_enhavo_de_Vikipedio" title="Vikipedio:Citado kaj reuzado de la enhavo de Vikipedio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vikipedio:Citado kaj reuzado de la enhavo de Vikipedio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Citation_et_r%C3%A9utilisation_du_contenu_de_Wikip%C3%A9dia" title="Wikipédia:Citation et réutilisation du contenu de Wikipédia – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Wikipédia:Citation et réutilisation du contenu de Wikipédia" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%84%ED%82%A4%EB%B0%B1%EA%B3%BC:%EC%9C%84%ED%82%A4%EB%B0%B1%EA%B3%BC%EB%A5%BC_%EC%9D%B8%EC%9A%A9%ED%95%98%EA%B8%B0" title="위키백과:위키백과를 인용하기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="위키백과:위키백과를 인용하기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Mengutip_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Mengutip Wikipedia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Wikipedia:Mengutip Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aiuto:Come_citare_Wikipedia" title="Aiuto:Come citare Wikipedia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Aiuto:Come citare Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Felhaszn%C3%A1l%C3%A1si_felt%C3%A9telek" title="Wikipédia:Felhasználási feltételek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Wikipédia:Felhasználási feltételek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Wikipedia_citeren" title="Help:Wikipedia citeren – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Help:Wikipedia citeren" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%82%AD%E3%83%9A%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A2%E3%82%92%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B" title="Wikipedia:ウィキペディアを引用する – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Wikipedia:ウィキペディアを引用する" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Siter_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Siter Wikipedia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Wikipedia:Siter Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A8dia:Citacion_e_re%C3%BCtilizacion_del_contengut_de_Wikip%C3%A8dia" title="Wikipèdia:Citacion e reütilizacion del contengut de Wikipèdia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Wikipèdia:Citacion e reütilizacion del contengut de Wikipèdia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%89%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%86:Citing_Wikipedia" title="ଉଇକିପିଡ଼ିଆ:Citing Wikipedia – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଉଇକିପିଡ଼ିଆ:Citing Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Cytowanie_artyku%C5%82%C3%B3w_Wikipedii" title="Wikipedia:Cytowanie artykułów Wikipedii – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wikipedia:Cytowanie artykułów Wikipedii" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Citando_a_Wikip%C3%A9dia" title="Wikipédia:Citando a Wikipédia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Wikipédia:Citando a Wikipédia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F:%D0%A6%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%97" title="Вікіпедія:Цітованя Вікіпедії – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Вікіпедія:Цітованя Вікіпедії" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndihm%C3%AB:Si_t%C3%AB_citosh_Wikipedian" title="Ndihmë:Si të citosh Wikipedian – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ndihmë:Si të citosh Wikipedian" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F:Citing_Wikipedia" title="විකිපීඩියා:Citing Wikipedia – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="විකිපීඩියා:Citing Wikipedia" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_som_k%C3%A4lla" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia som källa – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia som källa" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D1%80%D0%B4%D3%99%D0%BC:Wikipedi%C3%A4g%C3%A4_%C3%B6zemt%C3%A4_kiter%C3%BC" title="Ярдәм:Wikipediägä özemtä kiterü – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ярдәм:Wikipediägä özemtä kiterü" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE:%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%81_%E0%B0%89%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%82" title="వికీపీడియా:వికీపీడియాను ఉదహరించడం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వికీపీడియా:వికీపీడియాను ఉదహరించడం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2:%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="วิกิพีเดีย:การอ้างอิงถึงวิกิพีเดีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วิกิพีเดีย:การอ้างอิงถึงวิกิพีเดีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipedi:Vikipedi%27yi_kaynak_g%C3%B6sterme" title="Vikipedi:Vikipedi'yi kaynak gösterme – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Vikipedi:Vikipedi'yi kaynak gösterme" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F:%D0%AF%D0%BA_%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8E" title="Вікіпедія:Як цитувати Вікіпедію – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вікіпедія:Як цитувати Вікіпедію" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E7%B6%AD%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91" title="Wikipedia:引用維基百科 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Wikipedia:引用維基百科" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 9 August 2024, at 23:23<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-terms-use"><a href="https://foundation.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Terms of Use</a></li> <li id="footer-places-desktop-toggle"><a id="mw-mf-display-toggle" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Citing_Wikipedia&mobileaction=toggle_view_desktop" data-event-name="switch_to_desktop">Desktop</a></li> </ul> </div> </footer> </div> </div> <div class="mw-notification-area" data-mw="interface"></div>  <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-84d8f4b96-w75v2","wgBackendResponseTime":135,"wgDiscussionToolsPageThreads":[{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Problems_with_citing_Wikipedia","replies":[{"headingLevel":3,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Alternatives_to_citing_Wikipedia-Problems_with_citing_Wikipedia","replies":[]},{"headingLevel":3,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Exceptions-Problems_with_citing_Wikipedia","replies":[]}]},{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Examples_of_how_to_cite_Wikipedia","replies":[{"headingLevel":3,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-APA_style-Examples_of_how_to_cite_Wikipedia","replies":[]},{"headingLevel":3,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-MLA_style-Examples_of_how_to_cite_Wikipedia","replies":[]},{"headingLevel":3,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-MHRA_style-Examples_of_how_to_cite_Wikipedia","replies":[]},{"headingLevel":3,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Chicago_style-Examples_of_how_to_cite_Wikipedia","replies":[]},{"headingLevel":3,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-CBE/CSE_Style-Examples_of_how_to_cite_Wikipedia","replies":[]},{"headingLevel":3,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Turabian_style-Examples_of_how_to_cite_Wikipedia","replies":[{"headingLevel":4,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Notes-Turabian_style","replies":[]},{"headingLevel":4,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Bibliography-Turabian_style","replies":[]},{"headingLevel":4,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Parenthetical_reference-Turabian_style","replies":[]},{"headingLevel":4,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Reference_list-Turabian_style","replies":[]}]},{"headingLevel":3,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Legal_citation_styles-Examples_of_how_to_cite_Wikipedia","replies":[]},{"headingLevel":3,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-BibTeX_entry-Examples_of_how_to_cite_Wikipedia","replies":[]},{"headingLevel":3,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-AMA_style-Examples_of_how_to_cite_Wikipedia","replies":[]}]},{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-See_also","replies":[]},{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-References","replies":[]},{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-External_links","replies":[]}],"wgPageParseReport":{"discussiontools":{"limitreport-timeusage":"0.039"},"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.601","walltime":"0.967","ppvisitednodes":{"value":1820,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":73569,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":1664,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":11,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":60228,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 801.232 1 -total"," 23.23% 186.113 4 Template:Code"," 14.52% 116.310 1 Template:Reader_help"," 14.04% 112.524 2 Template:Cite_journal"," 13.88% 111.200 1 Template:Sidebar"," 8.48% 67.943 1 Template:Reflist"," 7.82% 62.635 1 Template:Wikipedia_how-to"," 6.84% 54.840 1 Template:Short_description"," 6.06% 48.583 1 Template:Pp-semi-protected"," 5.96% 47.785 2 Template:Ombox"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.315","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":6416770,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-84d8f4b96-sjk5b","timestamp":"20241117070333","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script>(window.NORLQ=window.NORLQ||[]).push(function(){var ns,i,p,img;ns=document.getElementsByTagName('noscript');for(i=0;i<ns.length;i++){p=ns[i].nextSibling;if(p&&p.className&&p.className.indexOf('lazy-image-placeholder')>-1){img=document.createElement('img');img.setAttribute('src',p.getAttribute('data-src'));img.setAttribute('width',p.getAttribute('data-width'));img.setAttribute('height',p.getAttribute('data-height'));img.setAttribute('alt',p.getAttribute('data-alt'));p.parentNode.replaceChild(img,p);}}});</script> </body> </html>